Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|19th-century English mathematician, astronomer, chemist and photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sir John Herschel
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|Bt|KH|FRS}}
| image = John Herschel 1846 (cropped).png
| caption = Drawing of John Herschel, published in 1846
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1792|03|07}}{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| birth_place = [[Slough]], Buckinghamshire, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1871|05|11|1792|03|07}}{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| death_place = Collingwood, near [[Hawkhurst]], Kent, England
| resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]]
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Slough]]
*[[Cape Town]]}}
| citizenship =
| nationality = British
| field =
| work_institutions =
| education = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = The invention of photography
| influences =[[William Herschel]] (father), [[Caroline Herschel]] (aunt)
| influenced =
| prizes = {{plainlist|
*[[Smith's Prize]] <small>(1813)</small>
*[[Copley Medal]] <small>(1821)</small>
*[[Lalande Medal]] <small>(1825)</small>
*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] <small>(1826), (1836)</small>
*[[Royal Medal]] <small>(1836, 1840)</small>
*Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]]}}
| signature =
| footnotes =
| spouse =}}
'''Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KH|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜr|ʃ|əl|,_|ˈ|h|ɛər|-}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/herschel|title=Herschel|work=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]}}</ref> 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)<ref name="ODNB" /> was an English [[polymath]], mathematician, [[astronomer]], [[chemist]], inventor, experimental photographer who invented the [[blueprint]],<ref name="EncycBrit"/><ref name="columbia"/><ref name="vernacu" /> and did [[botanical]] work.<ref name=HersNAH/>
Herschel originated the use of the [[Julian day]] system in [[astronomy]]. He named seven [[moons of Saturn]] and four [[moons of Uranus]]. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated [[colour blindness]] and the chemical power of [[ultraviolet]] rays; his ''Preliminary Discourse'' (1831), which advocated an [[Inductive reasoning|inductive approach]] to scientific experiment and theory building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.{{sfn|Cobb|2012|pp=409–439}}
== Early life and work on astronomy ==
[[File:Lunar Copernicus crater - Herschel 1842.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Calotype]] of a model of the lunar crater Copernicus, 1842]]
Herschel was born in [[Slough]], Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and [[William Herschel]]. He was the nephew of astronomer [[Caroline Herschel]]. He studied shortly at [[Eton College]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge]], graduating as [[Senior Wrangler]] in 1813.<ref name="Venn" /> It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with the mathematicians [[Charles Babbage]] and [[George Peacock]].<ref name=HersNAH/> He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror {{convert|18|in|mm}} in diameter, and with a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with [[James South]], the double stars catalogued by his father.<ref name="EB1911" /> He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. For his work with his father, he was presented with the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the [[Lalande Medal]] of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1825, while in 1821 the [[Royal Society]] bestowed upon him the [[Copley Medal]] for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] in 1831.<ref name=HersNAH/>
Herschel served as [[President of the Royal Astronomical Society]] three times: 1827–29, 1839–41 and 1847–49.<ref name="RoyAstrSoc" />{{sfn |Dreyer |Turner |2014|p=250}}
Herschel's ''A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy'', published early in 1831 as part of ''[[Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia]]'', set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of [[natural philosophy]] was understanding these laws through [[inductive reasoning]], finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the [[University of Cambridge]] where it inspired the student [[Charles Darwin]] with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work.{{sfn|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69 67–68]}}{{sfn|Browne|1995|pp=128, 133}}{{sfn|Darwin|1985a|loc=[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-94.xml#mark-94.f2 Letter No. 94]}}
Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the ''[[General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters]]'', a compilation of his own work and that of his father's, expanding on the senior Herschel's ''[[Catalogue of Nebulae]]''. A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the ''General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars''.
Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and theorised that vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the ''Encyclopædia Metropolitana'' in 1845.<ref name="anti_Cont" />
Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies [[NGC 7]], [[NGC 10]], [[NGC 25]], and [[NGC 28]]
== Visit to Southern Africa ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2017}}<!-- first 3 paragraphs have no citations -->
[[File:Disa cornuta00.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Disa cornuta]] (L.) Sw.'' by Margaret & John Herschel]]
Declining an offer from the [[Duke of Sussex]] that they travel to South Africa on a Navy ship, Herschel and his wife paid £500 for passage on the S.S. ''Mountstuart Elphinstone'', which departed from Portsmouth on 13 November 1833.
The voyage to South Africa was made to catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies.<ref name=HersNAH/> This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father [[William Herschel]]. He arrived in [[Cape Town]] on 15 January 1834 and set up a private {{convert|21|ft|m|abbr=on}} telescope at Feldhausen at [[Claremont, Cape Town|Claremont]], a suburb of Cape Town. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of [[Comet Halley]]. Herschel collaborated with [[Thomas Maclear]], the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the members of the two families became close friends. During this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of [[Eta Carinae]] (December 1837).
In addition to his astronomical work, however, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.
In an extraordinary departure from astronomy, Herschel combined his talents with those of his wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine quality, showing the Cape flora. Herschel used a [[camera lucida]] to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens and left the details to his wife. Even though their portfolio had been intended as a personal record, and despite the lack of floral dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them more valuable than many contemporary collections. Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as ''Flora Herscheliana'' in 1996.
As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected 'Feldhausen' ("Field Houses"), an old estate on the south-eastern side of [[Table Mountain]]. Here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies.
Herschel, at the same time, read widely. Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''Principles of Geology'', he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work that would bring "a complete revolution in [its] subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated" and opening a way for bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others." Herschel himself thought [[catastrophism|catastrophic extinction and renewal]] "an inadequate conception of the Creator" and by analogy with other [[Physical law|intermediate causes]], "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}}{{sfn|Babbage|1838|pp=225–227}} He prefaced his words with the couplet:
{{poemquote|He that on such quest would go must know not fear or failing
To coward soul or faithless heart the search were unavailing.}}
Taking a gradualist view of development and referring to evolutionary descent from a [[proto-language]], Herschel commented:
{{quote|Words are to the Anthropologist what rolled pebbles are to the Geologist – battered relics of past ages often containing within them indelible records capable of intelligent interpretation – and when we see what amount of change 2000 years has been able to produce in the languages of Greece & Italy or 1000 in those of Germany France & Spain we naturally begin to ask how long a period must have lapsed since the Chinese, the Hebrew, the Delaware & the Malesass [Malagasy] had a point in common with the German & Italian & each other – Time! Time! Time! – we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we ''must'' interpret it in accordance with ''whatever'' shall appear on fair enquiry to be the ''truth'' for there cannot be two truths. And really there is scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=214–215}}{{sfn|Darwin|1985b|loc=[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-346.xml#mark-346.f5 Letter No. 346]}} }}
The document was circulated, and [[Charles Babbage]] incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial ''[[Bridgewater Treatise]]'', which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer.{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}} When [[The Voyage of the Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] called at [[Cape Town]], Captain [[Robert FitzRoy]] and the young naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in ''[[The Origin of Species]]''. In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on the origin of species – that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel. However, Herschel ultimately rejected the theory of natural selection.<ref>John Herschel, ''Physical Geography'' (1861), p. 12.</ref>
Herschel returned to England in 1838, was created a [[Herschel baronets|baronet]], of Slough in the County of Buckingham,<ref name=HersNAH/> and published ''Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope'' in 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of [[Saturn]]: [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], [[Enceladus]], [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]], [[Dione (moon)|Dione]], [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], and [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]].{{sfn|Lassell|1848|p=}} In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of [[Uranus]]: [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]], [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]], [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]].
== Photography ==
[[File:Herschel first picture on glass 1839 3.jpg|thumb|Herschel's first glass-plate photograph, dated 9 September 1839, showing the [[40-foot telescope]]{{sfn|Evans|1970|p=84}}]]
Herschel made numerous important contributions to photography. He made improvements in [[photographic processes]], particularly in inventing the [[cyanotype]]<ref name="WDL1" /> process, which became known as [[blueprint]]s.<ref name="EncycBrit" /><ref name="columbia" /><ref name="vernacu"/> and variations, such as the [[chrysotype]]. In 1839, he made a photograph on glass, which still exists, and experimented with some color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper. Herschel made experiments using photosensitive emulsions of vegetable juices, called [[phytotype]]s, also known as [[anthotype]]s, and published his discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1842.{{sfn|Herschel|1842|pp=182–214}} He collaborated in the early 1840s with [[Henry Collen]], portrait painter to Queen Victoria. Herschel originally discovered the platinum process on the basis of the light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by [[William Willis (inventor)|William Willis]].<ref name= "KNAW" />
Herschel coined the term ''photography'' in 1839.{{sfn|Schaaf|1979|pp=47–60}}{{sfn|Peres|2008|p=}} Herschel was also the first to apply the terms ''negative'' and ''positive'' to photography.<ref name=HersNAH/>
Herschel discovered [[sodium thiosulfate]] to be a solvent of silver [[halide]]s in 1819,{{sfn|Herschel|1819|p=}} and informed [[Henry Fox Talbot|Talbot]] and [[Louis Daguerre|Daguerre]] of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a [[photographic fixer]], to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in early 1839.
Herschel's ground-breaking research on the subject was read at the Royal Society in London in March 1839 and January 1840.
== Other aspects of Herschel's career ==
[[File:Herschel_sitzend.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of John Herschel]]
[[File:Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored) levels.jpg|thumb|1867 photograph by [[Julia Margaret Cameron]]]]
Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography and the telescope for the eighth edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref name=HersNAH/> He also translated the ''[[Iliad]]'' of Homer.
{{further|English translations of Homer#Herschel}}
In 1823, Herschel published his findings on the optical spectra of metal salts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herschel |first1=J.F.W. |title=On the absorption of light by coloured media, and on the colours of the prismatic spectrum exhibited by certain flames; with an account of a ready mode of determining the absolute dispersive power of any medium, by direct experiment |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1823 |volume=9 |pages=445–460 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwhq76;view=1up;seq=529|doi=10.1017/S008045680003101X }}</ref>
Herschel invented the [[actinometer]] in 1825 to measure the direct heating power of the sun's rays,{{sfn|Anon|1884|p=527}} and his work with the instrument is of great importance in the early history of [[photochemistry]].
Herschel proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 not leap years, thus reducing the average length of the [[calendar year]] from 365.2425 days to 365.24225.{{sfn|Herschel | 1876|p=712}} Although this is closer to the [[mean tropical year]] of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the Gregorian calendar is based on the mean time between vernal [[equinox]]es (currently {{gaps|365.242|374}} days).{{sfn|Steel|2000|p=185}}
Herschel was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1832,<ref name="AAAS" /> and in 1836, a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
In 1835, the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]'' newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the [[Great Moon Hoax]], with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids.
The village of [[Herschel, Saskatchewan|Herschel in western Saskatchewan Canada]] (site of the discovery of ''[[Dolichorhynchops herschelensis]], a type of [[Plesiosauria|short-necked plesiosaur]]'',) [[Mount Herschel]] Antarctica, the crater [[J. Herschel (crater)|J. Herschel]] on the Moon, and the [[Herschel Girls' School]] in [[Cape Town]] South Africa, are all named after him.
While it is commonly accepted that Herschel Island, in the Arctic Ocean, part of the [[Yukon Territory]], was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal of Sir [[John Franklin]] state that the latter wished to honour the Herschel family, of which John Herschel's father, Sir [[William Herschel]], and his aunt, [[Caroline Herschel]], are as notable as John.{{sfn|Burn|2009|pp=317–323}}
{{-}}
== Family ==
[[File:Margaret Herschel00.jpg|thumb|upright|''Margaret Brodie Stewart'' by [[Alfred Edward Chalon]] 1829]]
[[File:John Herschel00.jpg|thumb|upright|''John Frederick William Herschel'' by [[Alfred Edward Chalon]] 1829]]
Herschel married his cousin Margaret Brodie Stewart (1810–1884) on 3 March 1829<ref name="ODNB" /> at Edinburgh and was father of the following children:
# Caroline Emilia Elizabeth Herschel (31 March 1830 – 29 January 1909), who married [[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army general)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]]
# Isabella Herschel (5 June 1831 – 1893)
# Sir [[William James Herschel]], 2nd Bt. (9 January 1833 – 1917),
# Margaret Louisa Herschel (1834–1861), an accomplished artist
# Prof. [[Alexander Stewart Herschel]] (1836–1907), FRS, FRAS
# Col. [[John Herschel the Younger|John Herschel]] FRS, FRAS, (1837–1921) surveyor
# Marie Sophie Herschel (1839–1929)
# Amelia Herschel (1841–1926) married Sir [[Thomas Francis Wade]], diplomat and sinologist
# Julia Edith Herschel (1842–1933) married on 4 June 1878 to Captain (later [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]) [[John Maclear|John Fiot Lee Pearse Maclear]]
# Matilda Rose Herschel (1844–1914), a gifted artist, married William Waterfield ([[Indian Civil Service]])
# Francisca Herschel (1846–1932)
# Constance Ann Herschel (1855–20 June 1939)
== Death ==
[[File:Herschel&darwin.jpg|thumb|left|The adjoining tombs of John Herschel and [[Charles Darwin]] in [[Westminster Abbey]].]]
Herschel died on 11 May 1871 at age 79 at Collingwood, his home near [[Hawkhurst]] in Kent. On his death, he was given a national funeral and buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="ODNB" /> His obituary by Henry W Field of London was read to the [[American Philosophical Society]] on 1 December 1871.{{sfn|Field|1871|pp=217–223}}
{{-}}
== Bibliography ==
[[File:Herschel - Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms, 1832 - 687143.tif|thumb|''Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms'', 1832]]
* {{Citation|last=Herschel|first=John|title=On the Hyposulphurous Acid and its Compounds|journal=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal|year=1819|volume=1|pages=19|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghphilos05edingoog|accessdate=15 April 2011|display-authors=0|ref=harv}}
* ''On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses'' (1821)<ref name=HersNAH/>
* Book-length articles on "Light", "Sound" and "Physical Astronomy" for the ''Encyclopaedia Metropolitana'' (30 vols. 1817–45)
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herschel|first=John Frederick William |title=A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/preliminarydisco00hersiala|year=1880|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green|location=London|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Herschel|first=John W.F.|title=A Treatise on Astronomy|edition= 3rd|date=1835|publisher=Carey, Leah and Blanchard|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonastron00hersuoft#page/n1/mode/2up|ref=harv|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herschel|first=John Frederick William |title=Outlines of Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA712|year=1876|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|display-authors=0}}
* ''General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars'' (published posthumously)
* ''Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects''
* ''General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters''
* ''Manual of Scientific Inquiry'' (ed.), (1849)<ref name=HersNAH/>
* ''Meteorology'' (1861)
* {{Citation| issn = 0261-0523| volume = 130| pages = 1–59| last = Herschel| first = John F. W.| title = On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| date = 20 February 1840| bibcode = 1840RSPT..130....1H| jstor = 108209| doi = 10.1098/rstl.1840.0002| postscript = .| ref= harv|display-authors=0}}
* ''Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects'' (1867)<ref name=HersNAH/>
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=HersNAH>{{cite web |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer |work=[[NAHSTE]] project |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211707/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |archivedate=10 May 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="ODNB">{{ODNBweb|last=Crowe |first=Michael J. |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, first baronet (1792–1871) |id=13101 }}</ref>
<ref name="anti_Cont">{{Cite web | title = Contact Lens Timeline | last = Berkowitz | first = Lee | work = antiquespectacles.com | accessdate = 19 November 2017 | url = http://www.antiquespectacles.com/topics/contacts/timeline/timeline.html }}</ref>
<ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=HRSL808JF|name=Herschel, John Frederick William}}</ref>
<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>
<ref name= "KNAW">{{cite web|url=http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm |title=William Willis|work= Royal Dutch Academy of Science (Knaw.nl)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225194623/https://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm|archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref>
<ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web | title = General View of Niagara Falls from Bridge | last = Herschel | first = John | work = World Digital Library | date = 1901 | accessdate = 20 November 2017 | url = https://www.wdl.org/en/item/285/ | publisher= Detroit Publishing Company | via= [[Library of Congress]] }}</ref>
<ref name="RoyAstrSoc">{{Cite web | title = Past RAS Presidents | last = Elliott | first = David | work = Royal Astronomical Society | accessdate = 20 November 2017 | url = http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents }}</ref>
<ref name="vernacu">{{Cite web | title = The Cyanotype | last = Rosenthal | first = Richard T. | work = Vernacular Photography |year = 2000 | accessdate = 19 June 2018 | url = http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080304/http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm | archive-date = 30 March 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William}}</ref>
<ref name="EncycBrit">{{cite book |last1=Go |first1=F. E. |chapter=Blueprint|title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1970 |volume= 3|publisher=William Benton |location=Chicago |page=816 |edition=Expo'70 |language=English}}</ref>
<ref name="columbia">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bridgwater |editor1-first=William |editor2-last=Sherwood |editor2-first=Elizabeth J. |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume |date=1950 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York City |page=214 |edition=2nd |chapter=blueprint}}</ref>
}}
=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|author=Anon|ref=harv|title=Notes and News|journal=Science|volume=ns-3|issue=64|year=1884|pages=524–528|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.ns-3.64.524 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=h6zq_tFWAvUC&pg=PA527|bibcode=1884Sci.....3..524.}}
* {{Citation | last =Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | title = The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise | place = London | publisher = John Murray | date = 1838 | edition = 2nd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A25&pageseq=1 | accessdate =2 February 2009|ref=harv }}
* {{Citation | ref=harv | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | author-link = Janet Browne | year = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | location = London | publisher = Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1 }}
* {{cite journal|title=After Whom Is Herschel Island Named?|first=C. R. |last=Burn|journal=Arctic|volume=62|issue=3|date=September 2009|pages=317–323|publisher=Arctic Institute of North America|jstor=40513310|ref=harv|doi=10.14430/arctic152}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cobb|first1=Aaron D.|title=Is John F. W. Herschel an Inductivist about Hypothetical Inquiry?|journal=Perspectives on Science|volume=20|issue=4|year=2012|pages=409–439|issn=1063-6145|doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00080|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Darwin | first = Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin | year = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | location = London | publisher = Collins | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =11 December 2008 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Darwin|first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1821–1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6eAZ4f0Xc4C&pg=PA117|volume=Vol 1|year=1985a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25587-2|editor1-first=Frederick| editor1-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first= Sydney|editor2-last= Smith|series=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Darwin|first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1837–1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnEYZjXO9VwC&pg=PA8|volume=Vol 2|year=1985b|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25588-0|editor1-first=Frederick| editor1-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first= Sydney|editor2-last= Smith|series=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian J. |authorlink1=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James Richard |authorlink2=James Moore (biographer)|title=Darwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLaAAAAMAAJ|date=1991|publisher=Michael Joseph|isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Dreyer|first1=John Louis Emil |last2=Turner|first2=H. H. |title=History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjTeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-06860-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Evans|first=David Stanley|title=The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgILAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Scribner|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Obituary Notice of Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Bart | last = Field | first = Henry W. | journal= Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=12|issue=86| pages = 217–223 |year = 1871 | jstor= 981703 |ref=harv }}
* {{Citation |last=Herschel |first=John William Frederich |title=On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on some new Photographic Processes |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|year=1842|pages=182–214|doi=10.1098/rstl.1842.0013 |volume=132|ref=harv|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432380|bibcode=1842RSPT..132..181H }}
* {{Cite book|title=Hercule Florence : el descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil | last=Kossoy|first= Boris|date=2004|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e História|isbn=968030020X|oclc=59139803|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Lassell|first=W.|bibcode=1848MNRAS...8...42L|title=Satellites of Saturn|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|issue=3|year=1848|pages=42–43|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1093/mnras/8.3.42|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Peres|first=Michael R. |title=The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmZtFrHO7doC|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-240-80998-4}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Schaaf|first1=Larry|title=Sir John Herschel's 1839 Royal Society Paper on Photography|journal=History of Photography|volume=3|issue=1|year=1979|pages=47–60|issn=0308-7298|doi=10.1080/03087298.1979.10441071|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation | title = Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar | first= Duncan |last=Steel|ref=harv | publisher = John Wiley and Sons |year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-471-29827-4 | page = 185 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA185 }}
* {{cite book|last=Timbs|first=John|title=The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art|date=1846|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin25timbgoog|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–205 | date = 27 March 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 | ref=harv }}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* On Herschel's relationship with [[Charles Babbage]], [[William Whewell]], and [[Richard Jones (economist)|Richard Jones]], see {{Citation | last = Snyder | first = Laura | author-link = Laura J. Snyder |year = 2011 | title = The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World | location = New York | publisher = Broadway Books | isbn = 978-0767930499 | url = http://laurajsnyder.com/portfolio-item/philosophical-breakfast-club/ |ref=harv}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|John Herschel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource-author}}
* {{NPG name}}
*{{cite book |publisher=Macmillan & Co.|place= London |pages=33–36|year=1892|chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45?urlappend=%3Bseq=44| chapter = SIR JOHN HERSCHEL (Obituary Notice, Saturday, May 13, 1871) | title=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from The Times |volume=I (1870–1875)|via= HathiTrust |accessdate= 28 February 2019}}
* [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html Biographical information]
* [https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100311230213/http://www.midley.co.uk/articles/14march1839.htm R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography']
* [http://herschelmuseum.org.uk/ Herschel Museum of Astronomy]
* [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800986 Science in the Making] Herschel's papers in the Royal Society's archives
* [http://assa.saao.ac.za/resource/Chronology4.doc. Chronology of Astronomy in South Africa]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[s:Astronomische Nachrichten/Volume 44/Auszug aus einem Briefe des Herrn J. F. W. Herschel an den Herausgeber|Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue]], published in [[Astronomische Nachrichten]]
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{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Lalor Sheil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master of the Mint]]|years=1850–1855}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Herschel baronets|Baronet]]'''<br />(of Slough)'''|years=1838–1871}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet|William James Herschel]]}}
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{{Masters of the Mint}}
{{Copley Medallists 1801–1850}}
{{19th-century English photographers}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel, John}}
[[Category:1792 births]]
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[[Category:18th-century English people]]
[[Category:19th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:19th-century English people]]
[[Category:19th-century English photographers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:English astronomers]]
[[Category:English Christians]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:English scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
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[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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[[Category:Knights of the Royal Guelphic Order]]
[[Category:Masters of the Mint]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Slough]]
[[Category:Pioneers of photography]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Proto-evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:Senior Wranglers]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]
[[Category:Herschel family]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lalande Prize]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|19th-century English mathematician, astronomer, chemist and photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sir John Herschel
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|Bt|KH|FRS}}
| image = John Herschel 1846 (cropped).png
| caption = Drawing of John Herschel, published in 1846
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1792|03|07}}{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| birth_place = [[Slough]], Buckinghamshire, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1871|05|11|1792|03|07}}{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}
| death_place = Collingwood, near [[Hawkhurst]], Kent, England
| resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]]
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Slough]]
*[[Cape Town]]}}
| citizenship =
| nationality = British
| field =
| work_institutions =
| education = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater = [[St John's College, Cambridge]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = The invention of photography
| influences =[[William Herschel]] (father), [[Caroline Herschel]] (aunt)
| influenced =
| prizes = {{plainlist|
*[[Smith's Prize]] <small>(1813)</small>
*[[Copley Medal]] <small>(1821)</small>
*[[Lalande Medal]] <small>(1825)</small>
*[[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] <small>(1826), (1836)</small>
*[[Royal Medal]] <small>(1836, 1840)</small>
*Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]]}}
| signature =
| footnotes =
| spouse =}}
'''Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KH|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɜr|ʃ|əl|,_|ˈ|h|ɛər|-}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/herschel|title=Herschel|work=[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]}}</ref> 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)<ref name="ODNB" /> was an English [[polymath]], mathematician, [[astronomer]], [[chemist]], inventor, experimental photographer who invented the [[blueprint]],<ref name="EncycBrit"/><ref name="columbia"/><ref name="vernacu" /> and did [[botanical]] work.<ref name=HersNAH/>
Herschel originated the use of the [[Julian day]] system in [[astronomy]]. He named seven [[moons of Saturn]] and four [[moons of Uranus]]. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated [[colour blindness]] and the chemical power of [[ultraviolet]] rays; his ''Preliminary Discourse'' (1831), which advocated an [[Inductive reasoning|inductive approach]] to scientific experiment and theory building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.{{sfn|Cobb|2012|pp=409–439}}
== Early life and work on astronomy ==
[[File:Lunar Copernicus crater - Herschel 1842.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Calotype]] of a model of the lunar crater Copernicus, 1842]]
Herschel was born in [[Slough]], Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and [[William Herschel]]. He was the nephew of astronomer [[Caroline Herschel]]. He studied shortly at [[Eton College]] and [[St John's College, Cambridge]], graduating as [[Senior Wrangler]] in 1813.<ref name="Venn" /> It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with the mathematicians [[Charles Babbage]] and [[George Peacock]].<ref name=HersNAH/> He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror {{convert|18|in|mm}} in diameter, and with a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with [[James South]], the double stars catalogued by his father.<ref name="EB1911" /> He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. For his work with his father, he was presented with the [[Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]] in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the [[Lalande Medal]] of the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in 1825, while in 1821 the [[Royal Society]] bestowed upon him the [[Copley Medal]] for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the [[Royal Guelphic Order]] in 1831.<ref name=HersNAH/>
Herschel served as [[President of the Royal Astronomical Society]] three times: 1827–29, 1839–41 and 1847–49.<ref name="RoyAstrSoc" />{{sfn |Dreyer |Turner |2014|p=250}}
Herschel's ''A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy'', published early in 1831 as part of ''[[Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia]]'', set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of [[natural philosophy]] was understanding these laws through [[inductive reasoning]], finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the [[University of Cambridge]] where it inspired the student [[Charles Darwin]] with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work.{{sfn|Darwin|1958|pp=[http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69 67–68]}}{{sfn|Browne|1995|pp=128, 133}}{{sfn|Darwin|1985a|loc=[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-94.xml#mark-94.f2 Letter No. 94]}}
Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the ''[[General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters]]'', a compilation of his own work and that of his father's, expanding on the senior Herschel's ''[[Catalogue of Nebulae]]''. A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the ''General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars''.
Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and theorised that vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the ''Encyclopædia Metropolitana'' in 1845.<ref name="anti_Cont" />
Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies [[NGC 7]], [[NGC 10]], [[NGC 25]], and [[NGC 28]]
== Visit to Southern Africa ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=September 2017}}<!-- first 3 paragraphs have no citations -->
[[File:Disa cornuta00.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Disa cornuta]] (L.) Sw.'' by Margaret & John Herschel]]
Declining an offer from the [[Duke of Sussex]] that they travel to South Africa on a Navy ship, Herschel and his wife paid £500 for passage on the S.S. ''Mountstuart Elphinstone'', which departed from Portsmouth on 13 November 1833.
The voyage to South Africa was made to catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies.<ref name=HersNAH/> This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father [[William Herschel]]. He arrived in [[Cape Town]] on 15 January 1834 and set up a private {{convert|21|ft|m|abbr=on}} telescope at Feldhausen at [[Claremont, Cape Town|Claremont]], a suburb of Cape Town. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of [[Comet Halley]]. Herschel collaborated with [[Thomas Maclear]], the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the members of the two families became close friends. During this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of [[Eta Carinae]] (December 1837).
In addition to his astronomical work, however, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.
In an extraordinary departure from astronomy, Herschel combined his talents with those of his wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine quality, showing the Cape flora. Herschel used a [[camera lucida]] to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens and left the details to his wife. Even though their portfolio had been intended as a personal record, and despite the lack of floral dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them more valuable than many contemporary collections. Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as ''Flora Herscheliana'' in 1996.
As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected 'Feldhausen' ("Field Houses"), an old estate on the south-eastern side of [[Table Mountain]]. Here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies.
Herschel, at the same time, read widely. Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in [[Charles Lyell]]'s ''Principles of Geology'', he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work that would bring "a complete revolution in [its] subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated" and opening a way for bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others." Herschel himself thought [[catastrophism|catastrophic extinction and renewal]] "an inadequate conception of the Creator" and by analogy with other [[Physical law|intermediate causes]], "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}}{{sfn|Babbage|1838|pp=225–227}} He prefaced his words with the couplet:
{{poemquote|He that on such quest would go must know not fear or failing
To coward soul or faithless heart the search were unavailing.}}
Taking a gradualist view of development and referring to evolutionary descent from a [[proto-language]], Herschel commented:
{{quote|Words are to the Anthropologist what rolled pebbles are to the Geologist – battered relics of past ages often containing within them indelible records capable of intelligent interpretation – and when we see what amount of change 2000 years has been able to produce in the languages of Greece & Italy or 1000 in those of Germany France & Spain we naturally begin to ask how long a period must have lapsed since the Chinese, the Hebrew, the Delaware & the Malesass [Malagasy] had a point in common with the German & Italian & each other – Time! Time! Time! – we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we ''must'' interpret it in accordance with ''whatever'' shall appear on fair enquiry to be the ''truth'' for there cannot be two truths. And really there is scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years.{{sfn|Desmond|Moore|1991|pp=214–215}}{{sfn|Darwin|1985b|loc=[http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-346.xml#mark-346.f5 Letter No. 346]}} }}
The document was circulated, and [[Charles Babbage]] incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial ''[[Bridgewater Treatise]]'', which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer.{{sfn|van Wyhe|2007|p=197}} When [[The Voyage of the Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] called at [[Cape Town]], Captain [[Robert FitzRoy]] and the young naturalist [[Charles Darwin]] visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in ''[[The Origin of Species]]''. In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on the origin of species – that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel. However, Herschel ultimately rejected the theory of natural selection.<ref>John Herschel, ''Physical Geography'' (1861), p. 12.</ref>
Herschel returned to England in 1838, was created a [[Herschel baronets|baronet]], of Slough in the County of Buckingham,<ref name=HersNAH/> and published ''Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope'' in 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of [[Saturn]]: [[Mimas (moon)|Mimas]], [[Enceladus]], [[Tethys (moon)|Tethys]], [[Dione (moon)|Dione]], [[Rhea (moon)|Rhea]], [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], and [[Iapetus (moon)|Iapetus]].{{sfn|Lassell|1848|p=}} In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of [[Uranus]]: [[Ariel (moon)|Ariel]], [[Umbriel (moon)|Umbriel]], [[Titania (moon)|Titania]], and [[Oberon (moon)|Oberon]].
== Photography ==
[[File:Herschel first picture on glass 1839 3.jpg|thumb|Herschel's first glass-plate photograph, dated 9 September 1839, showing the [[40-foot telescope]]{{sfn|Evans|1970|p=84}}]]
Herschel made numerous important contributions to photography. He made improvements in [[photographic processes]], particularly in inventing the [[cyanotype]]<ref name="WDL1" /> process, which became known as [[blueprint]]s.<ref name="EncycBrit" /><ref name="columbia" /><ref name="vernacu"/> and variations, such as the [[chrysotype]]. In 1839, he made a photograph on glass, which still exists, and experimented with some color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper. Herschel made experiments using photosensitive emulsions of vegetable juices, called [[phytotype]]s, also known as [[anthotype]]s, and published his discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1842.{{sfn|Herschel|1842|pp=182–214}} He collaborated in the early 1840s with [[Henry Collen]], portrait painter to Queen Victoria. Herschel originally discovered the platinum process on the basis of the light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by [[William Willis (inventor)|William Willis]].<ref name= "KNAW" />
Herschel coined the term ''photography'' in 1839.{{sfn|Schaaf|1979|pp=47–60}}{{sfn|Peres|2008|p=}} Herschel was also the first to apply the terms ''negative'' and ''positive'' to photography.<ref name=HersNAH/>
Herschel discovered [[sodium thiosulfate]] to be a solvent of silver [[halide]]s in 1819,{{sfn|Herschel|1819|p=}} and informed [[Henry Fox Talbot|Talbot]] and [[Louis Daguerre|Daguerre]] of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a [[photographic fixer]], to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in early 1839.
Herschel's ground-breaking research on the subject was read at the Royal Society in London in March 1839 and January 1840.
== Other aspects of Herschel's career ==
[[File:Herschel_sitzend.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of John Herschel]]
[[File:Julia Margaret Cameron - John Herschel (Metropolitan Museum of Art copy, restored) levels.jpg|thumb|1867 photograph by [[Julia Margaret Cameron]]]]
Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography and the telescope for the eighth edition of the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.<ref name=HersNAH/> He also translated the ''[[Iliad]]'' of Homer.
{{further|English translations of Homer#Herschel}}
In 1823, Herschel published his findings on the optical spectra of metal salts.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herschel |first1=J.F.W. |title=On the absorption of light by coloured media, and on the colours of the prismatic spectrum exhibited by certain flames; with an account of a ready mode of determining the absolute dispersive power of any medium, by direct experiment |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |year=1823 |volume=9 |pages=445–460 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwhq76;view=1up;seq=529|doi=10.1017/S008045680003101X }}</ref>
Herschel invented the [[actinometer]] in 1825 to measure the direct heating power of the sun's rays,{{sfn|Anon|1884|p=527}} and his work with the instrument is of great importance in the early history of [[photochemistry]].
Herschel proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 not leap years, thus reducing the average length of the [[calendar year]] from 365.2425 days to 365.24225.{{sfn|Herschel | 1876|p=712}} Although this is closer to the [[mean tropical year]] of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the Gregorian calendar is based on the mean time between vernal [[equinox]]es (currently {{gaps|365.242|374}} days).{{sfn|Steel|2000|p=185}}
Herschel was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1832,<ref name="AAAS" /> and in 1836, a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]].
In 1835, the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]'' newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the [[Great Moon Hoax]], with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids.
The village of [[Herschel, Saskatchewan|Herschel in western Saskatchewan Canada]] (site of the discovery of ''[[Dolichorhynchops herschelensis]], a type of [[Plesiosauria|short-necked plesiosaur]]'',) [[Mount Herschel]] Antarctica, the crater [[J. Herschel (crater)|J. Herschel]] on the Moon, and the [[Herschel Girls' School]] in [[Cape Town]] South Africa, are all named after him.
While it is commonly accepted that Herschel Island, in the Arctic Ocean, part of the [[Yukon Territory]], was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal of Sir [[John Franklin]] state that the latter wished to honour the Herschel family, of which John Herschel's father, Sir [[William Herschel]], and his aunt, [[Caroline Herschel]], are as notable as John.{{sfn|Burn|2009|pp=317–323}}
{{-}}
== Death ==
[[File:Herschel&darwin.jpg|thumb|left|The adjoining tombs of John Herschel and [[Charles Darwin]] in [[Westminster Abbey]].]]
Herschel died on 11 May 1871 at age 79 at Collingwood, his home near [[Hawkhurst]] in Kent. On his death, he was given a national funeral and buried in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name="ODNB" /> His obituary by Henry W Field of London was read to the [[American Philosophical Society]] on 1 December 1871.{{sfn|Field|1871|pp=217–223}}
{{-}}
== Bibliography ==
[[File:Herschel - Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms, 1832 - 687143.tif|thumb|''Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms'', 1832]]
* {{Citation|last=Herschel|first=John|title=On the Hyposulphurous Acid and its Compounds|journal=The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal|year=1819|volume=1|pages=19|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghphilos05edingoog|accessdate=15 April 2011|display-authors=0|ref=harv}}
* ''On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses'' (1821)<ref name=HersNAH/>
* Book-length articles on "Light", "Sound" and "Physical Astronomy" for the ''Encyclopaedia Metropolitana'' (30 vols. 1817–45)
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herschel|first=John Frederick William |title=A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/preliminarydisco00hersiala|year=1880|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green|location=London|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last=Herschel|first=John W.F.|title=A Treatise on Astronomy|edition= 3rd|date=1835|publisher=Carey, Leah and Blanchard|location=Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonastron00hersuoft#page/n1/mode/2up|ref=harv|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Herschel|first=John Frederick William |title=Outlines of Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA712|year=1876|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|display-authors=0}}
* ''General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars'' (published posthumously)
* ''Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects''
* ''General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters''
* ''Manual of Scientific Inquiry'' (ed.), (1849)<ref name=HersNAH/>
* ''Meteorology'' (1861)
* {{Citation| issn = 0261-0523| volume = 130| pages = 1–59| last = Herschel| first = John F. W.| title = On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London| date = 20 February 1840| bibcode = 1840RSPT..130....1H| jstor = 108209| doi = 10.1098/rstl.1840.0002| postscript = .| ref= harv|display-authors=0}}
* ''Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects'' (1867)<ref name=HersNAH/>
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=HersNAH>{{cite web |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer |work=[[NAHSTE]] project |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]] |url=http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211707/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html |archivedate=10 May 2007 }}</ref>
<ref name="ODNB">{{ODNBweb|last=Crowe |first=Michael J. |title=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, first baronet (1792–1871) |id=13101 }}</ref>
<ref name="anti_Cont">{{Cite web | title = Contact Lens Timeline | last = Berkowitz | first = Lee | work = antiquespectacles.com | accessdate = 19 November 2017 | url = http://www.antiquespectacles.com/topics/contacts/timeline/timeline.html }}</ref>
<ref name="Venn">{{acad|id=HRSL808JF|name=Herschel, John Frederick William}}</ref>
<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>
<ref name= "KNAW">{{cite web|url=http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm |title=William Willis|work= Royal Dutch Academy of Science (Knaw.nl)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225194623/https://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm|archive-date=25 December 2004}}</ref>
<ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web | title = General View of Niagara Falls from Bridge | last = Herschel | first = John | work = World Digital Library | date = 1901 | accessdate = 20 November 2017 | url = https://www.wdl.org/en/item/285/ | publisher= Detroit Publishing Company | via= [[Library of Congress]] }}</ref>
<ref name="RoyAstrSoc">{{Cite web | title = Past RAS Presidents | last = Elliott | first = David | work = Royal Astronomical Society | accessdate = 20 November 2017 | url = http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents }}</ref>
<ref name="vernacu">{{Cite web | title = The Cyanotype | last = Rosenthal | first = Richard T. | work = Vernacular Photography |year = 2000 | accessdate = 19 June 2018 | url = http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080304/http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm | archive-date = 30 March 2013 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Herschel, Sir John Frederick William}}</ref>
<ref name="EncycBrit">{{cite book |last1=Go |first1=F. E. |chapter=Blueprint|title=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=1970 |volume= 3|publisher=William Benton |location=Chicago |page=816 |edition=Expo'70 |language=English}}</ref>
<ref name="columbia">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bridgwater |editor1-first=William |editor2-last=Sherwood |editor2-first=Elizabeth J. |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume |date=1950 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York City |page=214 |edition=2nd |chapter=blueprint}}</ref>
}}
=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|author=Anon|ref=harv|title=Notes and News|journal=Science|volume=ns-3|issue=64|year=1884|pages=524–528|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.ns-3.64.524 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=h6zq_tFWAvUC&pg=PA527|bibcode=1884Sci.....3..524.}}
* {{Citation | last =Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | title = The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise | place = London | publisher = John Murray | date = 1838 | edition = 2nd | url = http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A25&pageseq=1 | accessdate =2 February 2009|ref=harv }}
* {{Citation | ref=harv | last = Browne | first = E. Janet | author-link = Janet Browne | year = 1995 | title = Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging | location = London | publisher = Jonathan Cape | isbn = 1-84413-314-1 }}
* {{cite journal|title=After Whom Is Herschel Island Named?|first=C. R. |last=Burn|journal=Arctic|volume=62|issue=3|date=September 2009|pages=317–323|publisher=Arctic Institute of North America|jstor=40513310|ref=harv|doi=10.14430/arctic152}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Cobb|first1=Aaron D.|title=Is John F. W. Herschel an Inductivist about Hypothetical Inquiry?|journal=Perspectives on Science|volume=20|issue=4|year=2012|pages=409–439|issn=1063-6145|doi=10.1162/POSC_a_00080|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv | last = Darwin | first = Charles |author-link=Charles Darwin | year = 1958 | editor-last = Barlow | editor-first = Nora | editor-link =Nora Barlow | title =The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow | location = London | publisher = Collins | url =http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1 | accessdate =11 December 2008 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Darwin|first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1821–1836|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6eAZ4f0Xc4C&pg=PA117|volume=Vol 1|year=1985a|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25587-2|editor1-first=Frederick| editor1-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first= Sydney|editor2-last= Smith|series=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Darwin|first=Charles |authorlink=Charles Darwin|title=The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1837–1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnEYZjXO9VwC&pg=PA8|volume=Vol 2|year=1985b|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-25588-0|editor1-first=Frederick| editor1-last=Burkhardt|editor2-first= Sydney|editor2-last= Smith|series=[[Correspondence of Charles Darwin]]}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Desmond|first1=Adrian J. |authorlink1=Adrian Desmond|last2=Moore|first2=James Richard |authorlink2=James Moore (biographer)|title=Darwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLaAAAAMAAJ|date=1991|publisher=Michael Joseph|isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last1=Dreyer|first1=John Louis Emil |last2=Turner|first2=H. H. |title=History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjTeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-06860-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Evans|first=David Stanley|title=The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jgILAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Scribner|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal | title = Obituary Notice of Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Bart | last = Field | first = Henry W. | journal= Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|volume=12|issue=86| pages = 217–223 |year = 1871 | jstor= 981703 |ref=harv }}
* {{Citation |last=Herschel |first=John William Frederich |title=On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on some new Photographic Processes |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|year=1842|pages=182–214|doi=10.1098/rstl.1842.0013 |volume=132|ref=harv|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1432380|bibcode=1842RSPT..132..181H }}
* {{Cite book|title=Hercule Florence : el descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil | last=Kossoy|first= Boris|date=2004|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Antropología e História|isbn=968030020X|oclc=59139803|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Lassell|first=W.|bibcode=1848MNRAS...8...42L|title=Satellites of Saturn|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|issue=3|year=1848|pages=42–43|issn=0035-8711|doi=10.1093/mnras/8.3.42|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Peres|first=Michael R. |title=The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmZtFrHO7doC|year=2008|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-240-80998-4}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Schaaf|first1=Larry|title=Sir John Herschel's 1839 Royal Society Paper on Photography|journal=History of Photography|volume=3|issue=1|year=1979|pages=47–60|issn=0308-7298|doi=10.1080/03087298.1979.10441071|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation | title = Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar | first= Duncan |last=Steel|ref=harv | publisher = John Wiley and Sons |year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-471-29827-4 | page = 185 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA185 }}
* {{cite book|last=Timbs|first=John|title=The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art|date=1846|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin25timbgoog|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal | last = van Wyhe | first = John | title = Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years? | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–205 | date = 27 March 2007 | doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 | url=http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1 | ref=harv }}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* On Herschel's relationship with [[Charles Babbage]], [[William Whewell]], and [[Richard Jones (economist)|Richard Jones]], see {{Citation | last = Snyder | first = Laura | author-link = Laura J. Snyder |year = 2011 | title = The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World | location = New York | publisher = Broadway Books | isbn = 978-0767930499 | url = http://laurajsnyder.com/portfolio-item/philosophical-breakfast-club/ |ref=harv}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|John Herschel}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource-author}}
* {{NPG name}}
*{{cite book |publisher=Macmillan & Co.|place= London |pages=33–36|year=1892|chapter-url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45?urlappend=%3Bseq=44| chapter = SIR JOHN HERSCHEL (Obituary Notice, Saturday, May 13, 1871) | title=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from The Times |volume=I (1870–1875)|via= HathiTrust |accessdate= 28 February 2019}}
* [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html Biographical information]
* [https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100311230213/http://www.midley.co.uk/articles/14march1839.htm R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography']
* [http://herschelmuseum.org.uk/ Herschel Museum of Astronomy]
* [https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800986 Science in the Making] Herschel's papers in the Royal Society's archives
* [http://assa.saao.ac.za/resource/Chronology4.doc. Chronology of Astronomy in South Africa]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [[s:Astronomische Nachrichten/Volume 44/Auszug aus einem Briefe des Herrn J. F. W. Herschel an den Herausgeber|Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue]], published in [[Astronomische Nachrichten]]
{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Richard Lalor Sheil]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Master of the Mint]]|years=1850–1855}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas Graham (chemist)|Thomas Graham]]}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{s-new|creation}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Herschel baronets|Baronet]]'''<br />(of Slough)'''|years=1838–1871}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet|William James Herschel]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Masters of the Mint}}
{{Copley Medallists 1801–1850}}
{{19th-century English photographers}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Herschel, John}}
[[Category:1792 births]]
[[Category:1871 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century English people]]
[[Category:19th-century astronomers]]
[[Category:19th-century English people]]
[[Category:19th-century English photographers]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:English astronomers]]
[[Category:English Christians]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:English scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Knights of the Royal Guelphic Order]]
[[Category:Masters of the Mint]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Slough]]
[[Category:Pioneers of photography]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Proto-evolutionary biologists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:Senior Wranglers]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]
[[Category:Herschel family]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Lalande Prize]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th-century English mathematician, astronomer, chemist and photographer</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Sir John Herschel</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline;"><span class="noexcerpt" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knight_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order">KH</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:John_Herschel_1846_(cropped).png" class="image"><img alt="John Herschel 1846 (cropped).png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/John_Herschel_1846_%28cropped%29.png/220px-John_Herschel_1846_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="543" /></a><div>Drawing of John Herschel, published in 1846</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1792-03-07</span>)</span>7 March 1792<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, Buckinghamshire, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>11 May 1871<span style="display:none">(1871-05-11)</span> (aged 79)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Collingwood, near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawkhurst" title="Hawkhurst">Hawkhurst</a>, Kent, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Resting place</th><td class="label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Residence</th><td><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nationality</th><td class="category">British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Education</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Alma mater</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Known for</th><td>The invention of photography</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Awards</th><td><div class="plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize" title="Smith's Prize">Smith's Prize</a> <small>(1813)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> <small>(1821)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lalande_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalande Medal">Lalande Medal</a> <small>(1825)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> <small>(1826), (1836)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> <small>(1836, 1840)</small></li>
<li>Knight of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic Order</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Influences</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> (father), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a> (aunt)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Sir John Frederick William Herschel, 1st Baronet</b> <span class="noexcerpt" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knight_of_the_Royal_Guelphic_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order">KH</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>-/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> 7 March 1792 – 11 May 1871)<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2">[2]</a></sup> was an English <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, mathematician, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, inventor, experimental photographer who invented the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EncycBrit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycBrit-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vernacu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vernacu-5">[5]</a></sup> and did <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanical">botanical</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel originated the use of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a> system in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. He named seven <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">moons of Saturn</a> and four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">moons of Uranus</a>. He made many contributions to the science of photography, and investigated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">colour blindness</a> and the chemical power of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> rays; his <i>Preliminary Discourse</i> (1831), which advocated an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive approach</a> to scientific experiment and theory building, was an important contribution to the philosophy of science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb2012409–439_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb2012409–439-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_work_on_astronomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and work on astronomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Visit_to_Southern_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Visit to Southern Africa</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Photography"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Photography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Other_aspects_of_Herschel's_career"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Other aspects of Herschel's career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Works_cited"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Works cited</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_work_on_astronomy">Early life and work on astronomy</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lunar_Copernicus_crater_-_Herschel_1842.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lunar_Copernicus_crater_-_Herschel_1842.jpg/220px-Lunar_Copernicus_crater_-_Herschel_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3683" data-file-height="2920" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lunar_Copernicus_crater_-_Herschel_1842.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a> of a model of the lunar crater Copernicus, 1842</div></div></div>
<p>Herschel was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, Buckinghamshire, the son of Mary Baldwin and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>. He was the nephew of astronomer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a>. He studied shortly at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, graduating as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senior_Wrangler" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Wrangler">Senior Wrangler</a> in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-8">[8]</a></sup> It was during his time as an undergraduate that he became friends with the mathematicians <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Peacock" title="George Peacock">George Peacock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup> He left Cambridge in 1816 and started working with his father. He took up astronomy in 1816, building a reflecting telescope with a mirror 18 inches (460 mm) in diameter, and with a 20-foot (6.1 m) focal length. Between 1821 and 1823 he re-examined, with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a>, the double stars catalogued by his father.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-9">[9]</a></sup> He was one of the founders of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. For his work with his father, he was presented with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> in 1826 (which he won again in 1836), and with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lalande_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalande Medal">Lalande Medal</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> in 1825, while in 1821 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> bestowed upon him the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> for his mathematical contributions to their Transactions. Herschel was made a Knight of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic Order</a> in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel served as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="President of the Royal Astronomical Society">President of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> three times: 1827–29, 1839–41 and 1847–49.<sup id="cite_ref-RoyAstrSoc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyAstrSoc-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyerTurner2014250_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyerTurner2014250-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel's <i>A preliminary discourse on the study of natural philosophy</i>, published early in 1831 as part of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dionysius_Lardner%27s_Cabinet_cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia">Dionysius Lardner's Cabinet cyclopædia</a></i>, set out methods of scientific investigation with an orderly relationship between observation and theorising. He described nature as being governed by laws which were difficult to discern or to state mathematically, and the highest aim of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> was understanding these laws through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a>, finding a single unifying explanation for a phenomenon. This became an authoritative statement with wide influence on science, particularly at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> where it inspired the student <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> with "a burning zeal" to contribute to this work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1958[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1497pageseq69_67–68]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1958[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1497pageseq69_67–68]-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995128,_133_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995128,_133-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985a[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-94xmlmark-94f2_Letter_No._94]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985a[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-94xmlmark-94f2_Letter_No._94]-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel published a catalogue of his astronomical observations in 1864, as the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_Catalogue_of_Nebulae_and_Clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters">General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters</a></i>, a compilation of his own work and that of his father's, expanding on the senior Herschel's <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catalogue_of_Nebulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalogue of Nebulae">Catalogue of Nebulae</a></i>. A further complementary volume was published posthumously, as the <i>General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars</i>.
</p><p>Herschel correctly considered astigmatism to be due to irregularity of the cornea and theorised that vision could be improved by the application of some animal jelly contained in a capsule of glass against the cornea. His views were published in an article entitled Light in 1828 and the <i>Encyclopædia Metropolitana</i> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-anti_Cont_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anti_Cont-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Discoveries of Herschel include the galaxies <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NGC_7" title="NGC 7">NGC 7</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NGC_10" title="NGC 10">NGC 10</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NGC_25" title="NGC 25">NGC 25</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NGC_28" title="NGC 28">NGC 28</a>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Visit_to_Southern_Africa">Visit to Southern Africa</span></h2>
<table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=John_Herschel&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+Herschel%22">"John Herschel"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22John+Herschel%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&q=%22John+Herschel%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22John+Herschel%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22John+Herschel%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22John+Herschel%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Disa_cornuta00.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Disa_cornuta00.jpg/220px-Disa_cornuta00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="1833" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Disa_cornuta00.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disa_cornuta" title="Disa cornuta">Disa cornuta</a> (L.) Sw.</i> by Margaret & John Herschel</div></div></div>
<p>Declining an offer from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_of_Sussex" title="Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> that they travel to South Africa on a Navy ship, Herschel and his wife paid £500 for passage on the S.S. <i>Mountstuart Elphinstone</i>, which departed from Portsmouth on 13 November 1833.
</p><p>The voyage to South Africa was made to catalogue the stars, nebulae, and other objects of the southern skies.<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup> This was to be a completion as well as extension of the survey of the northern heavens undertaken initially by his father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>. He arrived in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> on 15 January 1834 and set up a private 21 ft (6.4 m) telescope at Feldhausen at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claremont,_Cape_Town" title="Claremont, Cape Town">Claremont</a>, a suburb of Cape Town. Amongst his other observations during this time was that of the return of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Comet Halley</a>. Herschel collaborated with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Maclear" title="Thomas Maclear">Thomas Maclear</a>, the Astronomer Royal at the Cape of Good Hope and the members of the two families became close friends. During this time, he also witnessed the Great Eruption of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eta_Carinae" title="Eta Carinae">Eta Carinae</a> (December 1837).
</p><p>In addition to his astronomical work, however, this voyage to a far corner of the British empire also gave Herschel an escape from the pressures under which he found himself in London, where he was one of the most sought-after of all British men of science. While in southern Africa, he engaged in a broad variety of scientific pursuits free from a sense of strong obligations to a larger scientific community. It was, he later recalled, probably the happiest time in his life.
</p><p>In an extraordinary departure from astronomy, Herschel combined his talents with those of his wife, Margaret, and between 1834 and 1838 they produced 131 botanical illustrations of fine quality, showing the Cape flora. Herschel used a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camera_lucida" title="Camera lucida">camera lucida</a> to obtain accurate outlines of the specimens and left the details to his wife. Even though their portfolio had been intended as a personal record, and despite the lack of floral dissections in the paintings, their accurate rendition makes them more valuable than many contemporary collections. Some 112 of the 132 known flower studies were collected and published as <i>Flora Herscheliana</i> in 1996.
</p><p>As their home during their stay in the Cape, the Herschels had selected 'Feldhausen' ("Field Houses"), an old estate on the south-eastern side of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Table_Mountain" title="Table Mountain">Table Mountain</a>. Here John set up his reflector to begin his survey of the southern skies.
</p><p>Herschel, at the same time, read widely. Intrigued by the ideas of gradual formation of landscapes set out in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s <i>Principles of Geology</i>, he wrote to Lyell on 20 February 1836 praising the book as a work that would bring "a complete revolution in [its] subject, by altering entirely the point of view in which it must thenceforward be contemplated" and opening a way for bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others." Herschel himself thought <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">catastrophic extinction and renewal</a> "an inadequate conception of the Creator" and by analogy with other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">intermediate causes</a>, "the origination of fresh species, could it ever come under our cognizance, would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabbage1838225–227_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabbage1838225–227-17">[17]</a></sup> He prefaced his words with the couplet:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047036">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem">
<p>He that on such quest would go must know not fear or failing<br />
To coward soul or faithless heart the search were unavailing.
</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p>Taking a gradualist view of development and referring to evolutionary descent from a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a>, Herschel commented:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047036"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Words are to the Anthropologist what rolled pebbles are to the Geologist – battered relics of past ages often containing within them indelible records capable of intelligent interpretation – and when we see what amount of change 2000 years has been able to produce in the languages of Greece & Italy or 1000 in those of Germany France & Spain we naturally begin to ask how long a period must have lapsed since the Chinese, the Hebrew, the Delaware & the Malesass [Malagasy] had a point in common with the German & Italian & each other – Time! Time! Time! – we must not impugn the Scripture Chronology, but we <i>must</i> interpret it in accordance with <i>whatever</i> shall appear on fair enquiry to be the <i>truth</i> for there cannot be two truths. And really there is scope enough: for the lives of the Patriarchs may as reasonably be extended to 5000 or 50000 years apiece as the days of Creation to as many thousand millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmondMoore1991214–215_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondMoore1991214–215-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985b[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-346xmlmark-346f5_Letter_No._346]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985b[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-346xmlmark-346f5_Letter_No._346]-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p></blockquote>
<p>The document was circulated, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> incorporated extracts in his ninth and unofficial <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridgewater_Treatise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgewater Treatise">Bridgewater Treatise</a></i>, which postulated laws set up by a divine programmer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197-16">[16]</a></sup> When <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> called at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, Captain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> and the young naturalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> visited Herschel on 3 June 1836. Later on, Darwin would be influenced by Herschel's writings in developing his theory advanced in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The Origin of Species">The Origin of Species</a></i>. In the opening lines of that work, Darwin writes that his intent is "to throw some light on the origin of species – that mystery of mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers," referring to Herschel. However, Herschel ultimately rejected the theory of natural selection.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel returned to England in 1838, was created a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herschel_baronets" title="Herschel baronets">baronet</a>, of Slough in the County of Buckingham,<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup> and published <i>Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope</i> in 1847. In this publication he proposed the names still used today for the seven then-known satellites of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mimas_(moon)" title="Mimas (moon)">Mimas</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassell1848_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELassell1848-21">[21]</a></sup> In the same year, Herschel received his second Copley Medal from the Royal Society for this work. A few years later, in 1852, he proposed the names still used today for the four then-known satellites of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umbriel_(moon)" title="Umbriel (moon)">Umbriel</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Photography">Photography</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel_first_picture_on_glass_1839_3.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Herschel_first_picture_on_glass_1839_3.jpg/220px-Herschel_first_picture_on_glass_1839_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="576" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel_first_picture_on_glass_1839_3.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Herschel's first glass-plate photograph, dated 9 September 1839, showing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/40-foot_telescope" title="40-foot telescope">40-foot telescope</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans197084_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans197084-22">[22]</a></sup></div></div></div>
<p>Herschel made numerous important contributions to photography. He made improvements in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photographic_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic processes">photographic processes</a>, particularly in inventing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">cyanotype</a><sup id="cite_ref-WDL1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL1-23">[23]</a></sup> process, which became known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncycBrit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncycBrit-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vernacu_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vernacu-5">[5]</a></sup> and variations, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chrysotype" title="Chrysotype">chrysotype</a>. In 1839, he made a photograph on glass, which still exists, and experimented with some color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to a photographic paper. Herschel made experiments using photosensitive emulsions of vegetable juices, called <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Phytotype&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phytotype (page does not exist)">phytotypes</a>, also known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthotype" title="Anthotype">anthotypes</a>, and published his discoveries in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerschel1842182–214_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerschel1842182–214-24">[24]</a></sup> He collaborated in the early 1840s with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Collen" title="Henry Collen">Henry Collen</a>, portrait painter to Queen Victoria. Herschel originally discovered the platinum process on the basis of the light sensitivity of platinum salts, later developed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Willis_(inventor)" title="William Willis (inventor)">William Willis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KNAW_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KNAW-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel coined the term <i>photography</i> in 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaaf197947–60_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaaf197947–60-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeres2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeres2008-27">[27]</a></sup> Herschel was also the first to apply the terms <i>negative</i> and <i>positive</i> to photography.<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel discovered <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">sodium thiosulfate</a> to be a solvent of silver <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halides</a> in 1819,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerschel1819_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerschel1819-28">[28]</a></sup> and informed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Talbot</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Daguerre</a> of his discovery that this "hyposulphite of soda" ("hypo") could be used as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">photographic fixer</a>, to "fix" pictures and make them permanent, after experimentally applying it thus in early 1839.
</p><p>Herschel's ground-breaking research on the subject was read at the Royal Society in London in March 1839 and January 1840.
</p>
<h2><span id="Other_aspects_of_Herschel.27s_career"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_aspects_of_Herschel's_career">Other aspects of Herschel's career</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel_sitzend.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Herschel_sitzend.jpg/220px-Herschel_sitzend.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1122" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel_sitzend.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Portrait of John Herschel</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy,_restored)_levels.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg/220px-Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_%28Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy%2C_restored%29_levels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="3317" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Julia_Margaret_Cameron_-_John_Herschel_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_copy,_restored)_levels.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>1867 photograph by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a></div></div></div>
<p>Herschel wrote many papers and articles, including entries on meteorology, physical geography and the telescope for the eighth edition of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup> He also translated the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> of Homer.
</p>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer#Herschel" title="English translations of Homer">English translations of Homer § Herschel</a></div>
<p>In 1823, Herschel published his findings on the optical spectra of metal salts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel invented the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinometer" title="Actinometer">actinometer</a> in 1825 to measure the direct heating power of the sun's rays,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1884527_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1884527-30">[30]</a></sup> and his work with the instrument is of great importance in the early history of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemistry</a>.
</p><p>Herschel proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 not leap years, thus reducing the average length of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calendar_year" title="Calendar year">calendar year</a> from 365.2425 days to 365.24225.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerschel1876712_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerschel1876712-31">[31]</a></sup> Although this is closer to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mean_tropical_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean tropical year">mean tropical year</a> of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the Gregorian calendar is based on the mean time between vernal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a> (currently <span style="white-space:nowrap">365.242<span style="margin-left:0.25em">374</span></span> days).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel2000185_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel2000185-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p>Herschel was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1832,<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-33">[33]</a></sup> and in 1836, a foreign member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>.
</p><p>In 1835, the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Sun_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun (historical)">New York Sun</a></i> newspaper wrote a series of satiric articles that came to be known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Moon_Hoax" title="Great Moon Hoax">Great Moon Hoax</a>, with statements falsely attributed to Herschel about his supposed discoveries of animals living on the Moon, including batlike winged humanoids.
</p><p>The village of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herschel,_Saskatchewan" title="Herschel, Saskatchewan">Herschel in western Saskatchewan Canada</a> (site of the discovery of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolichorhynchops_herschelensis" title="Dolichorhynchops herschelensis">Dolichorhynchops herschelensis</a>, a type of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plesiosauria" title="Plesiosauria">short-necked plesiosaur</a></i>,) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Herschel" title="Mount Herschel">Mount Herschel</a> Antarctica, the crater <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._Herschel_(crater)" title="J. Herschel (crater)">J. Herschel</a> on the Moon, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herschel_Girls%27_School" title="Herschel Girls' School">Herschel Girls' School</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> South Africa, are all named after him.
</p><p>While it is commonly accepted that Herschel Island, in the Arctic Ocean, part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a>, was named after him, the entries in the expedition journal of Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> state that the latter wished to honour the Herschel family, of which John Herschel's father, Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, and his aunt, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caroline_Herschel" title="Caroline Herschel">Caroline Herschel</a>, are as notable as John.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurn2009317–323_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn2009317–323-34">[34]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel%26darwin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herschel%26darwin.jpg/220px-Herschel%26darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2239" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel%26darwin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The adjoining tombs of John Herschel and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Herschel died on 11 May 1871 at age 79 at Collingwood, his home near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawkhurst" title="Hawkhurst">Hawkhurst</a> in Kent. On his death, he was given a national funeral and buried in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-2">[2]</a></sup> His obituary by Henry W Field of London was read to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> on 1 December 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField1871217–223_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEField1871217–223-35">[35]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel_-_Description_of_a_machine_for_resolving_by_inspection_certain_important_forms,_1832_-_687143.tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Herschel_-_Description_of_a_machine_for_resolving_by_inspection_certain_important_forms%2C_1832_-_687143.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Herschel_-_Description_of_a_machine_for_resolving_by_inspection_certain_important_forms%2C_1832_-_687143.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3973" data-file-height="4714" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Herschel_-_Description_of_a_machine_for_resolving_by_inspection_certain_important_forms,_1832_-_687143.tif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Description of a machine for resolving by inspection certain important forms</i>, 1832</div></div></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1819" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edinburghphilos05edingoog">"On the Hyposulphurous Acid and its Compounds"</a>, <i>The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal</i>, <b>1</b>: 19, 1819<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Philosophical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+Hyposulphurous+Acid+and+its+Compounds&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedinburghphilos05edingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></li>
<li><i>On the Aberration of Compound Lenses and Object-Glasses</i> (1821)<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li>Book-length articles on "Light", "Sound" and "Physical Astronomy" for the <i>Encyclopaedia Metropolitana</i> (30 vols. 1817–45)</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1880" class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preliminarydisco00hersiala"><i>A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy</i></a>. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green. 1880.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preliminary+Discourse+on+the+Study+of+Natural+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown+%26+Green&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpreliminarydisco00hersiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1835" class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/treatiseonastron00hersuoft#page/n1/mode/2up"><i>A Treatise on Astronomy</i></a> (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Carey, Leah and Blanchard. 1835.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Astronomy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Carey%2C+Leah+and+Blanchard&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John+W.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftreatiseonastron00hersuoft%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1876" class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oQ-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA712"><i>Outlines of Astronomy</i></a>. D. Appleton and Company. 1876.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Astronomy&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oQ-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><i>General Catalogue of 10,300 Multiple and Double Stars</i> (published posthumously)</li>
<li><i>Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects</i></li>
<li><i>General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters</i></li>
<li><i>Manual of Scientific Inquiry</i> (ed.), (1849)<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Meteorology</i> (1861)</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1840" class="citation">"On the Chemical Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Preparations of Silver and Other Substances, Both Metallic and Non-Metallic, and on Some Photographic Processes", <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, <b>130</b>: 1–59, 20 February 1840, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1840RSPT..130....1H">1840RSPT..130....1H</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1840.0002">10.1098/rstl.1840.0002</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/108209">108209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Chemical+Action+of+the+Rays+of+the+Solar+Spectrum+on+Preparations+of+Silver+and+Other+Substances%2C+Both+Metallic+and+Non-Metallic%2C+and+on+Some+Photographic+Processes&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=1-59&rft.date=1840-02-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1840.0002&rft.issn=0261-0523&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F108209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1840RSPT..130....1H&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John+F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><i>Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects</i> (1867)<sup id="cite_ref-HersNAH_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HersNAH-6">[6]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/herschel">"Herschel"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Random+House+Webster%27s+Unabridged+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Herschel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fherschel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ODNB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe" class="citation encyclopaedia">Crowe, Michael J. "Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, first baronet (1792–1871)". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13101">10.1093/ref:odnb/13101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herschel%2C+Sir+John+Frederick+William%2C+first+baronet+%281792%E2%80%931871%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13101&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:90%; color:#555">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EncycBrit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncycBrit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncycBrit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Go, F. E. (1970). "Blueprint". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <b>3</b> (Expo'70 ed.). Chicago: William Benton. p. 816.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blueprint&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=816&rft.edition=Expo%2770&rft.pub=William+Benton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-columbia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bridgwater, William; Sherwood, Elizabeth J., eds. (1950). "blueprint". <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume</i> (2nd ed.). New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=blueprint&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia+in+One+Volume&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-vernacu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vernacu_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vernacu_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rosenthal, Richard T. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330080304/http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm">"The Cyanotype"</a>. <i>Vernacular Photography</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vernacularphotography.com/vpm/v1n1/the_cyanotype.htm">the original</a> on 30 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vernacular+Photography&rft.atitle=The+Cyanotype&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvernacularphotography.com%2Fvpm%2Fv1n1%2Fthe_cyanotype.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-HersNAH-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HersNAH_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510211707/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html">"Herschel, Sir John Frederick William, 1792–1871, astronomer"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAHSTE" class="mw-redirect" title="NAHSTE">NAHSTE</a> project</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NAHSTE+project&rft.atitle=Herschel%2C+Sir+John+Frederick+William%2C+1792%E2%80%931871%2C+astronomer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nahste.ac.uk%2Fisaar%2FGB_0237_NAHSTE_P0327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECobb2012409–439-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECobb2012409–439_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCobb2012">Cobb 2012</a>, pp. 409–439.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Venn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venn_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFACADHRSL808JF" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=HRSL808JF&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Herschel, John Frederick William (HRSL808JF)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herschel%2C+John+Frederick+William+%28HRSL808JF%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DHRSL808JF%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EB1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Herschel, Sir John Frederick William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Herschel,_Sir_John_Frederick_William">"Herschel, Sir John Frederick William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herschel%2C+Sir+John+Frederick+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-RoyAstrSoc-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoyAstrSoc_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Elliott, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ras.org.uk/about-the-ras/a-brief-history/766-past-ras-presidents">"Past RAS Presidents"</a>. <i>Royal Astronomical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Past+RAS+Presidents&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ras.org.uk%2Fabout-the-ras%2Fa-brief-history%2F766-past-ras-presidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyerTurner2014250-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyerTurner2014250_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDreyerTurner2014">Dreyer & Turner 2014</a>, p. 250.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1958[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1497pageseq69_67–68]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1958[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1497pageseq69_67–68]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=69">67–68</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995128,_133-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995128,_133_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, pp. 128, 133.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985a[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-94xmlmark-94f2_Letter_No._94]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985a[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-94xmlmark-94f2_Letter_No._94]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1985a">Darwin 1985a</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-94.xml#mark-94.f2">Letter No. 94</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-anti_Cont-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anti_Cont_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Berkowitz, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquespectacles.com/topics/contacts/timeline/timeline.html">"Contact Lens Timeline"</a>. <i>antiquespectacles.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antiquespectacles.com&rft.atitle=Contact+Lens+Timeline&rft.aulast=Berkowitz&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquespectacles.com%2Ftopics%2Fcontacts%2Ftimeline%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007197_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, p. 197.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabbage1838225–227-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabbage1838225–227_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabbage1838">Babbage 1838</a>, pp. 225–227.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondMoore1991214–215-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDesmondMoore1991214–215_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 214–215.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985b[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-346xmlmark-346f5_Letter_No._346]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1985b[httpwwwdarwinprojectacukletterDCP-LETT-346xmlmark-346f5_Letter_No._346]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1985b">Darwin 1985b</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/DCP-LETT-346.xml#mark-346.f5">Letter No. 346</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Herschel, <i>Physical Geography</i> (1861), p. 12.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELassell1848-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELassell1848_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLassell1848">Lassell 1848</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans197084-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans197084_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans1970">Evans 1970</a>, p. 84.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WDL1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Herschel, John (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/285/">"General View of Niagara Falls from Bridge"</a>. <i>World Digital Library</i>. Detroit Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=General+View+of+Niagara+Falls+from+Bridge&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F285%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerschel1842182–214-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerschel1842182–214_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerschel1842">Herschel 1842</a>, pp. 182–214.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-KNAW-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KNAW_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041225194623/https://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm">"William Willis"</a>. <i>Royal Dutch Academy of Science (Knaw.nl)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knaw.nl/ecpa/sepia/exhibition/iapp/Glossary/W_10.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Dutch+Academy+of+Science+%28Knaw.nl%29&rft.atitle=William+Willis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knaw.nl%2Fecpa%2Fsepia%2Fexhibition%2Fiapp%2FGlossary%2FW_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaaf197947–60-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaaf197947–60_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaaf1979">Schaaf 1979</a>, pp. 47–60.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeres2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeres2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeres2008">Peres 2008</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerschel1819-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerschel1819_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerschel1819">Herschel 1819</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Herschel, J.F.W. (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwhq76;view=1up;seq=529">"On the absorption of light by coloured media, and on the colours of the prismatic spectrum exhibited by certain flames; with an account of a ready mode of determining the absolute dispersive power of any medium, by direct experiment"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</i>. <b>9</b>: 445–460. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1017%2FS008045680003101X">10.1017/S008045680003101X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.atitle=On+the+absorption+of+light+by+coloured+media%2C+and+on+the+colours+of+the+prismatic+spectrum+exhibited+by+certain+flames%3B+with+an+account+of+a+ready+mode+of+determining+the+absolute+dispersive+power+of+any+medium%2C+by+direct+experiment&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=445-460&rft.date=1823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS008045680003101X&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=J.F.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.hwhq76%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon1884527-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon1884527_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon1884">Anon 1884</a>, p. 527.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerschel1876712-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerschel1876712_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerschel1876">Herschel 1876</a>, p. 712.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteel2000185-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteel2000185_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteel2000">Steel 2000</a>, p. 185.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AAAS-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter H"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780%E2%80%932010%3A+Chapter+H&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurn2009317–323-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurn2009317–323_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurn2009">Burn 2009</a>, pp. 317–323.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEField1871217–223-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEField1871217–223_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFField1871">Field 1871</a>, pp. 217–223.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Works_cited">Works cited</span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047268">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{list-style-type:none;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>dl>dd{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAnon1884" class="citation journal">Anon (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=h6zq_tFWAvUC&pg=PA527">"Notes and News"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>ns-3</b> (64): 524–528. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1884Sci.....3..524.">1884Sci.....3..524.</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ns-3.64.524">10.1126/science.ns-3.64.524</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Notes+and+News&rft.volume=ns-3&rft.issue=64&rft.pages=524-528&rft.date=1884&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ns-3.64.524&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1884Sci.....3..524.&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dh6zq_tFWAvUC%26pg%3DPA527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBabbage1838" class="citation"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Babbage, Charles</a> (1838), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A25&pageseq=1"><i>The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise</i></a> (2nd ed.), London: John Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ninth+Bridgewater+Treatise&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Babbage&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA25%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1995" class="citation"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Browne" title="Janet Browne">Browne, E. Janet</a> (1995), <i>Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging</i>, London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84413-314-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84413-314-1"><bdi>1-84413-314-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+1+Voyaging&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-84413-314-1&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFBurn2009" class="citation journal">Burn, C. R. (September 2009). "After Whom Is Herschel Island Named?". <i>Arctic</i>. Arctic Institute of North America. <b>62</b> (3): 317–323. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic152">10.14430/arctic152</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/40513310">40513310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.atitle=After+Whom+Is+Herschel+Island+Named%3F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-323&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14430%2Farctic152&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40513310&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFCobb2012" class="citation journal">Cobb, Aaron D. (2012). "Is John F. W. Herschel an Inductivist about Hypothetical Inquiry?". <i>Perspectives on Science</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 409–439. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1162%2FPOSC_a_00080">10.1162/POSC_a_00080</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1063-6145">1063-6145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Science&rft.atitle=Is+John+F.+W.+Herschel+an+Inductivist+about+Hypothetical+Inquiry%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=409-439&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2FPOSC_a_00080&rft.issn=1063-6145&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=Aaron+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1958" class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1958). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nora_Barlow" title="Nora Barlow">Barlow, Nora</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow</i></a>. London: Collins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Charles+Darwin+1809%E2%80%931882.+With+the+original+omissions+restored.+Edited+and+with+appendix+and+notes+by+his+granddaughter+Nora+Barlow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1497%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1985a" class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1985a). Burkhardt, Frederick; Smith, Sydney (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N6eAZ4f0Xc4C&pg=PA117"><i>The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1821–1836</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">Correspondence of Charles Darwin</a>. Vol 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25587-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25587-2"><bdi>0-521-25587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Charles+Darwin%3A+1821%E2%80%931836&rft.series=Correspondence+of+Charles+Darwin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-25587-2&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN6eAZ4f0Xc4C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1985b" class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin, Charles</a> (1985b). Burkhardt, Frederick; Smith, Sydney (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnEYZjXO9VwC&pg=PA8"><i>The Correspondence of Charles Darwin: 1837–1843</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">Correspondence of Charles Darwin</a>. Vol 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25588-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25588-0"><bdi>0-521-25588-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Charles+Darwin%3A+1837%E2%80%931843&rft.series=Correspondence+of+Charles+Darwin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-25588-0&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnEYZjXO9VwC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991" class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrian_Desmond" title="Adrian Desmond">Desmond, Adrian J.</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Moore_(biographer)" title="James Moore (biographer)">Moore, James Richard</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLaAAAAMAAJ"><i>Darwin</i></a>. Michael Joseph. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-3430-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+James+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBuLaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFDreyerTurner2014" class="citation book">Dreyer, John Louis Emil; Turner, H. H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjTeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250"><i>History of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1820–1920</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06860-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06860-4"><bdi>978-1-108-06860-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%2C+1820%E2%80%931920&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-108-06860-4&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=John+Louis+Emil&rft.au=Turner%2C+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjTeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFEvans1970" class="citation book">Evans, David Stanley (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgILAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Shadow of the Telescope: A Biography of John Herschel</i></a>. Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+of+the+Telescope%3A+A+Biography+of+John+Herschel&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=David+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgILAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFField1871" class="citation journal">Field, Henry W. (1871). "Obituary Notice of Sir John Frederick William Herschel, Bart". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>12</b> (86): 217–223. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/981703">981703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notice+of+Sir+John+Frederick+William+Herschel%2C+Bart&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=86&rft.pages=217-223&rft.date=1871&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F981703&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHerschel1842" class="citation">Herschel, John William Frederich (1842), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432380">"On the Action of the Rays of the Solar Spectrum on Vegetable Colours, and on some new Photographic Processes"</a>, <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>, <b>132</b>: 182–214, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1842RSPT..132..181H">1842RSPT..132..181H</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1842.0013">10.1098/rstl.1842.0013</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Action+of+the+Rays+of+the+Solar+Spectrum+on+Vegetable+Colours%2C+and+on+some+new+Photographic+Processes&rft.volume=132&rft.pages=182-214&rft.date=1842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1842.0013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1842RSPT..132..181H&rft.aulast=Herschel&rft.aufirst=John+William+Frederich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKossoy2004" class="citation book">Kossoy, Boris (2004). <i>Hercule Florence : el descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil</i>. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e História. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/968030020X" title="Special:BookSources/968030020X"><bdi>968030020X</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59139803">59139803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hercule+Florence+%3A+el+descubrimiento+de+la+fotograf%C3%ADa+en+Brasil&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Hist%C3%B3ria&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59139803&rft.isbn=968030020X&rft.aulast=Kossoy&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLassell1848" class="citation journal">Lassell, W. (1848). "Satellites of Saturn". <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 42–43. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1848MNRAS...8...42L">1848MNRAS...8...42L</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F8.3.42">10.1093/mnras/8.3.42</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Satellites+of+Saturn&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=1848&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F8.3.42&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1848MNRAS...8...42L&rft.aulast=Lassell&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPeres2008" class="citation book">Peres, Michael R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmZtFrHO7doC"><i>The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: From the First Photo on Paper to the Digital Revolution</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80998-4"><bdi>978-0-240-80998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Focal+Encyclopedia+of+Photography%3A+From+the+First+Photo+on+Paper+to+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80998-4&rft.aulast=Peres&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmZtFrHO7doC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSchaaf1979" class="citation journal">Schaaf, Larry (1979). "Sir John Herschel's 1839 Royal Society Paper on Photography". <i>History of Photography</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 47–60. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1080%2F03087298.1979.10441071">10.1080/03087298.1979.10441071</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0308-7298">0308-7298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Photography&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Herschel%27s+1839+Royal+Society+Paper+on+Photography&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-60&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03087298.1979.10441071&rft.issn=0308-7298&rft.aulast=Schaaf&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSteel2000" class="citation">Steel, Duncan (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA185"><i>Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, p. 185, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29827-4"><bdi>978-0-471-29827-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marking+time%3A+the+epic+quest+to+invent+the+perfect+calendar&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-29827-4&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dfsni_qV-FJoC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFTimbs1846" class="citation book">Timbs, John (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearbookfactsin25timbgoog"><i>The Year-book of Facts in Science and Art</i></a>. London: Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Year-book+of+Facts+in+Science+and+Art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simpkin%2C+Marshall%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Timbs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearbookfactsin25timbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007" class="citation journal">van Wyhe, John (27 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=1">"Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?"</a>. <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society</i>. <b>61</b> (2): 177–205. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171">10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Mind+the+gap%3A+Did+Darwin+avoid+publishing+his+theory+for+many+years%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-205&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA544%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li>On Herschel's relationship with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Jones_(economist)" title="Richard Jones (economist)">Richard Jones</a>, see <cite id="CITEREFSnyder2011" class="citation"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laura_J._Snyder" title="Laura J. Snyder">Snyder, Laura</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laurajsnyder.com/portfolio-item/philosophical-breakfast-club/"><i>The Philosophical Breakfast Club: Four Remarkable Friends Who Transformed Science and Changed the World</i></a>, New York: Broadway Books, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0767930499" title="Special:BookSources/978-0767930499"><bdi>978-0767930499</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Breakfast+Club%3A+Four+Remarkable+Friends+Who+Transformed+Science+and+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0767930499&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaurajsnyder.com%2Fportfolio-item%2Fphilosophical-breakfast-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Herschel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Herschel"><span style="">John Herschel</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Herschel" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Herschel">John Herschel</a></b></i></td></tr>
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<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works written by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Frederick_William_Herschel" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Frederick William Herschel">John Frederick William Herschel</a></i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=">Portraits of John Herschel</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14278#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6n011x45?urlappend=%3Bseq=44">"SIR JOHN HERSCHEL (Obituary Notice, Saturday, May 13, 1871)"</a>. <i>Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from The Times</i>. I (1870–1875). London: Macmillan & Co. 1892. pp. 33–36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SIR+JOHN+HERSCHEL+%28Obituary+Notice%2C+Saturday%2C+May+13%2C+1871%29&rft.btitle=Eminent+Persons%3A+Biographies+Reprinted+from+The+Times&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33-36&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft6n011x45%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Herschel" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Herschel.html">Biographical information</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20100311230213/http://www.midley.co.uk/articles/14march1839.htm">R. Derek Wood (2008), 'Fourteenth March 1839, Herschel's Key to Photography'</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herschelmuseum.org.uk/">Herschel Museum of Astronomy</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makingscience.royalsociety.org/s/rs/people/fst01800986">Science in the Making</a> Herschel's papers in the Royal Society's archives</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assa.saao.ac.za/resource/Chronology4.doc.">Chronology of Astronomy in South Africa</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten/Volume_44/Auszug_aus_einem_Briefe_des_Herrn_J._F._W._Herschel_an_den_Herausgeber" class="extiw" title="s:Astronomische Nachrichten/Volume 44/Auszug aus einem Briefe des Herrn J. F. W. Herschel an den Herausgeber">Wikisource copy of a notice from 1823 concerning the star catalogue</a>, published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astronomische_Nachrichten" title="Astronomische Nachrichten">Astronomische Nachrichten</a></li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Lalor_Sheil" title="Richard Lalor Sheil">Richard Lalor Sheil</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Master of the Mint</a></b><br />1850–1855
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_extant_baronetcies" title="List of extant baronetcies">Baronetage of the United Kingdom</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herschel_baronets" title="Herschel baronets">Baronet</a></b><br />(of Slough)<b></b><br />1838–1871
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_William_Herschel,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet">William James Herschel</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masters_of_the_Royal_Mint_(1331–1879)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Template:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Template talk:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Masters_of_the_Mint&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_the_Royal_Mint_(1331–1879)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Masters</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> (1331–1879)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a><br />(1216–1399)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331)</li>
<li>Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?)</li>
<li>Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361)</li>
<li>John Chichester (1365–1367)</li>
<li>Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391)</li>
<li>John Wildeman (1391–1391)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houses of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br />(1399–1485)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Richard Garner (1411–1414)</li>
<li>Sir Lewis John (1413–1414)</li>
<li>Sir Lewis John (1418–1420)</li>
<li>Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432)</li>
<li>John Paddesley (1435–1446)</li>
<li>Robert Manfield (1446–1459)</li>
<li>Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings</a> (1461–April 1483)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> (April–June 1483)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> (June 1483–1485)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a><br />(1485–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490)</li>
<li>Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy">4th Baron Mountjoy</a> (1509–1534)</li>
<li>Ralph Rowlet/Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Bowes" title="Martin Bowes">Martin Bowes</a> (1543)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Bowes" title="Martin Bowes">Martin Bowes</a> (1544)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_York_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="John York (Master of the Mint)">Sir John York</a> (1547–1553)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Egerton_(mercer)" title="Thomas Egerton (mercer)">Thomas Egerton</a> (1553–1555)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_(Royal_Mint)" title="Thomas Stanley (Royal Mint)">Thomas Stanley</a> (1560–1571)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lonyson" title="John Lonyson">John Lonyson</a> (1571–1582)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Richard Martin</a> (1582–1603)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a><br />(1603–1649)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Richard Martin</a> (1603–1609)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Villiers_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Edward Villiers (Master of the Mint)">Sir Edward Villiers</a> (1617–1623)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Randal_Cranfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randal Cranfield (page does not exist)">Randal Cranfield</a> (1623–1626)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a> (1626–1635)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a>/Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Aylesbury,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet">Thomas Aylesbury</a> (1635–1643)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a> (1643–1649)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a><br />(1649–1660)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Guerdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Guerdon (page does not exist)">Aaron Guerdon</a> (1649–1653)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a><br />(1660–1714)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a> (1660–1662)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Slingsby_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Henry Slingsby (Master of the Mint)">Henry Slingsby</a> (1662–1667)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Slingsby_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Henry Slingsby (Master of the Mint)">Henry Slingsby</a> (1667–1680)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buckworth-Herne-Soame_baronets" title="Buckworth-Herne-Soame baronets">John Buckworth</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(English_banker)" title="Charles Duncombe (English banker)">Charles Duncombe</a>/<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Hoare_(gold_merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoare (gold merchant) (page does not exist)">James Hoare</a> (1680–1684)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Neale" title="Thomas Neale">Thomas Neale</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Duncombe (Lord Mayor of the City of London)">Charles Duncombe</a>/<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=James_Hoare_(gold_merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoare (gold merchant) (page does not exist)">James Hoare</a> (1684–1686)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Neale" title="Thomas Neale">Thomas Neale</a> (1686–1699)</li>
<li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1700–1714)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a><br />(1714–1901)</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Sir <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1714–1727)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Conduitt" title="John Conduitt">John Conduitt</a> (1727–1737)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Arundell_(died_1758)" title="Richard Arundell (died 1758)">Hon. Richard Arundell</a> (1737–1745)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Chetwynd,_3rd_Viscount_Chetwynd" title="William Chetwynd, 3rd Viscount Chetwynd">3rd Viscount Chetwynd</a> (1745–1769)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan" title="Charles Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan">1st Earl Cadogan</a> (1769–1784)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Effingham" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham">3rd Earl of Effingham</a> (1784–1789)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield">5th Earl of Chesterfield</a> (1789–1790)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Townshend,_2nd_Marquess_Townshend" title="George Townshend, 2nd Marquess Townshend">2nd Marquess Townshend</a> (1790–1794)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet">Sir George Yonge</a> (1794–1799)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">2nd Earl of Liverpool</a> (1799–1801)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Perceval,_2nd_Baron_Arden" title="Charles Perceval, 2nd Baron Arden">2nd Baron Arden</a> (1801–1802)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Smyth_(1748%E2%80%931811)" title="John Smyth (1748–1811)">John Smyth</a> (1802–1804)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">3rd Earl Bathurst</a> (1804–1806)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lord_Charles_Spencer" title="Lord Charles Spencer">Lord Charles Spencer</a> (1806)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Bathurst" title="Charles Bathurst">Charles Bathurst</a> (1806–1807)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">3rd Earl Bathurst</a> (1807–1812)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">2nd Earl of Clancarty</a> (1812–1814)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Wellesley-Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington">3rd Earl of Mornington</a> (1814–1823)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Wallace,_1st_Baron_Wallace" title="Thomas Wallace, 1st Baron Wallace">1st Baron Wallace</a> (1823–1827)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">George Tierney</a> (1827–1828)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a> (1828–1830)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">1st Earl of Auckland</a> (1830–1834)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Abercromby,_1st_Baron_Dunfermline" title="James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline">1st Baron Dunfermline</a> (1834–1835)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">1st Baron Ashburton</a> (1835)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">1st Baron Taunton</a> (1835–1841)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> (1841–1845)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_George_Clerk,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir George Clerk, 6th Baronet">Sir George Clerk</a> (1845–1846)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Lalor_Sheil" title="Richard Lalor Sheil">Richard Lalor Sheil</a> (1846–1850)</li>
<li>Sir <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Herschel</a> (1850–1855)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1855–1869)</li>
<li>Vacant (1869–1879)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1801–1850"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Copley_Medallists_1801%E2%80%931850&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1801–1850)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1801–1850)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astley_Cooper" title="Astley Cooper">Astley Cooper</a> (1801)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1802)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Chenevix_(chemist)" title="Richard Chenevix (chemist)">Richard Chenevix</a> (1803)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smithson_Tennant" title="Smithson Tennant">Smithson Tennant</a> (1804)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1805)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Knight" title="Thomas Andrew Knight">Thomas Andrew Knight</a> (1806)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Everard_Home" title="Everard Home">Everard Home</a> (1807)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)" title="William Henry (chemist)">William Henry</a> (1808)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Troughton" title="Edward Troughton">Edward Troughton</a> (1809)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1811)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Thomas_Brande" title="William Thomas Brande">William Thomas Brande</a> (1813)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Ivory_(mathematician)" title="James Ivory (mathematician)">James Ivory</a> (1814)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a> (1815)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Kater" title="Henry Kater">Henry Kater</a> (1817)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Seppings" title="Robert Seppings">Robert Seppings</a> (1818)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (1820)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Herschel</a> (1821)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> (1822)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Pond" title="John Pond">John Pond</a> (1823)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Brinkley_(astronomer)" title="John Brinkley (astronomer)">John Brinkley</a> (1824)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Peter Barlow</a> (1825)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_South" title="James South">James South</a> (1826)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Foster_(scientist)" title="Henry Foster (scientist)">Henry Foster</a> (1827)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1831)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Siméon Denis Poisson</a> (1832)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Amedeo_Plana" title="Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana">Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana</a> (1834)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Snow_Harris" title="William Snow Harris">William Snow Harris</a> (1835)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Kiernan" title="Francis Kiernan">Francis Kiernan</a> (1836)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_C%C3%A9sar_Becquerel" title="Antoine César Becquerel">Antoine César Becquerel</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Frederic_Daniell" title="John Frederic Daniell">John Frederic Daniell</a> (1837)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (1838)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a> (1839)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sturm" title="Jacques Charles François Sturm">Jacques Charles François Sturm</a> (1840)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (1841)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_MacCullagh" title="James MacCullagh">James MacCullagh</a> (1842)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a> (1843)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlo_Matteucci" title="Carlo Matteucci">Carlo Matteucci</a> (1844)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a> (1845)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbain_Le_Verrier" title="Urbain Le Verrier">Urbain Le Verrier</a> (1846)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Herschel</a> (1847)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a> (1848)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roderick_Murchison" title="Roderick Murchison">Roderick Murchison</a> (1849)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Hansen" title="Peter Andreas Hansen">Peter Andreas Hansen</a> (1850)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="19th-century_English_photographers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:19th-century_English_photographers" title="Template:19th-century English photographers"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:19th-century_English_photographers" title="Template talk:19th-century English photographers"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:19th-century_English_photographers&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="19th-century_English_photographers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">19th-century English photographers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney" title="William de Wiveleslie Abney">William de Wiveleslie Abney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarah_Angelina_Acland" title="Sarah Angelina Acland">Sarah Angelina Acland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anna_Atkins" title="Anna Atkins">Anna Atkins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bambridge" title="William Bambridge">William Bambridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Bassano" title="Alexander Bassano">Alexander Bassano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Beard_(photographer)" title="Richard Beard (photographer)">Richard Beard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Bingham" title="Robert Jefferson Bingham">Robert Jefferson Bingham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graystone_Bird" title="Graystone Bird">Graystone Bird</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Bourne" title="Samuel Bourne">Samuel Bourne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarah_Anne_Bright" title="Sarah Anne Bright">Sarah Anne Bright</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samuel_Buckle" title="Samuel Buckle">Samuel Buckle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_Henry_Delamotte" title="Philip Henry Delamotte">Philip Henry Delamotte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elliott_%26_Fry" title="Elliott & Fry">Elliott & Fry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_England" title="William England">William England</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Fenton" title="Roger Fenton">Roger Fenton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Frith" title="Francis Frith">Francis Frith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Wickens_Fry" title="Peter Wickens Fry">Peter Wickens Fry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Hayes_(photographer)" title="William Hayes (photographer)">William Hayes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norman_Heathcote" title="Norman Heathcote">Norman Heathcote</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Herschel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Horsley_Hinton" title="Alfred Horsley Hinton">Alfred Horsley Hinton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Hollyer" title="Frederick Hollyer">Frederick Hollyer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Hughes" title="Alice Hughes">Alice Hughes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Keene" title="Richard Keene">Richard Keene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Edward_Kilburn" title="William Edward Kilburn">William Edward Kilburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Laroche" title="Martin Laroche">Martin Laroche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Cockle_Lucas" title="Richard Cockle Lucas">Richard Cockle Lucas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Farnham_Maxwell-Lyte" title="Farnham Maxwell-Lyte">Farnham Maxwell-Lyte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Eastman_Palmer_%26_Sons" title="William Eastman Palmer & Sons">William Eastman Palmer & Sons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Pumphrey" title="William Pumphrey">William Pumphrey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Robertson_(photographer)" title="James Robertson (photographer)">James Robertson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Peach_Robinson" title="Henry Peach Robinson">Henry Peach Robinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfred_Seaman" title="Alfred Seaman">Alfred Seaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alice_Seeley_Harris" title="Alice Seeley Harris">Alice Seeley Harris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Shepherd_(photographer)" title="Charles Shepherd (photographer)">Charles Shepherd</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jane_Martha_St._John" title="Jane Martha St. John">Jane Martha St. John</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Meadow_Sutcliffe" title="Francis Meadow Sutcliffe">Francis Meadow Sutcliffe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constance_Fox_Talbot" title="Constance Fox Talbot">Constance Fox Talbot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Fox_Talbot" title="Henry Fox Talbot">Henry Fox Talbot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eveleen_Myers" title="Eveleen Myers">Eveleen Myers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Van_der_Weyde" title="Henry Van der Weyde">Henry Van der Weyde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carl_Vandyk" title="Carl Vandyk">Carl Vandyk</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14278&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14278&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14278" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90260701">90260701</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1076403">XX1076403</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121665580">cb121665580</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121665580">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01586117?l=en">DA01586117</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuttgart_Database_of_Scientific_Illustrators_1450%E2%80%931950" title="Stuttgart Database of Scientific Illustrators 1450–1950">DSI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=6264">6264</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118703897">118703897</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000120990257">0000 0001 2099 0257</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50036903">n50036903</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00768816">00768816</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35264409">35264409</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NNL10&find_code=SYS&con_lng=eng&request=001435661">001435661</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070422680">070422680</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23892012" class="extiw" title="d:Q23892012">PIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/198087">198087</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History#Online_artist_pages" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">RKD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/381493">381493</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/299969">299969</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6v1261m">w6v1261m</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030199670">030199670</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/888446">888446</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115027">500115027</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9887999">9887999</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/9887999">9887999</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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