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'{{about|people of the U.S. with ancestral roots in the United Kingdom|other uses|Great Britain}} {{distinguish|Anglo-Americans}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = British Americans | image = [[File:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|102px]][[File:Flag of United States.svg|100px]] | population = Self-identified as British<br> '''1,891,234'''{{increase}} (2017)<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES] - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref> <br/>0.6% of the total U.S. population.<br/>Other estimates: '''72,065,000''' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancestry.co.uk/about/default.aspx?section=pr-2006-11-9a|title=About Ancestry.co.uk|website=Ancestry.co.uk|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref><br/>23.3% of the total U.S. population | popplace = Throughout the entire United States except parts of the Midwest<br/>Predominantly in the South, Northeast and West regions. | langs = [[English language|English]] <small>([[American English]], [[British English]])</small>, [[Goidelic languages]], [[Scots language|Scots]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] | rels = [[Christianity|Christian]]<br/> Mainly [[Protestant]] (especially [[Baptist]], [[Congregationalist]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]], [[Methodist]], [[Presbyterian]] and [[Quaker]]) and to a lesser extent [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[LDS Church|Mormon]] | related = {{hlist| [[English Americans]] | [[Scottish Americans]] | [[Welsh Americans]] | [[Scotch-Irish Americans]] | [[Manx Americans]] | | [[Cornish Americans]] | [[American ancestry|Americans]] | [[Canadians of English descent|British Canadians]] | [[Gaels]] | [[British people|Britons]] | [[Irish Americans]] }} }} '''British American''' usually refers to [[Americans]] whose [[ancestry|ancestral origin]] originates wholly or partly in the [[United Kingdom]] ([[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]]). In the 2017 [[American Community Survey]] 1,891,234 individuals or 0.6% of the responses self-identified as British.<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?fpt=table SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES] - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</ref> It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of [[Great Britain]] and the modern [[United Kingdom]], i.e. [[English Americans|English]], [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]], [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scotch-Irish]], [[Manx Americans|Manx]] and [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]] Americans. There has been a significant drop overall, especially from the [[1980 United States Census|1980]] census where 49.59 million people reported English ancestry.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980] (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10) Issued: April 1983</ref> Demographers regard current figures as a serious under-count, as a large proportion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to identify as 'American' since [[1980 United States Census|1980]] where over 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population self-identified as "American" or "United States", this was counted under "not specified".<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980] (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10) Issued: April 1983</ref> This response is highly overepresented in the [[Upland South]] a region settled historically by the British.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mCopDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=british+ancestry+american+community+survey&source=bl&ots=SgNvxJ1Rgk&sig=sOC3T4Rmo-4rujsyjtLKgAkPgv4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0oN-z7pjeAhVLAcAKHXhQBDk4ChDoATAAegQIABAB#v=onepage&q=british%20ancestry%20american%20community%20survey&f=false Ethnic Landscapes of America] - By John A. Cross</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sQOJDBgBFmYC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=12,395,999+census+american&source=bl&ots=SiNYQ3pxRe&sig=J-EXbgcZPGerEm-peSdXhkIrBCg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj8wMDv75jeAhXrD8AKHZsVCZ8Q6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=12%2C395%2C999%20census%20american&f=false Census and you: monthly news from the U.S. Bureau... Volume 28, Issue 2] - By United States. Bureau of the Census</ref><ref>Dominic J. Pulera. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&pg=PA57&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America]''.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.</ref> Many of mixed European ancestry, may identify with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.<ref>Mary C. Waters, ''Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref> Of the top ten family names in the United States (2010), seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage, the other three being of Spanish origin.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/topics/population/genealogy/data/2010_surnames.html Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census] - United States Census Bureau</ref> Not to be confused when the term is also used in an entirely different (although possibly overlapping) sense to refer to people who are [[dual citizens]] of both the United Kingdom and the United States. ==Sense of heritage== [[File:United Kingdom United States Locator.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|{{Legend0|#3c9d3c}}[[UK]] {{Legend0|#ff7500}} [[United States]].]] [[Americans]] of British heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "[[American ancestry|American]]" due to the many historic, linguistic and cultural ties between [[Great Britain]] and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible".<ref>Charlotte Erickson, ''Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America'' (1990)</ref> This may be due to the early establishment of British settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&pg=PA37&dq=english+ancestry+united+states&cd=2#v=onepage&q=english+ancestry+united+states&f=false|title=From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America|first1=Stanley|last1=Lieberson|first2=Mary C.|last2=Waters|year=1988|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation}}</ref> ==Number of British Americans== Table below shows the results from 1980 when ancestry was first collected by the U.S. census and the 2010 American Community Survey. Response rates for the ancestry question was 90.4% in 1990 and 80.1% in 2000 for the total US population. [[File:American Ancestrial Plurality (2010).png|thumb|315px|British American plurality in light green. (2010)]] {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:left" |- ! colspan="1"| Year ! Ancestral origin ! Number ! % of population |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''[[Great Britain|British]]; totals'''||'''61,327,867'''||'''31.67%''' |- |rowspan="4"| 1980 | English ||49,598,035||26.34% |- | Scottish || 10,048,816||4.44% |- | Welsh || 1,664,598||0.88% |- | Northern Irelander|| 16,418||0.01% |- |colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''Total'''||'''46,816,175'''||'''18.8%''' |- | rowspan="5"| 1990 | English||32,651,788||13.1% |- | Scottish|| 5,393,581|| 2.2% |- | Scotch-Irish || 5,617,773||2.3% |- | Welsh ||2,033,893||0.8% |- | British||1,119,140||0.4% |- |colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''Total'''||'''36,564,465'''||'''12.9%''' |- | rowspan="5"| 2000 | English|| 24,515,138||8.7% |- | Scottish || 4,890,581|| 1.7% |- | Scotch-Irish ||4,319,232||1.5% |- | Welsh ||1,753,794||0.6% |- | British|| 1,085,720||0.4% |- |colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|'''Total'''||'''37,619,881'''||'''14.4%''' |- | rowspan="5"| 2010 | English|| 25,927,345 || 8.4% |- | Scottish || 5,460,679 ||3.1% |- | Scotch-Irish || 3,257,161 ||1.9% |- | Welsh || 1,793,356|| 0.6% |- | British || 1,181,340|| 0.4% |- |colspan="4" style="text-align:left"|<small>Source:United States Census Bureau.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|title=Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for the United States: 1980|website=Census.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rank of States for Selected Ancestry Groups with 100,00 or more persons: 1980|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab04.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012|date=18 September 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ancestry: 2000|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP13&prodType=table|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref></small> |} ===Studies on origins, 1790=== The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin.<ref name="lieberson1"/> There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.<ref>[http://www.csun.edu/~hfgeg005/eturner/images/Books/WTP/WTPch5_W_Eur.pdf People of Western European origin] - CSun</ref><ref name="lieberson1">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoOXrMVp5BsC&pg=PA38&dq=From+many+strands:+ethnic+and+racial+groups+in+contemporary+Am%C3%A9rica+ear;lier+ethnic+composition+1790&hl=en&ei=4G7BTPP6C4LAswbrsenpCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=From Many Strands: Ethnic and Racial Groups in Contemporary America|first1=Stanley|last1=Lieberson|first2=Mary C.|last2=Waters|date=20 September 1988|publisher=Russell Sage Foundation|accessdate=21 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref> A study published in 1909 titled ''A Century of Population Growth'' by the Census Bureau estimated the British origin combined were around 90% of the white population.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/centuryofpopulat00unit A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth] - by United States. Bureau of the Census</ref><ref>[ftp://ftp.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1900/century-of-growth/1790-1900-century-of-growth-part-1.pdf A Century of Population Growth] From the First to the Twelfth. First published 1909.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4ul3aj7ItWYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+european+ancestry+of+the+united+states+1790&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGrOTD0qLeAhWqLsAKHZB_AXYQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q=the%20european%20ancestry%20of%20the%20united%20states%201790&f=false Surnames in the United States Census of 1790:] An Analysis of National Origins of the Population - By American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Linguistic and National Stocks in the Population of the United States</ref> Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919209 The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790: A Symposium] - Thomas L. Purvis (1984)</ref> estimated that people of British ancestry made up about 62% of the total population or 74% of the white or [[European American]] population.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1919209 The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790: A Symposium] - Thomas L. Purvis (1984)</ref> Some 81% of the total United States population was of [[European ethnic groups|European]] heritage.<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf Historical U.S. population by race] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327163915/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |date=2010-03-27 }}</ref> Around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrf_HrCTXdgC&pg=PA21&dq=ethnic+groups+united+states+1775&hl=en&ei=Z1bBTO6kGIHOswbuxvzrCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=ethnic%20groups%20united%20states%201775&f=false|title=Ethnicity in Contemporary America|website=Books.google.com|accessdate=March 17, 2015}}</ref> ===1980=== The 1980 census was the first that asked people's [[ancestry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|title=United States 1980 Census|website=Census.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> The 1980 United States Census reported 61,327,867 individuals or 31.67% of the total U.S. population self-identitfied as having British descent. In 1980 16,418 Americans reported ‘Northern Islander’. No [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] (descendants of [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster-Scots]]) ancestry was recorded, however over ten million people identified as Scottish.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/pc80-s1-10/tab02.pdf|title=United States 1980 Census|website=Census.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> This figure fell to over 5 million each in the following census when the Scotch-Irish were first counted.<ref>{{cite web|title=1990 Census of Population Detailed Ancestry Groups for States|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cp-s/cp-s-1-2.pdf|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=30 November 2012|date=18 September 1992}}</ref> ===1990=== Over 90.4% of the United States population reported at least one ancestry, 9.6% (23,921,371) individuals as "not stated" with a total of 11.0% being "not specified".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/CPH-L-97.pdf|title=United States 1990 Census|website=Census.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> Additional responses were Cornish (3,991), Northern Irish 4,009 and Manx 6,317.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/CPH-L-97.pdf|title=United States 1990 Census|website=Census.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> ===2000=== Most of the population who stated their ancestry as "American" (20,625,093 or 7.3%) are said to be of old colonial [[British people|British]] ancestry.<ref name=Ancestry2000>{{cite web |publisher=United States Government |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/ancestry.pdf |title=Ancestry: 2000 |date=June 2004}}</ref> {|class="sort wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%" |- ! colspan="6" | Comparison between the 1790 and 2000 census |- !colspan=3| 1790 estimates<ref>Samuel Peter Orth. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=z8cCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18&lpg=PT18&dq=1790+New+Jersey+98,620+English&source=bl&ots=835izgoWFp&sig=CuwwrAsj90mGrV_HpcazkbtWtkY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5HKsVPfoJ4WuU9qUhOgK&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=1790%20New%20Jersey%2098%2C620%20English&f=false Our Foreigners: A Chronicle of Americans in the Making]''.</ref> !colspan=3| 2000 Census<ref name="The Source: Gen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw3kn_AgNTkC&pg=PA361&dq=English+US+census+1790|title=The Source|website=Books.google.com|accessdate=17 March 2015|isbn=9781593312770|author1=Szucs|first1=Loretto Dennis|last2=Luebking|first2=Sandra Hargreaves|year=2006}}</ref> |- ! Ancestry ! Number ! % of total ! Ancestry ! Number ! % of total |- | '''English'''||'''2,605,699'''||'''66.3'''||[[German American|German]]||42,885,162||15.2 |- | Other Race||756,770||19.3||[[African American|African]]||36,419,434||12.9 |- | '''Scottish'''||'''221,562'''||'''5.6'''||[[Irish American|Irish]]||30,594,130||10.9 |- | [[German American|German]]||176,407||4.5||'''English'''||'''24,515,138'''||'''8.7''' |- | [[Dutch American|Dutch]]||78,959||2.0||[[Mexican American|Mexican]]||20,640,711||7.3 |- | [[Irish people|Irish]]||61,534||1.6||[[Italian American|Italian]]||15,723,555||5.6 |- | [[French people|French]]||17,619||0.4||[[French American|French]]||10,846,018||3.9 |- | Other European||10,664||0.3||[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]||10,017,244||3.6 |- | || || ||[[Polish American|Polish]]||8,977,444||3.2 |- | || || ||'''Scottish'''||'''4,890,581'''||'''1.7''' |- | || || ||[[Dutch American|Dutch]]||4,542,494||1.6 |- | || || ||[[Norwegian American|Norwegian]]||4,477,725||1.6 |- | || || ||'''Scotch-Irish'''||'''4,319,232'''||'''1.5''' |- |-class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey" |United States||3,929,214 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/table-2.pdf|title=U.S. 1790 Census|website=Census.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref>||100||United States||281,421,906||100 |} ===Geographical distribution=== {{multiple image|perrow=2|width=150 | image1 = English1346.gif| caption1 = English | image2 = Census Bureau Scottish Americans in the United States.gif| caption2 = Scottish | image3 = Scotch irish1346.gif| caption3 = Scots-Irish | image4 = Welsh1346.gif| caption4 = Welsh }} Following are the top 10 highest percentage of people of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry, in U.S. communities with 500 or more total inhabitants (for the total list of the 101 communities, see references)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Scottish.html|title=Scottish Ancestry Search - Scottish Genealogy by City |website=Epodunk.com|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/English.html |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents of English ancestry (population 500+)|website=Epodunk.com|accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Welsh.html|title=Welsh Ancestry Search - Welsh Genealogy by City|website=Epodunk.com|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> ====English==== # [[Hildale, UT]] 66.9% # [[Colorado City, AZ]] 52.7% # [[Milbridge, ME]] 41.1% # [[Panguitch, UT]] 40.0% # [[Beaver, UT]] 39.8% # [[Enterprise, UT]] 39.4% # [[East Machias, ME]] 39.1% # [[Marriott-Slaterville, UT]] 38.2% # [[Wellsville, UT]] 37.9% # [[Morgan, UT]] 37.2% ====Scottish==== #[[Lonaconing, MD]] town 16.1% #[[Jordan Township, Whiteside County, Illinois|Jordan, IL]] township 12.6% #[[Scioto Township, Jackson County, Ohio|Scioto, OH]] township 12.1% #[[Randolph Township, Tippecanoe County, Indiana|Randolph, IN]] township 10.2% #[[Franconia, NH]] town 10.1% #[[Topsham, VT]] town 10.0% #[[Ryegate, VT]] town 9.9% #[[Plainfield, VT]] town 9.8% #[[Saratoga Springs, UT]] town 9.7% #[[Barnet, VT]] town 9.5% ====Welsh==== #[[Malad City, ID]] city 21.1 #[[Remsen, NY]] town 14.6 #[[Oak Hill, OH]] village 13.6 #[[Madison Township, Jackson County, Ohio|Madison, OH]] township 12.7 #[[Steuben, New York|Steuben, NY]] town 10.9 #[[Franklin Township, Jackson County, Ohio|Franklin, OH]] township 10.5 #[[Plymouth, PA]] borough 10.3 #[[Jackson, OH]] city 10.0 #[[Lake Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Lake, PA]] township 9.9 #[[Radnor Township, Delaware County, Ohio|Radnor, OH]] township 9.8 ==History== ===Overview=== The [[British diaspora]] consists of the scattering of [[British people]] and their descendants who [[emigrated]] from the [[United Kingdom]]. The diaspora is concentrated in countries that had mass migration such as the [[United States]] and that are part of the [[English-speaking world]]. A 2006 publication from the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]] estimated 5.6 million British-born people lived outside of the United Kingdom.<ref name="BritsAbroad">{{cite news | title= Brits Abroad| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/brits_abroad/html/| work= | publisher= [[BBC News]]| date= 2006-12-06| accessdate=2009-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sriskandarajah |first=Dhananjayan |author2=Drew, Catherine |title=Brits Abroad: Mapping the scale and nature of British emigration |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |date=December 11, 2006 |work= |publisher=[[Institute for Public Policy Research|IPPR]] |accessdate=2009-04-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524215729/http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 |archivedate=2008-05-24 |df= }}</ref> After the [[Age of Discovery]] the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of [[Europe]], and the [[British Empire]]'s expansion during the first half of the 19th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", with particular concentrations "in [[Australasia]] and [[North America]]".<ref name="BritDis47">{{Harvnb|Ember et al|2004|p=47}}.</ref> The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",<ref name="Marsh254">{{harvnb|Marshall|2001|p=254}}.</ref> who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents".<ref name="BritDis47"/> As a result of the [[British colonization of the Americas]], what became the [[United States]] was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British".<ref name="BritDis47"/> Historically in the [[1790 United States Census]] estimate and presently in [[Australia]], [[Canada]] and [[New Zealand]] "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population" contributing to these states becoming integral to the [[Anglosphere]].<ref name="Marsh254"/> There is also a significant population of people with British ancestry in [[South Africa]]. ===Colonial period=== {{main|British colonization of the Americas}} An English presence in North America began with the [[Roanoke Colony]] and [[Colony of Virginia]] in the late-16th century, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]]. By the 1610s an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles".<ref name="BritDis48">{{Harvnb|Ember et al|2004|p=48}}.</ref> In 1620 the [[Pilgrim (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] established the English imperial venture of [[Plymouth Colony]], beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the [[New England Colonies]].<ref name="BritDis48"/> During the 17th century an estimated 350,000 English and Welsh migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the [[Acts of Union 1707]] was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.<ref name="BritDis49">{{Harvnb|Ember et al|2004|p=49}}.</ref> [[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[John Trumbull]]'s famous painting, ''[[Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)|Declaration of Independence]]''. Most of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Fathers]] had British ancestors.]] The British policy of [[salutary neglect]] for its North American colonies intended to minimize trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests.<ref name="history of colonial"/> This permitted the development of the [[American Dream]], a cultural spirit distinct from that of its European founders.<ref name="history of colonial">{{Citation |last=Henretta |first=James A. |title=History of Colonial America |url=http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |encyclopedia=Encarta Online Encyclopedia |year=2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021222327/http://encarta.msn.com/text_1741502191___0/History_of_Colonial_America.html |archivedate=2009-10-21 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The [[Thirteen Colonies]] of [[British America]] began an armed rebellion against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the [[Rights of Englishmen|right]] of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] to govern them [[No taxation without representation|without representation]]; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a [[sovereign state]] in 1781 with the ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|1783 Treaty of Paris]] represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgement of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the [[American Revolutionary War]].<ref name="road">{{Citation|title=Chapter 3: The Road to Independence|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm|work=Outline of U.S. History|publisher=usinfo.state.gov|date=November 2005|accessdate=2008-04-21|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080409035942/http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/histryotln/road.htm |archivedate = April 9, 2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> In the original [[13 colonies]], most laws contained elements found in the English [[common law]] system.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/11662/Colonial-Period.html|title=The Colonial Period|website=Law.jrank.org|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> The vast majority of the [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] were of mixed British extraction. Most of these were of English descent, with smaller numbers of those of Scottish, Irish or Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation.<ref>Richard D. Brown, "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view." ''William and Mary Quarterly'' (1976) 33#3: 465-480, especially pp 466, 478-79. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921543 online]</ref> [[File:The Great Rapprochement.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Uncle Sam]] embracing [[John Bull]], while [[Britannia]] and [[Columbia (name)|Columbia]] hold hands and sit together in the background (1898).]] ====Immigration after 1776==== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" |- !colspan=6|British immigration to the U.S. 1820-2000 |- ! Period ! Arrivals ! Period ! Arrivals ! Period ! Arrivals |- | 1820-1830||27,489 ||1901-1910||525,950||1981-1990||159,173 |- |1831-1840||75,810 ||1911-1920||341,408||1991-2000||151,866 |- |1841-1850||267,044 ||1921-1930||339,570|| || |- |1851-1860||423,974 ||1931-1940||31,572 || || |- |1861-1870||606,896 ||1941-1950||139,306|| || |- |1871-1880||548,043 ||1951-1960||202,824|| || |- |1881-1890||807,357 ||1961-1970||213,822|| || |- |1891-1900||271,538 ||1971-1980 ||137,374|| || |- !colspan=6 style="text-align:left;"|Total arrivals: 5,271,016<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fz2UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=british+immigration+75,810,+267,044&source=bl&ots=zGtzFduNh1&sig=kKCDU1pUO5hIJetw10DyPrPlWPg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj784ur_bjKAhXBcA8KHVFrBIkQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=british%20immigration%2075%2C810%2C%20267%2C044&f=false Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History ...] By Paul Spickard</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=rVE-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA89&dq=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+247,125+644,680&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT_8CtvqLKAhVHwj4KHURBAiQQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=england%20english%20immigration%20to%20the%20united%20states%20247%2C125%20644%2C680&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 89)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=51e8r7Yay0wC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=england+english+immigration+to+the+united+states+644,680&source=bl&ots=W9nyD6YyMo&sig=x_IaA7QNmk2E1WzrpI2PqmXwx9o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpkJ7OvKLKAhWFWBQKHRGTDFwQ6AEIMTAE#v=onepage&q=england%20english%20immigration%20to%20the%20united%20states%20644%2C680&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] Immigration by country of origin 1851-1940 (Page: 107)</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UG1qAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=Immigration+from+England+to+the+United+States+156,171&source=bl&ots=fmUG-Sxb0d&sig=w5eINcCgep6NYK6-15efS8vtmsI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDovq66qTKAhVFGA8KHYdbARsQ6AEINjAG#v=onepage&q=Immigration%20from%20England%20to%20the%20United%20States%20156%2C171&f=false Statistical Abstract of the United States] (Page: 92)</ref> |} Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the [[Special Relationship]], the exceptionally close political, diplomatic and military co-operation of [[United Kingdom – United States relations]].<ref name="wither">{{Citation|last=James|first=Wither|title=An Endangered Partnership: The Anglo-American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty-first Century|date=March 2006|journal=European Security|volume=15|issue=1|pages=47–65|doi=10.1080/09662830600776694|issn=0966-2839}}<!--| accessdate =2007-01-09--></ref> [[Linda Colley]], a professor of history at [[Princeton University]] and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".<ref>{{Harvnb|Colley|1992|p=134}}.</ref> For over two centuries (1789-1989) of early U.S. history, all Presidents with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial British stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled the [[Appalachia]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GOYg58I7g30C&pg=PA835&dq=andrew+jackson+president+great-great-great+grandfather+english+ancestry&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiDh4uxwqDeAhUqLcAKHWMTA-0Q6AEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=albions%20seed%20presidents%20&f=false Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America] - By David Hackett Fischer (P. 839)</ref> ==Cultural roots== Much of U.S. culture shows influences from nation states of British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the [[English language]], legal system and other cultural attributes.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJilCCGFCTYC&pg=PR9 |title=Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia |author=James B. Minahan |page=9 |website=Books.google.com |date=2013-03-14 |accessdate=2016-10-22|isbn=9781610691642 }}</ref> Historian David Hackett Fischer has posited that four major streams of immigration from the British Isles in the colonial era contributed to the formation of a new American culture, summarised as follows: * [[East Anglia]] and the [[Netherlands]] to [[Massachusetts]] - ''The [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Exodus]] of the English Puritans'' ([[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] and [[Puritans#New England Puritans|Puritans]] influenced the [[Northeastern United States]]' corporate and educational culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', pp. 13–206</ref> * The [[Southern England|South of England]] to [[Virginia]] - ''The [[Cavalier]]s and [[Indentured servant|Indentured Servants]]'' ([[Gentry]] influenced the [[Southern United States]]' plantation culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'' pp. 207–418</ref> *[[North Midlands]] to the [[Delaware Valley]] - ''The Friends' Migration'' ([[Quakers]] influenced the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Middle Atlantic]] and [[Midwestern United States]]' industrial culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', pp. 419–604</ref> * [[Northern England|Borderlands]] to the [[Appalachia|Backcountry]] - ''The Flight from [[North Britain]]'' ([[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] and [[Anglo-Scottish border|border]] [[English people|English]] influenced the [[Western United States]]' ranch culture and the [[Southern United States]]' common agrarian culture)<ref>Fischer, ''Albion's Seed'', pp. 605–782</ref> Fischer's theory acknowledges the presence of other groups of immigrants during the colonial period, both from the British Isles (the Welsh and the Highland Scots) and not (Germans, Dutch, and French Huguenots), but believes that these did not culturally contribute as substantially to the United States as his main four. ===Historical influence=== [[Apple pie]] – [[New England]] was the first region to experience large-scale [[English colonial empire|English colonization]] in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by [[East Anglia]]n Calvinists, better known as the [[Puritan]]s. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as [[apple pie]] and the oven-roasted [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] turkey.<ref>Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.</ref> "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American. ===Automakers=== [[Buick]] – [[David Dunbar Buick]] was a [[Scotland|Scottish]]-born American, a [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]]-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company. ===Motorcycle manufacturer=== [[File:Founders of Harley-Davidson The North Shore Bulletin Dec 1920.jpg|thumb|Founders of [[Harley-Davidson]], from left: William A. Davidson, Walter Davidson, Sr., [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Arthur Davidson]] and [[William S. Harley]].]] [[Harley-Davidson]] – The Davidson brothers were of Scottish descent (William. A., Walter and [[Arthur Davidson (motorcycling)|Arthur Davidson]]) and [[William S. Harley]] of English descent. Along with [[Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company]] was the largest and most recognizable American [[motorcycle]] manufacturer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://clutchandchrome.com/Articles/Littleport.htm |title=Harley: The Littleport Connection "Without Littleport, there'd be no Harley-Davidson" |publisher=clutchandchrome.com |accessdate=March 24, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421100954/http://clutchandchrome.com/Articles/Littleport.htm |archivedate=April 21, 2006}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Origins of baseball}} [[Baseball]] - The earliest recorded game of base-ball for which the original source survives, involved the family of [[George II of Great Britain]], played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in [[Walton-on-Thames]], Surrey, against Lord Middlesex.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why isn't baseball more popular in the UK?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23425907|accessdate=July 26, 2013}}</ref> The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in [[Guildford]], also in [[Surrey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html |title=Major League Baseball Told: Your Sport Is British, Not American |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=February 3, 2009 |work=Telegraph |location=London |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016132738/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html |archivedate=October 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7609000/7609897.stm |title=History of baseball exposed |publisher=BBC News |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=August 3, 2013}}</ref> English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on [[Easter Monday]] 1755 in [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]]; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7622026.stm|title=BBC NEWS - UK - England - Baseball 'origin' uncovered|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/southtoday/content/articles/2008/09/09/baseball_feature.shtml|title=BBC - South Today - Features - Baseball history|website=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "[[A Little Pretty Pocket-Book]]" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, [[Rounders]] which has been played in England since [[Tudor period|Tudor]] times holds a similarity to Baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in the United Kingdom pre-date use of the term "rounders".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/baseball/2799671/Major-League-Baseball-told-Your-sport-is-British-not-American.html|title=Major League Baseball told: Your sport is British, not American|author=Telegraph staff and agencies|date=11 September 2008|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> ===Continental Colours, 1775-1777=== [[File:Flag of the United States (1776–1777).svg|thumb|right|The "[[Grand Union Flag]]" which served as the U.S. national flag from 1776 to 1777; the thirteen stripes represent the original [[Thirteen colonies]].]] The [[Grand Union Flag]] is considered to be the first national [[Flag of the United States#First flag|flag of the United States]].<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA590&dq=grand+union+american+flag+thirteen+colonies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2uPDZ4rTeAhXRT8AKHbvcDkQQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false Popular Mechanics] - Oct 1926</ref> The design consisted of 13 stripes, red and white, representing the original [[Thirteen Colonies]], the [[canton (flag)|canton]] on the upper left-hand corner bearing the British [[Union Flag#History|Union Flag]], the red cross of St. George of England with the white cross of St. Andrew of Scotland. The flag was first flown on December 2, 1775 by [[John Paul Jones]] (then a Continental Navy lieutenant) on the ship ''[[USS Alfred|Alfred]]'' in Philadelphia).<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PNgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA590&dq=grand+union+american+flag+thirteen+colonies&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi2uPDZ4rTeAhXRT8AKHbvcDkQQ6AEIKjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false Popular Mechanics] - Oct 1926</ref> ==Place names== ===Alabama=== *[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] after [[Birmingham]], England ===Connecticut=== *[[Essex, Connecticut]] after [[Essex, England]] *[[Greenwich, Connecticut]] after [[Greenwich, England]] *[[Manchester, Connecticut]] after [[Manchester, England]] *[[New London, Connecticut]] after [[London, England]] *[[Norfolk, Connecticut]] after [[Norfolk, England]] ===Delaware=== *[[Dover, Delaware|Dover]] after [[Dover]], England *[[Kent County, Delaware]] after [[Kent, England]] *[[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] named by [[proprietary colony|Proprietor]] [[Thomas Penn]] after his friend [[Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington|Spencer Compton]], [[Earl of Wilmington]], who was prime minister in the reign of [[George II of Great Britain]]. ===Maryland=== *[[Aberdeen, Maryland]] after [[Aberdeen, Scotland]] *[[Chester, Maryland]] after [[Chester, England]] *[[Chestertown, Maryland]] after [[Chester, England]] *[[Essex, Maryland]] after [[Essex, England]] *[[Glencoe, Maryland]] after [[Glencoe, Scotland]] *[[Hereford, Maryland]] after [[Hereford, England]] *[[Kensington, Maryland]] after [[Kensington|Kensington, England]] *[[Manchester, Maryland]] after [[Manchester, England]] *[[Olney, Maryland]] after [[Olney, Buckinghamshire|Olney, England]] *[[Westminster, Maryland]] after [[Westminster, England]] ===Massachusetts=== *[[Bedford, Massachusetts]] after [[Bedford, England]] *[[Boston]] after [[Boston, England]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iboston.org/mcp.php?pid=taleOfTwoBostons|title=A Tale of Two Bostons - iBoston|website=Iboston.org|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> *[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] after the [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] of [[Cambridge]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cambridgema.gov/historic/cambridgehistory|title=Brief History of Cambridge, Mass. - Cambridge Historical Commission - City of Cambridge, Massachusetts|first=City of|last=Cambridge|website=Cambridgema.gov|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> *[[Falmouth, Massachusetts]] after [[Falmouth, England]] *[[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]] after [[Gloucester]], England *[[Hampshire County, Massachusetts]] after [[Hampshire, England]] *[[Middlesex County, Massachusetts]] after [[Middlesex, England]] *[[Plymouth, Massachusetts]] after [[Plymouth, England]] *[[Southampton, Massachusetts|Southampton]] after [[Southampton]], England<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=3141|title=ePodunk|website=Epodunk.com|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> *[[Suffolk County, Massachusetts]] after [[Suffolk, England]] *[[Swansea, Massachusetts]] after [[Swansea]], [[Wales]] *[[Weymouth, Massachusetts]] after [[Weymouth, Dorset]], England *[[Worcester, Massachusetts]] after [[Worcester, England]] ===New Hampshire=== *[[New Hampshire]] state (after [[Hampshire]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/nh_intro.htm|title=The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from NETSTATE.COM|first=NSTATE, LLC:|last=http://www.n-state.com|website=Netstate.com|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref>) *[[Derry, New Hampshire]] after [[Derry, Northern Ireland]] *[[Durham, New Hampshire]] after [[Durham, England]] *[[Exeter, New Hampshire]] after [[Exeter, England]] *[[Londonderry, New Hampshire]] after [[Londonderry, Northern Ireland]] *[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]] after [[Manchester, England]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boulter.com/nh/|title=New Hampshire|website=Boulter.com|accessdate=2 January 2018}}</ref> *[[New London, New Hampshire]] after [[London, England]] *[[Plymouth, New Hampshire]] after [[Plymouth, England]] *[[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]] after [[Portsmouth, England]] ===New York State=== *[[New York (state)|New York]] (state) and [[New York City]] after [[York, England]] ===Pennsylvania=== *[[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]] after [[Buckinghamshire]], England *[[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]] and [[Chester, Pennsylvania|Chester]] after [[Chester]], England *[[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]] after [[Carlisle, England]] *[[Darby, Pennsylvania|Darby]] derived from [[Derby]] (pronounced ''"Darby"''), the [[county town]] of [[Derbyshire]] (pronounced ''"Darbyshire"'')<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9V1IAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=100}}</ref> *[[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]] and [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] after the city of [[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] in the county of [[Lancashire]] in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early [[settler]]s.<ref>[http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp Petition for the Establishment of Lancaster County] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807113052/http://www.docheritage.state.pa.us/documents/lancasterpetition.asp |date=2006-08-07 }}, February 6, 1728/9</ref> *[[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading, Berks County]] after [[Reading, Berkshire]], England *[[Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Warminster]] after a small town in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.<ref>{{cite web|title=WARMINSTER TOWNSHIP HISTORY|url=http://www.warminstertownship.org/public-information/aboutwarminster/history|website=Warminstertownship.org|accessdate=2015-07-31}}</ref> *[[York, Pennsylvania]] after [[York, England]] ===Virginia=== *[[Crewe, Virginia]] after [[Crewe, England]] *[[Dumfries, Virginia]] after [[Dumfries, Scotland]] *[[Edinburg, Virginia]] after [[Edinburgh, Scotland]] *[[Falmouth, Virginia]] after [[Falmouth, England]] *[[Isle of Wight County, Virginia]] after [[Isle of Wight, England]] *[[Kilmarnock, Virginia]] after [[Kilmarnock, Scotland]] *[[Glasgow, Virginia]] after [[Glasgow, Scotland]] *[[Gloucester, Virginia]] after [[Gloucester, England]] *[[Richmond, Virginia]] and [[Richmond County, Virginia]] after [[Richmond, London]] *[[Lancaster County, Virginia]] after [[Lancashire, England]] *[[Hampton, Virginia]] after [[Hampton, London|Hampton, London, England]] *[[Midlothian, Virginia]] after [[Midlothian, Scotland]] *[[New Kent County, Virginia]] after [[Kent County, England]] *[[Norfolk, Virginia]] after [[Norfolk, England]] *[[Northampton County, Virginia]] after [[Northampton, England]] *[[Northumberland County, Virginia]] after [[Northumberland, England]] *[[Portsmouth, Virginia]] after [[Portsmouth, England]] *[[Stafford, Virginia]] after [[Stafford, England]] *[[Suffolk, Virginia]] after [[Suffolk, England]] *[[Westmoreland County, Virginia]] after Westmoreland (now part of [[Cumbria, England]] *[[Winchester, Virginia]] after [[Winchester, England]] In addition, some places were named after the kings and queens of the former kingdoms of [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]]. The name Virginia was first applied by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.,<ref>In 1584 [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] sent [[Philip Amadas]] and [[Arthur Barlowe]] to lead an exploration of what is now the [[North Carolina]] coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." {{cite book |title=Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States |last= Stewart|first=George |authorlink=George R. Stewart|year=1945 |publisher= Random House|location=New York |page= 22}}</ref> the [[Carolinas]] were named after [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] and [[Maryland]] named so for his wife, [[Queen Henrietta Maria]] (Queen Mary).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netstate.com/states/intro/md_intro.htm|title=The State of Maryland|work=netstate.com}}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|United States|United Kingdom}} *[[Anglo-Celtic Australians]] *[[Hyphenated American]] *[[English diaspora]] *[[List of English Americans]] *[[List of Scots-Irish Americans]] *[[List of Scottish Americans]] *[[List of Welsh Americans]] *[[Americans in the United Kingdom]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Scholarly sources== * [[Oscar Handlin]], Ann Orlov and Stephan Thernstrom eds. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'' (1980) the standard reference source for all ethnic groups. * [[Rowland Tappan Berthoff]]. ''British Immigrants in Industrial America, 1790-1950'' (1953). * [[David Hackett Fischer]]. ''[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways In America]]'' (1989). ==External links== *[https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/pc80-s1-10.html 1980 U.S. Census ancestry lists] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20141009091354/http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/downloadFile.cgi?file=1041-6-15955-AF_Census_Data.pdf&filename=AF_Census_Data.pdf References] *[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP13&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-_sse=on 2000 Census Bureau ancestry figures] {{European Americans}} {{British diaspora}} [[Category:British American| ]] [[Category:American people of British descent| ]] [[Category:British diaspora by country|American]] [[Category:European-American society]] [[Category:United Kingdom–United States relations]]'