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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext ) | '{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
| image = Condor Airbus A300B4-203 D-AHLZ (30286489582).jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = The aircraft involved in the accident seen at [[Frankfurt Airport]] in July 1986, while still operating with [[Condor Flugdienst]]
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|1992|09|28|df=y}}
| summary = [[Controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[Pilot error]], improper Navigation Charts and GPWS failure
| site = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|58|N|85|17|05|E|region:NP_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| total_fatalities = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft or victims on the ground -->
| total_injuries =
| total_missing =
| total_survivors =
| ground_fatalities =
| ground_injuries =
| aircraft_type = [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B4-203]]
| aircraft_name =
| operator = [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
| IATA = PK268
| ICAO = PIA268
| callsign = PAKISTAN 268
| tail_number = AP-BCP
| origin = [[Jinnah International Airport]]
| stopover =
| stopover0 =
| last_stopover =
| destination = [[Tribhuvan International Airport]]
| occupants = 167
| passengers = 155
| crew = 12
| fatalities = 167
| injuries =
| missing =
| survivors = 0
}}
'''Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268''' was an [[Airbus A300]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] {{Airreg|AP|BCP|,}} which [[Aviation accidents and incidents|crash]]ed on approach to [[Kathmandu]]'s [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. It is the 100th aviation disaster with more than 100 fatalities and the deadliest aviation crash to occur on Nepalese soil.<ref name="ASN" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=9N|title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Geographical regions > Nepal air safety profile|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>
== Aircraft ==
The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-203 registered as AP-BCP (serial number 025) The aircraft was built in 1976 and had its maiden flight on 23 March the same year. On 2 May 1977, the aircraft was delivered to [[Bavaria Germanair]], and was registered as D-AMAZ. On 10 May the same year, the aircraft was leased to [[EgyptAir]]. In 1978 the aircraft was re-registered as SU-AZY. The aircraft was then sold to [[Hapag-Lloyd Flug]] after its merger with Bavaria Germanair. The aircraft was re-registered as D-AHLZ. The aircraft was then leased to the following airlines (remaining registered as D-AHLZ):
* [[EgyptAir]] (January 1979 - October 1982)
* [[Kuwait Airways]] (April - July 1983)
* [[Capitol Air]] (June - October 1984)
* [[Air Jamaica]] (February - April 1985)
* [[Condor Flugdienst]] (May - November 1985)
On 21 April 1986, the aircraft was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines, and was re-registered as AP-BCP. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 landings at the time of the crash.<ref name="ASN" />
==Accident==
Flight 268 departed [[Karachi]] at 11:13 AM [[Pakistan Standard Time]] for [[Kathmandu]]. Upon contacting Nepalese [[air traffic control]], the aircraft was cleared for an approach from the south called the ''Sierra approach''. An aircraft cleared to use this approach was at the time directed to pass over a reporting point called "Romeo" located 41 miles south of the Kathmandu [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]] (or at ''41 [[Distance measuring equipment|DME]]'') at an altitude of 15,000 feet. The aircraft was to then descend in seven steps to 5,800 feet, passing over a reporting point known as "Sierra" located at 10 DME at an altitude of 9,500 feet, before landing at Kathmandu. This approach allowed aircraft to pass over the [[Mahabharat Range]] directly south of Kathmandu (the crest of which is located just north of the Sierra reporting point) at a safe altitude.
Shortly after reporting at 10 DME, at 2.30 pm the aircraft crashed at approximately {{convert|7300|ft|m}} into the side of the 8,250 ft (2,524 m) mountain at [[Bhattedanda]], disintegrating on impact, instantly killing all aboard; the tail fin separated and fell into the forest at the base of the mountainside.<ref name=ASN>{{ASN accident|id=19920928-0}}</ref><ref name=Gero>{{cite book |first=David |last=Gero |title=Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes since 1950 |edition=3rd |location=Sparkford, nr. Yeovil, Somerset |publisher=Patrick Stephens (Haynes) |year=2000 |isbn=9781852606022 |page=232 }}</ref><ref name="Tim McGirk">{{cite news |first1=Tim |last1=McGirk |first2=Christian |last2=Wolmar |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/hunt-goes-on-for-black-box-in-airbus-wreckage-1554634.html |title=Hunt goes on for black box in Airbus wreckage |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=30 September 1992 }}</ref>
This accident occurred 59 days after [[Thai Airways International Flight 311]] crashed north of Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920731-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A310-304 HS-TID Kathmandu-Tribhuvan Airport (KTM)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>
==Causes==
Although no pertinent flight deck conversation was recovered from Flight 268's [[cockpit voice recorder]] by investigators with the [[Transportation Safety Board of Canada]] (TSB), which assisted with the investigation, data recovered from the [[flight data recorder]] by the TSB showed that the aircraft initiated each step of its descent one step too early.<ref name=Gero/> At 16 DME the aircraft was a full 1,000 feet below its cleared altitude; at 10 DME (the Sierra reporting point) it was 1,300 feet below its cleared altitude. The aircraft approached the Mahabharat Range at an insufficient altitude and crashed into the south slope.<ref name=ASN/> Although the pilots of Flight 268 reported their aircraft's altitude accurately to [[air traffic control]], controllers did nothing to alert them of their inappropriate altitude until seconds before the accident.<ref name=Gero/>
Investigators determined that the accident had been caused mainly by pilot error. Visibility was poor due to overcast and the [[Ground proximity warning system|ground proximity warning]] would not have been triggered in time because of the steep terrain.<ref name=Gero/> The [[instrument approach|approach plate]]s for Kathmandu issued to PIA pilots were also determined to be unclear,<ref name=ASN/><ref name=Gero/> and Nepalese air traffic controllers were judged timid and reluctant to intervene in what they saw as piloting matters such as terrain separation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/airbus-crash-blamed-on-pilot-error-1554557.html|title=Airbus crash blamed on pilot error|date=1992-09-30|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> The report recommended that [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] review navigational charts and encourage their standardisation, and that the approach to Kathmandu Airport be changed to be less complex.<ref name=Gero/>
==Memorials==
PIA paid for and maintains the Lele PIA Memorial Park at [[Lele, Nepal|Lele]], at the foot of the mountain where the crash occurred.<ref name=memorial>{{cite web |first=Fazal |last=Khaliq |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213722 |title=PIA memorial park in Nepal honours 1992 air crash victims |website=Dawn |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html|title=Air crash relatives arrive in Nepal|date=1992-10-02|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf |title=WMT |work=WMT News |date=Autumn 2007 |volume=19 |type=pdf }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Nepal|Pakistan|Aviation}}
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]<!-- This should be separate and first since it is general. -->
* [[2012 Mexico Learjet 25 crash]]
* [[American Airlines Flight 965]], aircraft which also crashed into hillside while on approach
* [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 152]], crash of an [[Airbus A300]] that crashed into a valley on approach and the GPWS didn't sound
* [[Prinair Flight 277]], crashed into mountains while on approach
* [[Thai Airways International Flight 311]], crash while on approach into the same airport in the same year.
* [[UPS Airlines Flight 1354]], cargo aircraft that also crashed while on approach
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{cite book |first=Macarthur |last=Job |authorlink=Macarthur Job |title=Air Disaster |volume=3 |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. (Australia) |year=1998 |isbn=1-875671-34-X |pages=98–115 }}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal}}
{{Pakistan International Airlines}}
{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1992}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pia Flight 268}}
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1992]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A300]]
[[Category:Pakistan International Airlines accidents and incidents|268]]
[[Category:1992 in Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Nepal (1951–2008)]]
[[Category:September 1992 events]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext ) | '== Aircraft ==
The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-203 registered as AP-BCP (serial number 025) The aircraft was built in 1976 and had its maiden flight on 23 March the same year. On 2 May 1977, the aircraft was delivered to [[Bavaria Germanair]], and was registered as D-AMAZ. On 10 May the same year, the aircraft was leased to [[EgyptAir]]. In 1978 the aircraft was re-registered as SU-AZY. The aircraft was then sold to [[Hapag-Lloyd Flug]] after its merger with Bavaria Germanair. The aircraft was re-registered as D-AHLZ. The aircraft was then leased to the following airlines (remaining registered as D-AHLZ):
* [[EgyptAir]] (January 1979 - October 1982)
* [[Kuwait Airways]] (April - July 1983)
* [[Capitol Air]] (June - October 1984)
* [[Air Jamaica]] (February - April 1985)
* [[Condor Flugdienst]] (May - November 1985)
On 21 April 1986, the aircraft was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines, and was re-registered as AP-BCP. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 landings at the time of the crash.<ref name="ASN" />
==Accident==
Flight 268 departed [[Karachi]] at 11:13 AM [[Pakistan Standard Time]] for [[Kathmandu]]. Upon contacting Nepalese [[air traffic control]], the aircraft was cleared for an approach from the south called the ''Sierra approach''. An aircraft cleared to use this approach was at the time directed to pass over a reporting point called "Romeo" located 41 miles south of the Kathmandu [[VHF omnidirectional range|VOR]] (or at ''41 [[Distance measuring equipment|DME]]'') at an altitude of 15,000 feet. The aircraft was to then descend in seven steps to 5,800 feet, passing over a reporting point known as "Sierra" located at 10 DME at an altitude of 9,500 feet, before landing at Kathmandu. This approach allowed aircraft to pass over the [[Mahabharat Range]] directly south of Kathmandu (the crest of which is located just north of the Sierra reporting point) at a safe altitude.
Shortly after reporting at 10 DME, at 2.30 pm the aircraft crashed at approximately {{convert|7300|ft|m}} into the side of the 8,250 ft (2,524 m) mountain at [[Bhattedanda]], disintegrating on impact, instantly killing all aboard; the tail fin separated and fell into the forest at the base of the mountainside.<ref name=ASN>{{ASN accident|id=19920928-0}}</ref><ref name=Gero>{{cite book |first=David |last=Gero |title=Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes since 1950 |edition=3rd |location=Sparkford, nr. Yeovil, Somerset |publisher=Patrick Stephens (Haynes) |year=2000 |isbn=9781852606022 |page=232 }}</ref><ref name="Tim McGirk">{{cite news |first1=Tim |last1=McGirk |first2=Christian |last2=Wolmar |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/hunt-goes-on-for-black-box-in-airbus-wreckage-1554634.html |title=Hunt goes on for black box in Airbus wreckage |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=30 September 1992 }}</ref>
This accident occurred 59 days after [[Thai Airways International Flight 311]] crashed north of Kathmandu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920731-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A310-304 HS-TID Kathmandu-Tribhuvan Airport (KTM)|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>
==Causes==
Although no pertinent flight deck conversation was recovered from Flight 268's [[cockpit voice recorder]] by investigators with the [[Transportation Safety Board of Canada]] (TSB), which assisted with the investigation, data recovered from the [[flight data recorder]] by the TSB showed that the aircraft initiated each step of its descent one step too early.<ref name=Gero/> At 16 DME the aircraft was a full 1,000 feet below its cleared altitude; at 10 DME (the Sierra reporting point) it was 1,300 feet below its cleared altitude. The aircraft approached the Mahabharat Range at an insufficient altitude and crashed into the south slope.<ref name=ASN/> Although the pilots of Flight 268 reported their aircraft's altitude accurately to [[air traffic control]], controllers did nothing to alert them of their inappropriate altitude until seconds before the accident.<ref name=Gero/>
Investigators determined that the accident had been caused mainly by pilot error. Visibility was poor due to overcast and the [[Ground proximity warning system|ground proximity warning]] would not have been triggered in time because of the steep terrain.<ref name=Gero/> The [[instrument approach|approach plate]]s for Kathmandu issued to PIA pilots were also determined to be unclear,<ref name=ASN/><ref name=Gero/> and Nepalese air traffic controllers were judged timid and reluctant to intervene in what they saw as piloting matters such as terrain separation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/airbus-crash-blamed-on-pilot-error-1554557.html|title=Airbus crash blamed on pilot error|date=1992-09-30|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> The report recommended that [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] review navigational charts and encourage their standardisation, and that the approach to Kathmandu Airport be changed to be less complex.<ref name=Gero/>
==Memorials==
PIA paid for and maintains the Lele PIA Memorial Park at [[Lele, Nepal|Lele]], at the foot of the mountain where the crash occurred.<ref name=memorial>{{cite web |first=Fazal |last=Khaliq |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1213722 |title=PIA memorial park in Nepal honours 1992 air crash victims |website=Dawn |date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html|title=Air crash relatives arrive in Nepal|date=1992-10-02|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the crash.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf |title=WMT |work=WMT News |date=Autumn 2007 |volume=19 |type=pdf }}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Nepal|Pakistan|Aviation}}
* [[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]<!-- This should be separate and first since it is general. -->
* [[2012 Mexico Learjet 25 crash]]
* [[American Airlines Flight 965]], aircraft which also crashed into hillside while on approach
* [[Garuda Indonesia Flight 152]], crash of an [[Airbus A300]] that crashed into a valley on approach and the GPWS didn't sound
* [[Prinair Flight 277]], crashed into mountains while on approach
* [[Thai Airways International Flight 311]], crash while on approach into the same airport in the same year.
* [[UPS Airlines Flight 1354]], cargo aircraft that also crashed while on approach
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
*{{cite book |first=Macarthur |last=Job |authorlink=Macarthur Job |title=Air Disaster |volume=3 |publisher=Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. (Australia) |year=1998 |isbn=1-875671-34-X |pages=98–115 }}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal}}
{{Pakistan International Airlines}}
{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1992}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pia Flight 268}}
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1992]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving controlled flight into terrain]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A300]]
[[Category:Pakistan International Airlines accidents and incidents|268]]
[[Category:1992 in Nepal]]
[[Category:History of Nepal (1951–2008)]]
[[Category:September 1992 events]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff ) | '@@ -1,46 +1,2 @@
-{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
-
-{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}
-
-{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
-| name = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268
-| image = Condor Airbus A300B4-203 D-AHLZ (30286489582).jpg
-| image_upright =
-| alt =
-| caption = The aircraft involved in the accident seen at [[Frankfurt Airport]] in July 1986, while still operating with [[Condor Flugdienst]]
-| occurrence_type = Accident
-| date = {{start date|1992|09|28|df=y}}
-| summary = [[Controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[Pilot error]], improper Navigation Charts and GPWS failure
-| site = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
-| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|58|N|85|17|05|E|region:NP_type:event|display=inline,title}}
-| total_fatalities = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft or victims on the ground -->
-| total_injuries =
-| total_missing =
-| total_survivors =
-| ground_fatalities =
-| ground_injuries =
-| aircraft_type = [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B4-203]]
-| aircraft_name =
-| operator = [[Pakistan International Airlines]]
-| IATA = PK268
-| ICAO = PIA268
-| callsign = PAKISTAN 268
-| tail_number = AP-BCP
-| origin = [[Jinnah International Airport]]
-| stopover =
-| stopover0 =
-| last_stopover =
-| destination = [[Tribhuvan International Airport]]
-| occupants = 167
-| passengers = 155
-| crew = 12
-| fatalities = 167
-| injuries =
-| missing =
-| survivors = 0
-}}
-'''Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268''' was an [[Airbus A300]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] {{Airreg|AP|BCP|,}} which [[Aviation accidents and incidents|crash]]ed on approach to [[Kathmandu]]'s [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. It is the 100th aviation disaster with more than 100 fatalities and the deadliest aviation crash to occur on Nepalese soil.<ref name="ASN" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=9N|title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Geographical regions > Nepal air safety profile|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>
-
== Aircraft ==
The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-203 registered as AP-BCP (serial number 025) The aircraft was built in 1976 and had its maiden flight on 23 March the same year. On 2 May 1977, the aircraft was delivered to [[Bavaria Germanair]], and was registered as D-AMAZ. On 10 May the same year, the aircraft was leased to [[EgyptAir]]. In 1978 the aircraft was re-registered as SU-AZY. The aircraft was then sold to [[Hapag-Lloyd Flug]] after its merger with Bavaria Germanair. The aircraft was re-registered as D-AHLZ. The aircraft was then leased to the following airlines (remaining registered as D-AHLZ):
' |
New page size (new_size ) | 7650 |
Old page size (old_size ) | 9769 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta ) | -2119 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines ) | [] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines ) | [
0 => '{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}',
1 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}',
2 => '',
3 => '{{More citations needed|date=July 2009}}',
4 => '',
5 => '{{Infobox aircraft occurrence',
6 => '| name = Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268',
7 => '| image = Condor Airbus A300B4-203 D-AHLZ (30286489582).jpg',
8 => '| image_upright = ',
9 => '| alt = ',
10 => '| caption = The aircraft involved in the accident seen at [[Frankfurt Airport]] in July 1986, while still operating with [[Condor Flugdienst]]',
11 => '| occurrence_type = Accident',
12 => '| date = {{start date|1992|09|28|df=y}}',
13 => '| summary = [[Controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[Pilot error]], improper Navigation Charts and GPWS failure',
14 => '| site = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal',
15 => '| coordinates = {{coord|27|31|58|N|85|17|05|E|region:NP_type:event|display=inline,title}}',
16 => '| total_fatalities = <!-- Only for occurrences involving more than one aircraft or victims on the ground -->',
17 => '| total_injuries = ',
18 => '| total_missing = ',
19 => '| total_survivors = ',
20 => '| ground_fatalities = ',
21 => '| ground_injuries = ',
22 => '| aircraft_type = [[Airbus A300|Airbus A300B4-203]]',
23 => '| aircraft_name = ',
24 => '| operator = [[Pakistan International Airlines]]',
25 => '| IATA = PK268',
26 => '| ICAO = PIA268',
27 => '| callsign = PAKISTAN 268',
28 => '| tail_number = AP-BCP',
29 => '| origin = [[Jinnah International Airport]]',
30 => '| stopover = ',
31 => '| stopover0 = ',
32 => '| last_stopover = ',
33 => '| destination = [[Tribhuvan International Airport]]',
34 => '| occupants = 167',
35 => '| passengers = 155',
36 => '| crew = 12',
37 => '| fatalities = 167',
38 => '| injuries = ',
39 => '| missing = ',
40 => '| survivors = 0',
41 => '}}',
42 => ''''Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268''' was an [[Airbus A300]], [[Aircraft registration|registration]] {{Airreg|AP|BCP|,}} which [[Aviation accidents and incidents|crash]]ed on approach to [[Kathmandu]]'s [[Tribhuvan International Airport]] on 28 September 1992. All 167 people on board were killed. It is the 100th aviation disaster with more than 100 fatalities and the deadliest aviation crash to occur on Nepalese soil.<ref name="ASN" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=9N|title=Aviation Safety Network > ASN Aviation Safety Database > Geographical regions > Nepal air safety profile|last=Ranter|first=Harro|website=aviation-safety.net|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>',
43 => ''
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html ) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Aircraft"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Aircraft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Accident"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Accident</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Causes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Causes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Memorials"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Memorials</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aircraft">Aircraft</span></h2>
<p>The aircraft involved was a 16-year-old Airbus A300B4-203 registered as AP-BCP (serial number 025) The aircraft was built in 1976 and had its maiden flight on 23 March the same year. On 2 May 1977, the aircraft was delivered to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bavaria_Germanair" title="Bavaria Germanair">Bavaria Germanair</a>, and was registered as D-AMAZ. On 10 May the same year, the aircraft was leased to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EgyptAir" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a>. In 1978 the aircraft was re-registered as SU-AZY. The aircraft was then sold to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd_Flug" title="Hapag-Lloyd Flug">Hapag-Lloyd Flug</a> after its merger with Bavaria Germanair. The aircraft was re-registered as D-AHLZ. The aircraft was then leased to the following airlines (remaining registered as D-AHLZ):
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EgyptAir" title="EgyptAir">EgyptAir</a> (January 1979 - October 1982)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait_Airways" title="Kuwait Airways">Kuwait Airways</a> (April - July 1983)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capitol_Air" title="Capitol Air">Capitol Air</a> (June - October 1984)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_Jamaica" title="Air Jamaica">Air Jamaica</a> (February - April 1985)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Condor_Flugdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor Flugdienst">Condor Flugdienst</a> (May - November 1985)</li></ul>
<p>On 21 April 1986, the aircraft was delivered to Pakistan International Airlines, and was re-registered as AP-BCP. The aircraft had a total of 39,045 flying hours and 19,172 landings at the time of the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Accident">Accident</span></h2>
<p>Flight 268 departed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> at 11:13 AM <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_Standard_Time" title="Pakistan Standard Time">Pakistan Standard Time</a> for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>. Upon contacting Nepalese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, the aircraft was cleared for an approach from the south called the <i>Sierra approach</i>. An aircraft cleared to use this approach was at the time directed to pass over a reporting point called "Romeo" located 41 miles south of the Kathmandu <a href="/enwiki/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VOR</a> (or at <i>41 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">DME</a></i>) at an altitude of 15,000 feet. The aircraft was to then descend in seven steps to 5,800 feet, passing over a reporting point known as "Sierra" located at 10 DME at an altitude of 9,500 feet, before landing at Kathmandu. This approach allowed aircraft to pass over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahabharat_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabharat Range">Mahabharat Range</a> directly south of Kathmandu (the crest of which is located just north of the Sierra reporting point) at a safe altitude.
</p><p>Shortly after reporting at 10 DME, at 2.30 pm the aircraft crashed at approximately 7,300 feet (2,200 m) into the side of the 8,250 ft (2,524 m) mountain at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhattedanda" title="Bhattedanda">Bhattedanda</a>, disintegrating on impact, instantly killing all aboard; the tail fin separated and fell into the forest at the base of the mountainside.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gero_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gero-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tim_McGirk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim_McGirk-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>This accident occurred 59 days after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Airways_International_Flight_311" title="Thai Airways International Flight 311">Thai Airways International Flight 311</a> crashed north of Kathmandu.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Causes">Causes</span></h2>
<p>Although no pertinent flight deck conversation was recovered from Flight 268's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cockpit_voice_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit voice recorder">cockpit voice recorder</a> by investigators with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_Safety_Board_of_Canada" title="Transportation Safety Board of Canada">Transportation Safety Board of Canada</a> (TSB), which assisted with the investigation, data recovered from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">flight data recorder</a> by the TSB showed that the aircraft initiated each step of its descent one step too early.<sup id="cite_ref-Gero_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gero-2">[2]</a></sup> At 16 DME the aircraft was a full 1,000 feet below its cleared altitude; at 10 DME (the Sierra reporting point) it was 1,300 feet below its cleared altitude. The aircraft approached the Mahabharat Range at an insufficient altitude and crashed into the south slope.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-1">[1]</a></sup> Although the pilots of Flight 268 reported their aircraft's altitude accurately to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a>, controllers did nothing to alert them of their inappropriate altitude until seconds before the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-Gero_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gero-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Investigators determined that the accident had been caused mainly by pilot error. Visibility was poor due to overcast and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ground_proximity_warning_system" title="Ground proximity warning system">ground proximity warning</a> would not have been triggered in time because of the steep terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Gero_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gero-2">[2]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Instrument_approach" title="Instrument approach">approach plates</a> for Kathmandu issued to PIA pilots were also determined to be unclear,<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gero_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gero-2">[2]</a></sup> and Nepalese air traffic controllers were judged timid and reluctant to intervene in what they saw as piloting matters such as terrain separation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> The report recommended that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a> review navigational charts and encourage their standardisation, and that the approach to Kathmandu Airport be changed to be less complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Gero_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gero-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Memorials">Memorials</span></h2>
<p>PIA paid for and maintains the Lele PIA Memorial Park at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lele,_Nepal" title="Lele, Nepal">Lele</a>, at the foot of the mountain where the crash occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-memorial_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorial-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Wilkins Memorial Trust, a UK charitable organisation that provides aid to Nepal, was established in memory of a family killed in the crash.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li>
<li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_commercial_aircraft" title="List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft">List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Mexico_Learjet_25_crash" title="2012 Mexico Learjet 25 crash">2012 Mexico Learjet 25 crash</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_965" title="American Airlines Flight 965">American Airlines Flight 965</a>, aircraft which also crashed into hillside while on approach</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia_Flight_152" title="Garuda Indonesia Flight 152">Garuda Indonesia Flight 152</a>, crash of an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300</a> that crashed into a valley on approach and the GPWS didn't sound</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prinair_Flight_277" title="Prinair Flight 277">Prinair Flight 277</a>, crashed into mountains while on approach</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Airways_International_Flight_311" title="Thai Airways International Flight 311">Thai Airways International Flight 311</a>, crash while on approach into the same airport in the same year.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UPS_Airlines_Flight_1354" title="UPS Airlines Flight 1354">UPS Airlines Flight 1354</a>, cargo aircraft that also crashed while on approach</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-ASN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASN_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920928-0">Accident description</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network" title="Aviation Safety Network">Aviation Safety Network</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gero-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gero_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gero_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gero_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gero_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gero_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gero_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gero, David (2000). <i>Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes since 1950</i> (3rd ed.). Sparkford, nr. Yeovil, Somerset: Patrick Stephens (Haynes). p. 232. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852606022" title="Special:BookSources/9781852606022"><bdi>9781852606022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+Disasters%3A+The+World%27s+Major+Civil+Airliner+Crashes+since+1950&rft.place=Sparkford%2C+nr.+Yeovil%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens+%28Haynes%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781852606022&rft.aulast=Gero&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tim_McGirk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tim_McGirk_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McGirk, Tim; Wolmar, Christian (30 September 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/hunt-goes-on-for-black-box-in-airbus-wreckage-1554634.html">"Hunt goes on for black box in Airbus wreckage"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hunt+goes+on+for+black+box+in+Airbus+wreckage&rft.date=1992-09-30&rft.aulast=McGirk&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Wolmar%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhunt-goes-on-for-black-box-in-airbus-wreckage-1554634.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920731-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A310-304 HS-TID Kathmandu-Tribhuvan Airport (KTM)"</a>. <i>aviation-safety.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Airbus+A310-304+HS-TID+Kathmandu-Tribhuvan+Airport+%28KTM%29&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19920731-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/airbus-crash-blamed-on-pilot-error-1554557.html">"Airbus crash blamed on pilot error"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 1992-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Airbus+crash+blamed+on+pilot+error&rft.date=1992-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fairbus-crash-blamed-on-pilot-error-1554557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-memorial-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-memorial_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Khaliq, Fazal (17 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1213722">"PIA memorial park in Nepal honours 1992 air crash victims"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=PIA+memorial+park+in+Nepal+honours+1992+air+crash+victims&rft.date=2015-10-17&rft.aulast=Khaliq&rft.aufirst=Fazal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1213722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/air-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html">"Air crash relatives arrive in Nepal"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 1992-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Air+crash+relatives+arrive+in+Nepal&rft.date=1992-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fair-crash-relatives-arrive-in-nepal-1554857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/WMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf">"WMT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>WMT News</i> (pdf). Autumn 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WMT+News&rft.atitle=WMT&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmt.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2FWMT-Autumn-07-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macarthur_Job" title="Macarthur Job">Job, Macarthur</a> (1998). <i>Air Disaster</i>. <b>3</b>. Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd. (Australia). pp. 98–115. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-34-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-875671-34-X"><bdi>1-875671-34-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Disaster&rft.pages=98-115&rft.pub=Aerospace+Publications+Pty.+Ltd.+%28Australia%29&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-875671-34-X&rft.aulast=Job&rft.aufirst=Macarthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistan+International+Airlines+Flight+268" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Nepal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Nepal" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Nepal" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Nepal&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Nepal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aviation accidents and incidents in Nepal</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1973_Nepal_plane_hijack" title="1973 Nepal plane hijack">Nepal plane hijack</a> (June 1973)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Airways_International_Flight_311" title="Thai Airways International Flight 311">Thai Airways International Flight 311</a> (July 1992)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268</a> (September 1992)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1993_Everest_Air_Dornier_228_crash" title="1993 Everest Air Dornier 228 crash">Everest Air Dornier 228 crash</a> (July 1993)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Necon_Air_Flight_128" title="Necon Air Flight 128">Necon Air Flight 128</a> (September 1999)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Airlines_flight_814_hijacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking">Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking</a> (December 1999)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2000_Royal_Nepal_Airlines_Twin_Otter_crash" title="2000 Royal Nepal Airlines Twin Otter crash">Royal Nepal Airlines crash</a> (July 2000)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_Shangri-La_Air_Twin_Otter_Crash" title="2002 Shangri-La Air Twin Otter Crash">Shangri-La Air Twin Otter Crash</a> (August 2002)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_Yeti_Airlines_Twin_Otter_Crash" title="2006 Yeti Airlines Twin Otter Crash">Yeti Airlines crash</a> (June 2006)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2006_Shree_Air_Mil_Mi-8_crash" title="2006 Shree Air Mil Mi-8 crash">Shree Air Mil Mi-8 crash</a> (September 2006)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeti_Airlines_Flight_103" title="Yeti Airlines Flight 103">Yeti Airlines Flight 103</a> (October 2008)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agni_Air_Flight_101" title="Agni Air Flight 101">Agni Air Flight 101</a> (August 2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Tara_Air_Twin_Otter_crash" title="2010 Tara Air Twin Otter crash">Tara Air crash</a> (December 2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddha_Air_Flight_103" title="Buddha Air Flight 103">Buddha Air Flight 103</a> (September 2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2012_Agni_Air_Dornier_228_crash" title="2012 Agni Air Dornier 228 crash">Agni Air crash</a> (May 2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sita_Air_Flight_601" title="Sita Air Flight 601">Sita Air Flight 601</a> (September 2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal_Airlines_Flight_555" title="Nepal Airlines Flight 555">Nepal Airlines Flight 555</a> (May 2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal_Airlines_Flight_183" title="Nepal Airlines Flight 183">Nepal Airlines Flight 183</a> (February 2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2015_Charikot_Helicopter_Crash" title="2015 Charikot Helicopter Crash">2015 Charikot Helicopter Crash</a> (May 2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tara_Air_Flight_193" title="Tara Air Flight 193">Tara Air Flight 193</a> (February 2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Air_Kasthamandap_PAC_750XL_crash" title="2016 Air Kasthamandap PAC 750XL crash">Air Kasthamandap PAC 750XL crash</a> (February 2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Summit_Air_Flight_409" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Air Flight 409">Summit Air Flight 409</a> (May 2017)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/US-Bangla_Airlines_Flight_211" title="US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211">US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211</a> (March 2018)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_Taplejung_helicopter_crash" title="2019 Taplejung helicopter crash">2019 Taplejung helicopter crash</a> (February 2019)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_International_Airlines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: darkgreen; color: white"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Template:Pakistan International Airlines"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Template talk:Pakistan International Airlines"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Pakistan_International_Airlines&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_International_Airlines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit; -moz-text-decoration-color: white; text-decoration-color: white;">Pakistan International Airlines</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines#History" title="Pakistan International Airlines">History</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orient_Airways" title="Orient Airways">Orient Airways</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Pakistan_Helicopter_Service" title="East Pakistan Helicopter Service">East Pakistan Helicopter Service</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines#Fleet" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Fleet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_destinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan International Airlines destinations">Destinations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_Cargo" class="mw-redirect" title="PIA Cargo">PIA Cargo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precision_Engineering_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision Engineering Complex">Precision Engineering Complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ispahani_Hangar" title="Ispahani Hangar">Ispahani Hangar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;width:1%">Assets and facilities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_Planetarium,_Karachi" title="PIA Planetarium, Karachi">Karachi planetarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_Planetarium,_Lahore" title="PIA Planetarium, Lahore">Lahore planetarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_Planetarium,_Peshawar" title="PIA Planetarium, Peshawar">Peshawar planetarium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_Model_Secondary_School" title="PIA Model Secondary School">PIA Model Secondary School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_Township" title="PIA Township">PIA Township</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Hotel_(Manhattan)" title="The Roosevelt Hotel (Manhattan)">The Roosevelt Hotel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;width:1%">Hubs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allama_Iqbal_International_Airport" title="Allama Iqbal International Airport">Allama Iqbal International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamabad_International_Airport" title="Islamabad International Airport">Islamabad International Airport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirza_Ahmad_Ispahani" title="Mirza Ahmad Ispahani">Mirza Ahmad Ispahani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malik_Nur_Khan" title="Malik Nur Khan">Nur Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asghar_Khan" title="Asghar Khan">Asghar Khan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zafar_Chaudhry" title="Zafar Chaudhry">Zafar Chaudhry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azim_Daudpota" title="Azim Daudpota">Azim Daudpota</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farooq_Umar" title="Farooq Umar">Farooq Umar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahid_Khaqan_Abbasi" title="Shahid Khaqan Abbasi">Shahid Khaqan Abbasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Saeed" title="Ahmad Saeed">Ahmad Saeed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmad_Mukhtar" title="Ahmad Mukhtar">Ahmad Mukhtar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aijaz_Haroon" title="Aijaz Haroon">Aijaz Haroon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 17">Flight 17</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight 268</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1981_Pakistan_International_Airlines_hijacking" title="1981 Pakistan International Airlines hijacking">Flight 326</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_404" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 404">Flight 404</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_544" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 544">Flight 544</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_661" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 661">Flight 661</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_688" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688">Flight 688</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_705" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 705">Flight 705</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_Flight_740" title="Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740">Flight 740</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkgreen; color: white;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines_cricket_team" title="Pakistan International Airlines cricket team">Pakistan International Airlines cricket team</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PIA_F.C." title="PIA F.C.">PIA F.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evacuation_of_Pakistani_citizens_during_the_Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015)" title="Evacuation of Pakistani citizens during the Yemeni Civil War (2015)">Evacuation operations</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_←_1991_&#10;*_Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1992_(1992)_&#10;*_1993_→" style="white-space:nowrap;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1992" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1992"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1992" title="Template talk:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1992"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1992&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_←_1991_&#10;*_Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1992_(1992)_&#10;*_1993_→" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1991" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1991"><span style="font-weight:normal;">←</span> 1991</a></li>
<li><span class="summary"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">Aviation accidents and incidents</a> in 1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1992</span>)</span> </span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1993" title="Template:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1993">1993 <span style="font-weight:normal;">→</span></a></li></ul>
</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;">
<ul><li>Jan 3  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CommutAir_Flight_4281" title="CommutAir Flight 4281">CommutAir Flight 4281</a></li>
<li>Jan 7  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_European_Community_Monitor_Mission_helicopter_downing" title="1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing">ECMM helicopter downing</a></li>
<li>Jan 20  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_Inter_Flight_148" title="Air Inter Flight 148">Air Inter Flight 148</a></li>
<li>Jan 28  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li>
<li>Feb 15  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_Transport_International_Flight_805" title="Air Transport International Flight 805">Air Transport International Flight 805</a></li>
<li>Feb 14  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas_Flight_386" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 386">Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 386</a></li>
<li>Mar 22  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USAir_Flight_405" title="USAir Flight 405">USAir Flight 405</a></li>
<li>Jun 6  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copa_Airlines_Flight_201" title="Copa Airlines Flight 201">Copa Airlines Flight 201</a></li>
<li>Jun 7  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Eagle_Flight_5456" title="American Eagle Flight 5456">American Eagle Flight 5456</a></li>
<li>Jun 8  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GP_Express_Flight_861" title="GP Express Flight 861">GP Express Flight 861</a></li>
<li>Jul 24  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandala_Airlines_Flight_660" title="Mandala Airlines Flight 660">Mandala Airlines Flight 660</a></li>
<li>Jul 30  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TWA_Flight_843" title="TWA Flight 843">TWA Flight 843</a></li>
<li>Jul 31  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Airways_International_Flight_311" title="Thai Airways International Flight 311">Thai Airways International Flight 311</a></li>
<li>Jul 31  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China_General_Aviation_Flight_7552" title="China General Aviation Flight 7552">China General Aviation Flight 7552</a></li>
<li>Aug 27  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_2808" title="Aeroflot Flight 2808">Aeroflot Flight 2808</a></li>
<li>Sep 26  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_Nigerian_Air_Force_C-130_crash" title="1992 Nigerian Air Force C-130 crash">Nigerian Air Force C-130 crash</a></li>
<li>Sep 28  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268</a></li>
<li>Oct 4  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/El_Al_Flight_1862" title="El Al Flight 1862">El Al Flight 1862</a></li>
<li>Oct 18  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merpati_Nusantara_Airlines_Flight_5601" title="Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601">Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601</a></li>
<li>Nov 14  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam_Airlines_Flight_474" title="Vietnam Airlines Flight 474">Vietnam Airlines Flight 474</a></li>
<li>Nov 24  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China_Southern_Airlines_Flight_3943" title="China Southern Airlines Flight 3943">China Southern Airlines Flight 3943</a></li>
<li>Dec 21  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martinair_Flight_495" title="Martinair Flight 495">Martinair Flight 495</a></li>
<li>Dec 22  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_1103" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 1103</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Unix timestamp of change (timestamp ) | 1570865865 |