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'{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = |name = Hamid Gul |native_name = {{Nastaliq|حمید گل}} |native_name_lang = |honorific-suffix = |image = File:Hamid Gul portrait.jpg |imagesize = |smallimage = <!--If this is specified, "image" should not be.--> |alt = |caption = |order = 8th |office = Director-General of Inter-Services Intelligence |term_start = 29 March 1987 |term_end = 4 October 1989 |predecessor = [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] |successor = [[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]] |office1 = Corps Commander [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]],Multan |term_start1 = May 1989 |term_end1 = January 1992 |office2 = Director-General of [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] |term_start2 = 1983 |term_end2 = 1987 |birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|11|20}} |birth_place = [[Sargodha]], [[British Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire]] |death_place = [[Murree]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan |death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2015|08|15|1936|11|20}} |citizenship = |nationality = [[Pakistani]] |alma_mater = [[Pakistan Military Academy]]<br/>[[Government College University, Lahore]] |occupation = Retired army officer and former [[spymaster]] |religion = [[Islam]] <!--Military service--> |nickname = |allegiance = {{PAK}} |branch = {{army|PAK}} |serviceyears = 1956–1993 |rank = [[File:OF-8 PakistanArmy.svg|28px]] [[Lieutenant General (Pakistan)|Lieutenant General]] |unit = [[19th Lancers]], [[Pakistan Army Armoured Corps|Army Armoured Corps]] |commands = 1st Armoured Division, [[Multan]]<br/>[[Director general|DG]] [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DGMI)<br/>[[Director-General|DG]] [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI)<br/>[[II Corps (Pakistan)|II ''Strike'' Corps]], [[Multan]] |battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br/>[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br/>[[Soviet–Afghan War]]<br/>[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Battle of Jalalabad]]<br/>[[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)|Afghanistan War of 1989]]<br/>[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Operation Rakhshak]] |awards = Sitara-e-Basalat<br/>[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz]] (Military) |military_blank1 = |military_data1 = |military_blank2 = |military_data2 = |military_blank3 = |military_data3 = |military_blank4 = |military_data4 = |military_blank5 = |military_data5 = }} '''Hamid Gul''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|حمید گل}}}}&lrm;; 20 November 1936 – 15 August 2015) [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]], SBt, was a [[three-star general|three-star]] rank [[Pak Fauj|army general]] in the [[Pakistan Army]] and defence analyst. Gul was notable for serving as the Director-General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), Pakistan's premier intelligence agency, between 1987 and 1989. During his tenure, Gul played an instrumental role in directing ISI support to Afghan resistance groups against [[Soviet Armed Forces|Soviet forces]] during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], in co-operation with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0802662.html Afghanistan War] ''Infoplease.com'', 22 July 2007</ref> In addition, Gul was widely credited for expanding covert support to [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmiri nationalist groups]] against neighbouring rival [[India]] in the disputed [[Kashmir]] region from 1989,<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1698828,00.html "Bhutto Conspiracy Theories Fill the Air"] ''Time'', 28 December 2007</ref> diverting focus from the fallout of the Soviet war. Gul earned a reputation as a "Godfather" of Pakistani geostrategic policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938886/ex-spy-master-hamid-gul-passes-away-in-murree/|title=Former ISI chief Hamid Gul passes away in Murree – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/Pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD "Ex-Pakistan spy chief urges talks with Mullah Omar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092214/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-03-12/world/pakistan.taliban_1_mullah-omar-taliban-afghan-president-hamid-karzai?_s=PM:WORLD |date=11 October 2012 }} CNN, 12 March 2010</ref> For his role against India, he has been considered by [[A. S. Dulat]], former director of the [[R&AW]], as "the most infamous ISI chief in Indian eyes."<ref>[https://fp.brecorder.com/2018/06/20180603376989/ "A joint venture of spooks"], ''Business Recorder''. Retrieved 29 March 2019.</ref> Following an escalation of the Kashmir militancy in India and the Taliban insurgency in [[Afghanistan]], he was even accused by the United States and India of having ties to Islamic terrorist groups, notably [[Al-Qaeda]] and the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]].<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008" /> In 1988 Gul also played a role in the creation of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]], a conservative political alliance formed to oppose the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) of [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]]. On 15 August 2015, he died after suffering a [[brain haemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html|title=The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> ==Early life== Gul was born on 20 November 1936 to Muhammad Khan in [[Sargodha]], [[Punjab]], [[British Raj]] (now [[Pakistan]]). He got his early education from a school in his village. He briefly got admission in [[Government College Lahore]], before being admitted to [[Pakistan Military Academy]] [[Kakul]]. Gul's family were [[Pathans of Punjab]] and belonged to the [[Yusufzai]] tribe, who originated from Swat (Buner), later settling in Sargodha in Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV5fGNuMO1U|title=YouTube|via=YouTube}}</ref> ==Army career== Hamid Gul was commissioned in the [[Pakistan Army]] in October 1956 with the 18th PMA Long Course in the [[19th Lancers]] regiment of the Armoured Corps. He was a squadron commander during the [[Indo-Pak War of 1965|1965 war with India]]. He attended the Command and Staff College Quetta in 1968–69. During 1972–1976, Gul directly served under [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] as a battalion commander, and then as Staff Colonel, when [[General Zia]] was GOC, 1st Armoured Division and Commander II Corps at Multan. Thus, Gul had already cemented his ties with General Zia by serving under him when both were officers in the Armoured regiments of the II Corps. Gul was promoted to [[Brigadier]] in 1978 and steadily rose to be the Martial Law Administrator of [[Bahawalpur]] and then the Commander of the 1st Armoured Division, Multan in 1982, his appointments expressly wished by Zia himself.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} Gul was then sent to GHQ as the [[Director-General]] or DG [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] (DGMI)<ref>Hamid Hussain, [http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html "Undercover Chaos – Role of Pakistani Armed Forces Intelligence Agencies in Domestic Arena"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624225313/http://www.viewsonnews.net/articles/South%20East%20Asia/Pakistan%20Army/undercover-chaos.html |date=24 June 2008 }} ''Defence Journal'', December 2005</ref> under General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] who then nominated him to be the ISI chief succeeding [[Akhtar Abdur Rahman|General Akhtar Abdur Rahman]] in March 1987. He was later replaced as the ISI commander by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|PM]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] in May 1989 and Gul was transferred as the commander, [[II Corps (Pakistan)|II Corps]] in Multan. In this capacity, Gul conducted the [[Exercise Zarb–e–Momin|Zarb-e-Momin]] military exercise in November–December 1989, the biggest Pakistani Armed Forces show of muscle since [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Indo-Pakistani War]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} [[Asif Nawaz|General Asif Nawaz]] upon taking the reins of Pakistan Army in August 1991, had transferred Gul as the DG [[Heavy Industries Taxila]]. A menial job compared to Gul's stature, Gul refused to take the assignment, an act for which he was retired from the army.<ref>Ayaz Amir, [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/ayaz/20030523.htm "Another myth of independence"] ''Dawn'', 23 May 2003</ref> ==ISI Director-General (1987–1989)== ===Afghanistan and the Soviet war=== {{See also|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in Afghanistan}} During his time as head of the ISI amid the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], Gul was said to have planned and executed the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)#Battle of Jalalabad|operation to capture Jalalabad]] from the Soviet-backed [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]] in the spring of 1989. This switch to conventional warfare was seen as a mistake by some since the [[mujahideen]] did not have the capacity to capture a major city, and the battle did not yield expected ground results. However, the Pakistani army was intent on installing a resistance-backed government in Afghanistan, with [[Jalalabad]] as their provisional capital, [[Abdul Rasul Sayyaf]] as [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]], and [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] as [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)|Foreign Minister]]. Contrary to Pakistani expectations, this battle proved that the Afghan army could fight without Soviet help, and greatly increased the confidence of government supporters. Conversely, the morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders of Hekmatyar and Sayyaf concluded truces with the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rebels without a cause |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/afghanistan/segment_8-29-89.html |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=29 August 1989 |accessdate=27 July 2007 }}</ref> In the words of Brigadier Mohammad Yousef, an officer of the ISI, "the [[jihad]] [meaning the plans for Hekmatyar to be installed as prime minister] never recovered from Jalalabad". As a result of this failure, Hamid Gul was sacked by Pakistani Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] and replaced by Shamsur Rahman Kallu, who pursued a more classical policy of support to the rebels fighting in Afghanistan. ===Domestic politics=== During his tenure as ISI chief in 1988, General Gul successfully gathered conservative politicians and helped them create [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI), a centre-right conservative coalition united against the left-leaning [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]. Gul later acknowledged his role in IJI's formation in various interviews<ref>[http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?Id=24196 Hameed Gul admits he formed IJI], [[The News (Pakistan)]], 30 August 2009</ref> for which he was harshly rebuked in one of the editorials of a major Pakistani newspaper, which asked the general to apologise first to the PPP for having done so and after that, apologising for a lack of intelligence because the IJI could not maintain its two-thirds majority for long.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008\02\01\story_1-2-2008_pg3_1 Editorial: What the generals must apologise for] ''Daily Times'', 1 February 2008</ref> ===Kashmir and India=== {{See also|Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India}} According to accusations by Indian commentator B Raman, Gul actively backed [[Khalistan]]i militants. "When [[Bhutto]] became prime minister in 1988", Raman says, "Gul justified backing these insurgents as the only way of pre-empting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity. When she asked him to stop playing that card, he reportedly told her: Madam, keeping Punjab destabilized is equivalent to the Pakistan army having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers." "Gul strongly advocated supporting indigenous Kashmiri groups", adds Raman, "but was against infiltrating Pakistani and Afghan mercenaries into Jammu and Kashmir. He believed Pakistan would play into India's hands by doing so."<ref name="Rediff1">[http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/feb/12inter.htm 'We are walking into the American trap'] Rediff.com, 12 February 2004</ref> ===Pan-Islamism=== Even if the ISI, under General Akhtar Abdur Rahman, was already aiming beyond the region, for instance establishing contacts with jihadi groups like the [[Abu Sayyaf]] in the [[Philippines]], it was under Hamid Gul that the ISI took a definitely [[pan-Islamist]] turn, as he not only wished for a Pakistan-led Islamic coalition against India, in his own words "a [[strategic depth]] concept that links Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan in an alliance" which "would be a jeweled [[Mughal empire|Mughal]] dagger pointed at the [[Hindu]] heart", but also called for what he perceived as the liberation of persecuted Muslim groups all over the world, such as the [[Eritreans]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Rohingyas]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Uighurs]].<ref>Owen L. Sirrs, ''Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: Covert action and internal operations'', Routledge (2016), p. 133</ref> At the time of his death, journalist [[Abbas Nasir]], while offering a critical review of his life and career, said that "commitment to jihad - to an Islamic revolution transcending national boundaries, was such that he dreamed one day the "green Islamic flag" would flutter not just over Pakistan and Afghanistan, but also over territories represented by the (former Soviet Union) Central Asian republics."<ref>Abbas Nasir (17 August 2015), [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/08/legacy-pakistan-loved-loathed-hamid-gul-150817114006616.html "The legacy of Pakistan's loved and loathed Hamid Gul"], ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved 2 April 2019.</ref> ==Post-Soviet war fallout== General Gul worked closely with the [[CIA]] during the Soviet occupation of [[Afghanistan]], when he was the ISI head. However, he became dispassionate with the United States after it turned its back on [[Afghanistan]] following the 1989 Soviet withdrawal, as the United States had promised to help build a prosperous Afghanistan.<ref name="Rediff1"/> He was further disconcerted when the USA began punishing [[Pakistan]] with economic and military sanctions for its secret nuclear program. General Gul then went on to declare that "the Muslim world must stand united to confront the U.S. in its so-called [[War on Terrorism]], which is in reality a war against Muslims. Let's destroy America wherever its troops are trapped."<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_30-8-2003_pg7_48 God will destroy America, says Hamid Gul] ''Daily Times'', 30 August 2003</ref> General Gul personally met [[Osama Bin Laden]] in 1993 and refused to label him a terrorist unless and until irrefutable evidence was provided linking him to alleged acts of terrorism.<ref>[http://www.robert-fisk.com/hamid_gul_interview_sept14_2001.htm Hamid Gul Interview with Tehelka.com] ''Robert-fisk.com'', 14 September 2001</ref> Only days after the [[September 11 attacks]], Gul also stated his belief that the attacks were "clearly an inside job".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Analysis/2010/07/28/UPI-interview-with-Hamid-Gul/UPI-60031280349846/|title=UPI interview with Hamid Gul}}</ref><ref>[https://soundcloud.com/guns-and-butter-1/1600-gunsbutter317-20150119-from-audioport Afghanistan Pakistan Imbroglio – Guest: General Hamid Gul. September 1, 2010.], soundcloud.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref><ref>[http://gunsandbutter.org/ten-topicsten-shows.htm Ten Topics/Ten Shows], gunsandbutter.org. Retrieved 16 December 2018.</ref> ==Post-retirement career== According to Zahid Hussain, in his book ''Frontline Pakistan'', Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul and former Army chief General [[Mirza Aslam Beg]] were part of the 9 January 2001 [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]] Islamic conference held near [[Peshawar]], which was also attended by 300 leaders representing various Islamic groups. The meeting declared it a religious duty of Muslims all over the world to protect the government of the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]], and the Saudi dissident [[Osama bin Laden]] it was hosting, whom they considered as a 'great Muslim warrior.'<ref name=Zahid1>''Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam'' by Zahid Hussain, Columbia University Press, 2007, page 81-82.</ref> On 12 March 2007, Gul marched alongside activists from the liberal democratic parties and retired former senior military officers against General [[Pervez Musharraf]]. General Gul faced down riot police when they tried to arrest him at a rally outside the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] in [[Islamabad]] protesting against attempts to dismiss Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry]].<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21404763-2703,00.html Pakistan dictator lashes at 'plotters'] ''The Australian'', 19 March 2007</ref> He turned against the restored Supreme Court chief justice after a bench allowed Musharraf to contest the elections in uniform.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/380 |title=Criticalppp|website=criticalppp.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726014905/http://criticalppp.com/archives/380|archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> Days after the [[2007 Karachi bombings]], [[Benazir Bhutto]] in a letter to President Musharaf written on 16 October 2007 named Hamid Gul as one of the four persons including the current Intelligence Bureau (IB) Chief [[Ijaz Shah]], the then chief minister of Punjab [[Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi]], then chief minister of Sindh [[Arbab Ghulam Rahim]], she suspected were behind the attacks.<ref>Shakeel, Syed Faisal [http://www.dawn.com/2007/12/30/top12.htm PPP demands probe based on Benazir’s letter] ''Dawn'' (Pakistan), 30 December 2007</ref> Gul responded furiously to these claims. He was arrested on 4 November by the military police in [[Islamabad]] during President Pervez Musharraf's declared [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency|state of emergency]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/FA95801F-E938-4CBC-9FF5-41610538A2B8.htm Al Jazeera – Reactions To Pakistan Emergency] Al Jazeera, 4 November 2007</ref> Gul acknowledged his affiliation with [[Ummah Tameer-e-Nau]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html Former Pakistani Official Denies Links to Lashkar], [[The Washington Post]], 9 December 2008</ref> United States government prompted Gul's name in a list of 4 former ISI officers for inclusion in the list of international terrorists that was sent to UN Secretary General, but [[China]] refused.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.economictimes.indiatimes.com/PoliticsNation/Hamid_Gul__LeTs_Chachu_may_get_official_terrorist_tag/articleshow/3799024.cms|title=Hamid Gul & LeT's Chachu may get official terrorist tag|work=The Economic Times|date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2010/02/20102176529736333.html |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Hamid Gul: Taliban is the future |date=2010-02-17 |accessdate=2019-07-04 }}</ref> In 2008 Gul was informed by a senior official in Pakistan's Foreign Ministry that he had been placed on a U.S. watch list of "global terrorists", along with several others. He was shown a U.S. document that detailed several charges against him, including allegations that he had ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Gul rejected these allegations.<ref name="WaPoInterviewDec2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/08/AR2008120803612.html|title=Former Pakistani Intelligence Official Denies Aiding Group Tied to Mumbai Siege|first=Candace|last=Rondeaux|date=9 December 2008|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> On 14 December 2008, President [[Asif Ali Zardari]] in an interview with ''[[Newsweek]]'' described Hamid Gul as a "political ideologue" of terror rather than a physical supporter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/Pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror|title=Zardari calls Hamid Gul political ideologue of terror rather than a physical supporter.|work=The Nation|date=15 December 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410065435/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/international/15-Dec-2008/Zardari-calls-Hamid-Gul-political-ideologue-of-terror|archive-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> According to the Daily Telegraph, following the death of Osama bin Laden, Gul opined that US forces had killed him in Afghanistan and moved the body to Abbottabad to humiliate Pakistan.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11807852/General-Hamid-Gul-Pakistan-spymaster-obituary.html|title=General Hamid Gul, Pakistan spymaster – obituary|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=17 August 2015|accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref> ==Death== Hamid Gul suffered a haemorrhagic stroke in Murree. According to reports, he had been suffering from [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]] and headaches for some time.<ref name="Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away">{{cite web|title=Former ISI chief Lt-Gen (Retd) Hamid Gul passes away|url=http://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2015/08/former-isi-chief-lt-gen-retd-hamid-gul-passes-away/|work=Raheel Amer|publisher=[[Samaa TV]]|date=15 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> His death was condoled by the Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] [[Raheel Sharif]] and other high officials.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/938919/ex-isi-chief-strategist-hamid-gul-is-no-more/|title=Ex-ISI chief, strategist Hamid Gul is no more – The Express Tribune|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Gul is buried at the army cemetery in [[Westridge, Rawalpindi]]. Among his possessions was a piece of the [[Berlin Wall]], gifted to him by the Germans for "delivering the first blow" to the Soviet Union.<ref name="Telegraph" /> ''''''==Books== *'''Īfāʼe ʻahd''' (ايفائے عهد), ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2012. <small>An account of various political changes in Pakistan; struggles of various forces to dest'''Bold text'''abalize Pakistan and its security.</small> *'''Ek Janral se inṭarviyū''' (ايک جنرل سے انٹرويو), ʻIlm va ʻIrfān Publishers, 2013. <small>Collection of interviews.</small> '''''' ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *'''[http://generalhamidgul.com/ Official website of Hamid Gul]''' *[http://www.Pakistanileaders.com.pk/profile/Hamid_Gul Profile of Hamid Gul], Pakistanileaders.com website. Retrieved 16 August 2015 *[https://www.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2010/jul/25/afghanistan-us-military#/?picture=365171692&index=36 Afghan war portraits] taken by photographer [[Declan Walsh (journalist)|Declan Walsh]] of [[Getty Images]], Gul's home in [[Rawalpindi]], The Guardian Newspaper, 25 July 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2015 *Stein, Jeff. "[http://voices.washingtonpost.com/spy-talk/2010/07/the_face_of_Pakistani_treacher.html The audacity of Hamid Gul]." ''[[The Washington Post]]''. 26 July 2010. *"[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/dec/4/gulled-by-hamid-gul/ Gulled by Hamid Gul]." ''[[The Washington Times]]''. Friday 4 December 2009. *[http://theravingreporter.com/hamid-gul-the-spy-who-went-into-the-cold/] 2007 interview with Hamid Gul, the spy who went into the cold ==Bibliography== * Zahid Hussain. ''Frontline Pakistan: The Struggle with Militant Islam'', New York: Columbia University Press, 2007. * [[Husain Haqqani]]. ''Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military'', Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005. {{s-start}} {{s-mil}} {{s-bef|before=[[Akhtar Abdur Rahman]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Director General of the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]|years=1987–1989}} {{s-aft|after=[[Shamsur Rahman Kallu]]}} {{end}} {{Inter-Services Intelligence}} {{Pakistan Army template}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gul, Hamid}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2015 deaths]] [[Category:Directors General of Inter-Services Intelligence]] [[Category:Government College University, Lahore alumni]] [[Category:Guerrilla warfare theorists]] [[Category:Military government of Pakistan (1977–88)]] [[Category:Pakistan Military Academy alumni]] [[Category:Pakistani generals]] [[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]] [[Category:Pashtun people]] [[Category:People from Rawalpindi]] [[Category:People from Sargodha District]] [[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] [[Category:Spymasters]] [[Category:9/11 conspiracy theorists]] [[Category:Pakistani conspiracy theorists]]'