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{{subspeciesbox
| image = Northern Spotted Owl.USFWS.jpg
| status = LT
| status_system = ESA
| genus = Strix
| species = occidentalis
| species_link = Spotted owl
| subspecies = caurina
| authority =
}}
The '''northern spotted owl''' (''Strix occidentalis caurina'') is one of three [[spotted owl]] [[subspecies]]. A western [[North America]]n bird in the family [[Strigidae]], genus ''[[Strix (genus)|Strix]]'', it is a medium-sized dark brown owl sixteen to nineteen inches in length and one to one and one sixth pounds. Females are larger than males. The wingspan is approximately 42 inches.
==Distribution and habitat==
The northern spotted owl primarily inhabits [[old growth forests]] in the northern part of its range ([[Canada]] to southern [[Oregon]]) and landscapes with a mix of old and younger forest types in the southern part of its range (Klamath region and [[California]]). The subspecies' range is the [[Pacific]] coast from extreme southern [[British Columbia]] to [[Marin County]] in northern California. It nests in cavities or on platforms in large trees and will use abandoned nests of other species. Spotted owls form long-term pair bonds (divorce is an uncommon occurrence) and remain in the same geographical areas year after year.
Most spotted owls inhabit federal lands ([[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]], [[Bureau of Land Management]], and [[National Park Service]] lands), although significant numbers occur on state lands in all three states, and on private and tribal properties.
==Diet==
The northern spotted owl is primarily nocturnal. Its diet consists mainly of wood rats (Neotoma sp.) and [[flying squirrel]]s, although it will also eat other small mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. They will often swallow their catch whole and regurgitate pellets of indigestible hair, feathers and bones. Males and females both hunt, except during nesting, when males do most of the hunting. They can take prey on the ground and in flight.
Northern spotted owls are one of the few owls with dark-colored eyes. Most owls have yellow to red-orange colored eyes.
==Behavior==
The northern spotted owl is intolerant of habitat disturbance. Each nesting pair needs a large amount of land for hunting and nesting, and will not migrate unless they experience drastic seasonal changes, such as heavy snows, which make hunting difficult. Their flight pattern is distinct, involving a series of rapid wingbeats interspersed with [[gliding (flight)|gliding flight]]. This technique allows them to glide silently down upon their prey.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/spotted_owl,_northern.php
| title = Northern Spotted Owl
| publisher = [[Defenders of Wildlife]]
| accessdate = October 30, 2008}}</ref>
==Reproduction==
Northern spotted owls are ready to reproduce at two years of age, but do not typically breed until they are three years old. Male and females mate in February or March and the female lays two or three eggs in March or April. She then incubates the eggs for 30 days. After hatching, the young owls remain in the nest where the adult female provides primary care until they fledge in 34 to 36 days. The hunting and feeding is done by the male during this time. The young owls remain with the parents until late summer to early fall. They leave the nest and form their own winter feeding range. By spring, the young owls' territory will be from 2 to 24 miles from the parents.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot">Brokaw, Jeanne (Nov/Dec 1996). "[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1996/11/does-anybody-give-hoot Does Anybody Give a Hoot?]" ''Mother Jones''. Accessed April 3, 2013.</ref>
==Conservation status==
There are fewer than 100 pairs of Northern Spotted Owl left in British Columbia, Canada, 1,200 pairs in Oregon, 560 pairs in Northern California, and 500 pairs in Washington.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.defenders.org/northern-spotted-owl/basic-facts
| title = Basic Facts About Northern Spotted Owls
| website = Defenders of Wildlife
| access-date = 2016-02-24
| date = March 2012
}}</ref> Washington alone has lost over 90 percent of its old growth forest due to logging which has caused a 40-90 percent decline of the Northern Spotted Owl population.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.conservationnw.org/what-we-do/wildlife-habitat/northern-spotted-owl
| title = Northern spotted owl — Conservation Northwest
| website = www.conservationnw.org
| access-date = 2016-02-24
}}</ref>
The worldwide [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species status for the spotted owl species is "[[Near Threatened]]" with a decreasing population trend.<ref>BirdLife International (2013) [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689089/0 ''Strix occidentalis'']. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.</ref> As the IUCN Red List does not track subspecies, this status is applied to species across its whole range in Canada, the United States and Mexico.
The Canadian population, declared endangered by the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] under the 2002 [[Species at Risk Act]], now{{when|date=June 2014}} numbers less than 100 breeding pairs of birds. In British Columbia, Canada, {{as of|2010|lc=y}}, only 6 pairs are known in the wild, down from historic numbers of 500 pairs.<ref name='vansun'>{{cite news|author=Pynn, Larry |publisher=The Vancouver Sun |date=March 24, 2010 |title=Light dims on B.C.'s wild spotted owls |url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Light+dims+wild+spotted+owls/2722270/story.html |accessdate=March 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328205802/http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Light+dims+wild+spotted+owls/2722270/story.html |archivedate=March 28, 2010 }}</ref>
The northern spotted owl was listed as a [[threatened species]] under the [[Endangered Species Act]] throughout its range of northern California, Oregon and Washington by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] on June 23, 1990<ref>Federal Register 55 FR 26114-26194. [http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/pdf/NSO_5-yr_Summary.pdf Northern Spotted Owl Five-year Review] at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.</ref> citing loss of [[Old-growth forest|old-growth habitat]] as the primary threat. The USFWS previously reviewed the status of the northern spotted owl in 1982, 1987 and 1989 but found it did not warrant listing as either threatened or endangered. Logging in [[United States National Forest|national forests]] containing the northern spotted owl was stopped by court order in 1991.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot"/>
==Conservation efforts==
[[File:NorthernSpottedOwlOregonZoo.jpg|thumb|left|Northern spotted owl, [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Portland, Oregon]]]]
In 2007 a Captive Breeding and Release Program was created in Langley, British Columbia, Canada, with the goal of producing owls in captivity for release into protected habitat to prevent the extirpation of the species from Canada.<ref>[http://www.nsobreedingprogram.com Northern Spotted Owl Breeding Program ]</ref> The short-term goals of the Program include growing the captive population to 10 breeding pairs and releasing 10-20 offspring per year into the 300,000 hectares of protected old-growth forest. Long-term the Breeding Program aims to recover the wild population to self-sustaining numbers, approximately 300 adults, over the next 10–20 years. Thus far the Program has produced 8 captive-bred Northern Spotted Owls, including 2 second-generation offspring, and plans to begin releases in 2018 or 2019.
==Controversy==
In 1990, the logging industry estimated up to 30,000 of 168,000 jobs would be lost because of the owl's status, which agreed closely with a Forest Service estimate.<ref name='satchell'>Satchell, M. (June 25, 1990) ''U.S. News & World Report'', Vol. 108, Issue 25, p. 27.</ref> Harvests of timber in the Pacific Northwest were reduced by 80%, decreasing the supply of lumber and increasing prices.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot"/> However, jobs were already declining because of dwindling old-growth forest harvests and automation of the lumber industry.<ref name='satchell'/> One study at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] by environmental scientists argued that logging jobs had been in a long decline and that environmental protection was not a significant factor in job loss.<ref>
{{cite journal|last=Freudenburg |first=William R. |author2=Lisa J. Wilson |author3=Daniel O'Leary |year=1998 |title=Forty Years of Spotted Owls? A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging-Industry Job Losses |journal=Sociological Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=#1 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.es.ucsb.edu/faculty/freudenburg_pdf%27s/40yrsSpottedOwls.pdf |accessdate=November 12, 2008 |doi=10.2307/1389351 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830195041/http://www.es.ucsb.edu/faculty/freudenburg_pdf%27s/40yrsSpottedOwls.pdf |archivedate=August 30, 2006 |jstor=1389351 }}</ref>
From 1947 to 1964, the number of logging jobs declined 90%. Starting with the [[Wilderness Act]] of 1964, environmental protection saved 51,000 jobs in the Pacific Northwest.<ref>Guglielmino, Janine (Summer 1997). ''American Forests'', Vol. 103, Issue 2, p. 6.</ref>
The controversy pitted individual loggers and small sawmill owners against environmentalists. Bumper stickers reading ''Kill a Spotted Owl—Save a Logger'' and ''I Like Spotted Owls—Fried'' appeared to support the loggers.<ref name='satchell'/> Plastic spotted owls were hung in effigy in Oregon sawmills.<ref>Adams, Larry (December 1999). ''Wood & Wood Products'', Vol. 104, Issue 13, p. 62.</ref> The logging industry, in response to continued bad publicity, started the Sustainable Forestry Initiative.<ref name='Sustainable Forestry Initiative'>[http://www.aboutsfi.org/ Sustainable Forestry Initiative]. aboutsfi.org</ref> While timber interests and conservatives have cited the northern spotted owl as an example of excessive or misguided environmental protection, many environmentalists view the owl as an "[[indicator species]]," or "canary in a coal mine" whose preservation has created protection for an entire threatened ecosystem.<ref name="AmLands">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanlands.org/issues.php?subsubNo=1089232287&article=1179268431&PHPSESSID=ab0b4467aa4d0c7ec783288fde180221 |title=American Lands Alliance Action Alert |date=May 15, 2007 |publisher=Americanlands.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613212741/http://www.americanlands.org/issues.php?subsubNo=1089232287&article=1179268431&PHPSESSID=ab0b4467aa4d0c7ec783288fde180221 |archivedate=June 13, 2007 }}</ref>
Protection of the owl, under both the Endangered Species Act and the National Forest Management Act, has led to significant changes in forest practices in the northwest. President Clinton's controversial [[Northwest Forest Plan]] of 1994 was designed primarily to protect owls and other species dependent on old-growth forests while ensuring a certain amount of timber harvest. Although the result was much less logging, industry automation and the new law meant the loss of thousands of jobs.<ref name="csm">{{cite news|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0627/p02s01-sten.html|title = Northern spotted owl's decline revives old concerns|date = June 27, 2007|publisher = Christian Science Monitor|author = Knickerbocker, Brad|accessdate = June 27, 2007}}</ref> However, new jobs were created for biologists conducting surveys for spotted owls and other rare organisms that occur in their range.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
The debate has cooled somewhat over the years, with little response from environmentalists as the owl's population continues to decline by 7.3 percent per year.<ref>"[http://www.olympicpeninsulaaudubon.org/shell.php?page=conserve_barred_owl How Should We Manage the Barred Owl?]" ''Olympic Peninsula Audubon Society.'' Accessed April 3, 2013.</ref> In 2004 the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] reaffirmed that the owl remained threatened, but indicated that invasion by [[barred owl]]s into the range and habitat of the spotted owl was also a cause of declining spotted owl populations.
In 2007, the USFWS proposed a new recovery plan intended to guide all management actions on lands where spotted owls occur, and to aid in recovery of the species. Early proposals were criticized by environmental groups as significantly weakening existing protections for the species. The Obama administration reversed proposals that would have increased logging on Bureau of Land Management administered lands. Recent discussion has been focused on two novel approaches. One of these would emphasize wildfire management as key to owl persistence on the east side of the Cascades, and in the Klamath province. Another proposal, on control of [[barred owl]] populations through culling,<ref>Johnson DH, White GC, Franklin AB, Diller LV, Blackburn I, Pierce DJ, Olson GS, Buchanan JB, Thrailkill J, Woodbridge B, Ostwald M. (2008). ''Study designs for Barred Owl removal experiments to evaluate potential effects on Northern Spotted Owls''. Report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lacey, WA and Yreka, CA. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 32 p.</ref> has been criticized by some animal rights and other activists.<ref>{{cite news |author=Verhovek, Sam Howe |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=June 4, 2007 |title=To protect spotted owl, larger rival is targeted |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-owls4jun04,1,7172559.story?track=rss&ctrack=2&cset=true }}</ref>
Federal biologists were considering in 2010 whether to kill barred owls to see if that would help the spotted owls.<ref>Barnard, Jeff (December 10, 2009). [http://www.dailytidings.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091210/NEWS02/912100317 Experiment to test killing one owl to help another; Barred owl competing against spotted owl]. ''The Associated Press''</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey KB|year=2010|title=Killing barred owls to help spotted owls I: a global perspective|journal=Northwestern Naturalist|url=http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.150/readings/Livezey_2010a.pdf|doi=10.1898/NWN09-37.1|volume=91|issue=2|pages=107–133|jstor=40856470|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525111608/http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.150/readings/Livezey_2010a.pdf|archivedate=May 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey KB|year= 2010|title= Killing barred owls to help spotted owls II: implications for many other range-expanding species|jstor=40983223|journal= Northwestern Naturalist |doi=10.1898/NWN09-38.1|volume=91|issue= 3|pages=251–270}}</ref>
== Relations with tribes ==
Northern Spotted Owls range on 500,000 acres of the 7.6 percent of private forestlands managed by Native American tribes in the state of Washington. The U.S. treats tribes as sovereign nations, therefore each tribe develops their own management plans for the northern spotted owls in their area. However, the government expects all private land owners (including native tribes) to comply with the Endangered Species Act.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.northernspottedowl.org/jurisdictions/tribal.html
| title = WFPA - NSO Conservation in WA - Tribal Forestland
| website = www.northernspottedowl.org
| access-date = 2016-02-24
}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon]]
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Strix occidentalis}}
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Spotted_Owl.html Spotted Owl] - Cornell
* [http://www.nsobreedingprogram.com Northern Spotted Owl Breeding Program in Canada]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227173129/http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/spotted_owl/sowl.htm Woodland Park Zoo Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.kidsplanet.org/factsheets/northspotowl.html Factsheets]
* [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Spottedowlprintout.shtml Enchanted learning ]
* [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001962902_spottedowl23m.html Seattle Times News Source]
* [http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/~alanf/reprints/sc_ea04nsostatusrep.pdf 2004 status review and biological assessment]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7058979}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:owl, spotted, northern}}
[[Category:Strix|northern spotted owl]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Northwestern United States]]
[[Category:Subspecies]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | 'The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
WHERE DO WE LIVE?
Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
OUR HABITAT
The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
DID YOU KNOW?
The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
FAMILY LIFE
Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
Disease – Chlamydia
Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
WHERE DO WE LIVE?
Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
OUR HABITAT
The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
DID YOU KNOW?
The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
FAMILY LIFE
Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
Disease – Chlamydia
Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
WHERE DO WE LIVE?
Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
OUR HABITAT
The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
DID YOU KNOW?
The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
FAMILY LIFE
Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
Disease – Chlamydia
Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
WHERE DO WE LIVE?
Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
OUR HABITAT
The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
DID YOU KNOW?
The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
FAMILY LIFE
Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
Disease – Chlamydia
Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
WHERE DO WE LIVE?
Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
OUR HABITAT
The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
Northern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owl
DID YOU KNOW?
The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
FAMILY LIFE
Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
Disease – Chlamydia
Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected)' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,102 +1,131 @@
-{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
-{{subspeciesbox
-| image = Northern Spotted Owl.USFWS.jpg
-| status = LT
-| status_system = ESA
-| genus = Strix
-| species = occidentalis
-| species_link = Spotted owl
-| subspecies = caurina
-| authority =
-}}
+The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
+
+WHERE DO WE LIVE?
+Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
+
-The '''northern spotted owl''' (''Strix occidentalis caurina'') is one of three [[spotted owl]] [[subspecies]]. A western [[North America]]n bird in the family [[Strigidae]], genus ''[[Strix (genus)|Strix]]'', it is a medium-sized dark brown owl sixteen to nineteen inches in length and one to one and one sixth pounds. Females are larger than males. The wingspan is approximately 42 inches.
+OUR HABITAT
+The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
+
+While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
+
-==Distribution and habitat==
-The northern spotted owl primarily inhabits [[old growth forests]] in the northern part of its range ([[Canada]] to southern [[Oregon]]) and landscapes with a mix of old and younger forest types in the southern part of its range (Klamath region and [[California]]). The subspecies' range is the [[Pacific]] coast from extreme southern [[British Columbia]] to [[Marin County]] in northern California. It nests in cavities or on platforms in large trees and will use abandoned nests of other species. Spotted owls form long-term pair bonds (divorce is an uncommon occurrence) and remain in the same geographical areas year after year.
+DID YOU KNOW?
+The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
+
+There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
+
-Most spotted owls inhabit federal lands ([[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]], [[Bureau of Land Management]], and [[National Park Service]] lands), although significant numbers occur on state lands in all three states, and on private and tribal properties.
+FAMILY LIFE
+Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
+
-==Diet==
-The northern spotted owl is primarily nocturnal. Its diet consists mainly of wood rats (Neotoma sp.) and [[flying squirrel]]s, although it will also eat other small mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. They will often swallow their catch whole and regurgitate pellets of indigestible hair, feathers and bones. Males and females both hunt, except during nesting, when males do most of the hunting. They can take prey on the ground and in flight.
-Northern spotted owls are one of the few owls with dark-colored eyes. Most owls have yellow to red-orange colored eyes.
+THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
+Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
+Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
+Disease – Chlamydia
+Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
+
+WHERE DO WE LIVE?
+Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
+
-==Behavior==
-The northern spotted owl is intolerant of habitat disturbance. Each nesting pair needs a large amount of land for hunting and nesting, and will not migrate unless they experience drastic seasonal changes, such as heavy snows, which make hunting difficult. Their flight pattern is distinct, involving a series of rapid wingbeats interspersed with [[gliding (flight)|gliding flight]]. This technique allows them to glide silently down upon their prey.<ref>{{cite web
- | url = http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/spotted_owl,_northern.php
- | title = Northern Spotted Owl
- | publisher = [[Defenders of Wildlife]]
- | accessdate = October 30, 2008}}</ref>
+OUR HABITAT
+The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
+
+While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
+
-==Reproduction==
-Northern spotted owls are ready to reproduce at two years of age, but do not typically breed until they are three years old. Male and females mate in February or March and the female lays two or three eggs in March or April. She then incubates the eggs for 30 days. After hatching, the young owls remain in the nest where the adult female provides primary care until they fledge in 34 to 36 days. The hunting and feeding is done by the male during this time. The young owls remain with the parents until late summer to early fall. They leave the nest and form their own winter feeding range. By spring, the young owls' territory will be from 2 to 24 miles from the parents.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot">Brokaw, Jeanne (Nov/Dec 1996). "[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1996/11/does-anybody-give-hoot Does Anybody Give a Hoot?]" ''Mother Jones''. Accessed April 3, 2013.</ref>
+DID YOU KNOW?
+The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
+
+There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
+
-==Conservation status==
-There are fewer than 100 pairs of Northern Spotted Owl left in British Columbia, Canada, 1,200 pairs in Oregon, 560 pairs in Northern California, and 500 pairs in Washington.<ref>{{Cite web
-| url = http://www.defenders.org/northern-spotted-owl/basic-facts
-| title = Basic Facts About Northern Spotted Owls
-| website = Defenders of Wildlife
-| access-date = 2016-02-24
-| date = March 2012
-}}</ref> Washington alone has lost over 90 percent of its old growth forest due to logging which has caused a 40-90 percent decline of the Northern Spotted Owl population.<ref>{{Cite web
-| url = http://www.conservationnw.org/what-we-do/wildlife-habitat/northern-spotted-owl
-| title = Northern spotted owl — Conservation Northwest
-| website = www.conservationnw.org
-| access-date = 2016-02-24
-}}</ref>
+FAMILY LIFE
+Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
+
-The worldwide [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species status for the spotted owl species is "[[Near Threatened]]" with a decreasing population trend.<ref>BirdLife International (2013) [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689089/0 ''Strix occidentalis'']. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.</ref> As the IUCN Red List does not track subspecies, this status is applied to species across its whole range in Canada, the United States and Mexico.
+THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
+Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
+Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
+Disease – Chlamydia
+Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
+
+WHERE DO WE LIVE?
+Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
+
-The Canadian population, declared endangered by the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] under the 2002 [[Species at Risk Act]], now{{when|date=June 2014}} numbers less than 100 breeding pairs of birds. In British Columbia, Canada, {{as of|2010|lc=y}}, only 6 pairs are known in the wild, down from historic numbers of 500 pairs.<ref name='vansun'>{{cite news|author=Pynn, Larry |publisher=The Vancouver Sun |date=March 24, 2010 |title=Light dims on B.C.'s wild spotted owls |url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Light+dims+wild+spotted+owls/2722270/story.html |accessdate=March 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328205802/http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Light+dims+wild+spotted+owls/2722270/story.html |archivedate=March 28, 2010 }}</ref>
+OUR HABITAT
+The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
+
+While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
+
-The northern spotted owl was listed as a [[threatened species]] under the [[Endangered Species Act]] throughout its range of northern California, Oregon and Washington by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] on June 23, 1990<ref>Federal Register 55 FR 26114-26194. [http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/pdf/NSO_5-yr_Summary.pdf Northern Spotted Owl Five-year Review] at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.</ref> citing loss of [[Old-growth forest|old-growth habitat]] as the primary threat. The USFWS previously reviewed the status of the northern spotted owl in 1982, 1987 and 1989 but found it did not warrant listing as either threatened or endangered. Logging in [[United States National Forest|national forests]] containing the northern spotted owl was stopped by court order in 1991.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot"/>
+DID YOU KNOW?
+The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
+
+There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
+
-==Conservation efforts==
-[[File:NorthernSpottedOwlOregonZoo.jpg|thumb|left|Northern spotted owl, [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Portland, Oregon]]]]
-In 2007 a Captive Breeding and Release Program was created in Langley, British Columbia, Canada, with the goal of producing owls in captivity for release into protected habitat to prevent the extirpation of the species from Canada.<ref>[http://www.nsobreedingprogram.com Northern Spotted Owl Breeding Program ]</ref> The short-term goals of the Program include growing the captive population to 10 breeding pairs and releasing 10-20 offspring per year into the 300,000 hectares of protected old-growth forest. Long-term the Breeding Program aims to recover the wild population to self-sustaining numbers, approximately 300 adults, over the next 10–20 years. Thus far the Program has produced 8 captive-bred Northern Spotted Owls, including 2 second-generation offspring, and plans to begin releases in 2018 or 2019.
+FAMILY LIFE
+Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
+
-==Controversy==
-In 1990, the logging industry estimated up to 30,000 of 168,000 jobs would be lost because of the owl's status, which agreed closely with a Forest Service estimate.<ref name='satchell'>Satchell, M. (June 25, 1990) ''U.S. News & World Report'', Vol. 108, Issue 25, p. 27.</ref> Harvests of timber in the Pacific Northwest were reduced by 80%, decreasing the supply of lumber and increasing prices.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot"/> However, jobs were already declining because of dwindling old-growth forest harvests and automation of the lumber industry.<ref name='satchell'/> One study at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] by environmental scientists argued that logging jobs had been in a long decline and that environmental protection was not a significant factor in job loss.<ref>
- {{cite journal|last=Freudenburg |first=William R. |author2=Lisa J. Wilson |author3=Daniel O'Leary |year=1998 |title=Forty Years of Spotted Owls? A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging-Industry Job Losses |journal=Sociological Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=#1 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.es.ucsb.edu/faculty/freudenburg_pdf%27s/40yrsSpottedOwls.pdf |accessdate=November 12, 2008 |doi=10.2307/1389351 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830195041/http://www.es.ucsb.edu/faculty/freudenburg_pdf%27s/40yrsSpottedOwls.pdf |archivedate=August 30, 2006 |jstor=1389351 }}</ref>
-From 1947 to 1964, the number of logging jobs declined 90%. Starting with the [[Wilderness Act]] of 1964, environmental protection saved 51,000 jobs in the Pacific Northwest.<ref>Guglielmino, Janine (Summer 1997). ''American Forests'', Vol. 103, Issue 2, p. 6.</ref>
+THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
+Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
+Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
+Disease – Chlamydia
+Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
+
+WHERE DO WE LIVE?
+Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
+
-The controversy pitted individual loggers and small sawmill owners against environmentalists. Bumper stickers reading ''Kill a Spotted Owl—Save a Logger'' and ''I Like Spotted Owls—Fried'' appeared to support the loggers.<ref name='satchell'/> Plastic spotted owls were hung in effigy in Oregon sawmills.<ref>Adams, Larry (December 1999). ''Wood & Wood Products'', Vol. 104, Issue 13, p. 62.</ref> The logging industry, in response to continued bad publicity, started the Sustainable Forestry Initiative.<ref name='Sustainable Forestry Initiative'>[http://www.aboutsfi.org/ Sustainable Forestry Initiative]. aboutsfi.org</ref> While timber interests and conservatives have cited the northern spotted owl as an example of excessive or misguided environmental protection, many environmentalists view the owl as an "[[indicator species]]," or "canary in a coal mine" whose preservation has created protection for an entire threatened ecosystem.<ref name="AmLands">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanlands.org/issues.php?subsubNo=1089232287&article=1179268431&PHPSESSID=ab0b4467aa4d0c7ec783288fde180221 |title=American Lands Alliance Action Alert |date=May 15, 2007 |publisher=Americanlands.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613212741/http://www.americanlands.org/issues.php?subsubNo=1089232287&article=1179268431&PHPSESSID=ab0b4467aa4d0c7ec783288fde180221 |archivedate=June 13, 2007 }}</ref>
+OUR HABITAT
+The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
+
+While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
+
-Protection of the owl, under both the Endangered Species Act and the National Forest Management Act, has led to significant changes in forest practices in the northwest. President Clinton's controversial [[Northwest Forest Plan]] of 1994 was designed primarily to protect owls and other species dependent on old-growth forests while ensuring a certain amount of timber harvest. Although the result was much less logging, industry automation and the new law meant the loss of thousands of jobs.<ref name="csm">{{cite news|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0627/p02s01-sten.html|title = Northern spotted owl's decline revives old concerns|date = June 27, 2007|publisher = Christian Science Monitor|author = Knickerbocker, Brad|accessdate = June 27, 2007}}</ref> However, new jobs were created for biologists conducting surveys for spotted owls and other rare organisms that occur in their range.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}
+DID YOU KNOW?
+The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
+
+There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
+
-The debate has cooled somewhat over the years, with little response from environmentalists as the owl's population continues to decline by 7.3 percent per year.<ref>"[http://www.olympicpeninsulaaudubon.org/shell.php?page=conserve_barred_owl How Should We Manage the Barred Owl?]" ''Olympic Peninsula Audubon Society.'' Accessed April 3, 2013.</ref> In 2004 the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] reaffirmed that the owl remained threatened, but indicated that invasion by [[barred owl]]s into the range and habitat of the spotted owl was also a cause of declining spotted owl populations.
+FAMILY LIFE
+Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
+
-In 2007, the USFWS proposed a new recovery plan intended to guide all management actions on lands where spotted owls occur, and to aid in recovery of the species. Early proposals were criticized by environmental groups as significantly weakening existing protections for the species. The Obama administration reversed proposals that would have increased logging on Bureau of Land Management administered lands. Recent discussion has been focused on two novel approaches. One of these would emphasize wildfire management as key to owl persistence on the east side of the Cascades, and in the Klamath province. Another proposal, on control of [[barred owl]] populations through culling,<ref>Johnson DH, White GC, Franklin AB, Diller LV, Blackburn I, Pierce DJ, Olson GS, Buchanan JB, Thrailkill J, Woodbridge B, Ostwald M. (2008). ''Study designs for Barred Owl removal experiments to evaluate potential effects on Northern Spotted Owls''. Report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lacey, WA and Yreka, CA. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 32 p.</ref> has been criticized by some animal rights and other activists.<ref>{{cite news |author=Verhovek, Sam Howe |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=June 4, 2007 |title=To protect spotted owl, larger rival is targeted |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-owls4jun04,1,7172559.story?track=rss&ctrack=2&cset=true }}</ref>
+THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
+Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
+Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
+Disease – Chlamydia
+Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.
+
+WHERE DO WE LIVE?
+Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions.
+
-Federal biologists were considering in 2010 whether to kill barred owls to see if that would help the spotted owls.<ref>Barnard, Jeff (December 10, 2009). [http://www.dailytidings.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091210/NEWS02/912100317 Experiment to test killing one owl to help another; Barred owl competing against spotted owl]. ''The Associated Press''</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey KB|year=2010|title=Killing barred owls to help spotted owls I: a global perspective|journal=Northwestern Naturalist|url=http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.150/readings/Livezey_2010a.pdf|doi=10.1898/NWN09-37.1|volume=91|issue=2|pages=107–133|jstor=40856470|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525111608/http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.150/readings/Livezey_2010a.pdf|archivedate=May 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey KB|year= 2010|title= Killing barred owls to help spotted owls II: implications for many other range-expanding species|jstor=40983223|journal= Northwestern Naturalist |doi=10.1898/NWN09-38.1|volume=91|issue= 3|pages=251–270}}</ref>
+OUR HABITAT
+The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees.
+
+While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day.
+
+Northern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owl
+DID YOU KNOW?
+The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal.
+
+There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur.
+
-== Relations with tribes ==
-Northern Spotted Owls range on 500,000 acres of the 7.6 percent of private forestlands managed by Native American tribes in the state of Washington. The U.S. treats tribes as sovereign nations, therefore each tribe develops their own management plans for the northern spotted owls in their area. However, the government expects all private land owners (including native tribes) to comply with the Endangered Species Act.<ref>{{Cite web
-| url = http://www.northernspottedowl.org/jurisdictions/tribal.html
-| title = WFPA - NSO Conservation in WA - Tribal Forestland
-| website = www.northernspottedowl.org
-| access-date = 2016-02-24
-}}</ref>
+FAMILY LIFE
+Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males.
+
-==See also==
-* [[Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon]]
-
-==References==
-{{Reflist|30em}}
-
-==External links==
-{{Commons category|Strix occidentalis}}
-* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Spotted_Owl.html Spotted Owl] - Cornell
-* [http://www.nsobreedingprogram.com Northern Spotted Owl Breeding Program in Canada]
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227173129/http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/spotted_owl/sowl.htm Woodland Park Zoo Fact Sheet]
-* [http://www.kidsplanet.org/factsheets/northspotowl.html Factsheets]
-* [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Spottedowlprintout.shtml Enchanted learning ]
-* [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001962902_spottedowl23m.html Seattle Times News Source]
-* [http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/~alanf/reprints/sc_ea04nsostatusrep.pdf 2004 status review and biological assessment]
-
-{{Taxonbar|from=Q7058979}}
-
-{{DEFAULTSORT:owl, spotted, northern}}
-[[Category:Strix|northern spotted owl]]
-[[Category:Native birds of the Northwestern United States]]
-[[Category:Subspecies]]
+THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL
+Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation
+Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes
+Disease – Chlamydia
+Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected)
' |
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0 => 'The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.',
1 => ' ',
2 => 'WHERE DO WE LIVE?',
3 => 'Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions. ',
4 => ' ',
5 => 'OUR HABITAT ',
6 => 'The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees. ',
7 => ' ',
8 => 'While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day. ',
9 => ' ',
10 => 'DID YOU KNOW?',
11 => 'The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal. ',
12 => ' ',
13 => 'There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur. ',
14 => ' ',
15 => 'FAMILY LIFE',
16 => 'Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males. ',
17 => ' ',
18 => 'THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL ',
19 => 'Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation ',
20 => 'Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes ',
21 => 'Disease – Chlamydia ',
22 => 'Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.',
23 => ' ',
24 => 'WHERE DO WE LIVE?',
25 => 'Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions. ',
26 => ' ',
27 => 'OUR HABITAT ',
28 => 'The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees. ',
29 => ' ',
30 => 'While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day. ',
31 => ' ',
32 => 'DID YOU KNOW?',
33 => 'The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal. ',
34 => ' ',
35 => 'There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur. ',
36 => ' ',
37 => 'FAMILY LIFE',
38 => 'Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males. ',
39 => ' ',
40 => 'THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL ',
41 => 'Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation ',
42 => 'Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes ',
43 => 'Disease – Chlamydia ',
44 => 'Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.',
45 => ' ',
46 => 'WHERE DO WE LIVE?',
47 => 'Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions. ',
48 => ' ',
49 => 'OUR HABITAT ',
50 => 'The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees. ',
51 => ' ',
52 => 'While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day. ',
53 => ' ',
54 => 'DID YOU KNOW?',
55 => 'The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal. ',
56 => ' ',
57 => 'There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur. ',
58 => ' ',
59 => 'FAMILY LIFE',
60 => 'Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males. ',
61 => ' ',
62 => 'THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL ',
63 => 'Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation ',
64 => 'Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes ',
65 => 'Disease – Chlamydia ',
66 => 'Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.',
67 => ' ',
68 => 'WHERE DO WE LIVE?',
69 => 'Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions. ',
70 => ' ',
71 => 'OUR HABITAT ',
72 => 'The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees. ',
73 => ' ',
74 => 'While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day. ',
75 => ' ',
76 => 'DID YOU KNOW?',
77 => 'The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal. ',
78 => ' ',
79 => 'There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur. ',
80 => ' ',
81 => 'FAMILY LIFE',
82 => 'Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males. ',
83 => ' ',
84 => 'THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL ',
85 => 'Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation ',
86 => 'Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes ',
87 => 'Disease – Chlamydia ',
88 => 'Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected) The national koala population is estimated to be less that 100,000.',
89 => ' ',
90 => 'WHERE DO WE LIVE?',
91 => 'Koalas can be found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland's eastern and southern regions. ',
92 => ' ',
93 => 'OUR HABITAT ',
94 => 'The distribution of the Koala and its habitat is influenced by altitude, temperature and, in drier areas, leaf moisture. Koalas naturally inhabit a range of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical forest, woodland and semi-arid communities dominated by Eucalyptus trees. ',
95 => ' ',
96 => 'While Koalas have been observed sitting in or eating up to 120 species of eucalypt, the diet of individual Koalas is usually limited to obtaining most of their nutrition from one or a few species present at a site. Koalas may, at times, supplement its diet with other species, including Leptospermum and Melaleuca. Because their eucalypt diet has limited nutritional and caloric content, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep up to 20 hours a day. ',
97 => ' ',
98 => 'Northern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owlNorthern spotted owl',
99 => 'DID YOU KNOW?',
100 => 'The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia and its closest living relatives are the wombats. The koala has one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal. ',
101 => ' ',
102 => 'There is only one species of Koala. Differences in physical features such as fur colour and body size are attributed to different environmental conditions rather than subspecies differentiation. Males are generally larger than females. Koalas from the northern populations are typically smaller and lighter in colour than their counterparts further south. In the north, Koala tends to have shorter, silver-grey fur, whereas in the south it has longer, thicker, brown-grey fur. ',
103 => ' ',
104 => 'FAMILY LIFE',
105 => 'Female Koalas can produce one offspring each year. With births occurring between October and May. The newly-born Koala lives in its mother's pouch for 6–8 months and, after leaving the pouch, remains dependent on the mother, riding on her back. Young Koalas are independent from about 12 months of age. Longevity in the wild is more than 15 years for females and more than 12 years for males. ',
106 => ' ',
107 => 'THREATS TO OUR SURVIVAL ',
108 => 'Habitat loss and fragmentation due to clearance of native vegetation ',
109 => 'Mortality due to dog attacks and vehicle strikes ',
110 => 'Disease – Chlamydia ',
111 => 'Climate change (increased risk of intense fire and more droughts are expected)'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines ) | [
0 => '{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}',
1 => '{{subspeciesbox',
2 => '| image = Northern Spotted Owl.USFWS.jpg',
3 => '| status = LT',
4 => '| status_system = ESA',
5 => '| genus = Strix',
6 => '| species = occidentalis',
7 => '| species_link = Spotted owl',
8 => '| subspecies = caurina',
9 => '| authority =',
10 => '}}',
11 => 'The '''northern spotted owl''' (''Strix occidentalis caurina'') is one of three [[spotted owl]] [[subspecies]]. A western [[North America]]n bird in the family [[Strigidae]], genus ''[[Strix (genus)|Strix]]'', it is a medium-sized dark brown owl sixteen to nineteen inches in length and one to one and one sixth pounds. Females are larger than males. The wingspan is approximately 42 inches.',
12 => '==Distribution and habitat==',
13 => 'The northern spotted owl primarily inhabits [[old growth forests]] in the northern part of its range ([[Canada]] to southern [[Oregon]]) and landscapes with a mix of old and younger forest types in the southern part of its range (Klamath region and [[California]]). The subspecies' range is the [[Pacific]] coast from extreme southern [[British Columbia]] to [[Marin County]] in northern California. It nests in cavities or on platforms in large trees and will use abandoned nests of other species. Spotted owls form long-term pair bonds (divorce is an uncommon occurrence) and remain in the same geographical areas year after year.',
14 => 'Most spotted owls inhabit federal lands ([[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]], [[Bureau of Land Management]], and [[National Park Service]] lands), although significant numbers occur on state lands in all three states, and on private and tribal properties.',
15 => '==Diet==',
16 => 'The northern spotted owl is primarily nocturnal. Its diet consists mainly of wood rats (Neotoma sp.) and [[flying squirrel]]s, although it will also eat other small mammals, reptiles, birds and insects. They will often swallow their catch whole and regurgitate pellets of indigestible hair, feathers and bones. Males and females both hunt, except during nesting, when males do most of the hunting. They can take prey on the ground and in flight.',
17 => 'Northern spotted owls are one of the few owls with dark-colored eyes. Most owls have yellow to red-orange colored eyes.',
18 => '==Behavior==',
19 => 'The northern spotted owl is intolerant of habitat disturbance. Each nesting pair needs a large amount of land for hunting and nesting, and will not migrate unless they experience drastic seasonal changes, such as heavy snows, which make hunting difficult. Their flight pattern is distinct, involving a series of rapid wingbeats interspersed with [[gliding (flight)|gliding flight]]. This technique allows them to glide silently down upon their prey.<ref>{{cite web',
20 => ' | url = http://www.defenders.org/wildlife_and_habitat/wildlife/spotted_owl,_northern.php',
21 => ' | title = Northern Spotted Owl',
22 => ' | publisher = [[Defenders of Wildlife]]',
23 => ' | accessdate = October 30, 2008}}</ref>',
24 => '==Reproduction==',
25 => 'Northern spotted owls are ready to reproduce at two years of age, but do not typically breed until they are three years old. Male and females mate in February or March and the female lays two or three eggs in March or April. She then incubates the eggs for 30 days. After hatching, the young owls remain in the nest where the adult female provides primary care until they fledge in 34 to 36 days. The hunting and feeding is done by the male during this time. The young owls remain with the parents until late summer to early fall. They leave the nest and form their own winter feeding range. By spring, the young owls' territory will be from 2 to 24 miles from the parents.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot">Brokaw, Jeanne (Nov/Dec 1996). "[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1996/11/does-anybody-give-hoot Does Anybody Give a Hoot?]" ''Mother Jones''. Accessed April 3, 2013.</ref>',
26 => '==Conservation status==',
27 => 'There are fewer than 100 pairs of Northern Spotted Owl left in British Columbia, Canada, 1,200 pairs in Oregon, 560 pairs in Northern California, and 500 pairs in Washington.<ref>{{Cite web',
28 => '| url = http://www.defenders.org/northern-spotted-owl/basic-facts',
29 => '| title = Basic Facts About Northern Spotted Owls',
30 => '| website = Defenders of Wildlife',
31 => '| access-date = 2016-02-24',
32 => '| date = March 2012',
33 => '}}</ref> Washington alone has lost over 90 percent of its old growth forest due to logging which has caused a 40-90 percent decline of the Northern Spotted Owl population.<ref>{{Cite web',
34 => '| url = http://www.conservationnw.org/what-we-do/wildlife-habitat/northern-spotted-owl',
35 => '| title = Northern spotted owl — Conservation Northwest',
36 => '| website = www.conservationnw.org',
37 => '| access-date = 2016-02-24',
38 => '}}</ref>',
39 => 'The worldwide [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species status for the spotted owl species is "[[Near Threatened]]" with a decreasing population trend.<ref>BirdLife International (2013) [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22689089/0 ''Strix occidentalis'']. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3.</ref> As the IUCN Red List does not track subspecies, this status is applied to species across its whole range in Canada, the United States and Mexico.',
40 => 'The Canadian population, declared endangered by the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] under the 2002 [[Species at Risk Act]], now{{when|date=June 2014}} numbers less than 100 breeding pairs of birds. In British Columbia, Canada, {{as of|2010|lc=y}}, only 6 pairs are known in the wild, down from historic numbers of 500 pairs.<ref name='vansun'>{{cite news|author=Pynn, Larry |publisher=The Vancouver Sun |date=March 24, 2010 |title=Light dims on B.C.'s wild spotted owls |url=https://vancouversun.com/technology/Light+dims+wild+spotted+owls/2722270/story.html |accessdate=March 27, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328205802/http://www.vancouversun.com/technology/Light+dims+wild+spotted+owls/2722270/story.html |archivedate=March 28, 2010 }}</ref>',
41 => 'The northern spotted owl was listed as a [[threatened species]] under the [[Endangered Species Act]] throughout its range of northern California, Oregon and Washington by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] on June 23, 1990<ref>Federal Register 55 FR 26114-26194. [http://www.fws.gov/pacific/ecoservices/endangered/recovery/pdf/NSO_5-yr_Summary.pdf Northern Spotted Owl Five-year Review] at U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.</ref> citing loss of [[Old-growth forest|old-growth habitat]] as the primary threat. The USFWS previously reviewed the status of the northern spotted owl in 1982, 1987 and 1989 but found it did not warrant listing as either threatened or endangered. Logging in [[United States National Forest|national forests]] containing the northern spotted owl was stopped by court order in 1991.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot"/>',
42 => '==Conservation efforts==',
43 => '[[File:NorthernSpottedOwlOregonZoo.jpg|thumb|left|Northern spotted owl, [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Portland, Oregon]]]]',
44 => 'In 2007 a Captive Breeding and Release Program was created in Langley, British Columbia, Canada, with the goal of producing owls in captivity for release into protected habitat to prevent the extirpation of the species from Canada.<ref>[http://www.nsobreedingprogram.com Northern Spotted Owl Breeding Program ]</ref> The short-term goals of the Program include growing the captive population to 10 breeding pairs and releasing 10-20 offspring per year into the 300,000 hectares of protected old-growth forest. Long-term the Breeding Program aims to recover the wild population to self-sustaining numbers, approximately 300 adults, over the next 10–20 years. Thus far the Program has produced 8 captive-bred Northern Spotted Owls, including 2 second-generation offspring, and plans to begin releases in 2018 or 2019.',
45 => '==Controversy==',
46 => 'In 1990, the logging industry estimated up to 30,000 of 168,000 jobs would be lost because of the owl's status, which agreed closely with a Forest Service estimate.<ref name='satchell'>Satchell, M. (June 25, 1990) ''U.S. News & World Report'', Vol. 108, Issue 25, p. 27.</ref> Harvests of timber in the Pacific Northwest were reduced by 80%, decreasing the supply of lumber and increasing prices.<ref name="Does Anybody Give a Hoot"/> However, jobs were already declining because of dwindling old-growth forest harvests and automation of the lumber industry.<ref name='satchell'/> One study at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] by environmental scientists argued that logging jobs had been in a long decline and that environmental protection was not a significant factor in job loss.<ref>',
47 => ' {{cite journal|last=Freudenburg |first=William R. |author2=Lisa J. Wilson |author3=Daniel O'Leary |year=1998 |title=Forty Years of Spotted Owls? A Longitudinal Analysis of Logging-Industry Job Losses |journal=Sociological Perspectives |volume=41 |issue=#1 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.es.ucsb.edu/faculty/freudenburg_pdf%27s/40yrsSpottedOwls.pdf |accessdate=November 12, 2008 |doi=10.2307/1389351 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830195041/http://www.es.ucsb.edu/faculty/freudenburg_pdf%27s/40yrsSpottedOwls.pdf |archivedate=August 30, 2006 |jstor=1389351 }}</ref>',
48 => 'From 1947 to 1964, the number of logging jobs declined 90%. Starting with the [[Wilderness Act]] of 1964, environmental protection saved 51,000 jobs in the Pacific Northwest.<ref>Guglielmino, Janine (Summer 1997). ''American Forests'', Vol. 103, Issue 2, p. 6.</ref>',
49 => 'The controversy pitted individual loggers and small sawmill owners against environmentalists. Bumper stickers reading ''Kill a Spotted Owl—Save a Logger'' and ''I Like Spotted Owls—Fried'' appeared to support the loggers.<ref name='satchell'/> Plastic spotted owls were hung in effigy in Oregon sawmills.<ref>Adams, Larry (December 1999). ''Wood & Wood Products'', Vol. 104, Issue 13, p. 62.</ref> The logging industry, in response to continued bad publicity, started the Sustainable Forestry Initiative.<ref name='Sustainable Forestry Initiative'>[http://www.aboutsfi.org/ Sustainable Forestry Initiative]. aboutsfi.org</ref> While timber interests and conservatives have cited the northern spotted owl as an example of excessive or misguided environmental protection, many environmentalists view the owl as an "[[indicator species]]," or "canary in a coal mine" whose preservation has created protection for an entire threatened ecosystem.<ref name="AmLands">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanlands.org/issues.php?subsubNo=1089232287&article=1179268431&PHPSESSID=ab0b4467aa4d0c7ec783288fde180221 |title=American Lands Alliance Action Alert |date=May 15, 2007 |publisher=Americanlands.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613212741/http://www.americanlands.org/issues.php?subsubNo=1089232287&article=1179268431&PHPSESSID=ab0b4467aa4d0c7ec783288fde180221 |archivedate=June 13, 2007 }}</ref>',
50 => 'Protection of the owl, under both the Endangered Species Act and the National Forest Management Act, has led to significant changes in forest practices in the northwest. President Clinton's controversial [[Northwest Forest Plan]] of 1994 was designed primarily to protect owls and other species dependent on old-growth forests while ensuring a certain amount of timber harvest. Although the result was much less logging, industry automation and the new law meant the loss of thousands of jobs.<ref name="csm">{{cite news|url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0627/p02s01-sten.html|title = Northern spotted owl's decline revives old concerns|date = June 27, 2007|publisher = Christian Science Monitor|author = Knickerbocker, Brad|accessdate = June 27, 2007}}</ref> However, new jobs were created for biologists conducting surveys for spotted owls and other rare organisms that occur in their range.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}',
51 => 'The debate has cooled somewhat over the years, with little response from environmentalists as the owl's population continues to decline by 7.3 percent per year.<ref>"[http://www.olympicpeninsulaaudubon.org/shell.php?page=conserve_barred_owl How Should We Manage the Barred Owl?]" ''Olympic Peninsula Audubon Society.'' Accessed April 3, 2013.</ref> In 2004 the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] reaffirmed that the owl remained threatened, but indicated that invasion by [[barred owl]]s into the range and habitat of the spotted owl was also a cause of declining spotted owl populations.',
52 => 'In 2007, the USFWS proposed a new recovery plan intended to guide all management actions on lands where spotted owls occur, and to aid in recovery of the species. Early proposals were criticized by environmental groups as significantly weakening existing protections for the species. The Obama administration reversed proposals that would have increased logging on Bureau of Land Management administered lands. Recent discussion has been focused on two novel approaches. One of these would emphasize wildfire management as key to owl persistence on the east side of the Cascades, and in the Klamath province. Another proposal, on control of [[barred owl]] populations through culling,<ref>Johnson DH, White GC, Franklin AB, Diller LV, Blackburn I, Pierce DJ, Olson GS, Buchanan JB, Thrailkill J, Woodbridge B, Ostwald M. (2008). ''Study designs for Barred Owl removal experiments to evaluate potential effects on Northern Spotted Owls''. Report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lacey, WA and Yreka, CA. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. 32 p.</ref> has been criticized by some animal rights and other activists.<ref>{{cite news |author=Verhovek, Sam Howe |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=June 4, 2007 |title=To protect spotted owl, larger rival is targeted |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-owls4jun04,1,7172559.story?track=rss&ctrack=2&cset=true }}</ref>',
53 => 'Federal biologists were considering in 2010 whether to kill barred owls to see if that would help the spotted owls.<ref>Barnard, Jeff (December 10, 2009). [http://www.dailytidings.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091210/NEWS02/912100317 Experiment to test killing one owl to help another; Barred owl competing against spotted owl]. ''The Associated Press''</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey KB|year=2010|title=Killing barred owls to help spotted owls I: a global perspective|journal=Northwestern Naturalist|url=http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.150/readings/Livezey_2010a.pdf|doi=10.1898/NWN09-37.1|volume=91|issue=2|pages=107–133|jstor=40856470|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525111608/http://www.cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.150/readings/Livezey_2010a.pdf|archivedate=May 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Livezey KB|year= 2010|title= Killing barred owls to help spotted owls II: implications for many other range-expanding species|jstor=40983223|journal= Northwestern Naturalist |doi=10.1898/NWN09-38.1|volume=91|issue= 3|pages=251–270}}</ref>',
54 => '== Relations with tribes ==',
55 => 'Northern Spotted Owls range on 500,000 acres of the 7.6 percent of private forestlands managed by Native American tribes in the state of Washington. The U.S. treats tribes as sovereign nations, therefore each tribe develops their own management plans for the northern spotted owls in their area. However, the government expects all private land owners (including native tribes) to comply with the Endangered Species Act.<ref>{{Cite web',
56 => '| url = http://www.northernspottedowl.org/jurisdictions/tribal.html',
57 => '| title = WFPA - NSO Conservation in WA - Tribal Forestland',
58 => '| website = www.northernspottedowl.org',
59 => '| access-date = 2016-02-24',
60 => '}}</ref>',
61 => '==See also==',
62 => '* [[Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon]]',
63 => false,
64 => '==References==',
65 => '{{Reflist|30em}}',
66 => false,
67 => '==External links==',
68 => '{{Commons category|Strix occidentalis}}',
69 => '* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Spotted_Owl.html Spotted Owl] - Cornell',
70 => '* [http://www.nsobreedingprogram.com Northern Spotted Owl Breeding Program in Canada]',
71 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051227173129/http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/spotted_owl/sowl.htm Woodland Park Zoo Fact Sheet]',
72 => '* [http://www.kidsplanet.org/factsheets/northspotowl.html Factsheets]',
73 => '* [http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Spottedowlprintout.shtml Enchanted learning ]',
74 => '* [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2001962902_spottedowl23m.html Seattle Times News Source]',
75 => '* [http://warnercnr.colostate.edu/~alanf/reprints/sc_ea04nsostatusrep.pdf 2004 status review and biological assessment]',
76 => false,
77 => '{{Taxonbar|from=Q7058979}}',
78 => false,
79 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:owl, spotted, northern}}',
80 => '[[Category:Strix|northern spotted owl]]',
81 => '[[Category:Native birds of the Northwestern United States]]',
82 => '[[Category:Subspecies]]'
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node ) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1563495333 |