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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore}}
{{Redirect|Littoral}}
{{for|the transfer of business or IT processes into a nearby country|Nearshoring}}
{{ocean habitat topics|image=Littoral Zones.jpg|caption=Different disciplines and agencies divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.}}
The '''littoral zone''' or '''nearshore''' is the part of a [[sea]], [[lake]], or [[river]] that is close to the [[shore]]. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the [[high water mark]], which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently [[underwater|submerged]]. The littoral zone always includes this [[intertidal zone]], and the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the meaning of ''littoral zone'' can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.
The term has no single definition. What is regarded as the full extent of the littoral zone, and the way the littoral zone is divided into subregions, varies in different contexts. (Lakes and rivers have their own definitions.) The use of the term also varies from one part of the world to another, and between different disciplines. For example, military commanders speak of the littoral in ways that are quite different from [[marine biology|marine biologists]].
The adjacency of water gives a number of distinctive characteristics to littoral regions. The [[erosion|erosive]] power of water results in particular types of [[landform]]s, such as [[sand dune]]s, and [[estuary|estuaries]]. The natural movement of the littoral along the coast is called the [[littoral drift]]. Biologically, the ready availability of water enables a greater variety of plant and animal life, and particularly the formation of extensive [[wetlands]]. In addition, the additional local [[humidity]] due to evaporation usually creates a [[microclimate]] supporting unique types of organisms.
The word ''littoral'' may be used both as a [[noun]] and as an [[adjective]]. It derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] noun ''litus, litoris'', meaning "shore". (The doubled ''tt'' is a late-medieval innovation, and the word is sometimes seen in the more classical-looking spelling ''litoral''.)
==In oceanography and marine biology==
[[File:Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|The littoral zone of an ocean is the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf.]]
[[File:Portugal 20040711 027.jpg|thumb|right|The [[intertidal zone]] of a beach is also part of the littoral zone.]]
[[File:Klamath river estuary.jpg|thumb|right|[[Estuary|Estuaries]] are also in the littoral zone.]]
{{wiktionary|littoral}}
{{wiktionary|circumlittoral|infralittoral|sublittoral|supralittoral}}
In [[oceanography]] and [[marine biology]], the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then out as far as the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. These three subregions are called, in order, the [[Littoral zone#Supralittoral zone|supralittoral zone]], the [[Littoral zone#Eublittoral zone|eulittoral zone]] and the [[Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone|sublittoral zone]].
===Supralittoral zone===
{{main|Supralittoral zone}}
The ''supralittoral zone'' (also called the ''splash'', ''spray'' or ''supratidal zone'') is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. Organisms that live here must cope with exposure to fresh water from rain, cold, heat, dryness and [[predation]] by land animals and seabirds. At the top of this area, patches of dark [[lichen]]s can appear as crusts on rocks. Some types of [[Common periwinkle|periwinkles]], [[Neritidae]] and detritus feeding [[Isopod]]a commonly inhabit the lower supralittoral.<ref name="Yip and Madl">Yip and Madl</ref>
===Eulittoral zone===
{{see also|Intertidal zone}}
The ''eulittoral zone'' (also called the ''midlittoral'' or ''mediolittoral zone'') is the ''intertidal zone'', known also as the ''foreshore''. It extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. It is alternately exposed and submerged,once or twice daily. Organisms living here must be able to withstand the varying conditions of temperature,light, salinity etc. Despite this, [[Productivity (ecology)|productivity]] is high in this zone. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shape and reform cliffs, gaps and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. Protected rocky shorelines usually show a narrow almost homogenous eulittoral strip, often marked by the presence of [[barnacle]]s. Exposed sites show a wider extension and are often divided into further zones. For more on this, see [[intertidal ecology]].
===Sublittoral zone===
{{see also|Neritic zone}}
The ''sublittoral zone'' starts immediately below the eulittoral zone. This zone is permanently covered with seawater and is approximately equivalent to the [[neritic zone]].
In [[physical oceanography]], the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, [[internal wave]]s, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the [[continental shelf]], with depths around 200 meters.
In marine biology, the sublittoral zone refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the [[photic zone]]. This results in high [[primary production]] and makes the sublittoral zone the location of the majority of sea life. As in physical oceanography, this zone typically extends to the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. The benthic zone in the sublittoral is much more stable than in the intertidal zone; temperature, water pressure, and the amount of sunlight remain fairly constant. Sublittoral corals do not have to deal with as much change as intertidal corals. [[Coral|Corals]] can live in both zones, but they are more common in the sublittoral zone.
Within the sublittoral, marine biologists also identify the following:
*The '''infralittoral zone''' is the algal dominated zone, which may extend to five metres below the low water mark.
*The '''circalittoral zone''' is the region beyond the infralittoral, that is, below the algal zone and dominated by [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] animals such as [[mussel]]s and [[oyster]]s.
Shallower regions of the sublittoral zone, extending not far from the shore, are sometimes referred to as the '''subtidal zone'''.
{{clear}}
==In freshwater ecosystems==
[[File:Moon Lake shoreline - Riding Mountain National Park.JPG|thumb|right|Shoreline of a lake with nearly unvegetated littoral zone]]
In freshwater situations, littoral zones occur on the edge of large lakes and rivers, often with extensive areas of [[wetland]]. Hence, they are sometimes referred to as fringing wetlands. Here, the effects of tides are minimal, so other definitions of "littoral" are used. For example, the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] defines littoral as that portion of the lake that is less than 15 [[foot (length)|feet]] in depth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lakefind/surveys.html#littoral|title=Fisheries lake surveys| accessdate =|website = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}}</ref>
The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, [[wet meadow]], [[marsh]] and [[aquatic vegetation]].<ref name = keddy2>Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.</ref> The relative areas of these four types depends not only on the profile of the shoreline, but upon past water levels. The area of wet meadow is particularly dependent upon past water levels;<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.</ref> in general, the area of wet meadows along lakes and rivers increases with natural water level fluctuations.<ref>Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K. and Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. USGS Circular 1311. 25 p.</ref><ref>Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.</ref> Many of the animals in lakes and rivers are dependent upon the wetlands of littoral zones, since the rooted plants provide habitat and food. Hence, a large and productive littoral zone is considered an important characteristic of a healthy lake or river.<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010"/>
Littoral zones are at particular risk for two reasons. First, human settlement is often attracted to shorelines, and settlement often disrupts breeding habitats for littoral zone species. For example, many turtles are killed on roads when they leave the water to lay their eggs in upland sites. Fish can be negatively affected by docks and retaining walls which remove breeding habitat in shallow water. Some shoreline communities even deliberately try to remove wetlands since they may interfere with activities like swimming. Overall, the presence of human settlement has a demonstrated negative impact upon adjoining wetlands.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Houlahan|first1=J. E.|last2=Keddy|first2=P. A.|last3=Makkay|first3=K.|last4=Findlay|first4=C. S.|title=The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition|journal=Wetlands|date=2006|volume=26|issue=1|pages=79–96|doi=10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[79:TEOALU]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> An equally serious problem is the tendency to stabilize lake or river levels with dams. Dams removed the spring flood which carries nutrients into littoral zones, and reduces the natural fluctuation of water levels upon which many wetland plants and animals depend.<ref>Middleton, B. A. (ed.) 2002. Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance. John Wiley, New York</ref><ref>Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497. Chapter 2.</ref> Hence, over time, dams can reduce the area of wetland from a broad littoral zone to a narrow band of vegetation. Marshes and wet meadows are at particular risk.
==Other definitions==
For the purposes of naval operations, the [[United States Navy]] divides the littoral zone in the ways shown on the diagram at the top of this article. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] and [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] have their own definitions, and these have legal implications.
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ballantine Scale]]
* [[Benthic zone]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Foreshore]]
* [[Intertidal zone]]
* [[Limnetic zone]]
* [[Littoral combat ship]]
* [[Littoral drift]]
* [[Littoral series]]
* [[Littoral warfare]]
* [[Marine debris]]
* [[Neritic zone]]
* [[Profundal zone]]
* [[Shingle beach]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Haslett, Simon K (2001) ''Coastal Systems.'' Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-21302-8}}
* Mann, Kenneth Henry (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=y4OIojDxtzsC&pg=PA179 ''Ecology of Coastal Waters''] Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-86542-550-7}}
* Yip, Maricela and Madl, Pierre (1999) [http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/rovigno/rovigno3.htm ''Littoral''] [[University of Salzburg]].
{{Refend}}
{{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}
{{coastal geography}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Littoral Zone}}
[[Category:Aquatic biomes]]
[[Category:Marine biology]]
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Habitats]]
[[Category:Coasts]]
[[Category:Fisheries science]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]
[[Category:Limnology]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore}}
{{Redirect|Littoral}}
{{for|the transfer of business or IT processes into a nearby country|Nearshoring}}
{{ocean habitat topics|image=Littoral Zones.jpg|caption=Different disciplines and agencies and your mom also has sex with her sin divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.}}
The '''littoral zone''' or '''nearshore''' is the part of a [[sea]], [[lake]], or [[river]] that is close to the [[shore]]. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the [[high water mark]], which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently [[underwater|submerged]]. The littoral zone always includes this [[intertidal zone]], and the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the meaning of ''littoral zone'' can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.
The term has no single definition. What is regarded as the full extent of the littoral zone, and the way the littoral zone is divided into subregions, varies in different contexts. (Lakes and rivers have their own definitions.) The use of the term also varies from one part of the world to another, and between different disciplines. For example, military commanders speak of the littoral in ways that are quite different from [[marine biology|marine biologists]].
The adjacency of water gives a number of distinctive characteristics to littoral regions. The [[erosion|erosive]] power of water results in particular types of [[landform]]s, such as [[sand dune]]s, and [[estuary|estuaries]]. The natural movement of the littoral along the coast is called the [[littoral drift]]. Biologically, the ready availability of water enables a greater variety of plant and animal life, and particularly the formation of extensive [[wetlands]]. In addition, the additional local [[humidity]] due to evaporation usually creates a [[microclimate]] supporting unique types of organisms.
The word ''littoral'' may be used both as a [[noun]] and as an [[adjective]]. It derives from the [[Latin language|Latin]] noun ''litus, litoris'', meaning "shore". (The doubled ''tt'' is a late-medieval innovation, and the word is sometimes seen in the more classical-looking spelling ''litoral''.)
==In oceanography and marine biology==
[[File:Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|The littoral zone of an ocean is the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf.]]
[[File:Portugal 20040711 027.jpg|thumb|right|The [[intertidal zone]] of a beach is also part of the littoral zone.]]
[[File:Klamath river estuary.jpg|thumb|right|[[Estuary|Estuaries]] are also in the littoral zone.]]
{{wiktionary|littoral}}
{{wiktionary|circumlittoral|infralittoral|sublittoral|supralittoral}}
In [[oceanography]] and [[marine biology]], the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then out as far as the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. These three subregions are called, in order, the [[Littoral zone#Supralittoral zone|supralittoral zone]], the [[Littoral zone#Eublittoral zone|eulittoral zone]] and the [[Littoral zone#Sublittoral zone|sublittoral zone]].
===Supralittoral zone===
{{main|Supralittoral zone}}
The ''supralittoral zone'' (also called the ''splash'', ''spray'' or ''supratidal zone'') is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. Organisms that live here must cope with exposure to fresh water from rain, cold, heat, dryness and [[predation]] by land animals and seabirds. At the top of this area, patches of dark [[lichen]]s can appear as crusts on rocks. Some types of [[Common periwinkle|periwinkles]], [[Neritidae]] and detritus feeding [[Isopod]]a commonly inhabit the lower supralittoral.<ref name="Yip and Madl">Yip and Madl</ref>
===Eulittoral zone===
{{see also|Intertidal zone}}
The ''eulittoral zone'' (also called the ''midlittoral'' or ''mediolittoral zone'') is the ''intertidal zone'', known also as the ''foreshore''. It extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. It is alternately exposed and submerged,once or twice daily. Organisms living here must be able to withstand the varying conditions of temperature,light, salinity etc. Despite this, [[Productivity (ecology)|productivity]] is high in this zone. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shape and reform cliffs, gaps and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. Protected rocky shorelines usually show a narrow almost homogenous eulittoral strip, often marked by the presence of [[barnacle]]s. Exposed sites show a wider extension and are often divided into further zones. For more on this, see [[intertidal ecology]].
===Sublittoral zone===
{{see also|Neritic zone}}
The ''sublittoral zone'' starts immediately below the eulittoral zone. This zone is permanently covered with seawater and is approximately equivalent to the [[neritic zone]].
In [[physical oceanography]], the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, [[internal wave]]s, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the [[continental shelf]], with depths around 200 meters.
In marine biology, the sublittoral zone refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the [[photic zone]]. This results in high [[primary production]] and makes the sublittoral zone the location of the majority of sea life. As in physical oceanography, this zone typically extends to the edge of the [[continental shelf]]. The benthic zone in the sublittoral is much more stable than in the intertidal zone; temperature, water pressure, and the amount of sunlight remain fairly constant. Sublittoral corals do not have to deal with as much change as intertidal corals. [[Coral|Corals]] can live in both zones, but they are more common in the sublittoral zone.
Within the sublittoral, marine biologists also identify the following:
*The '''infralittoral zone''' is the algal dominated zone, which may extend to five metres below the low water mark.
*The '''circalittoral zone''' is the region beyond the infralittoral, that is, below the algal zone and dominated by [[Sessility (zoology)|sessile]] animals such as [[mussel]]s and [[oyster]]s.
Shallower regions of the sublittoral zone, extending not far from the shore, are sometimes referred to as the '''subtidal zone'''.
{{clear}}
==In freshwater ecosystems==
[[File:Moon Lake shoreline - Riding Mountain National Park.JPG|thumb|right|Shoreline of a lake with nearly unvegetated littoral zone]]
In freshwater situations, littoral zones occur on the edge of large lakes and rivers, often with extensive areas of [[wetland]]. Hence, they are sometimes referred to as fringing wetlands. Here, the effects of tides are minimal, so other definitions of "littoral" are used. For example, the [[Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] defines littoral as that portion of the lake that is less than 15 [[foot (length)|feet]] in depth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lakefind/surveys.html#littoral|title=Fisheries lake surveys| accessdate =|website = Minnesota Department of Natural Resources}}</ref>
The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, [[wet meadow]], [[marsh]] and [[aquatic vegetation]].<ref name = keddy2>Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.</ref> The relative areas of these four types depends not only on the profile of the shoreline, but upon past water levels. The area of wet meadow is particularly dependent upon past water levels;<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.</ref> in general, the area of wet meadows along lakes and rivers increases with natural water level fluctuations.<ref>Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K. and Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. USGS Circular 1311. 25 p.</ref><ref>Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.</ref> Many of the animals in lakes and rivers are dependent upon the wetlands of littoral zones, since the rooted plants provide habitat and food. Hence, a large and productive littoral zone is considered an important characteristic of a healthy lake or river.<ref name="Keddy, P.A 2010"/>
Littoral zones are at particular risk for two reasons. First, human settlement is often attracted to shorelines, and settlement often disrupts breeding habitats for littoral zone species. For example, many turtles are killed on roads when they leave the water to lay their eggs in upland sites. Fish can be negatively affected by docks and retaining walls which remove breeding habitat in shallow water. Some shoreline communities even deliberately try to remove wetlands since they may interfere with activities like swimming. Overall, the presence of human settlement has a demonstrated negative impact upon adjoining wetlands.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Houlahan|first1=J. E.|last2=Keddy|first2=P. A.|last3=Makkay|first3=K.|last4=Findlay|first4=C. S.|title=The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition|journal=Wetlands|date=2006|volume=26|issue=1|pages=79–96|doi=10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[79:TEOALU]2.0.CO;2}}</ref> An equally serious problem is the tendency to stabilize lake or river levels with dams. Dams removed the spring flood which carries nutrients into littoral zones, and reduces the natural fluctuation of water levels upon which many wetland plants and animals depend.<ref>Middleton, B. A. (ed.) 2002. Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance. John Wiley, New York</ref><ref>Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497. Chapter 2.</ref> Hence, over time, dams can reduce the area of wetland from a broad littoral zone to a narrow band of vegetation. Marshes and wet meadows are at particular risk.
==Other definitions==
For the purposes of naval operations, the [[United States Navy]] divides the littoral zone in the ways shown on the diagram at the top of this article. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] and [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] have their own definitions, and these have legal implications.
==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ballantine Scale]]
* [[Benthic zone]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Foreshore]]
* [[Intertidal zone]]
* [[Limnetic zone]]
* [[Littoral combat ship]]
* [[Littoral drift]]
* [[Littoral series]]
* [[Littoral warfare]]
* [[Marine debris]]
* [[Neritic zone]]
* [[Profundal zone]]
* [[Shingle beach]]
{{div col end}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Haslett, Simon K (2001) ''Coastal Systems.'' Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-21302-8}}
* Mann, Kenneth Henry (2000) [https://books.google.com/books?id=y4OIojDxtzsC&pg=PA179 ''Ecology of Coastal Waters''] Blackwell Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-86542-550-7}}
* Yip, Maricela and Madl, Pierre (1999) [http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/rovigno/rovigno3.htm ''Littoral''] [[University of Salzburg]].
{{Refend}}
{{physical oceanography|expanded=other}}
{{coastal geography}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Littoral Zone}}
[[Category:Aquatic biomes]]
[[Category:Marine biology]]
[[Category:Aquatic ecology]]
[[Category:Habitats]]
[[Category:Coasts]]
[[Category:Fisheries science]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]
[[Category:Limnology]]
[[Category:Oceanography]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@
{{Redirect|Littoral}}
{{for|the transfer of business or IT processes into a nearby country|Nearshoring}}
-{{ocean habitat topics|image=Littoral Zones.jpg|caption=Different disciplines and agencies divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.}}
+{{ocean habitat topics|image=Littoral Zones.jpg|caption=Different disciplines and agencies and your mom also has sex with her sin divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.}}
The '''littoral zone''' or '''nearshore''' is the part of a [[sea]], [[lake]], or [[river]] that is close to the [[shore]]. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the [[high water mark]], which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently [[underwater|submerged]]. The littoral zone always includes this [[intertidal zone]], and the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the meaning of ''littoral zone'' can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.
' |
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0 => '{{ocean habitat topics|image=Littoral Zones.jpg|caption=Different disciplines and agencies and your mom also has sex with her sin divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.}}'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Littoral" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Littoral (disambiguation)">Littoral (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the transfer of business or IT processes into a nearby country, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nearshoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearshoring">Nearshoring</a>.</div>
<table class="vertical-navbox plainlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:auto;max-width:22em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Littoral_Zones.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Littoral Zones.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Littoral_Zones.jpg/220px-Littoral_Zones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="292" /></a><div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Different disciplines and agencies and your mom also has sex with her sin divide the littoral zone into different subregions, according to how they want to view the zone.</div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align: left">
<ul>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid powderblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Littoral zone</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid lightblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid skyblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid skyblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid deepskyblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid dodgerblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean banks</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid dodgerblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid royalblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid royalblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Straits</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid royalblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid mediumblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic zone</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid darkblue; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamounts</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid indigo; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid navy; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid gray; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li>
<li style="border-left: 20px solid tan; line-height: 18px; padding-left: 0.7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li>
</ul></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template talk:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ocean_habitat_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>littoral zone</b> or <b>nearshore</b> is the part of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> that is close to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shore" title="Shore">shore</a>. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_water_mark" title="High water mark">high water mark</a>, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">submerged</a>. The littoral zone always includes this <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a>, and the terms are often used interchangeably. However, the meaning of <i>littoral zone</i> can extend well beyond the intertidal zone.
</p><p>The term has no single definition. What is regarded as the full extent of the littoral zone, and the way the littoral zone is divided into subregions, varies in different contexts. (Lakes and rivers have their own definitions.) The use of the term also varies from one part of the world to another, and between different disciplines. For example, military commanders speak of the littoral in ways that are quite different from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologists</a>.
</p><p>The adjacency of water gives a number of distinctive characteristics to littoral regions. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosive</a> power of water results in particular types of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a>. The natural movement of the littoral along the coast is called the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral drift">littoral drift</a>. Biologically, the ready availability of water enables a greater variety of plant and animal life, and particularly the formation of extensive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a>. In addition, the additional local <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> due to evaporation usually creates a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> supporting unique types of organisms.
</p><p>The word <i>littoral</i> may be used both as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. It derives from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> noun <i>litus, litoris</i>, meaning "shore". (The doubled <i>tt</i> is a late-medieval innovation, and the word is sometimes seen in the more classical-looking spelling <i>litoral</i>.)
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#In_oceanography_and_marine_biology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">In oceanography and marine biology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Supralittoral_zone"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Supralittoral zone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Eulittoral_zone"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Eulittoral zone</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Sublittoral_zone"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sublittoral zone</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_freshwater_ecosystems"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In freshwater ecosystems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_definitions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other definitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_oceanography_and_marine_biology">In oceanography and marine biology</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary.jpg/220px-Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="265" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The littoral zone of an ocean is the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Portugal_20040711_027.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portugal_20040711_027.jpg/220px-Portugal_20040711_027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="769" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Portugal_20040711_027.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> of a beach is also part of the littoral zone.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Klamath_river_estuary.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Klamath_river_estuary.jpg/220px-Klamath_river_estuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="447" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Klamath_river_estuary.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a> are also in the littoral zone.</div></div></div>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/littoral" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:littoral">littoral</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circumlittoral" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:circumlittoral">circumlittoral</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infralittoral" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:infralittoral">infralittoral</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sublittoral" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sublittoral">sublittoral</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supralittoral" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:supralittoral">supralittoral</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanography</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biology</a>, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then out as far as the edge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. These three subregions are called, in order, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_zone#Supralittoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">supralittoral zone</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_zone#Eublittoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">eulittoral zone</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_zone#Sublittoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">sublittoral zone</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Supralittoral_zone">Supralittoral zone</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supralittoral_zone" title="Supralittoral zone">Supralittoral zone</a></div>
<p>The <i>supralittoral zone</i> (also called the <i>splash</i>, <i>spray</i> or <i>supratidal zone</i>) is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. Organisms that live here must cope with exposure to fresh water from rain, cold, heat, dryness and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> by land animals and seabirds. At the top of this area, patches of dark <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> can appear as crusts on rocks. Some types of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">periwinkles</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neritidae" title="Neritidae">Neritidae</a> and detritus feeding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopod">Isopoda</a> commonly inhabit the lower supralittoral.<sup id="cite_ref-Yip_and_Madl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yip_and_Madl-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Eulittoral_zone">Eulittoral zone</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></div>
<p>The <i>eulittoral zone</i> (also called the <i>midlittoral</i> or <i>mediolittoral zone</i>) is the <i>intertidal zone</i>, known also as the <i>foreshore</i>. It extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. It is alternately exposed and submerged,once or twice daily. Organisms living here must be able to withstand the varying conditions of temperature,light, salinity etc. Despite this, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">productivity</a> is high in this zone. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shape and reform cliffs, gaps and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. Protected rocky shorelines usually show a narrow almost homogenous eulittoral strip, often marked by the presence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>. Exposed sites show a wider extension and are often divided into further zones. For more on this, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">intertidal ecology</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sublittoral_zone">Sublittoral zone</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></div>
<p>The <i>sublittoral zone</i> starts immediately below the eulittoral zone. This zone is permanently covered with seawater and is approximately equivalent to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a>.
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">physical oceanography</a>, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">internal waves</a>, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, with depths around 200 meters.
</p><p>In marine biology, the sublittoral zone refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>. This results in high <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> and makes the sublittoral zone the location of the majority of sea life. As in physical oceanography, this zone typically extends to the edge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. The benthic zone in the sublittoral is much more stable than in the intertidal zone; temperature, water pressure, and the amount of sunlight remain fairly constant. Sublittoral corals do not have to deal with as much change as intertidal corals. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Corals</a> can live in both zones, but they are more common in the sublittoral zone.
</p><p>Within the sublittoral, marine biologists also identify the following:
</p>
<ul><li>The <b>infralittoral zone</b> is the algal dominated zone, which may extend to five metres below the low water mark.</li>
<li>The <b>circalittoral zone</b> is the region beyond the infralittoral, that is, below the algal zone and dominated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a> animals such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Shallower regions of the sublittoral zone, extending not far from the shore, are sometimes referred to as the <b>subtidal zone</b>.
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In_freshwater_ecosystems">In freshwater ecosystems</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Moon_Lake_shoreline_-_Riding_Mountain_National_Park.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Moon_Lake_shoreline_-_Riding_Mountain_National_Park.JPG/220px-Moon_Lake_shoreline_-_Riding_Mountain_National_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Moon_Lake_shoreline_-_Riding_Mountain_National_Park.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Shoreline of a lake with nearly unvegetated littoral zone</div></div></div>
<p>In freshwater situations, littoral zones occur on the edge of large lakes and rivers, often with extensive areas of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>. Hence, they are sometimes referred to as fringing wetlands. Here, the effects of tides are minimal, so other definitions of "littoral" are used. For example, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minnesota_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Minnesota Department of Natural Resources">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a> defines littoral as that portion of the lake that is less than 15 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">feet</a> in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">wet meadow</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marsh</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aquatic_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic vegetation">aquatic vegetation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keddy2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keddy2-3">[3]</a></sup> The relative areas of these four types depends not only on the profile of the shoreline, but upon past water levels. The area of wet meadow is particularly dependent upon past water levels;<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-4">[4]</a></sup> in general, the area of wet meadows along lakes and rivers increases with natural water level fluctuations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Many of the animals in lakes and rivers are dependent upon the wetlands of littoral zones, since the rooted plants provide habitat and food. Hence, a large and productive littoral zone is considered an important characteristic of a healthy lake or river.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Littoral zones are at particular risk for two reasons. First, human settlement is often attracted to shorelines, and settlement often disrupts breeding habitats for littoral zone species. For example, many turtles are killed on roads when they leave the water to lay their eggs in upland sites. Fish can be negatively affected by docks and retaining walls which remove breeding habitat in shallow water. Some shoreline communities even deliberately try to remove wetlands since they may interfere with activities like swimming. Overall, the presence of human settlement has a demonstrated negative impact upon adjoining wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> An equally serious problem is the tendency to stabilize lake or river levels with dams. Dams removed the spring flood which carries nutrients into littoral zones, and reduces the natural fluctuation of water levels upon which many wetland plants and animals depend.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> Hence, over time, dams can reduce the area of wetland from a broad littoral zone to a narrow band of vegetation. Marshes and wet meadows are at particular risk.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_definitions">Other definitions</span></h2>
<p>For the purposes of naval operations, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> divides the littoral zone in the ways shown on the diagram at the top of this article. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> have their own definitions, and these have legal implications.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballantine_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballantine Scale">Ballantine Scale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreshore" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreshore">Foreshore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limnetic_zone" title="Limnetic zone">Limnetic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship" title="Littoral combat ship">Littoral combat ship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_drift" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral drift">Littoral drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral series">Littoral series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Littoral_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral warfare">Littoral warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Profundal_zone" title="Profundal zone">Profundal zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Yip_and_Madl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yip_and_Madl_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yip and Madl</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/lakefind/surveys.html#littoral">"Fisheries lake surveys"</a>. <i>Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.atitle=Fisheries+lake+surveys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.mn.us%2Flakefind%2Fsurveys.html%23littoral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittoral+zone" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-keddy2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keddy2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Keddy,_P.A_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy,_P.A_2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K. and Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. USGS Circular 1311. 25 p.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Houlahan, J. E.; Keddy, P. A.; Makkay, K.; Findlay, C. S. (2006). "The effects of adjacent land use on wetland species richness and community composition". <i>Wetlands</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 79–96. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1672%2F0277-5212%282006%2926%5B79%3ATEOALU%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[79:TEOALU]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wetlands&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+adjacent+land+use+on+wetland+species+richness+and+community+composition&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-96&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1672%2F0277-5212%282006%2926%5B79%3ATEOALU%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Houlahan&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Keddy%2C+P.+A.&rft.au=Makkay%2C+K.&rft.au=Findlay%2C+C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALittoral+zone" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middleton, B. A. (ed.) 2002. Flood Pulsing in Wetlands: Restoring the Natural Hydrological Balance. John Wiley, New York</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497. Chapter 2.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li>Haslett, Simon K (2001) <i>Coastal Systems.</i> Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21302-8">978-0-415-21302-8</a></li>
<li>Mann, Kenneth Henry (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4OIojDxtzsC&pg=PA179"><i>Ecology of Coastal Waters</i></a> Blackwell Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-550-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86542-550-7">978-0-86542-550-7</a></li>
<li>Yip, Maricela and Madl, Pierre (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biophysics.sbg.ac.at/rovigno/rovigno3.htm"><i>Littoral</i></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">University of Salzburg</a>.</li></ul>
</div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Physical_oceanography&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fetch_(geography)" title="Fetch (geography)">Fetch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stokes_boundary_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes boundary layer">Stokes boundary layer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="image" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="image" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halothermal_circulation" title="Halothermal circulation">Halothermal circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Princeton_ocean_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton ocean model">Princeton ocean model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsurface_currents" title="Subsurface currents">Subsurface currents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slack_water" title="Slack water">Slack water</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Littoral</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Future_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Future sea level">Future sea level</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydroacoustics" title="Hydroacoustics">Hydroacoustics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Surface Topography Mission">Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Ocean observations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Ocean reanalysis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" title="Category:Physical oceanography">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_oceanography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physical oceanography">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coastal_geography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Coastal_geography&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anchialine_pool" title="Anchialine pool">Anchialine pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baymouth_bar" title="Baymouth bar">Baymouth bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%B6rden_and_East_Jutland_Fjorde" title="Förden and East Jutland Fjorde">Förde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geo_(landscape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo (landscape)">Geo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine terrace">Marine terrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">Mega delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">Regressive delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shore" title="Shore">Shore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="image" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a><br /><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="image" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shell_beach" title="Shell beach">Shell beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Current_(stream)" title="Current (stream)">Current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fetch_(geography)" title="Fetch (geography)">Fetch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Headlands_and_bays" title="Headlands and bays">Headlands and bays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wrack_zone" title="Wrack zone">Wrack zone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Littoral zone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coastal_geomorphology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coastal geomorphology">Commons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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