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{{pp-pc1}}
{{short description|American peer-to-peer ridesharing, freight, food delivery, and transportation network company}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Uber Technologies, Inc.
| logo = Uber logo 2018.svg
| former_name = UberCab (2009–2011)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|UBER}}
| industry = [[Transportation]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2009|3}}
| founders = [[Garrett Camp]]<br/>[[Travis Kalanick]]
| hq_location = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| area_served = 63 countries, 785 metropolitan areas
| key_people = [[Ronald Sugar]] ([[Chairman]])<br/>[[Dara Khosrowshahi]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br/>[[Nelson Chai]] ([[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]])<br/>[[Thuan Pham]] ([[Chief Technology Officer|CTO]])<br/>[[Tony West (attorney)|Tony West]] ([[Chief Legal Officer|CLO]])
| products = [[Mobile app]], [[website]]
| services = [[Vehicle for hire]]<br/>[[Delivery (commerce)]]
| revenue = {{increase}} [[US$]] 11.27 billion (2018)
| operating_income = {{increase}} US${{color|red|−3.033}} billion (2018)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$ 997 million (2018)
| assets = {{increase}} US$ 23.988 billion (2018)
| equity = {{increase}} US$ 10.333 billion (2018)
| owner =
| num_employees = 22,263 worldwide, including 11,488 outside the United States (2018)
| subsid = [[Uber Eats]]<br/>[[Jump Bikes]]<br/>[[Careem]]
| footnotes = <ref name=S1>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1543151/000119312519103850/d647752ds1.htm | title=Uber Technologies, Inc. Form S-1 Registration Statement | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=April 11, 2019 | access-date=April 14, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413001808/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1543151/000119312519103850/d647752ds1.htm | archive-date=April 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=cities>{{Cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/cities/ | title=Uber: Cities | access-date=November 20, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003054312/https://www.uber.com/cities/ | archive-date=October 3, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Bhuiyan | first=Johana | title=Uber's first diversity report under CEO Dara Khosrowshahi shows Uber is still mostly white and male | url=https://www.recode.net/2018/4/25/17275010/uber-executive-diversity-black-latinx | work=[[Recode]] | date=April 25, 2018 | access-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053219/https://www.recode.net/2018/4/25/17275010/uber-executive-diversity-black-latinx | archive-date=January 30, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}
[[File:Uber App Icon.svg|150px|thumbnail|Uber logo used from February 2016 until September 2018]]
[[File:Uber ride Bogota (10277864666).jpg|thumbnail|An Uber driver in Bogotá, Colombia with the Uber app on a dashboard-mounted smartphone]]
[[File:Uber taxi in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Yellow Uber car in [[Moscow]]]]
'''Uber Technologies, Inc.''', commonly known as '''Uber''', is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[ridesharing company|ride-hailing company]] offering services that include [[peer-to-peer ridesharing]], ride service hailing, [[food delivery]], and a [[micromobility]] system with electric bikes and scooters. The company is based in [[San Francisco]] and has operations in over 785 [[metropolitan area]]s worldwide.<ref name=cities/> Its platforms can be accessed via its websites and [[mobile app]]s.
{{As of|2019}}, Uber is estimated to have 110 million worldwide users.<ref>{{cite web | title=Monthly number of Uber's active users worldwide | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/833743/us-users-ride-sharing-services/ | work=[[Statista]] | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202225/https://www.statista.com/statistics/833743/us-users-ride-sharing-services/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In the United States, a 67% market share for ride-sharing in early 2019<ref>{{cite news | last=Gessner | first=Kathryn | url=https://blog.secondmeasure.com/datapoints/rideshare-industry-overview/ | title=Rideshare Industry Overview | work=Second Measure | access-date=April 6, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406161628/https://blog.secondmeasure.com/datapoints/rideshare-industry-overview/ | archive-date=April 6, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and a 24% market share for food delivery in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2019/02/06/ubers-secret-gold-mine-how-uber-eats-is-turning-into-a-billion-dollar-business-to-rival-grubhub/|title=Uber's Secret Gold Mine: How Uber Eats Is Turning Into A Billion-Dollar Business To Rival Grubhub|last=Carson|first=Biz|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174834/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2019/02/06/ubers-secret-gold-mine-how-uber-eats-is-turning-into-a-billion-dollar-business-to-rival-grubhub/|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Uber has been so prominent in the [[sharing economy]] that the changes in industries as a result of it have been referred to as [[uberisation]],<ref>{{cite news | title=Apple Pay's Real Killer App: The Uber-ification of Local Services | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-boland/apple-pays-real-killer-ap_b_6233828.html | first=Michael | last=Boland | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=December 1, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429134307/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-boland/apple-pays-real-killer-ap_b_6233828.html | archive-date=April 29, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.manilatimes.net/execs-wary-disruptive-tech-to-heighten-biz-competition-ibm/260144/ | title=Execs wary 'disruptive tech' to heighten biz competition – IBM | first=Kristyn, Nika M. | last=Lazo | work=[[The Manila Times]] | date=May 4, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202347/https://www.manilatimes.net/execs-wary-disruptive-tech-to-heighten-biz-competition-ibm/260144/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cso.com.au/mediareleases/27033/taking-uberization-to-the-field-disruption-is/ | title=Taking uberization to the Field – Disruption is coming for Field Marketing | work=[[International Data Group]] | date=April 14, 2016 | access-date=August 25, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163011/https://www.cso.com.au/mediareleases/27033/taking-uberization-to-the-field-disruption-is/ | archive-date=June 12, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and many startups have described their products as "Uber for X".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/12/uber-x-fad-will-pass-uber-uber/ | title=The 'Uber For X' Fad Will Pass Because Only Uber Is Uber | first=Amy | last=Webb | authorlink=Amy Webb | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=December 9, 2016 | access-date=August 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830012303/https://www.wired.com/2016/12/uber-x-fad-will-pass-uber-uber/ | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://blog.ycombinator.com/read-this-before-you-build-uber-for-x/ | title=Read This Before You Build Uber for X | first=Sam | last=Madden | work=[[Y Combinator]] | date=August 17, 2017 | access-date=January 4, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231130/https://blog.ycombinator.com/read-this-before-you-build-uber-for-x/ | archive-date=January 4, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/young-entrepreneur-council/the-uber-for-x-model-oppo_b_8895846.html | title=The 'Uber for X' Model: Opportunities and Challenges | first=Shawn | last=Porat | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=January 6, 2016 | access-date=January 4, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912023546/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/young-entrepreneur-council/the-uber-for-x-model-oppo_b_8895846.html | archive-date=September 12, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] estimated that, in 2015, Uber had accounted for $6.8 billion in [[Economic surplus|consumer surplus]].<ref>[Peter Cohen, Robert Hahn, Jonathan Hall, Steven Levitt, Robert Metcalfe (2016). Using Big Data to Estimate Consumer Surplus: The Case of Uber. NBER Working Paper No. 22627. https://www.nber.org/papers/w22627]</ref>
As with other [[transportation network company|transportation network companies]], Uber has been criticized for unfair treatment of drivers, for disrupting the taxicab business, and for increasing traffic congestion. The company has also been criticized for its aggressive strategy in dealing with regulators and for several unlawful practices.
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Business model==
===Stakeholders===
====Passengers====
Passengers use an app to order a ride, where they are quoted the fare.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://mashable.com/2017/11/14/uber-introduces-upfront-pricing/ | title=Uber finally shows upfront pricing, following in Lyft's footsteps | first=Monica | last=Chin | work=[[Mashable]] | date=November 14, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164557/https://mashable.com/2017/11/14/uber-introduces-upfront-pricing/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber uses a [[dynamic pricing]] model; prices for the same route vary according to [[supply and demand]] for rides at the time that the ride is requested.<ref name=extra>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/24/16533940/uber-long-pickups-late-cancellations-driver-earnings | title=Uber will now charge you extra if your driver has to travel longer to reach you | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=October 24, 2017 | access-date=December 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100101/https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/24/16533940/uber-long-pickups-late-cancellations-driver-earnings | archive-date=December 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> At the end of the ride, payment is made based on the rider's pre-selected preferences, such as a [[credit card]] on file, [[Google Pay]], [[Apple Pay]], [[PayPal]], cash, or, in India, Airtel mobile wallet<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-ties-up-with-uber/article7566440.ece | title=Airtel ties up with Uber | first=Lalatendu | last=Mishra | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=August 21, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211132351/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-ties-up-with-uber/article7566440.ece | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> or [[Unified Payments Interface]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Now You Can Pay For Your Uber Ride Using UPI | url=https://swarajyamag.com/insta/now-you-can-pay-for-your-uber-ride-using-upi | work=[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]] | date=July 20, 2017 | access-date=September 18, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001027/https://swarajyamag.com/insta/now-you-can-pay-for-your-uber-ride-using-upi | archive-date=September 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> After the ride is over, the rider is given the option to provide a [[gratuity]] to the driver, which is also billed to the rider's payment method.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/ride/how-uber-works/in-app-tipping/ | title=Riding With Uber: Tipping | publisher=Uber | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164751/https://www.uber.com/ride/how-uber-works/in-app-tipping/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In some locations, if the driver has to wait more than a few minutes after arriving to the pickup location, riders are charged a wait time fee.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://help.uber.com/riders/article/wait-time-fees?nodeId=5960f72c-802a-4b61-a51c-2c9498c3b041 | title=Wait time fees | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232319/https://help.uber.com/riders/article/wait-time-fees?nodeId=5960f72c-802a-4b61-a51c-2c9498c3b041 | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Drivers====
The status of drivers as independent contractors is an unresolved issue (see [[Uber#Criticism|Criticism]]). Uber drivers use their own cars although drivers can rent or lease a car to drive with Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/06/17/worth-it-an-app-to-get-a-cab/ | title=Worth It? An App to Get a Cab | first=Lauren | last=Goode | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=June 17, 2011 | url-access=subscription | access-date=August 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123043948/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/06/17/worth-it-an-app-to-get-a-cab/ | archive-date=November 23, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=driver/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-taps-zipcar-to-put-more-drivers-on-the-road-1486588371 | title=Uber Taps Zipcar to Put More Drivers on the Road | first=Greg | last=Bensinger | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=February 9, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 23, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224060447/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-taps-zipcar-to-put-more-drivers-on-the-road-1486588371 | archive-date=February 24, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber offers car rental or leasing via [[Getaround]], [[Hertz]], and Fair<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/vehicle-solutions/ | title=Car offers: Wheels by the week | publisher=Uber | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164831/https://www.uber.com/drive/vehicle-solutions/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and Uber and [[BYD Auto]] have a partnership to provide leasing of [[electric car]]s to Uber drivers in [[Chicago]] and [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40517240/the-biggest-electric-vehicle-company-youve-never-heard-of | title=The Biggest Electric Vehicle Company You've Never Heard Of | first=Joshua | last=Bateman| work=[[Fast Company]] | date=January 18, 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232846/https://www.fastcompany.com/40517240/the-biggest-electric-vehicle-company-youve-never-heard-of | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Drivers must meet requirements for age, health, car age and type, have a [[driver's license]] and a [[smartphone]] or tablet, and must pass a [[background check]].<ref name=driver>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/requirements/ | title=Driver requirements: How to drive with Uber | publisher=Uber | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310032211/https://www.uber.com/drive/requirements/ | archive-date=March 10, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In many cities, vehicles used by Uber drivers must pass annual safety inspections and/or must have an Uber [[emblem]] posted in the passenger window. Some cities also require Uber drivers to have a [[business license]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-lyft-drivers-need-business-licenses-to-operate-in-san-francisco-1460762952 | title=Uber, Lyft Drivers Need Business Licenses to Operate in San Francisco | last=Wells | first=Georgia | last2=MacMillan | first2=Douglas | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | issn=0099-9660 | date=April 15, 2016 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201745/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-lyft-drivers-need-business-licenses-to-operate-in-san-francisco-1460762952 | archive-date=March 25, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A mechanism called "Real-Time ID Check" requires some drivers to occasionally take [[selfie]]s when logging on to Uber.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eng.uber.com/real-time-id-check/ | title=Engineering Safety with Uber's Real-Time ID Check | work=Uber | date=March 13, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232253/https://eng.uber.com/real-time-id-check/ | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.microsoft.com/transform/feature/how-uber-is-using-driver-selfies-to-enhance-security-powered-by-microsoft-cognitive-services/ | title=How Uber is using driver selfies to enhance security, powered by Microsoft Cognitive Services | last=Choney | first=Suzanne | work=[[Microsoft]] | date=September 26, 2016 | access-date=February 24, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225130356/https://blogs.microsoft.com/transform/feature/how-uber-is-using-driver-selfies-to-enhance-security-powered-by-microsoft-cognitive-services/ | archive-date=February 25, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Drivers use an app to receive and accept offers for transportations and further information.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/c/180-days/long-trip-notification/ | title=Long trip notifications: Get a heads-up on long trip requests | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423214845/https://www.uber.com/c/180-days/long-trip-notification/ | archive-date=April 23, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Uber driver app includes accommodations for hearing-impaired drivers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.com/2015/05/uber-drivers-deaf-hard-of-hearing/ | title=Uber unveils app update to help its deaf drivers | first=Davey | last=Alba | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=May 28, 2015 | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327031306/https://www.wired.com/2015/05/uber-drivers-deaf-hard-of-hearing/ | archive-date=March 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/19/11454646/uber-app-deaf-driver-communication-service-csd | title=Uber's latest changes make trips easier for deaf drivers and their passengers | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=April 19, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035536/https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/19/11454646/uber-app-deaf-driver-communication-service-csd | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Service options===
====Offered====
* UberX, the basic level of service, provides a private ride in a standard car with driver for up to four passengers. UberX and UberXL cars with [[child safety seat]]s are available for an additional charge. Persons with a [[service animal]] may use any type of Uber service, as required by law. Rider service levels, many of which are only available in certain cities, include:<ref>{{cite book | first=Henrique | last=Schneider | title=Uber: Innovation in Society | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w64ZDgAAQBAJ | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] | date=March 10, 2017 | isbn=9783319495149 | access-date=March 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327090316/https://books.google.com/books?id=w64ZDgAAQBAJ | archive-date=March 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* ASSIST provides additional assistance to [[senior citizen]]s and passengers with a [[physical disability]], but cannot transport a non-folding [[wheelchair]] (see UberWAV for wheelchair-accessible vehicles).
* Bike is a dockless [[bicycle-sharing system]] that allows users to rent [[electric bicycle]]s via Uber subsidiary [[Jump Bikes]] in nine metropolitan areas in the United States including [[San Francisco]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-rent-electric-bikes-san-francisco-jump-pilot-2018-1 | title=Uber is now letting people in San Francisco rent ebikes on its app | last=Price | first=Rob | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 31, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825214028/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-rent-electric-bikes-san-francisco-jump-pilot-2018-1 | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/uber-acquires-bike-share-startup-jump/ | title=Uber acquires bike share startup jump | first=Megan Rose | last=Dickey | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 9, 2018 | access-date=August 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002550/https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/uber-acquires-bike-share-startup-jump/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber users are also able to rent [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]] scooters in 46 cities via the Uber mobile app.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44766466 | title=Uber invests in Lime city scooter hire company' | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=July 9, 2018 | access-date=August 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714105053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44766466 | archive-date=July 14, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* BLACK provides a black [[luxury vehicle]].
* Chapchap, available in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] is a low-cost service offering transport via a [[Suzuki Alto]], a [[kei car]]. "Chapchap" means "faster" in the [[Swahili language]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667 | title=Uber to push further into East Africa with services like Chapchap | work=[[TRT World]] | date=August 18, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105634/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667 | archive-date=August 20, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* ESPAÑOL, available in California, is a version of UberX (see below) that provides a Spanish-speaking driver.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/ | title=uberESPAÑOL | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232440/https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/ | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Comfort includes newer cars with additional legroom.
* FLASH, available in [[Hong Kong]] and Singapore, is a service that combines both private cars and taxis, operated by [[ComfortDelGro]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/uberflash-service-quick-but-not-always-cheaper | title=UberFlash service quick – but not always cheaper | first=Zhaki | last=Abdullah | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=January 20, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030513/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/uberflash-service-quick-but-not-always-cheaper | archive-date=July 1, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Green, available in Europe, provides an [[electric car]] or [[hybrid vehicle]] at the same price as UberX.
* Health, available for [[health professional]]s in the United States, is a [[HIPAA]]-compliant method to arrange rides for patients to-and-from their appointments. Patients without [[smartphone]]s can receive pickup information via [[Text messaging]] or via the health professional's office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uberhealth.com/faq | title=Uber Health FAQ | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232531/https://www.uberhealth.com/faq | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Hire, available in India, provides a vehicle for hire for local travel.
* Lux, provides upper-class vehicles.
* MOTO, available in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Dominican Republic, provides transportation by [[motorcycle]].<ref>{{cite news | last1=Chathurvedula | first1=Sadhana | title=Uber launches bike taxi service UberMOTO in Hyderabad | url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ldUkzM4aAtegoxFIrx0wNK/Ubers-Travis-Kalanick-kicks-off-India-journey-with-cricket.html | work=Livemint | date=December 14, 2016 | access-date=June 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213954/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ldUkzM4aAtegoxFIrx0wNK/Ubers-Travis-Kalanick-kicks-off-India-journey-with-cricket.html | archive-date=June 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1671078/8-uber-launches-bike-hailing-service-pakistan/ | title=Uber launches bike-hailing service in Pakistan | work=[[The Express Tribune]] | date=March 28, 2018 | access-date=March 29, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330101403/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1671078/8-uber-launches-bike-hailing-service-pakistan/ | archive-date=March 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/en-ID/blog/jakarta/introducing-ubermotor | title=Introducing uberMOTOR | work=Uber | date=2016-04-12 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185242/https://www.uber.com/en-ID/blog/jakarta/introducing-ubermotor | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2017/03/16/uber-enters-dominican-republics-vast-moto-taxi-market/ | title=Uber enters Dominican Republic's vast moto-taxi market | work=[[Dominican Today]] | date=March 16, 2017 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185137/https://dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2017/03/16/uber-enters-dominican-republics-vast-moto-taxi-market/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* POOL, available for up to two people per party, provides a ride that is possibly shared with other riders going in the same general direction. Unless the rider pays an additional fee for door-to-door service, the rider(s) are required to walk a short distance at both ends of the ride to save time for the driver and other riders. The pickup/drop-off locations are indicated via a map in the mobile app.
* Upper-class vehicles are marketed under the names ''Premier'' (India), ''Premium'' (New York City suburbs), ''Exec'' (London, Berlin?) and Select.
* SUV provides a [[sport utility vehicle]].
* Taxi allows users to summon a taxi using the Uber software application.<ref name=taxi>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/23/ironically-cab-drivers-love-the-new-ubertaxi-in-dc/ | title=Ironically, Cab Drivers 'Love' The New UberTaxi in DC | first=Gregory | last=Ferenstein | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 23, 2013 | access-date=February 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228084655/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/23/ironically-cab-drivers-love-the-new-ubertaxi-in-dc/ | archive-date=February 28, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Users pay an additional booking fee and can leave a gratuity through the app.<ref name=taxi/> The service was implemented to appease taxi drivers who protested the increased competition from Uber.<ref name=taxi/>
* Van, available in Europe, provides a van for groups of up to 6 people.
* WAV aka ACCESS provides a wheelchair accessible vehicle.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/ride/uberwav/ | title=uberWAV | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326073307/https://www.uber.com/ride/uberwav/ | archive-date=March 26, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* UberAuto, available in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]], provides transportation by [[auto rickshaw]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber re-launches Auto service in India | url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xRYgYwRqvSKgmFBMojxcmN/Uber-relaunches-Auto-service-in-India.html | work=[[Press Trust of India]] | publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=January 9, 2018 | access-date=June 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214016/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xRYgYwRqvSKgmFBMojxcmN/Uber-relaunches-Auto-service-in-India.html | archive-date=June 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1298366 | title=Uber launches uberAUTO rickshaw service in Karachi | work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | date=November 24, 2016 | access-date=February 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208165713/https://www.dawn.com/news/1298366 | archive-date=February 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* UberGO, available in India and [[Sri Lanka]], provides for a ride in a [[hatchback]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/uber-wants-to-replace-indias-iconic-auto-rickshaws-with-chauffeured-hatchbacks/ | title=Uber Wants To Replace India's Iconic Auto Rickshaws With Chauffeured Hatchbacks | last=Russell | first=Jon | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=December 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707213340/https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/uber-wants-to-replace-indias-iconic-auto-rickshaws-with-chauffeured-hatchbacks/ | archive-date=July 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* UberXL provides a ride in a large vehicle that can seat up to 6 passengers.
====Services under development====
* UberAIR / UberElevate will provide short flights using [[VTOL]] aircraft. Demonstration flights are projected to start in 2020 in Dallas and Los Angeles. Commercial operations are projected to begin in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/ | title=Uber Elevate: The Future Of Urban Air Transport | publisher=Uber | access-date=December 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208021856/https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/ | archive-date=December 8, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Although technically feasible, the program is expected to encounter safety and regulatory obstacles.<ref name=Davies>{{cite news | first=Alex | last=Davies | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/10/uber-flying-cars-elevate-plan/ | title=Inside Uber's Plan to Take Over the Skies With Flying Cars | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=October 27, 2016 | access-date=February 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101753/https://www.wired.com/2016/10/uber-flying-cars-elevate-plan/ | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* In early October 2019, Uber announced a service called Uber Works that matches [[Temporary worker]]s with potential jobs and employers. The new service is available only in Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talbot |first=Peter |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/03/766861700/uber-launches-an-app-to-connect-job-seekers-with-gig-work |title=Uber Launches An App To Connect Job Seekers With Gig Work |work=[[NPR]] |date=2019-10-03 |accessdate=2019-10-04 }}</ref>
====Promotional limited services====
[[File:Delorean DMC-12 Time Machine in San Francisco.JPG|thumb|DeLorean "time machine" provided by Uber]]
Uber has also operated promotional limited services, such as rides of up to 15 minutes each on September 6–8, 2013 in San Francisco in the [[DMC DeLorean|DeLorean]] that was featured in the ''[[Back to the Future]]'' film franchise.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-offering-rides-back-in-time-with-delorean-promotion/ | first=Nick | last=Statt | title=Uber offering rides back in time with DeLorean promotion | work=[[CNET]] | date=September 6, 2013 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164550/https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-offering-rides-back-in-time-with-delorean-promotion/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Uber allowed users to hire speedboats in the summer to/from certain points on the coast of [[Croatia]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uberboat-launches-speedboat-service-along-croatian-coast-2017-6 | title=Uber will now let you hire a speedboat to cruise along the Croatian coast | last=Ilic | first=Igor | agency=[[Reuters]] | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=June 30, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032344/https://www.businessinsider.com/uberboat-launches-speedboat-service-along-croatian-coast-2017-6 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber has also offered transport across [[Biscayne Bay]] during Miami Art Week<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/visual-arts/art-basel/article117062133.html | title=Dreading Art Basel traffic? Here's a guide to avoiding Art Week's crush | last=Basel | first=Art | work=[[Miami Herald]] | date=November 20, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129131403/https://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/visual-arts/art-basel/article117062133.html | archive-date=November 29, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/jason-derulo-teyana-taylor-danielle-knudson-party-in-miami-9835892 | title=UberBOAT Sets Sail in Time for Art Basel 2015 | last=Saunders | first=Hilary | work=[[Miami New Times]] | date=December 3, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032611/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/jason-derulo-teyana-taylor-danielle-knudson-party-in-miami-9835892 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and across the [[Bosporus]] strait in Istanbul in the summer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/28/8859267/uber-starts-ferry-service-in-istanbul | title=Uber will help you hail a boat in Istanbul | first=Dante | last=D'Orazio | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=June 28, 2015 | access-date=February 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182359/https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/28/8859267/uber-starts-ferry-service-in-istanbul | archive-date=February 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Rating scores===
After each journey, drivers are required to rate passengers on a scale of 1 to 5 stars. Passengers are not required to rate the driver, although are encouraged to do so using the same 1 to 5 scale. Riders and drivers who have low ratings can be deactivated.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mysterious-way-uber-bans-drivers | title=The Mysterious Way Uber Bans Drivers | first=Samantha | last=Allen | work=[[The Daily Beast]] | date=January 27, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331210834/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mysterious-way-uber-bans-drivers | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-expands-6-month-bans-for-passengers-with-low-ratings-new-zealand-australia-2018-9 | title=Uber is expanding its six-month ban for passengers with low ratings | first=Sean | last=Wolfe | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=September 5, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164633/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-expands-6-month-bans-for-passengers-with-low-ratings-new-zealand-australia-2018-9 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In May 2019, Uber began actively banning riders with low ratings.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-29/uber-to-boot-riders-from-app-if-they-repeatedly-misbehave |title=Uber Will Ban Riders From App If They Repeatedly Misbehave |date=2019-05-28 |access-date=2019-05-30 |language=en}}</ref> The company has not defined in detail what will be considered a “below average rating”, but the update is intended to remove users who are unable to improve their behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/29/18644143/uber-deactivate-rider-below-average-rating |title=Uber will now deactivate riders with below average ratings |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=2019-05-29 |website=The Verge |access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>
===Other products and services===
* [[Uber Eats]] provides meal delivery from nearby participating restaurants for a fee of approximately $4.<ref>{{cite web | title=UberEATS – How it Works | url=https://about.ubereats.com/en/ | publisher=Uber | access-date=April 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603011031/https://about.ubereats.com/en/ | archive-date=June 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Uber and [[issuing bank]] [[Barclays]] offer a [[Visa Inc.]] [[credit card]] that offers customers a [[cashback reward program]] and other incentives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billhardekopf/2017/10/30/this-week-in-credit-card-news-uber-launches-its-own-credit-card-why-companies-push-mobile-payments/ | title=This Week In Credit Card News: Uber Launches Its Own Credit Card; Why Companies Push Mobile Payments | first=Bill | last=Hardekopf | work=[[Forbes]] | date=October 30, 2017 | access-date=October 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030212511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/billhardekopf/2017/10/30/this-week-in-credit-card-news-uber-launches-its-own-credit-card-why-companies-push-mobile-payments/ | archive-date=October 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Uber Freight matches freight shippers with truckers in a similar fashion to the matching of taxi passengers with drivers.<ref name=freight/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/08/21/uber-expands-uber-freight-to-small-and-mid-sized-businesses/ | title=Uber Freight expands to small and mid-sized businesses | first=Kyle | last=Wiggers | work=[[VentureBeat]] | date=August 21, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164920/https://venturebeat.com/2018/08/21/uber-expands-uber-freight-to-small-and-mid-sized-businesses/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==History==
{{Further|Timeline of Uber}}
[[File:Travis Kalanick LeWeb.jpg|thumbnail|[[Travis Kalanick]], former CEO of Uber, in 2013]]
Uber was founded in 2009 as UberCab by [[Garrett Camp]], a computer programmer and the co-founder of [[StumbleUpon]], and [[Travis Kalanick]], who had sold his [[Red Swoosh]] startup for $19 million in 2007.<ref name=innovation>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/2/innovation-uber-alles/ | title=Innovation Uber Alles; Personal-Driver Service Can Revolutionize Transportation Services | first=James | last=Bacon | work=[[The Washington Times]] | date=February 3, 2012 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202231/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/2/innovation-uber-alles/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Resistance is Futile | first=Christine | last=Lagorio-Chafkin | url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201307/christine-lagorio/uber-the-car-service-explosive-growth.html | work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.com]] | date=July–August 2013 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626144757/http://www.inc.com/magazine/201307/christine-lagorio/uber-the-car-service-explosive-growth.html | archive-date=June 26, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On [[New Year's Eve]], after Camp and his friends spent $800 hiring a private driver, Camp wanted to find a way to reduce the cost of direct transportation. He realized that sharing the cost with people could make it affordable, and his idea morphed into Uber. Kalanick joined Camp and gives him "full credit for the idea" of Uber.<ref name=BI-2014/> The first prototype was built by Camp and his friends, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, with Kalanick being brought on as a "mega advisor" to the company.<ref name=BI-2014/>
Following a beta launch in May 2010, Uber's services and mobile app officially launched in San Francisco in 2011.<ref name=Chafkin>{{cite news | title=How Uber Is Going To Hire 1,000 People This Year | first=Christine | last=Lagorio-Chafkin | url=https://www.inc.com/christine-lagorio/how-uber-hires.html | work=[[Inc. (magazine)|INC.com]] | date=January 15, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118133339/https://www.inc.com/christine-lagorio/how-uber-hires.html | archive-date=November 18, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/12/11/ubers-global-expansion/ | title=Uber's Global Expansion in Five Seconds | first=Ellen | last=Huet | work=[[Forbes]] | date=December 11, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210003159/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/12/11/ubers-global-expansion/ | archive-date=February 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Originally, the application only allowed users to hail a black luxury car and the price was 1.5 times that of a taxi.<ref>{{cite news | title=This is how Uber used to look when it first started out – and how it's changed over time | first=Nathan | last=McAlone | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-design-history-2010-2016-2016-2/ | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=February 10, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143136/https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-design-history-2010-2016-2016-2/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In February 2010, [[Ryan Graves]] became the first Uber employee, getting the job by responding to a tweet from Kalanick announcing the job opening, and receiving 5–10% of the company. Graves started out as general manager and shortly after the launch was named as [[CEO]].<ref name=BI-2014>{{cite news | title=All Hail The Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star | first=Alyson | last=Shontell | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-travis-kalanick-bio-2014-1 | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 11, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908170324/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-travis-kalanick-bio-2014-1 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> After ten months, in December 2010, Kalanick succeeded Graves as CEO.<ref name=BI-2014/><ref name=Chafkin/><ref name=Lund14>{{cite news | title=From Dead-End Job to Uber Billionaire: Meet Ryan Graves | last=Lund | first=Brian | url=https://www.aol.com/on/uber-billionaire-ryan-graves/ | work=[[AOL]] | date=July 3, 2014 | access-date=February 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075507/https://www.aol.com/on/uber-billionaire-ryan-graves/ | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Cofounder Garrett Camp, First Hire Ryan Graves Join Forbes Billionaires List | first=Ellen | last=Huet | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2015/03/02/uber-billionaires-garrett-camp-ryan-graves/ | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 2, 2015 | access-date=February 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132845/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2015/03/02/uber-billionaires-garrett-camp-ryan-graves/ | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Graves became the company's [[chief operating officer]] (COO).<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber and Indiegogo – tales of disruption | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27999589 | first=Rory | last=Cellan-Jones | work=[[BBC News]] | date=June 24, 2014 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164621/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27999589 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In 2011, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber after complaints from San Francisco taxi operators.<ref>{{cite news | title=New York cab fleecing holds lesson on data versus intuition | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/new-york-cab-fleecing-holds-lesson-on-data-versus-intuition-1.443982 | first=Danny | last=O'Brien | work=[[The Irish Times]] | date=January 13, 2012 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129130738/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/new-york-cab-fleecing-holds-lesson-on-data-versus-intuition-1.443982 | archive-date=November 29, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The company's early hires included a nuclear physicist, a [[computational neuroscientist]], and a machinery expert who worked on predicting demand for private hire car drivers and where demand is highest.<ref name=innovation/><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Out-Maths Google on NYC ETAs | first=Sarah | last=Lacy | url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/15/uber-out-maths-google-on-nyc-etas/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=June 15, 2011 | access-date=February 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226133925/https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/15/uber-out-maths-google-on-nyc-etas/ | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In April 2012, in Chicago, Uber launched a service where users were able to request a regular taxi or an Uber driver via its mobile app.<ref>{{cite news | first=Leena | last=Rao | title=Uber Experiments With Lower-Priced Taxis in Chicago Through Newly Launched Labs Group, 'Garage' | url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/18/uber-experiments-with-lower-priced-taxis-in-chicago-through-newly-launched-labs-group-garage/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 18, 2012 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072007/https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/18/uber-experiments-with-lower-priced-taxis-in-chicago-through-newly-launched-labs-group-garage/ | archive-date=January 22, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber tackles Taxis in Chicago with Uber Garage experiment | first=Terrence | last=O'Brien | url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/18/uber-tackles-taxis-in-chicago-with-uber-garage-experiment/ | work=[[Engadget]] | date=April 18, 2012 | access-date=February 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131420/https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/18/uber-tackles-taxis-in-chicago-with-uber-garage-experiment/ | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In July 2012, the company introduced UberX, a cheaper option that lets people drive for Uber using non-luxury vehicles, subject to a background check, registration requirement, and car standards.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber opens doors in D.C. | first=Fritz | last=Hahn | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-gurus/post/dc-council-expected-to-approve-uber-act/2012/12/04/574a0306-3e38-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_blog.html | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 4, 2012 | access-date=February 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052759/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-gurus/post/dc-council-expected-to-approve-uber-act/2012/12/04/574a0306-3e38-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_blog.html | archive-date=February 22, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> At first, rates were similar to those of taxis and were 35% cheaper than UberBLACK.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/01/uber-opens-up-platform-to-non-limo-vehicles-with-uber-x-service-will-be-35-less-expensive/ | title=Uber Opens Up Platform To Non-Limo Vehicles With 'Uber X,' Service Will Be 35% Less Expensive | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=July 1, 2012 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727231018/https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/01/uber-opens-up-platform-to-non-limo-vehicles-with-uber-x-service-will-be-35-less-expensive/ | archive-date=July 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> By early 2013, the service was operating in 35 cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://growthhackers.com/growth-studies/uber | title=Uber – What's Fueling Uber's Growth Engine? | work=GrowthHackers | access-date=December 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214015005/https://growthhackers.com/growth-studies/uber | archive-date=December 14, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber allowed drivers to use their personal vehicles as part of UberX starting in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/12/uber-ride-share-almost-everywhere/ | title=Uber Moves Deeper Into Ride Sharing, Promises To Roll Out Services Where Regulators Have Given 'Tacit Approval' | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 12, 2013 | access-date=May 23, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073839/https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/12/uber-ride-share-almost-everywhere/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Rates were quickly lowered, which caused some dissatisfaction among UberBLACK and taxi drivers, whose earnings decreased as a result of the increased competition at lower rates.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/see-uber-this-is-what-happens-when-you-cannibalize-yourself/ | title=See, Uber – This Is What Happens When You Cannibalize Yourself | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=March 15, 2013 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705125838/https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/see-uber-this-is-what-happens-when-you-cannibalize-yourself/ | archive-date=July 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2014, Uber launched UberPOOL, a carpooling service, in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Opens Up UberPool To All San Francisco Users | first=Ryan | last=Lawler | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/02/uberpool-launch-for-real/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 2, 2014 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154432/https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/02/uberpool-launch-for-real/ | archive-date=April 23, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Begins Testing Lunch Delivery With UberFRESH | first=Darrell | last=Etherington | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/uberfresh/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=August 26, 2014 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154217/https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/uberfresh/ | archive-date=April 23, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The service was then launched in other cities worldwide: Paris in November 2014,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-launches-carpooling-service-in-paris-1415896525 | title=Uber Launches Car Pooling Service in Paris | first=Sam | last=Schechner | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=November 13, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201530/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-launches-carpooling-service-in-paris-1415896525 | archive-date=April 6, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> New York City in December 2014,<ref>{{cite news | first=Josh | last=Lowensohn | title=Uber begins testing out its carpooling service in New York next week | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/2/7321667/uber-is-testing-out-carpooling-service-in-new-york | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=December 2, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211185959/https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/2/7321667/uber-is-testing-out-carpooling-service-in-new-york | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> China in August 2015,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chinatravelnews.com/article/95146 | title=Uber launches UberPool carpool service in China as "Peoples' Uber +" | work=China Travel News | date=August 27, 2015 | access-date=January 11, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111180107/https://www.chinatravelnews.com/article/95146 | archive-date=January 11, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Washington, D.C.]] in October 2015,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://wamu.org/story/15/10/15/with_launch_of_uberpool_uber_enters_washingtons_shared_rides_market/ | title=With Launch Of UberPOOL, Uber Enters Washington's 'Shared Rides' Market | first=Martin | last=DeCaro | work=[[WAMU]] | date=October 15, 2015 | access-date=February 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131742/https://wamu.org/story/15/10/15/with_launch_of_uberpool_uber_enters_washingtons_shared_rides_market/ | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> London in December 2015,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/uberpool-london-launch | title=Uber launches uberPOOL ridesharing in London | first=Matt | last=Burgess | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=November 30, 2015 | access-date=February 14, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083212/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/uberpool-london-launch | archive-date=February 12, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> the suburbs of [[Boston]] in January 2016,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/startups/2016/01/uberpool-expanding-to-boston-suburbs-following.html | title=UberPool expanding to Boston suburbs, following surge in demand | first=Sara | last=Castellanos | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> Hyderabad, Kolkata Mumbai, and [[Singapore]] in June 2016,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/uber-expands-uberpool-to-three-more-indian-cities/articleshow/52567160.cms | title=Uber expands uberPOOL to three more Indian cities | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=June 5, 2016 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232252/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/uber-expands-uberpool-to-three-more-indian-cities/articleshow/52567160.cms | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://mashable.com/2016/06/29/uberpool-singapore/ | title=Singaporeans have another way to share rides with strangers with launch of UberPool | first=Victoria | last=Ho | work=[[Mashable]] | date=June 20, 2016 | access-date=February 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211185939/https://mashable.com/2016/06/29/uberpool-singapore/ | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Delaware]] in September 2016,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-launches-uberpool-in-delaware/ | title=Uber Launches uberPOOL in Delaware | author=Emily | work=Uber | date=September 14, 2016 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185222/https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-launches-uberpool-in-delaware/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Toronto]] ([[Brampton]] and [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]]) in April 2017,<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/uberpool-launches-in-scarborough-and-brampton-619237984.html | title=UberPOOL Launches in Scarborough and Brampton | publisher=[[PR Newswire]] | date=April 12, 2017 | access-date=January 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113064154/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/uberpool-launches-in-scarborough-and-brampton-619237984.html | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Nashville]] in December 2017,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2017/12/19/carpooling-expands-nashville-lyft-line-uberpool/966061001/ | title=Carpooling expands in Nashville with Lyft Line, uberPOOL | first=Jamie | last=McGee | work=[[The Tennessean]] | date=December 19, 2017}}</ref> [[Sydney]] in April 2018,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/on-the-road/uberpool-to-launch-in-sydney-on-april-3/news-story/dee492b444678a019a8d46e2d2b7030a | title=UberPOOL to launch in Sydney on April 3 | first=Nick | last=Whigham | work=[[news.com.au]] | date=April 3, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909190935/https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/on-the-road/uberpool-to-launch-in-sydney-on-april-3/news-story/dee492b444678a019a8d46e2d2b7030a | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and [[Melbourne]] in June 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.uber.com/en-AU/newsroom/uberpoolmelbourne/ | title=UberPool launches in Melbourne | work=Uber | date=June 11, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185235/https://www.uber.com/en-AU/newsroom/uberpoolmelbourne/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2014, Uber launched [[Uber Eats]], a [[food delivery]] service.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-uber-launched-uber-eats-2016-3 | title=Uber's GrubHub killer is finally in the US – here's the inside story on its big bet on food | first=Biz | last=Carson | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=March 2, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143129/https://www.businessinsider.com/why-uber-launched-uber-eats-2016-3 | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/20/ubers-standalone-food-delivery-app-is-coming-to-the-u-s/ | title=Uber's Standalone Food Delivery App Is Coming To The U.S. | last=Dickey | first=Megan Rose | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 20, 2016 | access-date=December 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707154341/https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/20/ubers-standalone-food-delivery-app-is-coming-to-the-u-s/ | archive-date=July 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2016, after facing tough competition in China, Uber sold its operations in China to [[DiDi]], in exchange for an 18% stake in Didi.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/didi-chuxing-china-startups-uber | title=Didi Chuxing took on Uber and won. Now it's taking on the world | last=Crabtree | first=James | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=February 9, 2018 | access-date=October 10, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053445/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/didi-chuxing-china-startups-uber | archive-date=October 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Didi also agreed to invest $1 billion into Uber Global.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/technology/how-uber-lost-more-than-1-billion-in-the-first-half-of-2016.html | title=How Uber Lost More Than $1 Billion in the First Half of 2016 | first=Mike | last=Issac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 26, 2016 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 28, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223193626/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/technology/how-uber-lost-more-than-1-billion-in-the-first-half-of-2016.html | archive-date=December 23, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber had started operations in China in 2014, under the name 优步 (yōubù).<ref>{{cite news | last1=Kirby | first1=William | title=The Real Reason Uber Is Giving Up in China | url=https://hbr.org/2016/08/the-real-reason-uber-is-giving-up-in-china | work=[[Harvard Business Review]] | date=2 August 2016 | access-date=January 22, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144952/https://hbr.org/2016/08/the-real-reason-uber-is-giving-up-in-china | archive-date=January 22, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2017, [[Dara Khosrowshahi]], the CEO of Expedia which had led an $11M investment in [[Wingz (company)|Wingz]], became the CEO of Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/New-Uber-CEO-will-face-daunting-challenges-12098498.php | title= New Uber CEO will face daunting challenges | work= San Francisco Chronicle| first= Carolyn | last=Said | date= 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://mashable.com/2017/08/28/uber-new-ceo-dara-khosrowshahi-expedia-nice/ | title= Uber's (probable) new CEO is known to be 'fair and nice,' for a change | work= Mashable| first= Kerry | last=Flynn | date= 28 August 2017}}</ref>
In fall 2017, Uber became a gold member of the [[Linux Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/15/uber-joins-linux-foundation-cementing-commitment-to-open-source-tools/ | title=Uber joins Linux Foundation, cementing commitment to open-source tools | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 15, 2018 | access-date=November 16, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116104709/https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/15/uber-joins-linux-foundation-cementing-commitment-to-open-source-tools/ | archive-date=November 16, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and received a five star privacy rating from the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-2017 | title=Who Has Your Back? Government Data Requests 2017 | first=Rainey | last=Reitman | work=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] | date=July 10, 2017 | access-date=October 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915003333/https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-2017 | archive-date=September 15, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In February 2018, Uber combined its operations in [[Russia]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Kazakhstan]] with those of [[Yandex.Taxi]] and invested $225 million in the venture.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-yandex-jointventure/uber-yandex-complete-ride-services-merger-idUSKBN1FR2IR | title=Uber, Yandex complete ride services merger | first=Jack | last=Stubbs | work=[[Reuters]] | date=February 7, 2018}}</ref>
In March 2018, Uber merged its services in [[Southeast Asia]] with those of [[Grab (company)|Grab]] in exchange for a 27.5% ownership stake in Grab.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43536322 | title=Uber sells South East Asia business to Grab | work=[[BBC News]] | date=March 26, 2018 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628005621/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43536322 | archive-date=June 28, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ft.com/content/7b415e82-3098-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498 | title=Uber exits south-east Asia with sale to rival Grab | first1=Richard | last1=Waters | first2=Louise | last2=Lucas | work=[[Financial Times]] | date=March 26, 2018 | access-date=January 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113122445/https://www.ft.com/content/7b415e82-3098-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498 | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellekeetonolsen/2018/03/26/grab-officially-takes-control-of-ubers-southeast-asia-operations/ | title=Grab Officially Takes Control Of Uber's Southeast Asia Operations | first=Danielle | last=Keeton-Olsen | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=March 26, 2018 | access-date=January 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003737/https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellekeetonolsen/2018/03/26/grab-officially-takes-control-of-ubers-southeast-asia-operations/ | archive-date=April 1, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
As of March 2018, men accounted for 62.0% of overall company employment, 51.4% of support staff, and 82.1% of technology-related employment. [[White people]] made up 48.6% of the overall employment base and [[Asian people]] account for 32.3%. However, for technology-related jobs, White people were 46.3% of employees, while Asian people accounted for 44.7% of employment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/diversity/ | title=Diversity At Uber – Building A Great Place To Work | publisher=Uber | access-date=December 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209213045/https://www.uber.com/diversity/ | archive-date=December 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Rent, powered by [[Getaround]], was a [[peer-to-peer carsharing]] service available to some users in San Francisco between May 2018 and November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://qz.com/1475251/uber-shut-down-uber-rent-its-rental-car-program-for-riders/ | title=Uber shut down its rental car program for Uber riders | first=Alison | last=Griswold | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=November 27, 2018}}</ref>
In March 2019, Uber acquired [[Careem]], a transportation network company based in Dubai, with operations in over 100 cities in 14 countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia for $3.1 Billion. As part of the deal, Careem maintains an independent brand and operates separately.<ref name="uber-careem">{{cite news|url=https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-careem/ |title=Uber to Acquire Careem To Expand the Greater Middle East Regional Opportunity Together - Uber Newsroom |website=Uber Newsroom |date=2019-03-25 |accessdate=2019-12-06}}</ref>
On May 10, 2019, the company became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]] underwritten by 30 banks including [[Morgan Stanley]].<ref name="wsj-ipo">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-stumbles-in-trading-debut-11557503554 |title=Uber IPO Stumbles, Stock Trades Below Offering Price |last1=Driebusch |first1=Corrie |last2=Farrell |first2=Maureen | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=10 May 2019 |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Following the [[initial public offering]], Uber's [[Share (finance)|shares]] dropped 11%, resulting in the biggest first-day dollar loss in [[Initial public offering|IPO]] history for the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/uber-technologies-inc-stock-falls-after-brutal-ipo-2019-5-1028195064|title=Uber tanked 11% after logging the biggest first-day dollar loss in US IPO history |last=|first=|website=markets.businessinsider.com|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> It then posted losses of $1 billion on its first quarter of 2019 in its first earnings report as a public company. A month after going public, both COO [[Barney Harford]] and CMO Rebecca Messina stepped down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/06/07/uber-coo-chief-marketing-officer-are-out/|title=Uber's COO and chief marketing officer are out|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref> Uber posted a drastic US$5.2 billion loss of for the second quarter of 2019. The loss included US$3.9 billion of "stock-based compensation expenses" related to employee equity delivered as a result of the IPO, and an operating loss of US$1.3 billion.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/8/20793793/uber-5-billion-quarter-loss-profit-lyft-traffic-2019 Uber lost over $5 billion in one quarter, but don't worry, it gets worse]</ref>
Facing continued losses, the marketing department headcount was reduced by a third on July 29, 2019 with the [[Layoff|lay-off]] of 400 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newcomer |first=Eric |url=https://fortune.com/2019/07/29/uber-growth-layoffs-marketing/ |title=Uber, Citing Slowed Growth, Is Cutting One-Third of Its Global Marketing Staff |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=2019-07-29 |accessdate=2019-07-30 }}</ref> Engineer hires were frozen as well.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/08/uber-freezes-engineering-hires-amid-mounting-losses/ Uber, losing billions, freezes engineering hires]</ref>
In early September 2019, Uber laid off an additional 435 employees with 265 coming from the engineering team and another 170 coming from the product team.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/10/uber-lays-off-435-people-across-engineering-and-product-teams/ |title=Uber lays off 435 people across engineering and product teams |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=2019-09-10 |accessdate=2019-09-11 }}</ref>
In October 2019, Uber launched Uber Works to connect workers who want temporary jobs with businesses. The app is available in [[Chicago]] only as a start.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-workers-chicago-idUSKBN1WI0BN|title=Uber launches app aimed at connecting workers with businesses|date=2019-10-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-03|language=en}}</ref>
In October 2019, Uber announced airport helicopter taxi service available to all users from [[JFK airport]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-copter-idUSKBN1WI13N|title=Uber makes JFK airport helicopter taxis available to all users|date=2019-10-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-03|language=en}}</ref>
===Self-driving car research===
[[File:Uber Self Driving Volvo at Harrison at 4th.jpg|thumb|Uber autonomous vehicle [[Volvo XC90]] in [[San Francisco]]]]
Advanced Technologies Group (Uber ATG) is a subsidiary of the company that is developing [[self-driving car]]s. Uber ATG is minority-owned by [[Softbank Vision Fund]], [[Toyota]], and [[Denso]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://qz.com/1599134/uber-secures-much-needed-1-billion-investment-for-self-driving-cars-unit/ | title=Uber raised $1 billion for self-driving cars because it desperately needs the money | last=Griswold | first=Alison | work=Quartz | date=April 19, 2019 | access-date=April 22, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422212647/https://qz.com/1599134/uber-secures-much-needed-1-billion-investment-for-self-driving-cars-unit/ | archive-date=April 22, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In early 2015, the company hired approximately 50 people from the [[robotics]] department of [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/transportation/2015/5/19/8622831/uber-self-driving-cars-carnegie-mellon-poached | title=Uber gutted Carnegie Mellon's top robotics lab to build self-driving cars – A 'partnership' based on poaching | last=Lowensohn | first=Josh | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=May 19, 2015 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002190909/https://www.theverge.com/transportation/2015/5/19/8622831/uber-self-driving-cars-carnegie-mellon-poached | archive-date=October 2, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On September 14, 2016, Uber launched its first self-driving car services to select customers in Pittsburgh, including Pittsburgh Mayor [[Bill Peduto]], using a fleet of [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] cars each equipped with 20 cameras, seven lasers, [[Global Positioning System]], [[lidar]], and [[radar]] equipment that enabled the car to create a three-dimensional map utilizing landmarks and other contextual information to keep track of its position.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/09/14/uber-debuts-self-driving-cars-for-pittsburgh.html | title=Uber debuts self-driving cars in Pittsburgh, customers including Mayor Bill Peduto taking the first trips on Wednesday morning | last=Tascarella | first=Patty | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=September 14, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907032935/https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/09/14/uber-debuts-self-driving-cars-for-pittsburgh.html | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=hook>{{cite news | last=Hook | first=Leslie | title=Uber's Pittsburgh pitch at a driverless future | url=https://www.ft.com/content/a8737288-7bee-11e6-b837-eb4b4333ee43 | work=[[Financial Times]] | date=September 16, 2016 | access-date=September 17, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075721/https://www.ft.com/content/a8737288-7bee-11e6-b837-eb4b4333ee43 | archive-date=October 30, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On December 14, 2016, Uber began using self-driving [[Volvo XC90]] SUVs in its hometown of San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/12/uber-tests-self-driving-on-san-francisco-roads-avoids-dmv-autonomy-definition/ | title=California DMV orders Uber to stop self-driving car tests on SF roads | first=Megan | last=Geuss | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=December 14, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164720/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/12/uber-tests-self-driving-on-san-francisco-roads-avoids-dmv-autonomy-definition/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On December 21, 2016, the [[California Department of Motor Vehicles]] revoked the registration of the 16 vehicles Uber was using for the test and forced the program to cease operations in California.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/21/506525679/uber-stops-self-driving-test-in-california-after-dmv-pulls-registrations | title=Uber Stops Self-Driving Test In California After DMV Pulls Registrations | first=Avie | last=Schneider | work=[[NPR]] | date=December 21, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164806/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/21/506525679/uber-stops-self-driving-test-in-california-after-dmv-pulls-registrations | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber then moved the program to [[Arizona]], where the cars were able to pick up passengers, albeit with two Uber engineers in the front seats as a safety precaution.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber's self-driving cars are now picking up passengers in Arizona | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14687346/uber-self-driving-car-arizona-pilot-ducey-california | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=February 21, 2017 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033509/https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14687346/uber-self-driving-car-arizona-pilot-ducey-california | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In March 2017, an Uber self-driving car was flipped on its side by a vehicle that failed to yield.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-resumes-self-driving-vehicle-program-after-arizona-accident-1490641844 | title=Uber Resumes Self-Driving-Vehicle Program After Arizona Accident | first=Greg | last=Bensinger | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=March 27, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164814/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-resumes-self-driving-vehicle-program-after-arizona-accident-1490641844 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In October 2017, Uber started using only 1 test driver despite some employees' safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news | last=Wakabayashi | first=Daisuke | title=Uber's Self-Driving Cars Were Struggling Before Arizona Crash | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/technology/uber-self-driving-cars-arizona.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 23, 2018 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326184727/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/technology/uber-self-driving-cars-arizona.html | archive-date=March 26, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In November 2017, Uber announced a non-binding plan to buy up to 24,000 Volvo XC90 SUV vehicles designed to accept autonomous technology (including a different type of [[steering]] and [[braking]] mechanism and sensors) between 2019 and 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/20/uber-volvo-suv-self-driving-future-business-ride-hailing-lyft-waymo | title=Uber plans to buy 24,000 autonomous Volvo SUVs in self-driving push | first=Samuel | last=Gibbs | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=December 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209081450/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/20/uber-volvo-suv-self-driving-future-business-ride-hailing-lyft-waymo | archive-date=December 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volvocars-uber/volvo-cars-to-supply-uber-with-up-to-24000-self-driving-cars-idUSKBN1DK1NH | title=Volvo Cars to supply Uber with up to 24,000 self-driving cars | first1=Niklas | last1=Pollard | first2=Heather | last2=Somerville | work=[[Reuters]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=November 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230454/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volvocars-uber/volvo-cars-to-supply-uber-with-up-to-24000-self-driving-cars-idUSKBN1DK1NH | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In March 2018, the [[death of Elaine Herzberg]] by an Uber self-driving vehicle in [[Tempe, Arizona]] resulted in temporary pause to Uber's self driving vehicle testing.<ref name=sagere>{{cite news | last=Sage | first=Alexandra | title=Woman dies in Arizona after being hit by Uber self-driving SUV | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-selfdriving-uber/woman-dies-in-arizona-after-being-hit-by-uber-self-driving-suv-idUSKBN1GV296 | work=[[Reuters]] | date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> According to police, the woman was struck by the Uber vehicle while attempting to cross the street, while the person in the vehicle was watching videos on her phone.<ref name=sagere/> Uber pulled its self-driving cars off all public roads<ref>{{cite news | url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/19/uber-parks-its-self-driving-cars-after-fatal-pedestrian-crash-in-tempe/ | title=Uber parks its self-driving cars after fatal pedestrian crash in Tempe | work=[[VentureBeat]] | date=March 19, 2018 | access-date=March 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319200004/https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/19/uber-parks-its-self-driving-cars-after-fatal-pedestrian-crash-in-tempe/ | archive-date=March 19, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and quickly reached a settlement with the victim's family.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/uber-has-settled-with-the-family-of-the-homeless-victim-killed-last-week/ | title=Uber has settled with the family of the homeless victim killed last week | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=March 29, 2018 | access-date=March 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331035824/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/uber-has-settled-with-the-family-of-the-homeless-victim-killed-last-week/ | archive-date=March 31, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> There was disagreement among local authorities as to whether or not the car or the victim was at fault.<ref>{{cite news | last=Lee | first=Timothy | title=Police chief: Uber self-driving car "likely" not at fault in fatal crash | url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/03/police-chief-uber-self-driving-car-likely-not-at-fault-in-fatal-crash/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=March 20, 2018 | access-date=March 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320140056/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/03/police-chief-uber-self-driving-car-likely-not-at-fault-in-fatal-crash/ | archive-date=March 20, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In December 2018, after receiving local approval, Uber restarted testing of its self driving cars, only during daylight hours and at slower speeds, in Pittsburgh<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/20/18148946/uber-self-driving-car-return-public-road-pittsburgh-crash | title=Uber's self-driving cars return to public roads for the first time since fatal crash | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | date=December 20, 2018 | access-date=January 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041413/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/20/18148946/uber-self-driving-car-return-public-road-pittsburgh-crash | archive-date=January 24, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2018/12/18/Uber-pittsburgh-resume-testing-self-driving-autonomous-vehicles-penndot/stories/201812180146 | title=Uber was just approved to resume self-driving tests in Pittsburgh and the rest of the state | first=Courtney| last=Linder | work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | date=December 18, 2018 | access-date=January 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041749/https://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2018/12/18/Uber-pittsburgh-resume-testing-self-driving-autonomous-vehicles-penndot/stories/201812180146 | archive-date=January 24, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and Toronto.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4777626/ubers-self-driving-cars-toronto/ | title=Uber's self-driving cars back on the road in Toronto after 9-month hiatus | first=Erica | last=Vella | work=[[Global News]] | date=December 28, 2018 | access-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130001441/https://globalnews.ca/news/4777626/ubers-self-driving-cars-toronto/ | archive-date=January 30, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In March 2019, Uber was found not criminally liable<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Max |title=Yavapai County Attorney clears Uber in deadly self-driving car crash in Tempe |url=https://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/tempe/yavapai-county-attorney-clears-uber-in-deadly-self-driving-car-crash |website=ABC15 Arizona |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426213324/https://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/tempe/yavapai-county-attorney-clears-uber-in-deadly-self-driving-car-crash |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> by Yavapai County Attorney's Office for the death of Ms. Herzberg. The company changed its approach to self-driving vehicles after Herzberg's death, inviting both [[Waymo]] and [[General Motors]]’ Cruise self-driving vehicle unit to operate vehicles on Uber’s ride-hailing network.<ref name=":0"/>
Prior to its IPO, Uber projected the potential operation of 75,000 autonomous vehicles, in 13 cities, by 2022. These projections, developed through an internal effort codenamed Project Rubicon, targeted the possibility of profitable autonomous vehicles by 2018 in an initial January 2016 report, with a May 2016 report claiming that 13,000 autonomous Uber vehicles could be operating by 2019. The 75,000-vehicle figure was proposed in September 2016. To reach these goals, Uber spent a reported $20 million a month on research and development, according to [[TechCrunch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/03/12/ubers-self-driving-car-unit-was-burning-20-million-a-month/|title=Uber's self-driving car unit was burning $20 million a month|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref> Other sources have estimated Uber’s spending on self-driving vehicle research to have reached as high as $200 million per quarter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/08/uber-expects-a-long-wait-before-self-driving-cars-dominate/|title=Uber expects a long wait before self-driving cars dominate|date=2019-04-09|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
In April 2019, Uber scientist Raquel Urtasun offered a more cautious estimate of the company’s eventual self-driving capabilities, saying "self-driving cars are going to be in our lives. The question of when is not clear yet. To have it at scale is going to take a long time."<ref name=":0" />
====Cancellation of research on autonomous trucks====
After spending $925 million to develop [[autonomous trucks]], Uber cancelled its self-driving truck program in July 2018.<ref name=freight>{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/31/634331593/uber-parks-its-self-driving-truck-project-saying-it-will-push-for-autonomous-car | title=Uber Parks Its Self-Driving Truck Project, Saying It Will Push For Autonomous Cars | first=Bill | last=Chappell | work=[[NPR]] | date=July 31, 2018 | access-date=August 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808043321/https://www.npr.org/2018/07/31/634331593/uber-parks-its-self-driving-truck-project-saying-it-will-push-for-autonomous-car | archive-date=August 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber acquired [[Otto (company)|Otto]] for $625 million in 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-deal-volvo-self-driving-cars-.html | title=Uber Strikes Deal With Volvo to Bring Self-Driving Cars to Its Network | first=Mike | last=Isaac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 20, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=November 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121235318/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-deal-volvo-self-driving-cars-.html | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://gizmodo.com/why-uber-just-agreed-to-buy-a-buttload-of-volvos-1820607567 | title=Why Uber Just Ordered a Buttload of Volvos | first=Adam Clark | last=Estes | work=[[Gizmodo]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=November 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121115819/https://gizmodo.com/why-uber-just-agreed-to-buy-a-buttload-of-volvos-1820607567 | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to a February 2017 lawsuit filed by Waymo, owned by an affiliate of [[Google]], ex-Google employee [[Anthony Levandowski]] allegedly "downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's highly confidential files and trade secrets, including blueprints, design files and testing documentation" before resigning to found [[Otto (company)|Otto]], which was purchased by Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/technology/anthony-levandowski-waymo-uber-google-lawsuit.html | title=A Lawsuit Against Uber Highlights the Rush to Conquer Driverless Cars | first1=Mike | last1=Isaac | first2=Daisuke | last2=Wakabayashi | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 24, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080607/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/technology/anthony-levandowski-waymo-uber-google-lawsuit.html | archive-date=February 28, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://medium.com/waymo/a-note-on-our-lawsuit-against-otto-and-uber-86f4f98902a1 | title=A note on our lawsuit against Otto and Uber | work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] | date=February 23, 2017 | access-date=February 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227185759/https://medium.com/waymo/a-note-on-our-lawsuit-against-otto-and-uber-86f4f98902a1 | archive-date=February 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A ruling in May 2017 required Uber to return documents to Waymo.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-alphabet-ruling/uber-must-return-stolen-waymo-files-can-continue-self-driving-work-u-s-judge-idUSKCN18B1W6 | title=Uber must return stolen Waymo files, can continue self-driving work: U.S. judge | first1=Dan | last1=Levine | first2=Heather | last2=Somerville | work=[[Reuters]] | date=May 15, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401011633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-alphabet-ruling/uber-must-return-stolen-waymo-files-can-continue-self-driving-work-u-s-judge-idUSKCN18B1W6 | archive-date=April 1, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The trial began February 5, 2018.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Farivar | first1=Cyrus | title=Waymo: "We're bringing this case because Uber is cheating" | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-were-bringing-this-case-because-uber-is-cheating/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=5 February 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331200933/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-were-bringing-this-case-because-uber-is-cheating/ | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A settlement was announced on February 8, 2018 in which Uber gave Waymo $244 million in Uber equity and agreed not to infringe on Waymo's intellectual property.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Farivar | first1=Cyrus | title=Silicon Valley's most-watched trial ends as Waymo and Uber settle | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-and-uber-end-trial-with-sudden-244-million-settlement/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=9 February 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104040/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-and-uber-end-trial-with-sudden-244-million-settlement/ | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{#section-h::Transportation network company|Criticism}}
===Driver status and earnings===
While Uber is viewing drivers as contractors, courts in the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Uber loses appeal over driver employment rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/dec/19/uber-loses-appeal-over-driver-employment-rights |website=The Guardian |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=March 6, 2018}}</ref> and Switzerland <ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss court declares driver an Uber employee |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190506-swiss-court-declares-driver-uber-employee |website=France 24 |accessdate=July 25, 2019 |date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> consider their drivers to be employees of the company. ''[[The Guardian]]'' quoted a driver in March 2019 who said he was earning $3.75 per hour after expenses.<ref>{{cite web |title='I made $3.75 an hour': Lyft and Uber drivers push to unionize for better pay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/22/uber-lyft-ipo-drivers-unionize-low-pay-expenses |website=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> A report published by the [[Economic Policy Institute]] in 2018 found the average wage for drivers to be $9.21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uber and the labor market |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/uber-and-the-labor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-of-uber-and-the-gig-economy/ |website=Economic Policy Institute |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> Austrian weekly papers Profil and Trend found the hourly wage of drivers to be at €4 and claimed a high incidence of tax evasion, social fraud and circumvention of labour laws by the companies employing drivers on Ubers behalf.<ref>{{cite web |title=profil.at › Österreich Die Straßenkämpfer: Ein Uber-Fahrer-Report |url=https://www.profil.at/oesterreich/strassenkaempfer-uber-fahrer-verbot-10092923 |website=Profil |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taxi-Konkurrent Uber: Am Rande des Gesetzes |url=https://www.trend.at/wirtschaft/taxi-konkurrent-uber-am-rande-gesetzes-5860551 |website=Trend |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> A 2017 report claimed that only 4 percent of all drivers were still working as such one year after entering the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Only 4% of Uber drivers remain on the platform a year later, says report |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/20/only-4-percent-of-uber-drivers-remain-after-a-year-says-report.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=20 April 2017}}</ref>
In November 2019, the [[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development|New Jersey labor department]] gave Uber a $650 million bill for overdue unemployment and disability insurance taxes from the previous four years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/11/14/new-jersey-uber-employment-tax-bill/|title=Uber has to pay New Jersey nearly $650 million in employment taxes|website=Engadget|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
===Misleading drivers of potential earnings===
In January 2017, Uber agreed to pay $20 million to the US government to resolve accusations by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] of having misled drivers about potential earnings.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber to pay $20 million to settle U.S. claims it misled drivers | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-ftc/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-u-s-claims-it-misled-drivers-idUSKBN15334C | work=[[Reuters]] | first=Diane | last=Bartz | date=January 19, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222307/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-ftc/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-u-s-claims-it-misled-drivers-idUSKBN15334C | archive-date=December 15, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber to pay $20 million to FTC to settle claims that it exaggerated how much drivers could make | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-ftc-over-driver-earning-claims-2017-1 | first=Biz | last=Carson | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 20, 2017 | access-date=January 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120030630/http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-ftc-over-driver-earning-claims-2017-1 | archive-date=January 20, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber to Pay $20 Million to Settle FTC Suit Over Driver Pay | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-ftc-suit-over-driver-pay | first=Ellen | last=Huet | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=January 19, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=January 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120020832/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-ftc-suit-over-driver-pay | archive-date=January 20, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Alleged short-changing of drivers===
In 2017, lawyers for drivers filed a [[class action]] lawsuit that alleged that Uber did not provide drivers with the 80% of collections they were entitled to.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-class-action-20180219-story.html | title=Uber class-action lawsuit over how drivers were paid gets green light from judge | first=Tracey| last=Lien | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=February 19, 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232559/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-class-action-20180219-story.html | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In May 2017, after the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA) filed a class action lawsuit in federal court in New York, Uber admitted to underpaying New York City drivers tens of millions of dollars over 2.5 years by calculating driver commissions on a net amount. Uber agreed to pay the amounts owed plus interest.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/uber-underpaid-drivers-new-york-city | title=Uber admits underpaying New York City drivers by millions of dollars | first=Julia Carrie | last=Wong | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=May 23, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109121055/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/uber-underpaid-drivers-new-york-city | archive-date=January 9, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Driver refusal to transport a service animal===
In March 2018, a lawsuit filed against Uber in the United States accused the company's drivers of not serving a woman with [[cerebral palsy]] due to her [[service dog]], in violation of the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]] and the Texas Human Resources Code.<ref>{{cite news | last1=O'Kane | first1=Sean | title=Uber drivers denied service to woman with cerebral palsy, new lawsuit claims | url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17144502/uber-lawsuit-service-dog-discrimination-disability | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=March 20, 2018 | access-date=March 21, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321105238/https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17144502/uber-lawsuit-service-dog-discrimination-disability | archive-date=March 21, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Fingas | first=Jon | title=Uber faces lawsuit for denying rides to woman with service animal | url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/20/uber-lawsuit-over-service-animal-accessibility/ | work=[[Engadget]] | date=March 21, 2018 | access-date=March 21, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321161722/https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/20/uber-lawsuit-over-service-animal-accessibility/ | archive-date=March 21, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Criticism for collecting fares during a taxi strike===
In late January 2017, Uber was targeted by [[GrabYourWallet]] for collecting fares during a taxi strike in New York City in protest of [[Trump travel ban]] [[Executive Order 13769]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/01/29/uber-triggers-protest-for-not-supporting-taxi-strike-against-refugee-ban/ | title=Uber triggers protest for collecting fares during taxi strike against refugee ban | last=Siddiqui | first=Falz | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=January 29, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803131757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/01/29/uber-triggers-protest-for-not-supporting-taxi-strike-against-refugee-ban/ | archive-date=August 3, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Order had triggered a taxi strike in New York City, to which Uber responded by removing surge pricing from [[JFK airport]], where Muslim refugees had been detained upon entry. Uber was also targeted because then-CEO [[Travis Kalanick]] joined an Economic Advisory Council with [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council/index.html | title=Uber CEO drops out of Trump's business advisory council | first1=Jeff | last1=Zeleny | first2=Laurie | last2=Segall | work=[[CNN]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130134748/https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council/index.html | archive-date=November 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A social media campaign known as #deleteuber was formed in protest, resulting in approximately 200,000 users deleting the app.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/over-200000-people-deleted-uber-after-deleteuber-2017-2 | title=Over 200,000 people deleted Uber after the company operated its service at JFK airport during the Trump strike | last=Carson | first=Biz | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110506/https://www.businessinsider.com/over-200000-people-deleted-uber-after-deleteuber-2017-2 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber added user account deletion to meet the resulting surge in requests.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/business/delete-uber.html | last=Isaac | first=Mike | title=What You Need to Know About #DeleteUber | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 31, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=January 2, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103012024/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/business/delete-uber.html | archive-date=January 3, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Statements were e-mailed to former users who had deleted their accounts, asserting that the company would assist refugees, and that CEO Kalanick joining the Council was not an endorsement of President Trump.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/02/emails-cancel-uber-include-immigration-statement/97405854/ | title=Uber has an immigration message if you #DeleteUber | last=Molina | first=Brett | work=[[USA Today]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627191551/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/02/emails-cancel-uber-include-immigration-statement/97405854/ | archive-date=June 27, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On February 2, 2017, Kalanick resigned from the business advisory council.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/02/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-quits-donald-trumps-business-advisory-council/ | title=Uber CEO Travis Kalanick quits Donald Trump's business advisory council | last=Etherington | first=Darrell | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917023723/https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/02/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-quits-donald-trumps-business-advisory-council/ | archive-date=September 17, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Aggressive strategy for dealing with regulators===
When Uber was led by Travis Kalanick, the company took an aggressive strategy in dealing with obstacles, including regulators. In 2014, Kalanick said "You have to have what I call principled confrontation." Uber's strategy was generally to commence operations in a city, then, if it faced regulatory opposition, Uber mobilized public support for its service and mounted a political campaign, supported by lobbyists, to change regulations.<ref>{{cite news | title=How Uber Took Over Portland | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-06-23/this-is-how-uber-takes-over-a-city | first=Karen | last=Weise | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=June 24, 2015 | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406180819/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-06-23/this-is-how-uber-takes-over-a-city | archive-date=April 6, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=The Uber-ization of Activism | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/opinion/the-uber-ization-of-activism.html | first=Edward T. | last=Walker | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 7, 2015 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 28, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218022220/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/opinion/the-uber-ization-of-activism.html | archive-date=December 18, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=How Sharp-Elbowed Uber Is Trying to Make Nice | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hard-driving-uber-gives-compromise-a-try-1422588782 | first1=Douglas | last1=MacMillan | first2=Lisa | last2=Fleisher | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=January 29, 2015 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052630/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hard-driving-uber-gives-compromise-a-try-1422588782 | archive-date=March 20, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In 2014, while in the midst of a regulatory battle, Portland, Oregon's transportation commissioner called Uber management "a bunch of thugs".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1835111/uber-collision-course-chinas-taxi-drivers-and-cartels | title=Uber on a collision course with China's taxi drivers and cartels | first=Robert | last=Boxwell | work=[[South China Morning Post]] | date=July 9, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164533/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1835111/uber-collision-course-chinas-taxi-drivers-and-cartels | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In June 2014, Uber distributed to its riders the personal contact information of a commissioner in Virginia who opposed the company, and told riders to flood his inbox with complaints.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/06/06/uber-mobilizes-its-users-to-fight-ban-in-virginia/ | title=Uber mobilizes its users to fight ban in Virginia | first=Lori | last=Aratani | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=June 6, 2014 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/06/06/uber-mobilizes-its-users-to-fight-ban-in-virginia/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/uber-pressures-regulators-by-mobilizing-riders-and-hiring-vast-lobbying-network/2014/12/13/3f4395c6-7f2a-11e4-9f38-95a187e4c1f7_story.html | title=Uber pressures regulators by mobilizing riders and hiring vast lobbying network | first=Rosalind S. | last=Helderman | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 13, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908170015/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/uber-pressures-regulators-by-mobilizing-riders-and-hiring-vast-lobbying-network/2014/12/13/3f4395c6-7f2a-11e4-9f38-95a187e4c1f7_story.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In November 2017, CEO Dara Khosrowshahi dropped the "win at all costs" strategy and implemented new values for the company, including "we do the right thing".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/07/technology/uber-do-the-right-thing/index.html | title=New from Uber: 'We do the right thing. Period.' | first=Sara Ashley | last=O'Brien | work=[[CNN]] | date=November 7, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035543/https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/07/technology/uber-do-the-right-thing/index.html | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In December 2019, Uber and [[Postmates]] sued California over labour law, alleging that legislation set to take effect in the US state, meant to improve worker conditions, unfairly targeted them, and should be considered unconstitutional. <ref name= “SueCalifornia”> Patrick McGee [https://www.ft.com/content/3c3d0028-2b74-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551 " Uber and Postmates sue California over labour law ", [[Financial Times]], 31 December 2019</ref>
===Alleged cancellation of ride requests to disrupt competitors===
Uber issued an apology on January 24, 2014, after documents were leaked to [[Valleywag]] and [[TechCrunch]] saying that, earlier in the month, Uber employees in New York City deliberately ordered rides from [[Gett]], a competitor, only to cancel them later. The purpose of the fake orders was two-fold: wasting drivers' time to obstruct legitimate customers from securing a car, and offering drivers incentives—including cash—to join Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/24/5342582/uber-employees-spammed-competing-car-service-with-fake-orders | title=Uber employees spammed competing car service with fake orders | first=Dante | last=D'Orazio | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=January 24, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071528/https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/24/5342582/uber-employees-spammed-competing-car-service-with-fake-orders | archive-date=December 10, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Operation SLOG plan to disrupt Lyft====
Following [[Lyft]]'s expansion into New York City in July 2014, Uber, with the assistance of TargetCW, a [[San Diego]], California-based employment agency, sent emails offering a "huge commission opportunity" to several contractors based on the "personal hustle" of the participants. Those who responded to the solicitation were offered a meeting with Uber marketing managers who attempted to create a "street team" to gather intelligence about Lyft's launch plans in New York City and recruit their drivers to Uber. Recruits were given two Uber-branded [[iPhone]]s (one a backup in case the person was identified by Lyft) and a series of valid credit card numbers to create dummy Lyft accounts. Participants were also required to sign [[non-disclosure agreement]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/26/6067663/this-is-ubers-playbook-for-sabotaging-lyft | title=This is Uber's playbook for sabotaging Lyft | first=Casey | last=Newton | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=August 26, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902140845/https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/26/6067663/this-is-ubers-playbook-for-sabotaging-lyft | archive-date=September 2, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-operation-slog-against-lyft-2014-8 | title=OperationSLOG: Uber's Aggressive Plan To Steal Lyft Drivers, Revealed | first=Alyson | last=Shontell | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=August 26, 2014 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184859/https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-operation-slog-against-lyft-2014-8 | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2014, [[Lyft]] reported that 177 Uber employees had ordered and canceled approximately 5,560 Lyft rides since October 2013, and that it had found links to Uber recruiters by cross-referencing the phone numbers involved. The report identified one Lyft passenger who canceled 300 rides from May 26 to June 10, 2014, and who was identified as an Uber recruiter by seven different Lyft drivers. Uber did not apologize, but suggested that the recruitment attempts were possibly independent parties trying to make money.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber's dirty tricks quantified: Rival counts 5,560 canceled rides | url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/11/technology/uber-fake-ride-requests-lyft/index.html | first=Erica | last=Fink | publisher=[[CNN Business]] | date=August 12, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164922/https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/11/technology/uber-fake-ride-requests-lyft/index.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber accused of booking 5,560 fake Lyft rides | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/12/5994077/uber-cancellation-accusations | first=Cassandra | last=Khaw | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=August 12, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119072153/https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/12/5994077/uber-cancellation-accusations | archive-date=November 19, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Evasion of law enforcement operations===
====Greyball====
Uber developed an internal software tool called [[Greyball]], which uses data collected from the Uber mobile app and other means, to avoid giving rides to certain individuals. The tool was used starting in 2014. By showing "ghost cars" driven by fake drivers to the targeted individuals in the Uber mobile app, and by giving real drivers a means to cancel rides requested by those individuals, Uber was able to avoid giving rides to known law enforcement officers in areas where its service is illegal. [[Investigative journalism]] by ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the resulting report, published on March 3, 2017, made public Uber's use of Greyball since 2014, describing it as a way to evade city code enforcement officials in [[Portland, Oregon]], Australia, South Korea, and China.<ref name=nyt_greyball>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/uber-greyball-program-evade-authorities.html | first=Mike | last=Isaac | title=How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 3, 2017 | access-date=March 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305054555/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/uber-greyball-program-evade-authorities.html | archive-date=March 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> At first, in response to the report, Uber stated that Greyball was designed to deny rides to users who violate Uber's [[terms of service]], including those involved in [[sting operation]]s.<ref name=nyt_greyball/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-uber-greyball-20170303-story.html | title=Uber's secret 'Greyball' program shows just how far it will go to get its way | first1=Craig | last1=Timberg | first2=Brian | last2=Fung | work=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=March 3, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=May 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430185631/http://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-uber-greyball-20170303-story.html | archive-date=April 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to Uber, Greyball can "hide the standard city app view for individual riders, enabling Uber to show that same rider a different version". Uber reportedly used Greyball to identify government officials through factors such as whether a user frequently opens the app near government offices, a review of social media profiles by Uber employees to identify law enforcement personnel, and the credit cards associated with the Uber account.<ref name=nyt_greyball/>
On March 6, 2017, the City of [[Portland, Oregon]] announced an investigation into whether Uber had used its Greyball software tool to obstruct the enforcement of city regulations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/03/ubers_greyball_scheme_to_thwar.html | title=Portland to investigate Uber's 'Greyball' scheme to thwart regulators | last=Njus | first=Elliot | work=[[The Oregonian]] | date=March 6, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910203951/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/03/ubers_greyball_scheme_to_thwar.html | archive-date=September 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The investigation by the Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) found that: "Uber used Greyball software to intentionally evade PBOT’s officers from December 5 to December 19, 2014 and deny 29 separate ride requests by PBOT enforcement officers."<ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[Portland Bureau of Transportation]] | url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/saltzman/article/637492 | title=Transportation Network Companies: Regulation Evasion Audit | date=April 28, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503033639/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/saltzman/article/637492 | archive-date=May 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Following the release of the audit, Portland's commissioner of police suggested that the city subpoena Uber to force the company to turn over information on how Uber used software to evade regulatory officials.<ref>{{cite news | last=Njus | first=Elliot | title=Portland may subpoena Uber over regulator-dodging 'Greyball' software | url=http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/04/portland_may_subpoena_uber_ove.html | work=[[The Oregonian]] | date=April 27, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204341/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/04/portland_may_subpoena_uber_ove.html | archive-date=September 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On March 8, 2017, Uber admitted that it had used Greyball to thwart government regulators and pledged to stop using the service for that purpose.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Marco | last1=della Cava | website=[[USA Today]] | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/03/08/uber-stop-using-greyball-target-regulators/98930282/ | title=Uber admits its ghost driver 'Greyball' tool was used to thwart regulators, vows to stop | date=March 8, 2017 | access-date=May 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428093119/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/03/08/uber-stop-using-greyball-target-regulators/98930282/ | archive-date=April 28, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://newsroom.uber.com/an-update-on-greyballing/ | title=An update on "greyballing" | last=Sullivan | first=Joe | date=March 8, 2017 | publisher=Uber | access-date=May 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329151116/https://newsroom.uber.com/an-update-on-greyballing/ | archive-date=March 29, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In May 2017, the [[United States Department of Justice]] opened a criminal investigation into Uber's use of Greyball to avoid local law enforcement operations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-tech-crime-exclusive/exclusive-uber-faces-criminal-probe-over-software-used-to-evade-authorities-idUSKBN1802U1 | title=Exclusive: Uber faces criminal probe over software used to evade authorities | first1=Dan | last1=Levine | first2=Joseph | last2=Menn | work=[[Reuters]] | date=May 5, 2017}}</ref>
====Ripley====
After a police raid in Uber's Brussels office, a January 2018 report by [[Bloomberg News]] stated that "Uber routinely used Ripley to thwart police raids in foreign countries."<ref>{{cite news | last1=Zaleski | first1=Olivia | last2=Newcomer | first2=Eric | title=Uber's Secret Tool for Keeping the Cops in the Dark | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-11/uber-s-secret-tool-for-keeping-the-cops-in-the-dark | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=January 11, 2018 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074043/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-11/uber-s-secret-tool-for-keeping-the-cops-in-the-dark | archive-date=September 21, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Developed as a type of secret "panic button" system, initially called "unexpected visitor protocol", then nicknamed "Ripley", to disrupt government raids on Uber's offices by locking, shutting off, and changing passwords on staff computers upon a raid; Uber likely used this button at least 24 times, from spring 2015 until late 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/report-uber-system-disrupted-government-investigations-2018-1 | title=Uber reportedly disrupted government investigations for almost 2 years with a 'secret' system called 'Ripley' | first=Mark | last=Matousek | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 11, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164928/https://www.businessinsider.com/report-uber-system-disrupted-government-investigations-2018-1 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/11/uber-developed-secret-system-to-lock-down-staff-computers-in-a-police-raid | title=Uber developed secret system to lock down staff computers in a police raid | first=Olivia | last=Solon | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=January 11, 2018 | access-date=January 12, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111232714/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/11/uber-developed-secret-system-to-lock-down-staff-computers-in-a-police-raid | archive-date=January 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===User privacy and data breaches===
====God view====
On November 19, 2014, then [[U.S. Senator]] [[Al Franken]], Chairman of the [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law]], sent a letter to Kalanick regarding [[Ride Sharing Privacy|privacy]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/senator-al-franken-asks-ubers-ceo-tough-questions-on-user-privacy/ | title=Senator Al Franken Asks Uber's CEO Tough Questions on User Privacy | first=John | last=Biggs | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607101546/https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/senator-al-franken-asks-ubers-ceo-tough-questions-on-user-privacy/ | archive-date=June 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/20/us-senator-al-franken-uber-answers-privacy-fiasco | title=US Senator Al Franken pushes Uber for answers on privacy fiasco | first=Alex | last=Hern | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 20, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035624/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/20/us-senator-al-franken-uber-answers-privacy-fiasco | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/senator-questions-uber-on-privacy-practices/ | title=Uber's Privacy Practices Questioned by Senator Franken | first=Mike | last=Issac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 19, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035737/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/senator-questions-uber-on-privacy-practices/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Concerns were raised about internal misuse of the company's data, in particular the ability of Uber staff to track the movements of its customers, known as "God View". In 2011, a venture capitalist disclosed that Uber staff members were using the function to track journalists and politicians as well as using the feature recreationally. Staff members viewed being tracked by Uber as a positive reflection on the subject's character.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-is-investigating-its-top-new-york-executive-for-privacy | title="God View": Uber Investigates Its Top New York Executive For Privacy Violations | first1=Johana | last1=Bhuiyan | first2=Charlie | last2=Warzel | work=[[BuzzFeed]] | date=November 18, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017033757/https://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-is-investigating-its-top-new-york-executive-for-privacy | archive-date=October 17, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> An Uber job interviewee said that he was given unrestricted access to Uber's customer tracking function as part of the interview process, and that he retained that access for several hours after the interview ended.<ref>{{cite news | title=Is Uber's rider database a sitting duck for hackers? | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/01/is-ubers-rider-database-a-sitting-duck-for-hackers/ | first=Craig | last=Timberg | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 1, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625154503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/01/is-ubers-rider-database-a-sitting-duck-for-hackers/ | archive-date=June 25, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Data breaches====
On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a [[data breach]] more than nine months earlier. Names and license plate information of approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Guess | first1=Megan | title=50,000 Uber driver names, license plate numbers exposed in a data breach | url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/02/50000-uber-driver-names-license-plate-numbers-exposed-in-a-data-breach/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=February 28, 2015 | access-date=June 15, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125151136/http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/02/50000-uber-driver-names-license-plate-numbers-exposed-in-a-data-breach/ | archive-date=November 25, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber discovered this leak in September 2014 but waited more than 5 months to notify the affected people.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/27/uber-database-breach-exposed-information-of-50000-drivers-company-confirms/ | title=Uber Database Breach Exposed Information Of 50,000 Drivers, Company Confirms | last=Taylor | first=Colleen | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=February 22, 2015 | access-date=December 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230044044/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/27/uber-database-breach-exposed-information-of-50000-drivers-company-confirms/ | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
An announcement in November 2017 revealed that in 2016, a separate data breach disclosed personal information on 600,000 drivers and 57 million customers—including names, email addresses, phone numbers, and driving license information. Using employees' usernames and passwords that had been compromised in previous breaches (a "[[credential stuffing]]" method), attackers gained access to a private [[GitHub]] repository used by Uber developers. The hackers subsequently located credentials for the company's [[Amazon Web Services]] datastore in the repository files, and were therefore able to obtain access to the account records of users and drivers, as well as other data contained in over 100 [[Amazon S3]] buckets. Uber paid a $100,000 ransom to the hackers on the promise they would delete the stolen data.<ref>{{cite news | last=Lee | first=Dave | title=Uber concealed huge data breach | work=[[BBC News]] | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42075306 | date=November 22, 2017 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625153418/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42075306 | archive-date=June 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Farivar | first=Cyrus | title=Hackers hit Uber in 2016: data on 57 million riders, drivers stolen | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/11/report-uber-paid-hackers-100000-to-keep-2016-data-breach-quiet/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=November 21, 2017 | access-date=November 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122092119/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/11/report-uber-paid-hackers-100000-to-keep-2016-data-breach-quiet/ | archive-date=November 22, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The company was subsequently criticized for concealing the loss of data.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/22/uber-scrutiny-data-breach-hacking | title=Uber faces slew of investigations in wake of 'outrageous' data hack cover-up | first=Julia Carrie | last=Wong | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 22, 2017 | access-date=November 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122220336/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/22/uber-scrutiny-data-breach-hacking | archive-date=November 22, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> CEO Dara Khosrowshahi apologized.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Paid Hackers to Delete Stolen Data on 57 Million People | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/uber-concealed-cyberattack-that-exposed-57-million-people-s-data | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=November 21, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=November 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121220601/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/uber-concealed-cyberattack-that-exposed-57-million-people-s-data | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/uber-reveals-coverup-of-hack-affecting-57m-riders-drivers-2 | title=Uber reveals coverup of hack affecting 57M riders, drivers | first=Michael | last=Liedtke | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[Financial Post]] | date=November 22, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164515/https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/uber-reveals-coverup-of-hack-affecting-57m-riders-drivers-2 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber's British divisions were fined £385,000 (reduced to £308,000) by the [[Information Commissioner's Office]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/mpns/2553890/uber-monetary-penalty-notice-26-november-2018.pdf | title=Monetary Penalty Notice (Uber) | publisher=[[Information Commissioner's Office]] | date=27 November 2018 | access-date=November 28, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164802/https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/mpns/2553890/uber-monetary-penalty-notice-26-november-2018.pdf | archive-date=November 28, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In September 2018, Uber settled with the [[Federal Trade Commission]] for $148 million and admitted that its claim that internal access to consumers' personal information was closely monitored on an ongoing basis was false. Uber also stated that it had failed to live up to its promise to provide reasonable security for consumer data.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-pay-148-million-penalty-to-settle-2016-data-breach-1537983127 | title=Uber to Pay $148 Million Penalty to Settle 2016 Data Breach | last=Al-Muslim | first=Aisha | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=September 26, 2018 | issn=0099-9660 | access-date=September 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927030837/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-pay-148-million-penalty-to-settle-2016-data-breach-1537983127 | archive-date=September 27, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/04/uber-agrees-expanded-settlement-ftc-related-privacy-security | title=Uber Agrees to Expanded Settlement with FTC Related to Privacy, Security Claims | work=[[Federal Trade Commission]] | date=April 12, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185028/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/04/uber-agrees-expanded-settlement-ftc-related-privacy-security | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> It was the largest multi-state settlement related to a data breach.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/09/26/uber-reaches-million-settlement-over-its-data-breach-which-affected-million-globally/ | title=Uber reaches $148 million settlement over its 2016 data breach, which affected 57 million globally | last=Fung | first=Brian | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=September 26, 2018 | access-date=September 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926175729/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/09/26/uber-reaches-million-settlement-over-its-data-breach-which-affected-million-globally/ | archive-date=September 26, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Safety concerns===
{{see also|Sami’s Law|Murder of Samantha Josephson}}
It is unclear if Uber is less or more safe than [[taxicab]]s, as major cities don't have much data on taxi-related incidents.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/are-taxis-safer-than-uber/386207/ | title=Are Taxis Safer Than Uber? | first1=Adrienne | last1=LaFrance | first2=Rose | last2=Eveleth | work=[[The Atlantic]] | date=March 3, 2015 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405212944/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/are-taxis-safer-than-uber/386207/ | archive-date=April 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Inadequate background checks and vetting of drivers====
Concerns regarding Uber's background checks were raised after reports of [[sexual abuse]] of passengers by Uber drivers. Sexual assaults in relation to Uber are most often committed by either Uber drivers themselves <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ft.com/content/be935fdc-e4df-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da|title= Beirut killing reignites concerns about Uber safety|date= December 19, 2017|work= Financial Times|access-date= May 11, 2019}}</ref> or by individuals posing as Uber drivers. In the latter case, imposters have lured unsuspecting passengers to their vehicles by placing an Uber sticker on their dashboard or by claiming to be a passenger's expected driver.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/us/fake-uber-driver-assaults.html|title= They Thought It Was Their Uber. But the Driver Was a Predator.|date= April 4, 2019|work= The New York Times|access-date= May 11, 2019}}</ref>
In September 2017, Uber's application for a new license in London was rejected by [[Transport for London]] (TfL) because of the company's approach and past conduct showed a lack of corporate responsibility related to driver background checks, obtaining medical certificates and reporting serious criminal offences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Sarah |last2=Topham |first2=Gwyn |title=Uber stripped of London licence due to lack of corporate responsibility |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/22/uber-licence-transport-for-london-tfl |accessdate=28 November 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
In November 2017, The [[Colorado Public Utilities Commission]] fined Uber $8.9 million after discovering that 57 drivers in the state had violations in their background checks. The fine amount equaled $2,500 per day that an unqualified driver worked.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-colorado-background-checks-fine/index.html | title=Uber fined $8.9 million in Colorado for problematic background checks | last=Yurieff | first=Kaya | work=[[CNN]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908174657/https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-colorado-background-checks-fine/index.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In November 2019, Transport for London (TfL) announced it would not renew Uber's license to operate in [[London]] for the second time in just over two years, following a two-month probationary extension granted in September 2019, on the grounds that Uber had failed to adequately address issues with checks on drivers, insurance and safety.<ref>{{cite new|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/25/uber-loses-licence-london-tfl|title=Uber loses licence to operate in London|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/business/uber-london.html|title=Uber's License to Operate in London Isn't Extended |website=New York Times|date=November 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uber stripped of London operating licence, again |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uber-britain-decision/uber-stripped-of-london-operating-licence-again-idUKL9N26P018 |accessdate=28 November 2019 |work=Reuters |date=25 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Part of TfL's rationale for removing Uber's licence was evidence that Uber driver accounts had been used by unauthorized drivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-drivers-using-fake-identities-isnt-just-a-london-problem/|title=Some Uber drivers aren't who you think they are|last=Kerr|first=Dara|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/november/uber-london-limited-found-to-be-not-fit-and-proper-to-hold-a-private-hire-operator-licence|title=Uber London Limited found to be not fit and proper to hold a private hire operator licence|last=Matters|first=Transport for London {{!}} Every Journey|website=Transport for London|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>
==== Crimes committed by drivers ====
In February 2016, Uber was criticized following the [[2016 Kalamazoo shootings]], a shooting spree in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] that left six people dead and two wounded. It was committed by Jason Dalton, who was driving for Uber while conducting the shooting. During the ensuing seven-hour manhunt, authorities believe that Dalton continued to drive and accept fares. Uber was aware of issues with Dalton's driving skills, having received multiple complaints, though critics agree that Dalton would not have raised any red flags since he did not have a [[criminal record]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/uber-driver-screening-kalamazoo-1.3459572 | title=Uber defends driver screening in wake of Kalamazoo shootings | last1=Durbin | last2=Krisher | first1=Dee-Anne | first2=Tom | agency=[[CBC News]] | date=February 23, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726053256/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/uber-driver-screening-kalamazoo-1.3459572 | archive-date=July 26, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==={{Anchor|Susan Fowler}} Sexual harassment allegations and management shakeup (2017)===
On February 20, 2017, former Uber engineer [[Susan Fowler]] stated that she was subjected to [[sexual harassment]] by a manager and subsequently threatened with [[termination of employment]] by another manager if she continued to report the incident. Kalanick was reportedly aware of the harassment issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/02/uber-ceo-orders-urgent-investigation-into-sexual-harassment-allegations | title=Uber C.E.O. Orders "Urgent Investigation" into Sexual Harassment Allegations | work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | first=Maya | last=Kosoff | date=February 20, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713100734/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/02/uber-ceo-orders-urgent-investigation-into-sexual-harassment-allegations | archive-date=July 13, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | title=Inside Uber's Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture | first=Mike | last=Isaac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 22, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309080712/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | archive-date=March 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
CTO [[Thuan Pham]] was alleged to have had knowledge of and to ignore Susan Fowler's sexual harassment allegations; however, investigations by ''TheInformation'' and ''[[Buzzfeed]]'' showed this to not be the case, allowing Pham to keep his job.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theinformation.com/how-ubers-top-engineer-saved-his-job | title=How Uber's Top Engineer Saved His Job | first=Amir | last=Efrati | work=TheInformation | date=June 23, 2017 | access-date=November 17, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903121223/https://www.theinformation.com/how-ubers-top-engineer-saved-his-job | archive-date=September 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/priya/uber-exec-accused-of-ignoring-complaints-i-take-all | title=Top Uber Engineer, Under Pressure, Tells Staff "I Take All Concerns Raised To Me Extremely Seriously" | first=Priya | last=Anand | work=[[BuzzFeed]] | date=June 26, 2017 | access-date=November 17, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619085913/https://www.buzzfeed.com/priya/uber-exec-accused-of-ignoring-complaints-i-take-all | archive-date=June 19, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Uber hired former attorney general [[Eric Holder]] to investigate the claims.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-eric-holder-20170221-story.html | title=Uber hires Eric Holder to investigate sexual harassment claims | last=Overly | first=Steven | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=February 21, 2017 | access-date=February 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221212821/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-eric-holder-20170221-story.html | archive-date=February 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Arianna Huffington]], a member of Uber's [[board of directors]], also oversaw the investigation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39065526 | title=Uber's mess reaches beyond sexism – and Silicon Valley | first=David | last=Lee | work=[[BBC News]] | date=February 25, 2017 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510093722/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39065526 | archive-date=May 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Fowler likened Uber's culture to ''[[A Game of Thrones]]'', in which rivals vie for the throne the same way Uber employees were encouraged to vie for power and aggression and [[betrayal]] was common.<ref name=blackmark>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culture-travis-kalanick-susan-fowler-controversy | title=Uber's 'hustle-oriented' culture becomes a black mark on employees' résumés | last=Wong | first=Julia Carrie | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=March 7, 2017 | access-date=March 11, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310141241/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culture-travis-kalanick-susan-fowler-controversy | archive-date=March 10, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/2/28/14726004/uber-susan-fowler-travis-kalanick-sexism-silicon-valley | title=Uber and the problem of Silicon Valley's bro culture | last1=Lacey | first1=Sarah | last2=Illing | first2=Sean | work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] | date=February 28, 2017 | access-date=June 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619043302/https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/2/28/14726004/uber-susan-fowler-travis-kalanick-sexism-silicon-valley | archive-date=June 19, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | title=Inside Uber's Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 22, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309080712/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | archive-date=March 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On February 20, 2017, Kalanick led a meeting with employees that was described by the participants as honest and raw.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14693786/uber-sexism-harassment-allegations-kalanick-all-hands | title=Uber employees say all-hands meeting about sexism allegations was 'honest, raw, and emotional' | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=February 21, 2017 | access-date=June 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235123/https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14693786/uber-sexism-harassment-allegations-kalanick-all-hands | archive-date=August 16, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On February 27, 2017, [[Amit Singhal]], Uber's Senior Vice President of Engineering, was forced to resign after it came to light that he failed to disclose a sexual harassment claim against him that occurred while he was the Vice President of [[Google Search]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/technology/uber-sexual-harassment-amit-singhal-resign.html | title=Amit Singhal, Uber Executive Linked to Old Harassment Claim, Resigns | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Mike | last=Isaac | date=February 27, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308220211/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/technology/uber-sexual-harassment-amit-singhal-resign.html | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://qz.com/india/920713/the-rise-and-fall-of-amit-singhal-the-former-google-star-just-fired-by-uber/ | title=The rise and fall of Amit Singhal, the former Google star just fired by Uber | first=Devjyot | last=Ghoshal | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=February 28, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035716/https://qz.com/india/920713/the-rise-and-fall-of-amit-singhal-the-former-google-star-just-fired-by-uber/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.recode.net/2017/2/27/14745360/amit-singhal-google-uber | title=Uber's SVP of engineering is out after he did not disclose he left Google in a dispute over a sexual harassment allegation | first=Kara | last=Swisher | work=[[Recode]] | date=February 27, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025173232/https://www.recode.net/2017/2/27/14745360/amit-singhal-google-uber | archive-date=October 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/27/uber-amit-singhal-resigns/ | title=Uber Exec Resigns After Sexual Harassment Allegations Surface From His Time at Google | first=Polina | last=Marinova| work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=February 27, 2017 | access-date=March 2, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122957/http://fortune.com/2017/02/27/uber-amit-singhal-resigns/ | archive-date=March 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/27/uber-executive-resigns-sexual-harassment-google | title=Uber executive resigns after failing to disclose prior sexual harassment claim | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=February 27, 2017 | access-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053059/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/27/uber-executive-resigns-sexual-harassment-google | archive-date=January 30, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On June 6, 2017, Uber announced that it fired over 20 employees as a result of the investigation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation | title=Uber fires more than 20 employees after sexual harassment investigation | first=Olivia | last=Solon | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=June 7, 2016 | issn=0261-3077 | access-date=June 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607072309/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation | archive-date=June 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://fortune.com/2017/06/06/uber-sexual-harassment-investigation/ | title=Uber Fires More Than 20 Employees After Harassment Investigation: Report | first=Polina | last=Marinova | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=June 6, 2017 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608214413/http://fortune.com/2017/06/06/uber-sexual-harassment-investigation/ | archive-date=June 8, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On June 13, 2017, Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence from Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/13/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-leave-absence-scandal | title=Embattled Uber CEO Travis Kalanick takes indefinite leave of absence | last=Wong | first=Julia Carrie | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=June 13, 2017 | access-date=June 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613192810/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/13/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-leave-absence-scandal | archive-date=June 13, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-release-findings-of-harassment-probe-on-tuesday-1497360231 | title=Uber CEO Travis Kalanick to Take Leave of Absence | last=Bensinger | first=Greg | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=June 13, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908165013/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-release-findings-of-harassment-probe-on-tuesday-1497360231 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On June 20, 2017, after multiple shareholders reportedly demanded his resignation, Kalanick resigned as CEO.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick.html | title=Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Resigns as C.E.O. | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 21, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=June 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621140538/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick.html | archive-date=June 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Segall | first=Laurie | authorlink=Laurie Segall | url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-resignation/index.html | title=Travis Kalanick resigns as Uber CEO after months of crisis | work=[[CNN]] | date=June 21, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831175001/https://money.cnn.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-resignation/index.html | archive-date=August 31, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Scandals and departure of Emil Michael====
At a private dinner in November 2014, [[Emil Michael]], senior vice president of Uber, suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to "dig up dirt" on the personal lives and backgrounds of media figures who reported negatively about Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2015/04/portland_makes_uber_and_lyft_l.html | title=Portland makes Uber and Lyft legal – for now | first=Joseph | last=Rose | work=[[OregonLive.com]] | date=April 21, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164445/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2015/04/portland_makes_uber_and_lyft_l.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Specifically, he targeted [[Sarah Lacy]], editor of [[PandoDaily]], who, in an article published in October 2014, accused Uber of [[sexism]] and [[misogyny]] in its advertising.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://pando.com/2014/10/22/the-horrific-trickle-down-of-asshole-culture-at-a-company-like-uber/ | title=The horrific trickle down of Asshole culture: Why I've just deleted Uber from my phone | first=Sarah | last=Lacy | work=[[PandoDaily]] | date=October 22, 2014 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094635/https://pando.com/2014/10/22/the-horrific-trickle-down-of-asshole-culture-at-a-company-like-uber/ | archive-date=September 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uber-executive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-on-journalists | title=Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt On Journalists | first=Ben | last=Smith | work=[[Buzzfeed]] | date=November 17, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124113/https://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uber-executive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-on-journalists | archive-date=September 17, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/11/19/ubers-terrible-horrible-no-good-very-bad-day/ | title=Uber's terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day | last=Peterson | first=Andrea | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625153402/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/11/19/ubers-terrible-horrible-no-good-very-bad-day/ | archive-date=June 25, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Michael issued a public apology<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/emil-michael-of-uber-proposes-digging-into-journalists-private-lives/ | title=Uber Executive Proposes Digging into Journalists' Private Lives | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 18, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103020355/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/emil-michael-of-uber-proposes-digging-into-journalists-private-lives | archive-date=November 3, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and apologized to Lacy in a personal email, claiming that Uber would never actually undertake the plan.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learned-just-how-far-uber-will-go-to-silence-journalists-and-attack-women/ | title=The moment I learned just how far Uber will go to silence journalists and attack women | last=Lacy | first=Sarah | work=[[PandoDaily]] | date=November 17, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202245/https://pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learned-just-how-far-uber-will-go-to-silence-journalists-and-attack-women/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/ | title=Uber Executive Said the Company Would Spend 'A Million Dollars' to Shut Me Up | last=Lacy | first=Sarah | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=November 14, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728010303/http://time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/ | archive-date=July 28, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Several journalists deleted their Uber apps.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://theconversation.com/love-it-or-loathe-it-uber-is-punching-above-its-weight-34419 | title=Love it or loathe it, Uber is punching above its weight | first=Faith | last=Valencia | work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] | date=November 20, 2014 | access-date=November 21, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122210204/http://theconversation.com/love-it-or-loathe-it-uber-is-punching-above-its-weight-34419 | archive-date=November 22, 2014 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> After several additional scandals involving Emil Michael, including an escort-karaoke bar scandal in Seoul and the questioning of the medical records of a rape victim in India, he left the company in June 2017 when Kalanick, who reportedly was protecting Michael, resigned.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://qz.com/1003453/emil-michael-ubers-most-scandal-ridden-exec-is-reportedly-out/ | title=Uber's most scandal-ridden exec is out – and it's not Travis Kalanick | first=Alison | last=Griswold | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=June 12, 2017 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185330/https://qz.com/1003453/emil-michael-ubers-most-scandal-ridden-exec-is-reportedly-out/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Settlement with victims====
In August 2018, Uber agreed to pay a total of $7 million to 480 workers to settle claims of gender discrimination, harassment and hostile work environment.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/21/technology/uber-settlement/index.html | title=Uber to pay 56 workers $1.9 million for harassment and discrimination claims | first=Sara Ashley | last=O'Brien | work=[[CNN]] | date=August 22, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909191906/https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/21/technology/uber-settlement/index.html | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Use of offshore companies to minimize tax liability===
In November 2017, the [[Paradise Papers]], a set of confidential [[electronic document]]s relating to [[offshore investment]], revealed that Uber is one of many corporations that used an [[offshore company]] to minimize taxes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-schemes-of-global-elite/a-41246087 | title='Paradise papers' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite | first=Rebecca | last=Staudenmaier | work=[[Deutsche Welle]] | date=November 5, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808002415/https://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-schemes-of-global-elite/a-41246087 | archive-date=August 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent | url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/ | work=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] | date=November 5, 2017 | access-date=November 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105203706/https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/ | archive-date=November 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===CEO's comments on the killing of Jamal Khashoggi===
On November 11, 2019, Uber was seen trending on [[Twitter]] on #BoycottUber, after the company's CEO [[Dara Khosrowshahi]] characterized [[Saudi Arabia]]'s murder of [[Jamal Khashoggi]] as a "mistake" in comments. In his interview with [[Axios (website)|Axios]] on [[HBO]], he compared the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|assassination of Khashoggi]] to Uber’s decision of including self-driving cars, which resulted in a death of a woman in 2018. He called them both "mistakes" that can "be forgiven".<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.siliconvalley.com/2019/11/11/uber-ceo-in-hot-water-after-calling-saudi-journalists-killing-a-mistake/|title= Uber CEO in hot water after calling Saudi journalist's killing 'a mistake' |accessdate=11 November 2019|website=Silicon Valley}}</ref>
==Tourist destinations==
According to Uber, its most popular tourist destinations in 2019 were<ref>{{cite news | date = December 21, 2019 | title = People are Uber-ing to the Vatican and the Pyramids: Here are the Top 15 Tourist Spots to Uber to | url = https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/21/most-popular-tourist-destinations-on-uber-2019.html | work = CNBC}}</ref>:
# [[Empire State Building]], United States
# [[Freedom Tower]], United States
# [[CN Tower]], Canada
# [[Arc de Triomphe]], France
# [[Eiffel Tower]], France
# [[Louvre]], France
# [[Burj Khalifa]], United Arab Emirates
# [[Disneyland]], United States
# [[Buckingham Palace]], United Kingdom
# [[Golden Gate Bridge]], United States
==Awards==
In 2013, ''[[USA Today]]'' named Uber its tech company of the year.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/ | title=Wolff: The tech company of the year is Uber | last=Wolff | first=Michael | authorlink=Michael Wolff (journalist) | work=[[USA Today]] | date=December 22, 2013 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081132/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/ | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
'''Scholarly papers'''
* {{Cite journal | first1=Christofer | last1=Laurell | first2=Christian | last2=Sandström | title=Analysing Uber in social media – disruptive technology or institutional disruption? | journal=International Journal of Innovation Management | volume=20 | issue=5 | pages=1640013 | date=June 28, 2016| doi=10.1142/S1363919616400132 | url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-32162 }}
* {{cite journal | last=McGaughey | first=E.| title=Uber, the Taylor Review, mutuality, and the duty to not misrepresent employment status | date=2018| journal=Industrial Law Journal| ssrn=3018516}}
* {{cite web | first=Georgios | last=Petropoulos | title=Uber and the economic impact of sharing economy platforms | url=http://bruegel.org/2016/02/uber-and-the-economic-impact-of-sharing-economy-platforms/ | publisher=[[Bruegel (institution)|Bruegel]] | date=February 22, 2016}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Noto La Diega |first1=Guido |title=Uber law and awareness by design. An empirical study on online platforms and dehumanised negotiations |journal=Revue européenne de droit de la consommation/ European Journal of Consumer Law |date=2016 |volume=2016 |issue=II |pages=383–413 |url=http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/27866/1/Guido-REDC.pdf|via=Northumbria Research Link}}
* {{cite book|first1=Juliana Carreiro Corbal |last1=Oitaven |first2=Rodrigo de Lacerda|last2= Carelli |first3=Cássio Luís |last3=Casagrande|url=http://csb.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/CONAFRET_WEB-compressed.pdf|title=Empresas de transporte, plataformas digitais e a relação de emprego: um estudo do trabalho subordinado sob aplicativos|date=2019|location=Brasília|publisher=Ministério Público do Trabalho|isbn=978-85-66507-27-0|language=pt}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rogers | first=B. | title=The Social Costs of Uber | date=2015| volume=82 |journal=University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue |page=85}}
'''Books'''
* Isaac, Mike. ''[[Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber]]''. New York, NY. {{ISBN|9780393652246}}. {{OCLC|1090686951}}.
==External links==
{{commons category|Uber (company)}}
{{Wikinews category}}
* [https://www.uber.com Official website]
{{Finance links
| name = Uber Inc.
| symbol = UBER
| reuters = UBER.N
| bloomberg = UBER:US
| sec_cik = UBER
| yahoo = UBER
| google = UBER
}}
{{Uber|state=expanded}}
{{Uberisation}}
{{Major Internet companies}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Uber| ]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2019 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Location-based software]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Ridesharing companies of the United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Other uses|Uber (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{short description|American peer-to-peer ridesharing, freight, food delivery, and transportation network company}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Uber Technologies, Inc.
| logo = Uber logo 2018.svg
| former_name = UberCab (2009–2011)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|UBER}}
| industry = [[Transportation]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2009|3}}
| founders = [[Garrett Camp]]<br/>[[Travis Kalanick]]
| hq_location = [[San Francisco, California]], U.S.
| area_served = 63 countries, 785 metropolitan areas
| key_people = [[Ronald Sugar]] ([[Chairman]])<br/>[[Dara Khosrowshahi]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])<br/>[[Nelson Chai]] ([[Chief Financial Officer|CFO]])<br/>[[Thuan Pham]] ([[Chief Technology Officer|CTO]])<br/>[[Tony West (attorney)|Tony West]] ([[Chief Legal Officer|CLO]])
| products = [[Mobile app]], [[website]]
| services = [[Vehicle for hire]]<br/>[[Delivery (commerce)]]
| revenue = {{increase}} [[US$]] 11.27 billion (2018)
| operating_income = {{increase}} US${{color|red|−3.033}} billion (2018)
| net_income = {{increase}} US$ 997 million (2018)
| assets = {{increase}} US$ 23.988 billion (2018)
| equity = {{increase}} US$ 10.333 billion (2018)
| owner =
| num_employees = 22,263 worldwide, including 11,488 outside the United States (2018)
| subsid = [[Uber Eats]]<br/>[[Jump Bikes]]<br/>[[Careem]]
| footnotes = <ref name=S1>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1543151/000119312519103850/d647752ds1.htm | title=Uber Technologies, Inc. Form S-1 Registration Statement | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=April 11, 2019 | access-date=April 14, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413001808/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1543151/000119312519103850/d647752ds1.htm | archive-date=April 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=cities>{{Cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/cities/ | title=Uber: Cities | access-date=November 20, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003054312/https://www.uber.com/cities/ | archive-date=October 3, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Bhuiyan | first=Johana | title=Uber's first diversity report under CEO Dara Khosrowshahi shows Uber is still mostly white and male | url=https://www.recode.net/2018/4/25/17275010/uber-executive-diversity-black-latinx | work=[[Recode]] | date=April 25, 2018 | access-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053219/https://www.recode.net/2018/4/25/17275010/uber-executive-diversity-black-latinx | archive-date=January 30, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}
[[File:Uber App Icon.svg|150px|thumbnail|Uber logo used from February 2016 until September 2018]]
[[File:Uber ride Bogota (10277864666).jpg|thumbnail|An Uber driver in Bogotá, Colombia with the Uber app on a dashboard-mounted smartphone]]
[[File:Uber taxi in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Yellow Uber car in [[Moscow]]]]
'''Uber Technologies, Inc.''', commonly known as '''Uber''', is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[ridesharing company|ride-hailing company]] offering services that include [[peer-to-peer ridesharing]], ride service hailing, [[food delivery]], and a [[micromobility]] system with electric bikes and scooters. The company is based in [[San Francisco]] and has operations in over 785 [[metropolitan area]]s worldwide.<ref name=cities/> Its platforms can be accessed via its websites and [[mobile app]]s.
{{As of|2019}}, Uber is estimated to have 110 million worldwide users.<ref>{{cite web | title=Monthly number of Uber's active users worldwide | url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/833743/us-users-ride-sharing-services/ | work=[[Statista]] | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202225/https://www.statista.com/statistics/833743/us-users-ride-sharing-services/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In the United States, a 67% market share for ride-sharing in early 2019<ref>{{cite news | last=Gessner | first=Kathryn | url=https://blog.secondmeasure.com/datapoints/rideshare-industry-overview/ | title=Rideshare Industry Overview | work=Second Measure | access-date=April 6, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406161628/https://blog.secondmeasure.com/datapoints/rideshare-industry-overview/ | archive-date=April 6, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and a 24% market share for food delivery in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2019/02/06/ubers-secret-gold-mine-how-uber-eats-is-turning-into-a-billion-dollar-business-to-rival-grubhub/|title=Uber's Secret Gold Mine: How Uber Eats Is Turning Into A Billion-Dollar Business To Rival Grubhub|last=Carson|first=Biz|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306174834/https://www.forbes.com/sites/bizcarson/2019/02/06/ubers-secret-gold-mine-how-uber-eats-is-turning-into-a-billion-dollar-business-to-rival-grubhub/|archive-date=March 6, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Uber has been so prominent in the [[sharing economy]] that the changes in industries as a result of it have been referred to as [[uberisation]],<ref>{{cite news | title=Apple Pay's Real Killer App: The Uber-ification of Local Services | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-boland/apple-pays-real-killer-ap_b_6233828.html | first=Michael | last=Boland | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=December 1, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429134307/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-boland/apple-pays-real-killer-ap_b_6233828.html | archive-date=April 29, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.manilatimes.net/execs-wary-disruptive-tech-to-heighten-biz-competition-ibm/260144/ | title=Execs wary 'disruptive tech' to heighten biz competition – IBM | first=Kristyn, Nika M. | last=Lazo | work=[[The Manila Times]] | date=May 4, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202347/https://www.manilatimes.net/execs-wary-disruptive-tech-to-heighten-biz-competition-ibm/260144/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cso.com.au/mediareleases/27033/taking-uberization-to-the-field-disruption-is/ | title=Taking uberization to the Field – Disruption is coming for Field Marketing | work=[[International Data Group]] | date=April 14, 2016 | access-date=August 25, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163011/https://www.cso.com.au/mediareleases/27033/taking-uberization-to-the-field-disruption-is/ | archive-date=June 12, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and many startups have described their products as "Uber for X".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/12/uber-x-fad-will-pass-uber-uber/ | title=The 'Uber For X' Fad Will Pass Because Only Uber Is Uber | first=Amy | last=Webb | authorlink=Amy Webb | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=December 9, 2016 | access-date=August 29, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830012303/https://www.wired.com/2016/12/uber-x-fad-will-pass-uber-uber/ | archive-date=August 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://blog.ycombinator.com/read-this-before-you-build-uber-for-x/ | title=Read This Before You Build Uber for X | first=Sam | last=Madden | work=[[Y Combinator]] | date=August 17, 2017 | access-date=January 4, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104231130/https://blog.ycombinator.com/read-this-before-you-build-uber-for-x/ | archive-date=January 4, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/young-entrepreneur-council/the-uber-for-x-model-oppo_b_8895846.html | title=The 'Uber for X' Model: Opportunities and Challenges | first=Shawn | last=Porat | work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=January 6, 2016 | access-date=January 4, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912023546/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/young-entrepreneur-council/the-uber-for-x-model-oppo_b_8895846.html | archive-date=September 12, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The [[National Bureau of Economic Research]] estimated that, in 2015, Uber had accounted for $6.8 billion in [[Economic surplus|consumer surplus]].<ref>[Peter Cohen, Robert Hahn, Jonathan Hall, Steven Levitt, Robert Metcalfe (2016). Using Big Data to Estimate Consumer Surplus: The Case of Uber. NBER Working Paper No. 22627. https://www.nber.org/papers/w22627]</ref>
As with other [[transportation network company|transportation network companies]], Uber has been criticized for unfair treatment of drivers, for disrupting the taxicab business, and for increasing traffic congestion. The company has also been criticized for its aggressive strategy in dealing with regulators and for several unlawful practices.
{{TOC limit|3}}
==Business model==
===Stakeholders===
====Passengers====
Passengers use an app to order a ride, where they are quoted the fare.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://mashable.com/2017/11/14/uber-introduces-upfront-pricing/ | title=Uber finally shows upfront pricing, following in Lyft's footsteps | first=Monica | last=Chin | work=[[Mashable]] | date=November 14, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164557/https://mashable.com/2017/11/14/uber-introduces-upfront-pricing/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber uses a [[dynamic pricing]] model; prices for the same route vary according to [[supply and demand]] for rides at the time that the ride is requested.<ref name=extra>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/24/16533940/uber-long-pickups-late-cancellations-driver-earnings | title=Uber will now charge you extra if your driver has to travel longer to reach you | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=October 24, 2017 | access-date=December 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100101/https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/24/16533940/uber-long-pickups-late-cancellations-driver-earnings | archive-date=December 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> At the end of the ride, payment is made based on the rider's pre-selected preferences, such as a [[credit card]] on file, [[Google Pay]], [[Apple Pay]], [[PayPal]], cash, or, in India, Airtel mobile wallet<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-ties-up-with-uber/article7566440.ece | title=Airtel ties up with Uber | first=Lalatendu | last=Mishra | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=August 21, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211132351/http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-ties-up-with-uber/article7566440.ece | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> or [[Unified Payments Interface]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Now You Can Pay For Your Uber Ride Using UPI | url=https://swarajyamag.com/insta/now-you-can-pay-for-your-uber-ride-using-upi | work=[[Swarajya (magazine)|Swarajya]] | date=July 20, 2017 | access-date=September 18, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921001027/https://swarajyamag.com/insta/now-you-can-pay-for-your-uber-ride-using-upi | archive-date=September 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> After the ride is over, the rider is given the option to provide a [[gratuity]] to the driver, which is also billed to the rider's payment method.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/ride/how-uber-works/in-app-tipping/ | title=Riding With Uber: Tipping | publisher=Uber | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164751/https://www.uber.com/ride/how-uber-works/in-app-tipping/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In some locations, if the driver has to wait more than a few minutes after arriving to the pickup location, riders are charged a wait time fee.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://help.uber.com/riders/article/wait-time-fees?nodeId=5960f72c-802a-4b61-a51c-2c9498c3b041 | title=Wait time fees | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232319/https://help.uber.com/riders/article/wait-time-fees?nodeId=5960f72c-802a-4b61-a51c-2c9498c3b041 | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Drivers====
The status of drivers as independent contractors is an unresolved issue (see [[Uber#Criticism|Criticism]]). Uber drivers use their own cars although drivers can rent or lease a car to drive with Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/06/17/worth-it-an-app-to-get-a-cab/ | title=Worth It? An App to Get a Cab | first=Lauren | last=Goode | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=June 17, 2011 | url-access=subscription | access-date=August 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123043948/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/06/17/worth-it-an-app-to-get-a-cab/ | archive-date=November 23, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=driver/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-taps-zipcar-to-put-more-drivers-on-the-road-1486588371 | title=Uber Taps Zipcar to Put More Drivers on the Road | first=Greg | last=Bensinger | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=February 9, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 23, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224060447/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-taps-zipcar-to-put-more-drivers-on-the-road-1486588371 | archive-date=February 24, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber offers car rental or leasing via [[Getaround]], [[Hertz]], and Fair<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/vehicle-solutions/ | title=Car offers: Wheels by the week | publisher=Uber | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164831/https://www.uber.com/drive/vehicle-solutions/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and Uber and [[BYD Auto]] have a partnership to provide leasing of [[electric car]]s to Uber drivers in [[Chicago]] and [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40517240/the-biggest-electric-vehicle-company-youve-never-heard-of | title=The Biggest Electric Vehicle Company You've Never Heard Of | first=Joshua | last=Bateman| work=[[Fast Company]] | date=January 18, 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232846/https://www.fastcompany.com/40517240/the-biggest-electric-vehicle-company-youve-never-heard-of | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Drivers must meet requirements for age, health, car age and type, have a [[driver's license]] and a [[smartphone]] or tablet, and must pass a [[background check]].<ref name=driver>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/requirements/ | title=Driver requirements: How to drive with Uber | publisher=Uber | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310032211/https://www.uber.com/drive/requirements/ | archive-date=March 10, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In many cities, vehicles used by Uber drivers must pass annual safety inspections and/or must have an Uber [[emblem]] posted in the passenger window. Some cities also require Uber drivers to have a [[business license]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-lyft-drivers-need-business-licenses-to-operate-in-san-francisco-1460762952 | title=Uber, Lyft Drivers Need Business Licenses to Operate in San Francisco | last=Wells | first=Georgia | last2=MacMillan | first2=Douglas | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | issn=0099-9660 | date=April 15, 2016 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325201745/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-lyft-drivers-need-business-licenses-to-operate-in-san-francisco-1460762952 | archive-date=March 25, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A mechanism called "Real-Time ID Check" requires some drivers to occasionally take [[selfie]]s when logging on to Uber.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://eng.uber.com/real-time-id-check/ | title=Engineering Safety with Uber's Real-Time ID Check | work=Uber | date=March 13, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232253/https://eng.uber.com/real-time-id-check/ | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.microsoft.com/transform/feature/how-uber-is-using-driver-selfies-to-enhance-security-powered-by-microsoft-cognitive-services/ | title=How Uber is using driver selfies to enhance security, powered by Microsoft Cognitive Services | last=Choney | first=Suzanne | work=[[Microsoft]] | date=September 26, 2016 | access-date=February 24, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225130356/https://blogs.microsoft.com/transform/feature/how-uber-is-using-driver-selfies-to-enhance-security-powered-by-microsoft-cognitive-services/ | archive-date=February 25, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Drivers use an app to receive and accept offers for transportations and further information.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/c/180-days/long-trip-notification/ | title=Long trip notifications: Get a heads-up on long trip requests | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423214845/https://www.uber.com/c/180-days/long-trip-notification/ | archive-date=April 23, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Uber driver app includes accommodations for hearing-impaired drivers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.com/2015/05/uber-drivers-deaf-hard-of-hearing/ | title=Uber unveils app update to help its deaf drivers | first=Davey | last=Alba | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=May 28, 2015 | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327031306/https://www.wired.com/2015/05/uber-drivers-deaf-hard-of-hearing/ | archive-date=March 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/19/11454646/uber-app-deaf-driver-communication-service-csd | title=Uber's latest changes make trips easier for deaf drivers and their passengers | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=April 19, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035536/https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/19/11454646/uber-app-deaf-driver-communication-service-csd | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Service options===
====Offered====
* UberX, the basic level of service, provides a private ride in a standard car with driver for up to four passengers. UberX and UberXL cars with [[child safety seat]]s are available for an additional charge. Persons with a [[service animal]] may use any type of Uber service, as required by law. Rider service levels, many of which are only available in certain cities, include:<ref>{{cite book | first=Henrique | last=Schneider | title=Uber: Innovation in Society | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w64ZDgAAQBAJ | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] | date=March 10, 2017 | isbn=9783319495149 | access-date=March 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327090316/https://books.google.com/books?id=w64ZDgAAQBAJ | archive-date=March 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* ASSIST provides additional assistance to [[senior citizen]]s and passengers with a [[physical disability]], but cannot transport a non-folding [[wheelchair]] (see UberWAV for wheelchair-accessible vehicles).
* Bike is a dockless [[bicycle-sharing system]] that allows users to rent [[electric bicycle]]s via Uber subsidiary [[Jump Bikes]] in nine metropolitan areas in the United States including [[San Francisco]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-rent-electric-bikes-san-francisco-jump-pilot-2018-1 | title=Uber is now letting people in San Francisco rent ebikes on its app | last=Price | first=Rob | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 31, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825214028/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-rent-electric-bikes-san-francisco-jump-pilot-2018-1 | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/uber-acquires-bike-share-startup-jump/ | title=Uber acquires bike share startup jump | first=Megan Rose | last=Dickey | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 9, 2018 | access-date=August 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002550/https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/uber-acquires-bike-share-startup-jump/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber users are also able to rent [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]] scooters in 46 cities via the Uber mobile app.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44766466 | title=Uber invests in Lime city scooter hire company' | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=July 9, 2018 | access-date=August 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714105053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44766466 | archive-date=July 14, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* NIGGA provides a nigga [[luxury vehicle]].
* Chapchap, available in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] is a low-cost service offering transport via a [[Suzuki Alto]], a [[kei car]]. "Chapchap" means "faster" in the [[Swahili language]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667 | title=Uber to push further into East Africa with services like Chapchap | work=[[TRT World]] | date=August 18, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105634/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667 | archive-date=August 20, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* ESPAÑOL, available in California, is a version of UberX (see below) that provides a Spanish-speaking driver.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/ | title=uberESPAÑOL | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232440/https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/ | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Comfort includes newer cars with additional legroom.
* FLASH, available in [[Hong Kong]] and Singapore, is a service that combines both private cars and taxis, operated by [[ComfortDelGro]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/uberflash-service-quick-but-not-always-cheaper | title=UberFlash service quick – but not always cheaper | first=Zhaki | last=Abdullah | work=[[The Straits Times]] | date=January 20, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030513/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/uberflash-service-quick-but-not-always-cheaper | archive-date=July 1, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Green, available in Europe, provides an [[electric car]] or [[hybrid vehicle]] at the same price as UberX.
* Health, available for [[health professional]]s in the United States, is a [[HIPAA]]-compliant method to arrange rides for patients to-and-from their appointments. Patients without [[smartphone]]s can receive pickup information via [[Text messaging]] or via the health professional's office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uberhealth.com/faq | title=Uber Health FAQ | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232531/https://www.uberhealth.com/faq | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Hire, available in India, provides a vehicle for hire for local travel.
* Lux, provides upper-class vehicles.
* MOTO, available in India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Dominican Republic, provides transportation by [[motorcycle]].<ref>{{cite news | last1=Chathurvedula | first1=Sadhana | title=Uber launches bike taxi service UberMOTO in Hyderabad | url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ldUkzM4aAtegoxFIrx0wNK/Ubers-Travis-Kalanick-kicks-off-India-journey-with-cricket.html | work=Livemint | date=December 14, 2016 | access-date=June 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630213954/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ldUkzM4aAtegoxFIrx0wNK/Ubers-Travis-Kalanick-kicks-off-India-journey-with-cricket.html | archive-date=June 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1671078/8-uber-launches-bike-hailing-service-pakistan/ | title=Uber launches bike-hailing service in Pakistan | work=[[The Express Tribune]] | date=March 28, 2018 | access-date=March 29, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330101403/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1671078/8-uber-launches-bike-hailing-service-pakistan/ | archive-date=March 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/en-ID/blog/jakarta/introducing-ubermotor | title=Introducing uberMOTOR | work=Uber | date=2016-04-12 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185242/https://www.uber.com/en-ID/blog/jakarta/introducing-ubermotor | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2017/03/16/uber-enters-dominican-republics-vast-moto-taxi-market/ | title=Uber enters Dominican Republic's vast moto-taxi market | work=[[Dominican Today]] | date=March 16, 2017 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185137/https://dominicantoday.com/dr/economy/2017/03/16/uber-enters-dominican-republics-vast-moto-taxi-market/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* POOL, available for up to two people per party, provides a ride that is possibly shared with other riders going in the same general direction. Unless the rider pays an additional fee for door-to-door service, the rider(s) are required to walk a short distance at both ends of the ride to save time for the driver and other riders. The pickup/drop-off locations are indicated via a map in the mobile app.
* Upper-class vehicles are marketed under the names ''Premier'' (India), ''Premium'' (New York City suburbs), ''Exec'' (London, Berlin?) and Select.
* SUV provides a [[sport utility vehicle]].
* Taxi allows users to summon a taxi using the Uber software application.<ref name=taxi>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/23/ironically-cab-drivers-love-the-new-ubertaxi-in-dc/ | title=Ironically, Cab Drivers 'Love' The New UberTaxi in DC | first=Gregory | last=Ferenstein | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 23, 2013 | access-date=February 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228084655/https://techcrunch.com/2013/01/23/ironically-cab-drivers-love-the-new-ubertaxi-in-dc/ | archive-date=February 28, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Users pay an additional booking fee and can leave a gratuity through the app.<ref name=taxi/> The service was implemented to appease taxi drivers who protested the increased competition from Uber.<ref name=taxi/>
* Van, available in Europe, provides a van for groups of up to 6 people.
* WAV aka ACCESS provides a wheelchair accessible vehicle.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/ride/uberwav/ | title=uberWAV | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326073307/https://www.uber.com/ride/uberwav/ | archive-date=March 26, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* UberAuto, available in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Pakistan]], provides transportation by [[auto rickshaw]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber re-launches Auto service in India | url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xRYgYwRqvSKgmFBMojxcmN/Uber-relaunches-Auto-service-in-India.html | work=[[Press Trust of India]] | publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=January 9, 2018 | access-date=June 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214016/https://www.livemint.com/Industry/xRYgYwRqvSKgmFBMojxcmN/Uber-relaunches-Auto-service-in-India.html | archive-date=June 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1298366 | title=Uber launches uberAUTO rickshaw service in Karachi | work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] | date=November 24, 2016 | access-date=February 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208165713/https://www.dawn.com/news/1298366 | archive-date=February 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* UberGO, available in India and [[Sri Lanka]], provides for a ride in a [[hatchback]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/uber-wants-to-replace-indias-iconic-auto-rickshaws-with-chauffeured-hatchbacks/ | title=Uber Wants To Replace India's Iconic Auto Rickshaws With Chauffeured Hatchbacks | last=Russell | first=Jon | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=December 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707213340/https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/uber-wants-to-replace-indias-iconic-auto-rickshaws-with-chauffeured-hatchbacks/ | archive-date=July 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* UberXL provides a ride in a large vehicle that can seat up to 6 passengers.
====Services under development====
* UberAIR / UberElevate will provide short flights using [[VTOL]] aircraft. Demonstration flights are projected to start in 2020 in Dallas and Los Angeles. Commercial operations are projected to begin in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/ | title=Uber Elevate: The Future Of Urban Air Transport | publisher=Uber | access-date=December 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208021856/https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/ | archive-date=December 8, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Although technically feasible, the program is expected to encounter safety and regulatory obstacles.<ref name=Davies>{{cite news | first=Alex | last=Davies | url=https://www.wired.com/2016/10/uber-flying-cars-elevate-plan/ | title=Inside Uber's Plan to Take Over the Skies With Flying Cars | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=October 27, 2016 | access-date=February 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211101753/https://www.wired.com/2016/10/uber-flying-cars-elevate-plan/ | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* In early October 2019, Uber announced a service called Uber Works that matches [[Temporary worker]]s with potential jobs and employers. The new service is available only in Chicago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Talbot |first=Peter |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/03/766861700/uber-launches-an-app-to-connect-job-seekers-with-gig-work |title=Uber Launches An App To Connect Job Seekers With Gig Work |work=[[NPR]] |date=2019-10-03 |accessdate=2019-10-04 }}</ref>
====Promotional limited services====
[[File:Delorean DMC-12 Time Machine in San Francisco.JPG|thumb|DeLorean "time machine" provided by Uber]]
Uber has also operated promotional limited services, such as rides of up to 15 minutes each on September 6–8, 2013 in San Francisco in the [[DMC DeLorean|DeLorean]] that was featured in the ''[[Back to the Future]]'' film franchise.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-offering-rides-back-in-time-with-delorean-promotion/ | first=Nick | last=Statt | title=Uber offering rides back in time with DeLorean promotion | work=[[CNET]] | date=September 6, 2013 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164550/https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-offering-rides-back-in-time-with-delorean-promotion/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Uber allowed users to hire speedboats in the summer to/from certain points on the coast of [[Croatia]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uberboat-launches-speedboat-service-along-croatian-coast-2017-6 | title=Uber will now let you hire a speedboat to cruise along the Croatian coast | last=Ilic | first=Igor | agency=[[Reuters]] | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=June 30, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032344/https://www.businessinsider.com/uberboat-launches-speedboat-service-along-croatian-coast-2017-6 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber has also offered transport across [[Biscayne Bay]] during Miami Art Week<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/visual-arts/art-basel/article117062133.html | title=Dreading Art Basel traffic? Here's a guide to avoiding Art Week's crush | last=Basel | first=Art | work=[[Miami Herald]] | date=November 20, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129131403/https://www.miamiherald.com/entertainment/visual-arts/art-basel/article117062133.html | archive-date=November 29, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/jason-derulo-teyana-taylor-danielle-knudson-party-in-miami-9835892 | title=UberBOAT Sets Sail in Time for Art Basel 2015 | last=Saunders | first=Hilary | work=[[Miami New Times]] | date=December 3, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032611/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/arts/jason-derulo-teyana-taylor-danielle-knudson-party-in-miami-9835892 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and across the [[Bosporus]] strait in Istanbul in the summer.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/28/8859267/uber-starts-ferry-service-in-istanbul | title=Uber will help you hail a boat in Istanbul | first=Dante | last=D'Orazio | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=June 28, 2015 | access-date=February 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182359/https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/28/8859267/uber-starts-ferry-service-in-istanbul | archive-date=February 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Rating scores===
After each journey, drivers are required to rate passengers on a scale of 1 to 5 stars. Passengers are not required to rate the driver, although are encouraged to do so using the same 1 to 5 scale. Riders and drivers who have low ratings can be deactivated.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mysterious-way-uber-bans-drivers | title=The Mysterious Way Uber Bans Drivers | first=Samantha | last=Allen | work=[[The Daily Beast]] | date=January 27, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331210834/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-mysterious-way-uber-bans-drivers | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-expands-6-month-bans-for-passengers-with-low-ratings-new-zealand-australia-2018-9 | title=Uber is expanding its six-month ban for passengers with low ratings | first=Sean | last=Wolfe | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=September 5, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164633/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-expands-6-month-bans-for-passengers-with-low-ratings-new-zealand-australia-2018-9 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In May 2019, Uber began actively banning riders with low ratings.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-29/uber-to-boot-riders-from-app-if-they-repeatedly-misbehave |title=Uber Will Ban Riders From App If They Repeatedly Misbehave |date=2019-05-28 |access-date=2019-05-30 |language=en}}</ref> The company has not defined in detail what will be considered a “below average rating”, but the update is intended to remove users who are unable to improve their behavior.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/29/18644143/uber-deactivate-rider-below-average-rating |title=Uber will now deactivate riders with below average ratings |last=Hawkins |first=Andrew J. |date=2019-05-29 |website=The Verge |access-date=2019-05-31}}</ref>
===Other products and services===
* [[Uber Eats]] provides meal delivery from nearby participating restaurants for a fee of approximately $4.<ref>{{cite web | title=UberEATS – How it Works | url=https://about.ubereats.com/en/ | publisher=Uber | access-date=April 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170603011031/https://about.ubereats.com/en/ | archive-date=June 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Uber and [[issuing bank]] [[Barclays]] offer a [[Visa Inc.]] [[credit card]] that offers customers a [[cashback reward program]] and other incentives.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/billhardekopf/2017/10/30/this-week-in-credit-card-news-uber-launches-its-own-credit-card-why-companies-push-mobile-payments/ | title=This Week In Credit Card News: Uber Launches Its Own Credit Card; Why Companies Push Mobile Payments | first=Bill | last=Hardekopf | work=[[Forbes]] | date=October 30, 2017 | access-date=October 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030212511/https://www.forbes.com/sites/billhardekopf/2017/10/30/this-week-in-credit-card-news-uber-launches-its-own-credit-card-why-companies-push-mobile-payments/ | archive-date=October 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* Uber Freight matches freight shippers with truckers in a similar fashion to the matching of taxi passengers with drivers.<ref name=freight/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/08/21/uber-expands-uber-freight-to-small-and-mid-sized-businesses/ | title=Uber Freight expands to small and mid-sized businesses | first=Kyle | last=Wiggers | work=[[VentureBeat]] | date=August 21, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164920/https://venturebeat.com/2018/08/21/uber-expands-uber-freight-to-small-and-mid-sized-businesses/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==History==
{{Further|Timeline of Uber}}
[[File:Travis Kalanick LeWeb.jpg|thumbnail|[[Travis Kalanick]], former CEO of Uber, in 2013]]
Uber was founded in 2009 as UberCab by [[Garrett Camp]], a computer programmer and the co-founder of [[StumbleUpon]], and [[Travis Kalanick]], who had sold his [[Red Swoosh]] startup for $19 million in 2007.<ref name=innovation>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/2/innovation-uber-alles/ | title=Innovation Uber Alles; Personal-Driver Service Can Revolutionize Transportation Services | first=James | last=Bacon | work=[[The Washington Times]] | date=February 3, 2012 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202231/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/2/innovation-uber-alles/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Resistance is Futile | first=Christine | last=Lagorio-Chafkin | url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/201307/christine-lagorio/uber-the-car-service-explosive-growth.html | work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.com]] | date=July–August 2013 | access-date=July 21, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626144757/http://www.inc.com/magazine/201307/christine-lagorio/uber-the-car-service-explosive-growth.html | archive-date=June 26, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On [[New Year's Eve]], after Camp and his friends spent $800 hiring a private driver, Camp wanted to find a way to reduce the cost of direct transportation. He realized that sharing the cost with people could make it affordable, and his idea morphed into Uber. Kalanick joined Camp and gives him "full credit for the idea" of Uber.<ref name=BI-2014/> The first prototype was built by Camp and his friends, Oscar Salazar and Conrad Whelan, with Kalanick being brought on as a "mega advisor" to the company.<ref name=BI-2014/>
Following a beta launch in May 2010, Uber's services and mobile app officially launched in San Francisco in 2011.<ref name=Chafkin>{{cite news | title=How Uber Is Going To Hire 1,000 People This Year | first=Christine | last=Lagorio-Chafkin | url=https://www.inc.com/christine-lagorio/how-uber-hires.html | work=[[Inc. (magazine)|INC.com]] | date=January 15, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118133339/https://www.inc.com/christine-lagorio/how-uber-hires.html | archive-date=November 18, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>
{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/12/11/ubers-global-expansion/ | title=Uber's Global Expansion in Five Seconds | first=Ellen | last=Huet | work=[[Forbes]] | date=December 11, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210003159/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/12/11/ubers-global-expansion/ | archive-date=February 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Originally, the application only allowed users to hail a black luxury car and the price was 1.5 times that of a taxi.<ref>{{cite news | title=This is how Uber used to look when it first started out – and how it's changed over time | first=Nathan | last=McAlone | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-design-history-2010-2016-2016-2/ | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=February 10, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143136/https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-design-history-2010-2016-2016-2/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In February 2010, [[Ryan Graves]] became the first Uber employee, getting the job by responding to a tweet from Kalanick announcing the job opening, and receiving 5–10% of the company. Graves started out as general manager and shortly after the launch was named as [[CEO]].<ref name=BI-2014>{{cite news | title=All Hail The Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star | first=Alyson | last=Shontell | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-travis-kalanick-bio-2014-1 | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 11, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908170324/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-travis-kalanick-bio-2014-1 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> After ten months, in December 2010, Kalanick succeeded Graves as CEO.<ref name=BI-2014/><ref name=Chafkin/><ref name=Lund14>{{cite news | title=From Dead-End Job to Uber Billionaire: Meet Ryan Graves | last=Lund | first=Brian | url=https://www.aol.com/on/uber-billionaire-ryan-graves/ | work=[[AOL]] | date=July 3, 2014 | access-date=February 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075507/https://www.aol.com/on/uber-billionaire-ryan-graves/ | archive-date=February 11, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Cofounder Garrett Camp, First Hire Ryan Graves Join Forbes Billionaires List | first=Ellen | last=Huet | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2015/03/02/uber-billionaires-garrett-camp-ryan-graves/ | work=[[Forbes]] | date=March 2, 2015 | access-date=February 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226132845/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2015/03/02/uber-billionaires-garrett-camp-ryan-graves/ | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Graves became the company's [[chief operating officer]] (COO).<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber and Indiegogo – tales of disruption | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27999589 | first=Rory | last=Cellan-Jones | work=[[BBC News]] | date=June 24, 2014 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164621/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27999589 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In 2011, the company changed its name from UberCab to Uber after complaints from San Francisco taxi operators.<ref>{{cite news | title=New York cab fleecing holds lesson on data versus intuition | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/new-york-cab-fleecing-holds-lesson-on-data-versus-intuition-1.443982 | first=Danny | last=O'Brien | work=[[The Irish Times]] | date=January 13, 2012 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129130738/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/new-york-cab-fleecing-holds-lesson-on-data-versus-intuition-1.443982 | archive-date=November 29, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
The company's early hires included a nuclear physicist, a [[computational neuroscientist]], and a machinery expert who worked on predicting demand for private hire car drivers and where demand is highest.<ref name=innovation/><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Out-Maths Google on NYC ETAs | first=Sarah | last=Lacy | url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/15/uber-out-maths-google-on-nyc-etas/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=June 15, 2011 | access-date=February 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226133925/https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/15/uber-out-maths-google-on-nyc-etas/ | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In April 2012, in Chicago, Uber launched a service where users were able to request a regular taxi or an Uber driver via its mobile app.<ref>{{cite news | first=Leena | last=Rao | title=Uber Experiments With Lower-Priced Taxis in Chicago Through Newly Launched Labs Group, 'Garage' | url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/18/uber-experiments-with-lower-priced-taxis-in-chicago-through-newly-launched-labs-group-garage/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 18, 2012 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072007/https://techcrunch.com/2012/04/18/uber-experiments-with-lower-priced-taxis-in-chicago-through-newly-launched-labs-group-garage/ | archive-date=January 22, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber tackles Taxis in Chicago with Uber Garage experiment | first=Terrence | last=O'Brien | url=https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/18/uber-tackles-taxis-in-chicago-with-uber-garage-experiment/ | work=[[Engadget]] | date=April 18, 2012 | access-date=February 26, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226131420/https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/18/uber-tackles-taxis-in-chicago-with-uber-garage-experiment/ | archive-date=February 26, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In July 2012, the company introduced UberX, a cheaper option that lets people drive for Uber using non-luxury vehicles, subject to a background check, registration requirement, and car standards.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber opens doors in D.C. | first=Fritz | last=Hahn | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-gurus/post/dc-council-expected-to-approve-uber-act/2012/12/04/574a0306-3e38-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_blog.html | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 4, 2012 | access-date=February 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222052759/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-gurus/post/dc-council-expected-to-approve-uber-act/2012/12/04/574a0306-3e38-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_blog.html | archive-date=February 22, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> At first, rates were similar to those of taxis and were 35% cheaper than UberBLACK.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/01/uber-opens-up-platform-to-non-limo-vehicles-with-uber-x-service-will-be-35-less-expensive/ | title=Uber Opens Up Platform To Non-Limo Vehicles With 'Uber X,' Service Will Be 35% Less Expensive | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=July 1, 2012 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727231018/https://techcrunch.com/2012/07/01/uber-opens-up-platform-to-non-limo-vehicles-with-uber-x-service-will-be-35-less-expensive/ | archive-date=July 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> By early 2013, the service was operating in 35 cities.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://growthhackers.com/growth-studies/uber | title=Uber – What's Fueling Uber's Growth Engine? | work=GrowthHackers | access-date=December 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214015005/https://growthhackers.com/growth-studies/uber | archive-date=December 14, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber allowed drivers to use their personal vehicles as part of UberX starting in April 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/12/uber-ride-share-almost-everywhere/ | title=Uber Moves Deeper Into Ride Sharing, Promises To Roll Out Services Where Regulators Have Given 'Tacit Approval' | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 12, 2013 | access-date=May 23, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825073839/https://techcrunch.com/2013/04/12/uber-ride-share-almost-everywhere/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Rates were quickly lowered, which caused some dissatisfaction among UberBLACK and taxi drivers, whose earnings decreased as a result of the increased competition at lower rates.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/see-uber-this-is-what-happens-when-you-cannibalize-yourself/ | title=See, Uber – This Is What Happens When You Cannibalize Yourself | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=March 15, 2013 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705125838/https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/see-uber-this-is-what-happens-when-you-cannibalize-yourself/ | archive-date=July 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2014, Uber launched UberPOOL, a carpooling service, in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Opens Up UberPool To All San Francisco Users | first=Ryan | last=Lawler | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/02/uberpool-launch-for-real/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=September 2, 2014 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154432/https://techcrunch.com/2014/09/02/uberpool-launch-for-real/ | archive-date=April 23, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Begins Testing Lunch Delivery With UberFRESH | first=Darrell | last=Etherington | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/uberfresh/ | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=August 26, 2014 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423154217/https://techcrunch.com/2014/08/26/uberfresh/ | archive-date=April 23, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The service was then launched in other cities worldwide: Paris in November 2014,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-launches-carpooling-service-in-paris-1415896525 | title=Uber Launches Car Pooling Service in Paris | first=Sam | last=Schechner | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=November 13, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201530/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-launches-carpooling-service-in-paris-1415896525 | archive-date=April 6, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> New York City in December 2014,<ref>{{cite news | first=Josh | last=Lowensohn | title=Uber begins testing out its carpooling service in New York next week | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/2/7321667/uber-is-testing-out-carpooling-service-in-new-york | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=December 2, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211185959/https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/2/7321667/uber-is-testing-out-carpooling-service-in-new-york | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> China in August 2015,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.chinatravelnews.com/article/95146 | title=Uber launches UberPool carpool service in China as "Peoples' Uber +" | work=China Travel News | date=August 27, 2015 | access-date=January 11, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111180107/https://www.chinatravelnews.com/article/95146 | archive-date=January 11, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Washington, D.C.]] in October 2015,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://wamu.org/story/15/10/15/with_launch_of_uberpool_uber_enters_washingtons_shared_rides_market/ | title=With Launch Of UberPOOL, Uber Enters Washington's 'Shared Rides' Market | first=Martin | last=DeCaro | work=[[WAMU]] | date=October 15, 2015 | access-date=February 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131742/https://wamu.org/story/15/10/15/with_launch_of_uberpool_uber_enters_washingtons_shared_rides_market/ | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> London in December 2015,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/uberpool-london-launch | title=Uber launches uberPOOL ridesharing in London | first=Matt | last=Burgess | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=November 30, 2015 | access-date=February 14, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083212/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/uberpool-london-launch | archive-date=February 12, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> the suburbs of [[Boston]] in January 2016,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/startups/2016/01/uberpool-expanding-to-boston-suburbs-following.html | title=UberPool expanding to Boston suburbs, following surge in demand | first=Sara | last=Castellanos | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> Hyderabad, Kolkata Mumbai, and [[Singapore]] in June 2016,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/uber-expands-uberpool-to-three-more-indian-cities/articleshow/52567160.cms | title=Uber expands uberPOOL to three more Indian cities | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=June 5, 2016 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232252/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/uber-expands-uberpool-to-three-more-indian-cities/articleshow/52567160.cms | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://mashable.com/2016/06/29/uberpool-singapore/ | title=Singaporeans have another way to share rides with strangers with launch of UberPool | first=Victoria | last=Ho | work=[[Mashable]] | date=June 20, 2016 | access-date=February 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211185939/https://mashable.com/2016/06/29/uberpool-singapore/ | archive-date=February 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Delaware]] in September 2016,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-launches-uberpool-in-delaware/ | title=Uber Launches uberPOOL in Delaware | author=Emily | work=Uber | date=September 14, 2016 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185222/https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-launches-uberpool-in-delaware/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Toronto]] ([[Brampton]] and [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]]) in April 2017,<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/uberpool-launches-in-scarborough-and-brampton-619237984.html | title=UberPOOL Launches in Scarborough and Brampton | publisher=[[PR Newswire]] | date=April 12, 2017 | access-date=January 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113064154/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/uberpool-launches-in-scarborough-and-brampton-619237984.html | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Nashville]] in December 2017,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2017/12/19/carpooling-expands-nashville-lyft-line-uberpool/966061001/ | title=Carpooling expands in Nashville with Lyft Line, uberPOOL | first=Jamie | last=McGee | work=[[The Tennessean]] | date=December 19, 2017}}</ref> [[Sydney]] in April 2018,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/on-the-road/uberpool-to-launch-in-sydney-on-april-3/news-story/dee492b444678a019a8d46e2d2b7030a | title=UberPOOL to launch in Sydney on April 3 | first=Nick | last=Whigham | work=[[news.com.au]] | date=April 3, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909190935/https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/on-the-road/uberpool-to-launch-in-sydney-on-april-3/news-story/dee492b444678a019a8d46e2d2b7030a | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and [[Melbourne]] in June 2018.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.uber.com/en-AU/newsroom/uberpoolmelbourne/ | title=UberPool launches in Melbourne | work=Uber | date=June 11, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185235/https://www.uber.com/en-AU/newsroom/uberpoolmelbourne/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2014, Uber launched [[Uber Eats]], a [[food delivery]] service.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-uber-launched-uber-eats-2016-3 | title=Uber's GrubHub killer is finally in the US – here's the inside story on its big bet on food | first=Biz | last=Carson | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=March 2, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143129/https://www.businessinsider.com/why-uber-launched-uber-eats-2016-3 | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/20/ubers-standalone-food-delivery-app-is-coming-to-the-u-s/ | title=Uber's Standalone Food Delivery App Is Coming To The U.S. | last=Dickey | first=Megan Rose | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=January 20, 2016 | access-date=December 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707154341/https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/20/ubers-standalone-food-delivery-app-is-coming-to-the-u-s/ | archive-date=July 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2016, after facing tough competition in China, Uber sold its operations in China to [[DiDi]], in exchange for an 18% stake in Didi.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/didi-chuxing-china-startups-uber | title=Didi Chuxing took on Uber and won. Now it's taking on the world | last=Crabtree | first=James | work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=February 9, 2018 | access-date=October 10, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011053445/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/didi-chuxing-china-startups-uber | archive-date=October 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Didi also agreed to invest $1 billion into Uber Global.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/technology/how-uber-lost-more-than-1-billion-in-the-first-half-of-2016.html | title=How Uber Lost More Than $1 Billion in the First Half of 2016 | first=Mike | last=Issac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 26, 2016 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 28, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223193626/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/technology/how-uber-lost-more-than-1-billion-in-the-first-half-of-2016.html | archive-date=December 23, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber had started operations in China in 2014, under the name 优步 (yōubù).<ref>{{cite news | last1=Kirby | first1=William | title=The Real Reason Uber Is Giving Up in China | url=https://hbr.org/2016/08/the-real-reason-uber-is-giving-up-in-china | work=[[Harvard Business Review]] | date=2 August 2016 | access-date=January 22, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144952/https://hbr.org/2016/08/the-real-reason-uber-is-giving-up-in-china | archive-date=January 22, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2017, [[Dara Khosrowshahi]], the CEO of Expedia which had led an $11M investment in [[Wingz (company)|Wingz]], became the CEO of Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/New-Uber-CEO-will-face-daunting-challenges-12098498.php | title= New Uber CEO will face daunting challenges | work= San Francisco Chronicle| first= Carolyn | last=Said | date= 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://mashable.com/2017/08/28/uber-new-ceo-dara-khosrowshahi-expedia-nice/ | title= Uber's (probable) new CEO is known to be 'fair and nice,' for a change | work= Mashable| first= Kerry | last=Flynn | date= 28 August 2017}}</ref>
In fall 2017, Uber became a gold member of the [[Linux Foundation]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/15/uber-joins-linux-foundation-cementing-commitment-to-open-source-tools/ | title=Uber joins Linux Foundation, cementing commitment to open-source tools | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 15, 2018 | access-date=November 16, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116104709/https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/15/uber-joins-linux-foundation-cementing-commitment-to-open-source-tools/ | archive-date=November 16, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and received a five star privacy rating from the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-2017 | title=Who Has Your Back? Government Data Requests 2017 | first=Rainey | last=Reitman | work=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] | date=July 10, 2017 | access-date=October 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915003333/https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-2017 | archive-date=September 15, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In February 2018, Uber combined its operations in [[Russia]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Kazakhstan]] with those of [[Yandex.Taxi]] and invested $225 million in the venture.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-yandex-jointventure/uber-yandex-complete-ride-services-merger-idUSKBN1FR2IR | title=Uber, Yandex complete ride services merger | first=Jack | last=Stubbs | work=[[Reuters]] | date=February 7, 2018}}</ref>
In March 2018, Uber merged its services in [[Southeast Asia]] with those of [[Grab (company)|Grab]] in exchange for a 27.5% ownership stake in Grab.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43536322 | title=Uber sells South East Asia business to Grab | work=[[BBC News]] | date=March 26, 2018 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628005621/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-43536322 | archive-date=June 28, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ft.com/content/7b415e82-3098-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498 | title=Uber exits south-east Asia with sale to rival Grab | first1=Richard | last1=Waters | first2=Louise | last2=Lucas | work=[[Financial Times]] | date=March 26, 2018 | access-date=January 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113122445/https://www.ft.com/content/7b415e82-3098-11e8-b5bf-23cb17fd1498 | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellekeetonolsen/2018/03/26/grab-officially-takes-control-of-ubers-southeast-asia-operations/ | title=Grab Officially Takes Control Of Uber's Southeast Asia Operations | first=Danielle | last=Keeton-Olsen | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=March 26, 2018 | access-date=January 12, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401003737/https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellekeetonolsen/2018/03/26/grab-officially-takes-control-of-ubers-southeast-asia-operations/ | archive-date=April 1, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
As of March 2018, men accounted for 62.0% of overall company employment, 51.4% of support staff, and 82.1% of technology-related employment. [[White people]] made up 48.6% of the overall employment base and [[Asian people]] account for 32.3%. However, for technology-related jobs, White people were 46.3% of employees, while Asian people accounted for 44.7% of employment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/diversity/ | title=Diversity At Uber – Building A Great Place To Work | publisher=Uber | access-date=December 19, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209213045/https://www.uber.com/diversity/ | archive-date=December 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Rent, powered by [[Getaround]], was a [[peer-to-peer carsharing]] service available to some users in San Francisco between May 2018 and November 2018.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://qz.com/1475251/uber-shut-down-uber-rent-its-rental-car-program-for-riders/ | title=Uber shut down its rental car program for Uber riders | first=Alison | last=Griswold | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=November 27, 2018}}</ref>
In March 2019, Uber acquired [[Careem]], a transportation network company based in Dubai, with operations in over 100 cities in 14 countries in the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia for $3.1 Billion. As part of the deal, Careem maintains an independent brand and operates separately.<ref name="uber-careem">{{cite news|url=https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-careem/ |title=Uber to Acquire Careem To Expand the Greater Middle East Regional Opportunity Together - Uber Newsroom |website=Uber Newsroom |date=2019-03-25 |accessdate=2019-12-06}}</ref>
On May 10, 2019, the company became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]] underwritten by 30 banks including [[Morgan Stanley]].<ref name="wsj-ipo">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-stumbles-in-trading-debut-11557503554 |title=Uber IPO Stumbles, Stock Trades Below Offering Price |last1=Driebusch |first1=Corrie |last2=Farrell |first2=Maureen | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=10 May 2019 |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref> Following the [[initial public offering]], Uber's [[Share (finance)|shares]] dropped 11%, resulting in the biggest first-day dollar loss in [[Initial public offering|IPO]] history for the US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/uber-technologies-inc-stock-falls-after-brutal-ipo-2019-5-1028195064|title=Uber tanked 11% after logging the biggest first-day dollar loss in US IPO history |last=|first=|website=markets.businessinsider.com|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> It then posted losses of $1 billion on its first quarter of 2019 in its first earnings report as a public company. A month after going public, both COO [[Barney Harford]] and CMO Rebecca Messina stepped down.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/06/07/uber-coo-chief-marketing-officer-are-out/|title=Uber's COO and chief marketing officer are out|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-08}}</ref> Uber posted a drastic US$5.2 billion loss of for the second quarter of 2019. The loss included US$3.9 billion of "stock-based compensation expenses" related to employee equity delivered as a result of the IPO, and an operating loss of US$1.3 billion.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/8/20793793/uber-5-billion-quarter-loss-profit-lyft-traffic-2019 Uber lost over $5 billion in one quarter, but don't worry, it gets worse]</ref>
Facing continued losses, the marketing department headcount was reduced by a third on July 29, 2019 with the [[Layoff|lay-off]] of 400 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newcomer |first=Eric |url=https://fortune.com/2019/07/29/uber-growth-layoffs-marketing/ |title=Uber, Citing Slowed Growth, Is Cutting One-Third of Its Global Marketing Staff |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=2019-07-29 |accessdate=2019-07-30 }}</ref> Engineer hires were frozen as well.<ref>[https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/08/uber-freezes-engineering-hires-amid-mounting-losses/ Uber, losing billions, freezes engineering hires]</ref>
In early September 2019, Uber laid off an additional 435 employees with 265 coming from the engineering team and another 170 coming from the product team.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dickey |first=Megan Rose |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/10/uber-lays-off-435-people-across-engineering-and-product-teams/ |title=Uber lays off 435 people across engineering and product teams |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=2019-09-10 |accessdate=2019-09-11 }}</ref>
In October 2019, Uber launched Uber Works to connect workers who want temporary jobs with businesses. The app is available in [[Chicago]] only as a start.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-workers-chicago-idUSKBN1WI0BN|title=Uber launches app aimed at connecting workers with businesses|date=2019-10-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-03|language=en}}</ref>
In October 2019, Uber announced airport helicopter taxi service available to all users from [[JFK airport]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-copter-idUSKBN1WI13N|title=Uber makes JFK airport helicopter taxis available to all users|date=2019-10-03|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-03|language=en}}</ref>
===Self-driving car research===
[[File:Uber Self Driving Volvo at Harrison at 4th.jpg|thumb|Uber autonomous vehicle [[Volvo XC90]] in [[San Francisco]]]]
Advanced Technologies Group (Uber ATG) is a subsidiary of the company that is developing [[self-driving car]]s. Uber ATG is minority-owned by [[Softbank Vision Fund]], [[Toyota]], and [[Denso]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://qz.com/1599134/uber-secures-much-needed-1-billion-investment-for-self-driving-cars-unit/ | title=Uber raised $1 billion for self-driving cars because it desperately needs the money | last=Griswold | first=Alison | work=Quartz | date=April 19, 2019 | access-date=April 22, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422212647/https://qz.com/1599134/uber-secures-much-needed-1-billion-investment-for-self-driving-cars-unit/ | archive-date=April 22, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In early 2015, the company hired approximately 50 people from the [[robotics]] department of [[Carnegie Mellon University]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/transportation/2015/5/19/8622831/uber-self-driving-cars-carnegie-mellon-poached | title=Uber gutted Carnegie Mellon's top robotics lab to build self-driving cars – A 'partnership' based on poaching | last=Lowensohn | first=Josh | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=May 19, 2015 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002190909/https://www.theverge.com/transportation/2015/5/19/8622831/uber-self-driving-cars-carnegie-mellon-poached | archive-date=October 2, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On September 14, 2016, Uber launched its first self-driving car services to select customers in Pittsburgh, including Pittsburgh Mayor [[Bill Peduto]], using a fleet of [[Ford Fusion (Americas)|Ford Fusion]] cars each equipped with 20 cameras, seven lasers, [[Global Positioning System]], [[lidar]], and [[radar]] equipment that enabled the car to create a three-dimensional map utilizing landmarks and other contextual information to keep track of its position.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/09/14/uber-debuts-self-driving-cars-for-pittsburgh.html | title=Uber debuts self-driving cars in Pittsburgh, customers including Mayor Bill Peduto taking the first trips on Wednesday morning | last=Tascarella | first=Patty | work=[[American City Business Journals]] | date=September 14, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907032935/https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2016/09/14/uber-debuts-self-driving-cars-for-pittsburgh.html | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=hook>{{cite news | last=Hook | first=Leslie | title=Uber's Pittsburgh pitch at a driverless future | url=https://www.ft.com/content/a8737288-7bee-11e6-b837-eb4b4333ee43 | work=[[Financial Times]] | date=September 16, 2016 | access-date=September 17, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030075721/https://www.ft.com/content/a8737288-7bee-11e6-b837-eb4b4333ee43 | archive-date=October 30, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On December 14, 2016, Uber began using self-driving [[Volvo XC90]] SUVs in its hometown of San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/12/uber-tests-self-driving-on-san-francisco-roads-avoids-dmv-autonomy-definition/ | title=California DMV orders Uber to stop self-driving car tests on SF roads | first=Megan | last=Geuss | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=December 14, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164720/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/12/uber-tests-self-driving-on-san-francisco-roads-avoids-dmv-autonomy-definition/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On December 21, 2016, the [[California Department of Motor Vehicles]] revoked the registration of the 16 vehicles Uber was using for the test and forced the program to cease operations in California.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/21/506525679/uber-stops-self-driving-test-in-california-after-dmv-pulls-registrations | title=Uber Stops Self-Driving Test In California After DMV Pulls Registrations | first=Avie | last=Schneider | work=[[NPR]] | date=December 21, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164806/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/12/21/506525679/uber-stops-self-driving-test-in-california-after-dmv-pulls-registrations | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber then moved the program to [[Arizona]], where the cars were able to pick up passengers, albeit with two Uber engineers in the front seats as a safety precaution.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber's self-driving cars are now picking up passengers in Arizona | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14687346/uber-self-driving-car-arizona-pilot-ducey-california | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=February 21, 2017 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907033509/https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14687346/uber-self-driving-car-arizona-pilot-ducey-california | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In March 2017, an Uber self-driving car was flipped on its side by a vehicle that failed to yield.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-resumes-self-driving-vehicle-program-after-arizona-accident-1490641844 | title=Uber Resumes Self-Driving-Vehicle Program After Arizona Accident | first=Greg | last=Bensinger | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=March 27, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164814/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-resumes-self-driving-vehicle-program-after-arizona-accident-1490641844 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In October 2017, Uber started using only 1 test driver despite some employees' safety concerns.<ref>{{cite news | last=Wakabayashi | first=Daisuke | title=Uber's Self-Driving Cars Were Struggling Before Arizona Crash | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/technology/uber-self-driving-cars-arizona.html | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 23, 2018 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326184727/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/23/technology/uber-self-driving-cars-arizona.html | archive-date=March 26, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In November 2017, Uber announced a non-binding plan to buy up to 24,000 Volvo XC90 SUV vehicles designed to accept autonomous technology (including a different type of [[steering]] and [[braking]] mechanism and sensors) between 2019 and 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/20/uber-volvo-suv-self-driving-future-business-ride-hailing-lyft-waymo | title=Uber plans to buy 24,000 autonomous Volvo SUVs in self-driving push | first=Samuel | last=Gibbs | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=December 14, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209081450/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/20/uber-volvo-suv-self-driving-future-business-ride-hailing-lyft-waymo | archive-date=December 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volvocars-uber/volvo-cars-to-supply-uber-with-up-to-24000-self-driving-cars-idUSKBN1DK1NH | title=Volvo Cars to supply Uber with up to 24,000 self-driving cars | first1=Niklas | last1=Pollard | first2=Heather | last2=Somerville | work=[[Reuters]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=November 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121230454/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-volvocars-uber/volvo-cars-to-supply-uber-with-up-to-24000-self-driving-cars-idUSKBN1DK1NH | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In March 2018, the [[death of Elaine Herzberg]] by an Uber self-driving vehicle in [[Tempe, Arizona]] resulted in temporary pause to Uber's self driving vehicle testing.<ref name=sagere>{{cite news | last=Sage | first=Alexandra | title=Woman dies in Arizona after being hit by Uber self-driving SUV | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-selfdriving-uber/woman-dies-in-arizona-after-being-hit-by-uber-self-driving-suv-idUSKBN1GV296 | work=[[Reuters]] | date=March 19, 2018}}</ref> According to police, the woman was struck by the Uber vehicle while attempting to cross the street, while the person in the vehicle was watching videos on her phone.<ref name=sagere/> Uber pulled its self-driving cars off all public roads<ref>{{cite news | url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/19/uber-parks-its-self-driving-cars-after-fatal-pedestrian-crash-in-tempe/ | title=Uber parks its self-driving cars after fatal pedestrian crash in Tempe | work=[[VentureBeat]] | date=March 19, 2018 | access-date=March 19, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319200004/https://venturebeat.com/2018/03/19/uber-parks-its-self-driving-cars-after-fatal-pedestrian-crash-in-tempe/ | archive-date=March 19, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and quickly reached a settlement with the victim's family.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/uber-has-settled-with-the-family-of-the-homeless-victim-killed-last-week/ | title=Uber has settled with the family of the homeless victim killed last week | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=March 29, 2018 | access-date=March 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331035824/https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/29/uber-has-settled-with-the-family-of-the-homeless-victim-killed-last-week/ | archive-date=March 31, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> There was disagreement among local authorities as to whether or not the car or the victim was at fault.<ref>{{cite news | last=Lee | first=Timothy | title=Police chief: Uber self-driving car "likely" not at fault in fatal crash | url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/03/police-chief-uber-self-driving-car-likely-not-at-fault-in-fatal-crash/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=March 20, 2018 | access-date=March 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320140056/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2018/03/police-chief-uber-self-driving-car-likely-not-at-fault-in-fatal-crash/ | archive-date=March 20, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In December 2018, after receiving local approval, Uber restarted testing of its self driving cars, only during daylight hours and at slower speeds, in Pittsburgh<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/20/18148946/uber-self-driving-car-return-public-road-pittsburgh-crash | title=Uber's self-driving cars return to public roads for the first time since fatal crash | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | date=December 20, 2018 | access-date=January 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041413/https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/20/18148946/uber-self-driving-car-return-public-road-pittsburgh-crash | archive-date=January 24, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2018/12/18/Uber-pittsburgh-resume-testing-self-driving-autonomous-vehicles-penndot/stories/201812180146 | title=Uber was just approved to resume self-driving tests in Pittsburgh and the rest of the state | first=Courtney| last=Linder | work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] | date=December 18, 2018 | access-date=January 23, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041749/https://www.post-gazette.com/business/tech-news/2018/12/18/Uber-pittsburgh-resume-testing-self-driving-autonomous-vehicles-penndot/stories/201812180146 | archive-date=January 24, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and Toronto.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4777626/ubers-self-driving-cars-toronto/ | title=Uber's self-driving cars back on the road in Toronto after 9-month hiatus | first=Erica | last=Vella | work=[[Global News]] | date=December 28, 2018 | access-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130001441/https://globalnews.ca/news/4777626/ubers-self-driving-cars-toronto/ | archive-date=January 30, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> In March 2019, Uber was found not criminally liable<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Max |title=Yavapai County Attorney clears Uber in deadly self-driving car crash in Tempe |url=https://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/tempe/yavapai-county-attorney-clears-uber-in-deadly-self-driving-car-crash |website=ABC15 Arizona |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426213324/https://www.abc15.com/news/region-southeast-valley/tempe/yavapai-county-attorney-clears-uber-in-deadly-self-driving-car-crash |archive-date=April 26, 2019 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> by Yavapai County Attorney's Office for the death of Ms. Herzberg. The company changed its approach to self-driving vehicles after Herzberg's death, inviting both [[Waymo]] and [[General Motors]]’ Cruise self-driving vehicle unit to operate vehicles on Uber’s ride-hailing network.<ref name=":0"/>
Prior to its IPO, Uber projected the potential operation of 75,000 autonomous vehicles, in 13 cities, by 2022. These projections, developed through an internal effort codenamed Project Rubicon, targeted the possibility of profitable autonomous vehicles by 2018 in an initial January 2016 report, with a May 2016 report claiming that 13,000 autonomous Uber vehicles could be operating by 2019. The 75,000-vehicle figure was proposed in September 2016. To reach these goals, Uber spent a reported $20 million a month on research and development, according to [[TechCrunch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2019/03/12/ubers-self-driving-car-unit-was-burning-20-million-a-month/|title=Uber's self-driving car unit was burning $20 million a month|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref> Other sources have estimated Uber’s spending on self-driving vehicle research to have reached as high as $200 million per quarter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/08/uber-expects-a-long-wait-before-self-driving-cars-dominate/|title=Uber expects a long wait before self-driving cars dominate|date=2019-04-09|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-07}}</ref>
In April 2019, Uber scientist Raquel Urtasun offered a more cautious estimate of the company’s eventual self-driving capabilities, saying "self-driving cars are going to be in our lives. The question of when is not clear yet. To have it at scale is going to take a long time."<ref name=":0" />
====Cancellation of research on autonomous trucks====
After spending $925 million to develop [[autonomous trucks]], Uber cancelled its self-driving truck program in July 2018.<ref name=freight>{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/31/634331593/uber-parks-its-self-driving-truck-project-saying-it-will-push-for-autonomous-car | title=Uber Parks Its Self-Driving Truck Project, Saying It Will Push For Autonomous Cars | first=Bill | last=Chappell | work=[[NPR]] | date=July 31, 2018 | access-date=August 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808043321/https://www.npr.org/2018/07/31/634331593/uber-parks-its-self-driving-truck-project-saying-it-will-push-for-autonomous-car | archive-date=August 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber acquired [[Otto (company)|Otto]] for $625 million in 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-deal-volvo-self-driving-cars-.html | title=Uber Strikes Deal With Volvo to Bring Self-Driving Cars to Its Network | first=Mike | last=Isaac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 20, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=November 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121235318/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-deal-volvo-self-driving-cars-.html | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://gizmodo.com/why-uber-just-agreed-to-buy-a-buttload-of-volvos-1820607567 | title=Why Uber Just Ordered a Buttload of Volvos | first=Adam Clark | last=Estes | work=[[Gizmodo]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=November 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121115819/https://gizmodo.com/why-uber-just-agreed-to-buy-a-buttload-of-volvos-1820607567 | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to a February 2017 lawsuit filed by Waymo, owned by an affiliate of [[Google]], ex-Google employee [[Anthony Levandowski]] allegedly "downloaded 9.7 GB of Waymo's highly confidential files and trade secrets, including blueprints, design files and testing documentation" before resigning to found [[Otto (company)|Otto]], which was purchased by Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/technology/anthony-levandowski-waymo-uber-google-lawsuit.html | title=A Lawsuit Against Uber Highlights the Rush to Conquer Driverless Cars | first1=Mike | last1=Isaac | first2=Daisuke | last2=Wakabayashi | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 24, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228080607/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/technology/anthony-levandowski-waymo-uber-google-lawsuit.html | archive-date=February 28, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://medium.com/waymo/a-note-on-our-lawsuit-against-otto-and-uber-86f4f98902a1 | title=A note on our lawsuit against Otto and Uber | work=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] | date=February 23, 2017 | access-date=February 27, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227185759/https://medium.com/waymo/a-note-on-our-lawsuit-against-otto-and-uber-86f4f98902a1 | archive-date=February 27, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A ruling in May 2017 required Uber to return documents to Waymo.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-alphabet-ruling/uber-must-return-stolen-waymo-files-can-continue-self-driving-work-u-s-judge-idUSKCN18B1W6 | title=Uber must return stolen Waymo files, can continue self-driving work: U.S. judge | first1=Dan | last1=Levine | first2=Heather | last2=Somerville | work=[[Reuters]] | date=May 15, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401011633/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-alphabet-ruling/uber-must-return-stolen-waymo-files-can-continue-self-driving-work-u-s-judge-idUSKCN18B1W6 | archive-date=April 1, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The trial began February 5, 2018.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Farivar | first1=Cyrus | title=Waymo: "We're bringing this case because Uber is cheating" | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-were-bringing-this-case-because-uber-is-cheating/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=5 February 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331200933/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-were-bringing-this-case-because-uber-is-cheating/ | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A settlement was announced on February 8, 2018 in which Uber gave Waymo $244 million in Uber equity and agreed not to infringe on Waymo's intellectual property.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Farivar | first1=Cyrus | title=Silicon Valley's most-watched trial ends as Waymo and Uber settle | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-and-uber-end-trial-with-sudden-244-million-settlement/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=9 February 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104040/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/02/waymo-and-uber-end-trial-with-sudden-244-million-settlement/ | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==Criticism==
{{#section-h::Transportation network company|Criticism}}
===Driver status and earnings===
While Uber is viewing drivers as contractors, courts in the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Uber loses appeal over driver employment rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/dec/19/uber-loses-appeal-over-driver-employment-rights |website=The Guardian |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=March 6, 2018}}</ref> and Switzerland <ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss court declares driver an Uber employee |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190506-swiss-court-declares-driver-uber-employee |website=France 24 |accessdate=July 25, 2019 |date=May 6, 2019}}</ref> consider their drivers to be employees of the company. ''[[The Guardian]]'' quoted a driver in March 2019 who said he was earning $3.75 per hour after expenses.<ref>{{cite web |title='I made $3.75 an hour': Lyft and Uber drivers push to unionize for better pay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/22/uber-lyft-ipo-drivers-unionize-low-pay-expenses |website=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> A report published by the [[Economic Policy Institute]] in 2018 found the average wage for drivers to be $9.21.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uber and the labor market |url=https://www.epi.org/publication/uber-and-the-labor-market-uber-drivers-compensation-wages-and-the-scale-of-uber-and-the-gig-economy/ |website=Economic Policy Institute |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> Austrian weekly papers Profil and Trend found the hourly wage of drivers to be at €4 and claimed a high incidence of tax evasion, social fraud and circumvention of labour laws by the companies employing drivers on Ubers behalf.<ref>{{cite web |title=profil.at › Österreich Die Straßenkämpfer: Ein Uber-Fahrer-Report |url=https://www.profil.at/oesterreich/strassenkaempfer-uber-fahrer-verbot-10092923 |website=Profil |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taxi-Konkurrent Uber: Am Rande des Gesetzes |url=https://www.trend.at/wirtschaft/taxi-konkurrent-uber-am-rande-gesetzes-5860551 |website=Trend |accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> A 2017 report claimed that only 4 percent of all drivers were still working as such one year after entering the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Only 4% of Uber drivers remain on the platform a year later, says report |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/20/only-4-percent-of-uber-drivers-remain-after-a-year-says-report.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=25 July 2019 |date=20 April 2017}}</ref>
In November 2019, the [[New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development|New Jersey labor department]] gave Uber a $650 million bill for overdue unemployment and disability insurance taxes from the previous four years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/11/14/new-jersey-uber-employment-tax-bill/|title=Uber has to pay New Jersey nearly $650 million in employment taxes|website=Engadget|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
===Misleading drivers of potential earnings===
In January 2017, Uber agreed to pay $20 million to the US government to resolve accusations by the [[Federal Trade Commission]] of having misled drivers about potential earnings.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber to pay $20 million to settle U.S. claims it misled drivers | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-ftc/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-u-s-claims-it-misled-drivers-idUSKBN15334C | work=[[Reuters]] | first=Diane | last=Bartz | date=January 19, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222307/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-ftc/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-u-s-claims-it-misled-drivers-idUSKBN15334C | archive-date=December 15, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber to pay $20 million to FTC to settle claims that it exaggerated how much drivers could make | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-ftc-over-driver-earning-claims-2017-1 | first=Biz | last=Carson | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 20, 2017 | access-date=January 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120030630/http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-ftc-over-driver-earning-claims-2017-1 | archive-date=January 20, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber to Pay $20 Million to Settle FTC Suit Over Driver Pay | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-ftc-suit-over-driver-pay | first=Ellen | last=Huet | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=January 19, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=January 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120020832/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-19/uber-to-pay-20-million-to-settle-ftc-suit-over-driver-pay | archive-date=January 20, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Alleged short-changing of drivers===
In 2017, lawyers for drivers filed a [[class action]] lawsuit that alleged that Uber did not provide drivers with the 80% of collections they were entitled to.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-class-action-20180219-story.html | title=Uber class-action lawsuit over how drivers were paid gets green light from judge | first=Tracey| last=Lien | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=February 19, 2018 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232559/https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-class-action-20180219-story.html | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In May 2017, after the New York Taxi Workers Alliance (NYTWA) filed a class action lawsuit in federal court in New York, Uber admitted to underpaying New York City drivers tens of millions of dollars over 2.5 years by calculating driver commissions on a net amount. Uber agreed to pay the amounts owed plus interest.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/uber-underpaid-drivers-new-york-city | title=Uber admits underpaying New York City drivers by millions of dollars | first=Julia Carrie | last=Wong | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=May 23, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109121055/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/23/uber-underpaid-drivers-new-york-city | archive-date=January 9, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Driver refusal to transport a service animal===
In March 2018, a lawsuit filed against Uber in the United States accused the company's drivers of not serving a woman with [[cerebral palsy]] due to her [[service dog]], in violation of the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]] and the Texas Human Resources Code.<ref>{{cite news | last1=O'Kane | first1=Sean | title=Uber drivers denied service to woman with cerebral palsy, new lawsuit claims | url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17144502/uber-lawsuit-service-dog-discrimination-disability | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=March 20, 2018 | access-date=March 21, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321105238/https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17144502/uber-lawsuit-service-dog-discrimination-disability | archive-date=March 21, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Fingas | first=Jon | title=Uber faces lawsuit for denying rides to woman with service animal | url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/20/uber-lawsuit-over-service-animal-accessibility/ | work=[[Engadget]] | date=March 21, 2018 | access-date=March 21, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321161722/https://www.engadget.com/2018/03/20/uber-lawsuit-over-service-animal-accessibility/ | archive-date=March 21, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Criticism for collecting fares during a taxi strike===
In late January 2017, Uber was targeted by [[GrabYourWallet]] for collecting fares during a taxi strike in New York City in protest of [[Trump travel ban]] [[Executive Order 13769]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/01/29/uber-triggers-protest-for-not-supporting-taxi-strike-against-refugee-ban/ | title=Uber triggers protest for collecting fares during taxi strike against refugee ban | last=Siddiqui | first=Falz | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=January 29, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803131757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/01/29/uber-triggers-protest-for-not-supporting-taxi-strike-against-refugee-ban/ | archive-date=August 3, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The Order had triggered a taxi strike in New York City, to which Uber responded by removing surge pricing from [[JFK airport]], where Muslim refugees had been detained upon entry. Uber was also targeted because then-CEO [[Travis Kalanick]] joined an Economic Advisory Council with [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council/index.html | title=Uber CEO drops out of Trump's business advisory council | first1=Jeff | last1=Zeleny | first2=Laurie | last2=Segall | work=[[CNN]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130134748/https://money.cnn.com/2017/02/02/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-trump-advisory-council/index.html | archive-date=November 30, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A social media campaign known as #deleteuber was formed in protest, resulting in approximately 200,000 users deleting the app.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/over-200000-people-deleted-uber-after-deleteuber-2017-2 | title=Over 200,000 people deleted Uber after the company operated its service at JFK airport during the Trump strike | last=Carson | first=Biz | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907110506/https://www.businessinsider.com/over-200000-people-deleted-uber-after-deleteuber-2017-2 | archive-date=September 7, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber added user account deletion to meet the resulting surge in requests.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/business/delete-uber.html | last=Isaac | first=Mike | title=What You Need to Know About #DeleteUber | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=January 31, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=January 2, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103012024/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/business/delete-uber.html | archive-date=January 3, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Statements were e-mailed to former users who had deleted their accounts, asserting that the company would assist refugees, and that CEO Kalanick joining the Council was not an endorsement of President Trump.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/02/emails-cancel-uber-include-immigration-statement/97405854/ | title=Uber has an immigration message if you #DeleteUber | last=Molina | first=Brett | work=[[USA Today]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627191551/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/02/emails-cancel-uber-include-immigration-statement/97405854/ | archive-date=June 27, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On February 2, 2017, Kalanick resigned from the business advisory council.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/02/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-quits-donald-trumps-business-advisory-council/ | title=Uber CEO Travis Kalanick quits Donald Trump's business advisory council | last=Etherington | first=Darrell | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=February 2, 2017 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917023723/https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/02/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-quits-donald-trumps-business-advisory-council/ | archive-date=September 17, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Aggressive strategy for dealing with regulators===
When Uber was led by Travis Kalanick, the company took an aggressive strategy in dealing with obstacles, including regulators. In 2014, Kalanick said "You have to have what I call principled confrontation." Uber's strategy was generally to commence operations in a city, then, if it faced regulatory opposition, Uber mobilized public support for its service and mounted a political campaign, supported by lobbyists, to change regulations.<ref>{{cite news | title=How Uber Took Over Portland | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-06-23/this-is-how-uber-takes-over-a-city | first=Karen | last=Weise | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=June 24, 2015 | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406180819/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2015-06-23/this-is-how-uber-takes-over-a-city | archive-date=April 6, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=The Uber-ization of Activism | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/opinion/the-uber-ization-of-activism.html | first=Edward T. | last=Walker | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=August 7, 2015 | url-access=subscription | access-date=February 28, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218022220/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/07/opinion/the-uber-ization-of-activism.html | archive-date=December 18, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=How Sharp-Elbowed Uber Is Trying to Make Nice | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/hard-driving-uber-gives-compromise-a-try-1422588782 | first1=Douglas | last1=MacMillan | first2=Lisa | last2=Fleisher | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=January 29, 2015 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052630/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hard-driving-uber-gives-compromise-a-try-1422588782 | archive-date=March 20, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In 2014, while in the midst of a regulatory battle, Portland, Oregon's transportation commissioner called Uber management "a bunch of thugs".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1835111/uber-collision-course-chinas-taxi-drivers-and-cartels | title=Uber on a collision course with China's taxi drivers and cartels | first=Robert | last=Boxwell | work=[[South China Morning Post]] | date=July 9, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164533/https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1835111/uber-collision-course-chinas-taxi-drivers-and-cartels | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In June 2014, Uber distributed to its riders the personal contact information of a commissioner in Virginia who opposed the company, and told riders to flood his inbox with complaints.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/06/06/uber-mobilizes-its-users-to-fight-ban-in-virginia/ | title=Uber mobilizes its users to fight ban in Virginia | first=Lori | last=Aratani | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=June 6, 2014 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185557/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/06/06/uber-mobilizes-its-users-to-fight-ban-in-virginia/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/uber-pressures-regulators-by-mobilizing-riders-and-hiring-vast-lobbying-network/2014/12/13/3f4395c6-7f2a-11e4-9f38-95a187e4c1f7_story.html | title=Uber pressures regulators by mobilizing riders and hiring vast lobbying network | first=Rosalind S. | last=Helderman | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 13, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908170015/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/uber-pressures-regulators-by-mobilizing-riders-and-hiring-vast-lobbying-network/2014/12/13/3f4395c6-7f2a-11e4-9f38-95a187e4c1f7_story.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In November 2017, CEO Dara Khosrowshahi dropped the "win at all costs" strategy and implemented new values for the company, including "we do the right thing".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/07/technology/uber-do-the-right-thing/index.html | title=New from Uber: 'We do the right thing. Period.' | first=Sara Ashley | last=O'Brien | work=[[CNN]] | date=November 7, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035543/https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/07/technology/uber-do-the-right-thing/index.html | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In December 2019, Uber and [[Postmates]] sued California over labour law, alleging that legislation set to take effect in the US state, meant to improve worker conditions, unfairly targeted them, and should be considered unconstitutional. <ref name= “SueCalifornia”> Patrick McGee [https://www.ft.com/content/3c3d0028-2b74-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551 " Uber and Postmates sue California over labour law ", [[Financial Times]], 31 December 2019</ref>
===Alleged cancellation of ride requests to disrupt competitors===
Uber issued an apology on January 24, 2014, after documents were leaked to [[Valleywag]] and [[TechCrunch]] saying that, earlier in the month, Uber employees in New York City deliberately ordered rides from [[Gett]], a competitor, only to cancel them later. The purpose of the fake orders was two-fold: wasting drivers' time to obstruct legitimate customers from securing a car, and offering drivers incentives—including cash—to join Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/24/5342582/uber-employees-spammed-competing-car-service-with-fake-orders | title=Uber employees spammed competing car service with fake orders | first=Dante | last=D'Orazio | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=January 24, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071528/https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/24/5342582/uber-employees-spammed-competing-car-service-with-fake-orders | archive-date=December 10, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Operation SLOG plan to disrupt Lyft====
Following [[Lyft]]'s expansion into New York City in July 2014, Uber, with the assistance of TargetCW, a [[San Diego]], California-based employment agency, sent emails offering a "huge commission opportunity" to several contractors based on the "personal hustle" of the participants. Those who responded to the solicitation were offered a meeting with Uber marketing managers who attempted to create a "street team" to gather intelligence about Lyft's launch plans in New York City and recruit their drivers to Uber. Recruits were given two Uber-branded [[iPhone]]s (one a backup in case the person was identified by Lyft) and a series of valid credit card numbers to create dummy Lyft accounts. Participants were also required to sign [[non-disclosure agreement]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/26/6067663/this-is-ubers-playbook-for-sabotaging-lyft | title=This is Uber's playbook for sabotaging Lyft | first=Casey | last=Newton | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=August 26, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902140845/https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/26/6067663/this-is-ubers-playbook-for-sabotaging-lyft | archive-date=September 2, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-operation-slog-against-lyft-2014-8 | title=OperationSLOG: Uber's Aggressive Plan To Steal Lyft Drivers, Revealed | first=Alyson | last=Shontell | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=August 26, 2014 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184859/https://www.businessinsider.com/ubers-operation-slog-against-lyft-2014-8 | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In August 2014, [[Lyft]] reported that 177 Uber employees had ordered and canceled approximately 5,560 Lyft rides since October 2013, and that it had found links to Uber recruiters by cross-referencing the phone numbers involved. The report identified one Lyft passenger who canceled 300 rides from May 26 to June 10, 2014, and who was identified as an Uber recruiter by seven different Lyft drivers. Uber did not apologize, but suggested that the recruitment attempts were possibly independent parties trying to make money.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber's dirty tricks quantified: Rival counts 5,560 canceled rides | url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/11/technology/uber-fake-ride-requests-lyft/index.html | first=Erica | last=Fink | publisher=[[CNN Business]] | date=August 12, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164922/https://money.cnn.com/2014/08/11/technology/uber-fake-ride-requests-lyft/index.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Uber accused of booking 5,560 fake Lyft rides | url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/12/5994077/uber-cancellation-accusations | first=Cassandra | last=Khaw | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=August 12, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119072153/https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/12/5994077/uber-cancellation-accusations | archive-date=November 19, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Evasion of law enforcement operations===
====Greyball====
Uber developed an internal software tool called [[Greyball]], which uses data collected from the Uber mobile app and other means, to avoid giving rides to certain individuals. The tool was used starting in 2014. By showing "ghost cars" driven by fake drivers to the targeted individuals in the Uber mobile app, and by giving real drivers a means to cancel rides requested by those individuals, Uber was able to avoid giving rides to known law enforcement officers in areas where its service is illegal. [[Investigative journalism]] by ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the resulting report, published on March 3, 2017, made public Uber's use of Greyball since 2014, describing it as a way to evade city code enforcement officials in [[Portland, Oregon]], Australia, South Korea, and China.<ref name=nyt_greyball>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/uber-greyball-program-evade-authorities.html | first=Mike | last=Isaac | title=How Uber Deceives the Authorities Worldwide | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=March 3, 2017 | access-date=March 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305054555/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/technology/uber-greyball-program-evade-authorities.html | archive-date=March 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> At first, in response to the report, Uber stated that Greyball was designed to deny rides to users who violate Uber's [[terms of service]], including those involved in [[sting operation]]s.<ref name=nyt_greyball/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-uber-greyball-20170303-story.html | title=Uber's secret 'Greyball' program shows just how far it will go to get its way | first1=Craig | last1=Timberg | first2=Brian | last2=Fung | work=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=March 3, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=May 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430185631/http://www.chicagotribune.com/bluesky/technology/ct-uber-greyball-20170303-story.html | archive-date=April 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> According to Uber, Greyball can "hide the standard city app view for individual riders, enabling Uber to show that same rider a different version". Uber reportedly used Greyball to identify government officials through factors such as whether a user frequently opens the app near government offices, a review of social media profiles by Uber employees to identify law enforcement personnel, and the credit cards associated with the Uber account.<ref name=nyt_greyball/>
On March 6, 2017, the City of [[Portland, Oregon]] announced an investigation into whether Uber had used its Greyball software tool to obstruct the enforcement of city regulations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/03/ubers_greyball_scheme_to_thwar.html | title=Portland to investigate Uber's 'Greyball' scheme to thwart regulators | last=Njus | first=Elliot | work=[[The Oregonian]] | date=March 6, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910203951/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/03/ubers_greyball_scheme_to_thwar.html | archive-date=September 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The investigation by the Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT) found that: "Uber used Greyball software to intentionally evade PBOT’s officers from December 5 to December 19, 2014 and deny 29 separate ride requests by PBOT enforcement officers."<ref>{{cite web | publisher=[[Portland Bureau of Transportation]] | url=https://www.portlandoregon.gov/saltzman/article/637492 | title=Transportation Network Companies: Regulation Evasion Audit | date=April 28, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503033639/https://www.portlandoregon.gov/saltzman/article/637492 | archive-date=May 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Following the release of the audit, Portland's commissioner of police suggested that the city subpoena Uber to force the company to turn over information on how Uber used software to evade regulatory officials.<ref>{{cite news | last=Njus | first=Elliot | title=Portland may subpoena Uber over regulator-dodging 'Greyball' software | url=http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/04/portland_may_subpoena_uber_ove.html | work=[[The Oregonian]] | date=April 27, 2017 | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910204341/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/04/portland_may_subpoena_uber_ove.html | archive-date=September 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On March 8, 2017, Uber admitted that it had used Greyball to thwart government regulators and pledged to stop using the service for that purpose.<ref>{{cite news | first1=Marco | last1=della Cava | website=[[USA Today]] | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/03/08/uber-stop-using-greyball-target-regulators/98930282/ | title=Uber admits its ghost driver 'Greyball' tool was used to thwart regulators, vows to stop | date=March 8, 2017 | access-date=May 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428093119/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/03/08/uber-stop-using-greyball-target-regulators/98930282/ | archive-date=April 28, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://newsroom.uber.com/an-update-on-greyballing/ | title=An update on "greyballing" | last=Sullivan | first=Joe | date=March 8, 2017 | publisher=Uber | access-date=May 1, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329151116/https://newsroom.uber.com/an-update-on-greyballing/ | archive-date=March 29, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In May 2017, the [[United States Department of Justice]] opened a criminal investigation into Uber's use of Greyball to avoid local law enforcement operations.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-uber-tech-crime-exclusive/exclusive-uber-faces-criminal-probe-over-software-used-to-evade-authorities-idUSKBN1802U1 | title=Exclusive: Uber faces criminal probe over software used to evade authorities | first1=Dan | last1=Levine | first2=Joseph | last2=Menn | work=[[Reuters]] | date=May 5, 2017}}</ref>
====Ripley====
After a police raid in Uber's Brussels office, a January 2018 report by [[Bloomberg News]] stated that "Uber routinely used Ripley to thwart police raids in foreign countries."<ref>{{cite news | last1=Zaleski | first1=Olivia | last2=Newcomer | first2=Eric | title=Uber's Secret Tool for Keeping the Cops in the Dark | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-11/uber-s-secret-tool-for-keeping-the-cops-in-the-dark | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=January 11, 2018 | access-date=September 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921074043/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-11/uber-s-secret-tool-for-keeping-the-cops-in-the-dark | archive-date=September 21, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Developed as a type of secret "panic button" system, initially called "unexpected visitor protocol", then nicknamed "Ripley", to disrupt government raids on Uber's offices by locking, shutting off, and changing passwords on staff computers upon a raid; Uber likely used this button at least 24 times, from spring 2015 until late 2016.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/report-uber-system-disrupted-government-investigations-2018-1 | title=Uber reportedly disrupted government investigations for almost 2 years with a 'secret' system called 'Ripley' | first=Mark | last=Matousek | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 11, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164928/https://www.businessinsider.com/report-uber-system-disrupted-government-investigations-2018-1 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/11/uber-developed-secret-system-to-lock-down-staff-computers-in-a-police-raid | title=Uber developed secret system to lock down staff computers in a police raid | first=Olivia | last=Solon | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=January 11, 2018 | access-date=January 12, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111232714/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/11/uber-developed-secret-system-to-lock-down-staff-computers-in-a-police-raid | archive-date=January 11, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===User privacy and data breaches===
====God view====
On November 19, 2014, then [[U.S. Senator]] [[Al Franken]], Chairman of the [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Privacy, Technology and the Law]], sent a letter to Kalanick regarding [[Ride Sharing Privacy|privacy]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/senator-al-franken-asks-ubers-ceo-tough-questions-on-user-privacy/ | title=Senator Al Franken Asks Uber's CEO Tough Questions on User Privacy | first=John | last=Biggs | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=June 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607101546/https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/19/senator-al-franken-asks-ubers-ceo-tough-questions-on-user-privacy/ | archive-date=June 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/20/us-senator-al-franken-uber-answers-privacy-fiasco | title=US Senator Al Franken pushes Uber for answers on privacy fiasco | first=Alex | last=Hern | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 20, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035624/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/20/us-senator-al-franken-uber-answers-privacy-fiasco | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/senator-questions-uber-on-privacy-practices/ | title=Uber's Privacy Practices Questioned by Senator Franken | first=Mike | last=Issac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 19, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035737/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/senator-questions-uber-on-privacy-practices/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Concerns were raised about internal misuse of the company's data, in particular the ability of Uber staff to track the movements of its customers, known as "God View". In 2011, a venture capitalist disclosed that Uber staff members were using the function to track journalists and politicians as well as using the feature recreationally. Staff members viewed being tracked by Uber as a positive reflection on the subject's character.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-is-investigating-its-top-new-york-executive-for-privacy | title="God View": Uber Investigates Its Top New York Executive For Privacy Violations | first1=Johana | last1=Bhuiyan | first2=Charlie | last2=Warzel | work=[[BuzzFeed]] | date=November 18, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017033757/https://www.buzzfeed.com/johanabhuiyan/uber-is-investigating-its-top-new-york-executive-for-privacy | archive-date=October 17, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> An Uber job interviewee said that he was given unrestricted access to Uber's customer tracking function as part of the interview process, and that he retained that access for several hours after the interview ended.<ref>{{cite news | title=Is Uber's rider database a sitting duck for hackers? | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/01/is-ubers-rider-database-a-sitting-duck-for-hackers/ | first=Craig | last=Timberg | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=December 1, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625154503/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/01/is-ubers-rider-database-a-sitting-duck-for-hackers/ | archive-date=June 25, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Data breaches====
On February 27, 2015, Uber admitted that it had suffered a [[data breach]] more than nine months earlier. Names and license plate information of approximately 50,000 drivers were inadvertently disclosed.<ref>{{cite news | last1=Guess | first1=Megan | title=50,000 Uber driver names, license plate numbers exposed in a data breach | url=https://arstechnica.com/business/2015/02/50000-uber-driver-names-license-plate-numbers-exposed-in-a-data-breach/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=February 28, 2015 | access-date=June 15, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125151136/http://arstechnica.com/business/2015/02/50000-uber-driver-names-license-plate-numbers-exposed-in-a-data-breach/ | archive-date=November 25, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber discovered this leak in September 2014 but waited more than 5 months to notify the affected people.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/27/uber-database-breach-exposed-information-of-50000-drivers-company-confirms/ | title=Uber Database Breach Exposed Information Of 50,000 Drivers, Company Confirms | last=Taylor | first=Colleen | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=February 22, 2015 | access-date=December 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230044044/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/27/uber-database-breach-exposed-information-of-50000-drivers-company-confirms/ | archive-date=December 30, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
An announcement in November 2017 revealed that in 2016, a separate data breach disclosed personal information on 600,000 drivers and 57 million customers—including names, email addresses, phone numbers, and driving license information. Using employees' usernames and passwords that had been compromised in previous breaches (a "[[credential stuffing]]" method), attackers gained access to a private [[GitHub]] repository used by Uber developers. The hackers subsequently located credentials for the company's [[Amazon Web Services]] datastore in the repository files, and were therefore able to obtain access to the account records of users and drivers, as well as other data contained in over 100 [[Amazon S3]] buckets. Uber paid a $100,000 ransom to the hackers on the promise they would delete the stolen data.<ref>{{cite news | last=Lee | first=Dave | title=Uber concealed huge data breach | work=[[BBC News]] | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42075306 | date=November 22, 2017 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625153418/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42075306 | archive-date=June 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Farivar | first=Cyrus | title=Hackers hit Uber in 2016: data on 57 million riders, drivers stolen | url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/11/report-uber-paid-hackers-100000-to-keep-2016-data-breach-quiet/ | work=[[Ars Technica]] | date=November 21, 2017 | access-date=November 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122092119/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/11/report-uber-paid-hackers-100000-to-keep-2016-data-breach-quiet/ | archive-date=November 22, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The company was subsequently criticized for concealing the loss of data.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/22/uber-scrutiny-data-breach-hacking | title=Uber faces slew of investigations in wake of 'outrageous' data hack cover-up | first=Julia Carrie | last=Wong | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=November 22, 2017 | access-date=November 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122220336/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/22/uber-scrutiny-data-breach-hacking | archive-date=November 22, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> CEO Dara Khosrowshahi apologized.<ref>{{cite news | title=Uber Paid Hackers to Delete Stolen Data on 57 Million People | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/uber-concealed-cyberattack-that-exposed-57-million-people-s-data | work=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=November 21, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=November 22, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121220601/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/uber-concealed-cyberattack-that-exposed-57-million-people-s-data | archive-date=November 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/uber-reveals-coverup-of-hack-affecting-57m-riders-drivers-2 | title=Uber reveals coverup of hack affecting 57M riders, drivers | first=Michael | last=Liedtke | agency=[[Associated Press]] | publisher=[[Financial Post]] | date=November 22, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164515/https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/uber-reveals-coverup-of-hack-affecting-57m-riders-drivers-2 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber's British divisions were fined £385,000 (reduced to £308,000) by the [[Information Commissioner's Office]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/mpns/2553890/uber-monetary-penalty-notice-26-november-2018.pdf | title=Monetary Penalty Notice (Uber) | publisher=[[Information Commissioner's Office]] | date=27 November 2018 | access-date=November 28, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128164802/https://ico.org.uk/media/action-weve-taken/mpns/2553890/uber-monetary-penalty-notice-26-november-2018.pdf | archive-date=November 28, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In September 2018, Uber settled with the [[Federal Trade Commission]] for $148 million and admitted that its claim that internal access to consumers' personal information was closely monitored on an ongoing basis was false. Uber also stated that it had failed to live up to its promise to provide reasonable security for consumer data.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-pay-148-million-penalty-to-settle-2016-data-breach-1537983127 | title=Uber to Pay $148 Million Penalty to Settle 2016 Data Breach | last=Al-Muslim | first=Aisha | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=September 26, 2018 | issn=0099-9660 | access-date=September 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927030837/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-pay-148-million-penalty-to-settle-2016-data-breach-1537983127 | archive-date=September 27, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/04/uber-agrees-expanded-settlement-ftc-related-privacy-security | title=Uber Agrees to Expanded Settlement with FTC Related to Privacy, Security Claims | work=[[Federal Trade Commission]] | date=April 12, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185028/https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2018/04/uber-agrees-expanded-settlement-ftc-related-privacy-security | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> It was the largest multi-state settlement related to a data breach.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/09/26/uber-reaches-million-settlement-over-its-data-breach-which-affected-million-globally/ | title=Uber reaches $148 million settlement over its 2016 data breach, which affected 57 million globally | last=Fung | first=Brian | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=September 26, 2018 | access-date=September 27, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926175729/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/09/26/uber-reaches-million-settlement-over-its-data-breach-which-affected-million-globally/ | archive-date=September 26, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Safety concerns===
{{see also|Sami’s Law|Murder of Samantha Josephson}}
It is unclear if Uber is less or more safe than [[taxicab]]s, as major cities don't have much data on taxi-related incidents.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/are-taxis-safer-than-uber/386207/ | title=Are Taxis Safer Than Uber? | first1=Adrienne | last1=LaFrance | first2=Rose | last2=Eveleth | work=[[The Atlantic]] | date=March 3, 2015 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405212944/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/are-taxis-safer-than-uber/386207/ | archive-date=April 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Inadequate background checks and vetting of drivers====
Concerns regarding Uber's background checks were raised after reports of [[sexual abuse]] of passengers by Uber drivers. Sexual assaults in relation to Uber are most often committed by either Uber drivers themselves <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.ft.com/content/be935fdc-e4df-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da|title= Beirut killing reignites concerns about Uber safety|date= December 19, 2017|work= Financial Times|access-date= May 11, 2019}}</ref> or by individuals posing as Uber drivers. In the latter case, imposters have lured unsuspecting passengers to their vehicles by placing an Uber sticker on their dashboard or by claiming to be a passenger's expected driver.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/us/fake-uber-driver-assaults.html|title= They Thought It Was Their Uber. But the Driver Was a Predator.|date= April 4, 2019|work= The New York Times|access-date= May 11, 2019}}</ref>
In September 2017, Uber's application for a new license in London was rejected by [[Transport for London]] (TfL) because of the company's approach and past conduct showed a lack of corporate responsibility related to driver background checks, obtaining medical certificates and reporting serious criminal offences.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Butler |first1=Sarah |last2=Topham |first2=Gwyn |title=Uber stripped of London licence due to lack of corporate responsibility |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/22/uber-licence-transport-for-london-tfl |accessdate=28 November 2019 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
In November 2017, The [[Colorado Public Utilities Commission]] fined Uber $8.9 million after discovering that 57 drivers in the state had violations in their background checks. The fine amount equaled $2,500 per day that an unqualified driver worked.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-colorado-background-checks-fine/index.html | title=Uber fined $8.9 million in Colorado for problematic background checks | last=Yurieff | first=Kaya | work=[[CNN]] | date=November 20, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908174657/https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-colorado-background-checks-fine/index.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
In November 2019, Transport for London (TfL) announced it would not renew Uber's license to operate in [[London]] for the second time in just over two years, following a two-month probationary extension granted in September 2019, on the grounds that Uber had failed to adequately address issues with checks on drivers, insurance and safety.<ref>{{cite new|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/25/uber-loses-licence-london-tfl|title=Uber loses licence to operate in London|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/25/business/uber-london.html|title=Uber's License to Operate in London Isn't Extended |website=New York Times|date=November 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uber stripped of London operating licence, again |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uber-britain-decision/uber-stripped-of-london-operating-licence-again-idUKL9N26P018 |accessdate=28 November 2019 |work=Reuters |date=25 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Part of TfL's rationale for removing Uber's licence was evidence that Uber driver accounts had been used by unauthorized drivers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/uber-drivers-using-fake-identities-isnt-just-a-london-problem/|title=Some Uber drivers aren't who you think they are|last=Kerr|first=Dara|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2019/november/uber-london-limited-found-to-be-not-fit-and-proper-to-hold-a-private-hire-operator-licence|title=Uber London Limited found to be not fit and proper to hold a private hire operator licence|last=Matters|first=Transport for London {{!}} Every Journey|website=Transport for London|language=en|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>
==== Crimes committed by drivers ====
In February 2016, Uber was criticized following the [[2016 Kalamazoo shootings]], a shooting spree in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]] that left six people dead and two wounded. It was committed by Jason Dalton, who was driving for Uber while conducting the shooting. During the ensuing seven-hour manhunt, authorities believe that Dalton continued to drive and accept fares. Uber was aware of issues with Dalton's driving skills, having received multiple complaints, though critics agree that Dalton would not have raised any red flags since he did not have a [[criminal record]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/uber-driver-screening-kalamazoo-1.3459572 | title=Uber defends driver screening in wake of Kalamazoo shootings | last1=Durbin | last2=Krisher | first1=Dee-Anne | first2=Tom | agency=[[CBC News]] | date=February 23, 2016 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726053256/https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/uber-driver-screening-kalamazoo-1.3459572 | archive-date=July 26, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
==={{Anchor|Susan Fowler}} Sexual harassment allegations and management shakeup (2017)===
On February 20, 2017, former Uber engineer [[Susan Fowler]] stated that she was subjected to [[sexual harassment]] by a manager and subsequently threatened with [[termination of employment]] by another manager if she continued to report the incident. Kalanick was reportedly aware of the harassment issues.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/02/uber-ceo-orders-urgent-investigation-into-sexual-harassment-allegations | title=Uber C.E.O. Orders "Urgent Investigation" into Sexual Harassment Allegations | work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | first=Maya | last=Kosoff | date=February 20, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713100734/http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/02/uber-ceo-orders-urgent-investigation-into-sexual-harassment-allegations | archive-date=July 13, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | title=Inside Uber's Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture | first=Mike | last=Isaac | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 22, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309080712/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | archive-date=March 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
CTO [[Thuan Pham]] was alleged to have had knowledge of and to ignore Susan Fowler's sexual harassment allegations; however, investigations by ''TheInformation'' and ''[[Buzzfeed]]'' showed this to not be the case, allowing Pham to keep his job.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theinformation.com/how-ubers-top-engineer-saved-his-job | title=How Uber's Top Engineer Saved His Job | first=Amir | last=Efrati | work=TheInformation | date=June 23, 2017 | access-date=November 17, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903121223/https://www.theinformation.com/how-ubers-top-engineer-saved-his-job | archive-date=September 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/priya/uber-exec-accused-of-ignoring-complaints-i-take-all | title=Top Uber Engineer, Under Pressure, Tells Staff "I Take All Concerns Raised To Me Extremely Seriously" | first=Priya | last=Anand | work=[[BuzzFeed]] | date=June 26, 2017 | access-date=November 17, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619085913/https://www.buzzfeed.com/priya/uber-exec-accused-of-ignoring-complaints-i-take-all | archive-date=June 19, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
Uber hired former attorney general [[Eric Holder]] to investigate the claims.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-eric-holder-20170221-story.html | title=Uber hires Eric Holder to investigate sexual harassment claims | last=Overly | first=Steven | work=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=February 21, 2017 | access-date=February 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221212821/http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-eric-holder-20170221-story.html | archive-date=February 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> [[Arianna Huffington]], a member of Uber's [[board of directors]], also oversaw the investigation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39065526 | title=Uber's mess reaches beyond sexism – and Silicon Valley | first=David | last=Lee | work=[[BBC News]] | date=February 25, 2017 | access-date=June 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510093722/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-39065526 | archive-date=May 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Fowler likened Uber's culture to ''[[A Game of Thrones]]'', in which rivals vie for the throne the same way Uber employees were encouraged to vie for power and aggression and [[betrayal]] was common.<ref name=blackmark>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culture-travis-kalanick-susan-fowler-controversy | title=Uber's 'hustle-oriented' culture becomes a black mark on employees' résumés | last=Wong | first=Julia Carrie | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=March 7, 2017 | access-date=March 11, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310141241/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culture-travis-kalanick-susan-fowler-controversy | archive-date=March 10, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/2/28/14726004/uber-susan-fowler-travis-kalanick-sexism-silicon-valley | title=Uber and the problem of Silicon Valley's bro culture | last1=Lacey | first1=Sarah | last2=Illing | first2=Sean | work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] | date=February 28, 2017 | access-date=June 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619043302/https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/2/28/14726004/uber-susan-fowler-travis-kalanick-sexism-silicon-valley | archive-date=June 19, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | title=Inside Uber's Aggressive, Unrestrained Workplace Culture | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=February 22, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309080712/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/22/technology/uber-workplace-culture.html | archive-date=March 9, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On February 20, 2017, Kalanick led a meeting with employees that was described by the participants as honest and raw.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14693786/uber-sexism-harassment-allegations-kalanick-all-hands | title=Uber employees say all-hands meeting about sexism allegations was 'honest, raw, and emotional' | first=Andrew J. | last=Hawkins | work=[[The Verge]] | publisher=[[Vox Media]] | date=February 21, 2017 | access-date=June 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816235123/https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14693786/uber-sexism-harassment-allegations-kalanick-all-hands | archive-date=August 16, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On February 27, 2017, [[Amit Singhal]], Uber's Senior Vice President of Engineering, was forced to resign after it came to light that he failed to disclose a sexual harassment claim against him that occurred while he was the Vice President of [[Google Search]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/technology/uber-sexual-harassment-amit-singhal-resign.html | title=Amit Singhal, Uber Executive Linked to Old Harassment Claim, Resigns | work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Mike | last=Isaac | date=February 27, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=March 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308220211/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/technology/uber-sexual-harassment-amit-singhal-resign.html | archive-date=March 8, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://qz.com/india/920713/the-rise-and-fall-of-amit-singhal-the-former-google-star-just-fired-by-uber/ | title=The rise and fall of Amit Singhal, the former Google star just fired by Uber | first=Devjyot | last=Ghoshal | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=February 28, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035716/https://qz.com/india/920713/the-rise-and-fall-of-amit-singhal-the-former-google-star-just-fired-by-uber/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.recode.net/2017/2/27/14745360/amit-singhal-google-uber | title=Uber's SVP of engineering is out after he did not disclose he left Google in a dispute over a sexual harassment allegation | first=Kara | last=Swisher | work=[[Recode]] | date=February 27, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025173232/https://www.recode.net/2017/2/27/14745360/amit-singhal-google-uber | archive-date=October 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://fortune.com/2017/02/27/uber-amit-singhal-resigns/ | title=Uber Exec Resigns After Sexual Harassment Allegations Surface From His Time at Google | first=Polina | last=Marinova| work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=February 27, 2017 | access-date=March 2, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303122957/http://fortune.com/2017/02/27/uber-amit-singhal-resigns/ | archive-date=March 3, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/27/uber-executive-resigns-sexual-harassment-google | title=Uber executive resigns after failing to disclose prior sexual harassment claim | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=February 27, 2017 | access-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053059/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/27/uber-executive-resigns-sexual-harassment-google | archive-date=January 30, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
On June 6, 2017, Uber announced that it fired over 20 employees as a result of the investigation.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation | title=Uber fires more than 20 employees after sexual harassment investigation | first=Olivia | last=Solon | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=June 7, 2016 | issn=0261-3077 | access-date=June 7, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607072309/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation | archive-date=June 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://fortune.com/2017/06/06/uber-sexual-harassment-investigation/ | title=Uber Fires More Than 20 Employees After Harassment Investigation: Report | first=Polina | last=Marinova | work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] | date=June 6, 2017 | access-date=June 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608214413/http://fortune.com/2017/06/06/uber-sexual-harassment-investigation/ | archive-date=June 8, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On June 13, 2017, Kalanick took an indefinite leave of absence from Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/13/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-leave-absence-scandal | title=Embattled Uber CEO Travis Kalanick takes indefinite leave of absence | last=Wong | first=Julia Carrie | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=June 13, 2017 | access-date=June 13, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613192810/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/13/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-leave-absence-scandal | archive-date=June 13, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-release-findings-of-harassment-probe-on-tuesday-1497360231 | title=Uber CEO Travis Kalanick to Take Leave of Absence | last=Bensinger | first=Greg | work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] | date=June 13, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908165013/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-release-findings-of-harassment-probe-on-tuesday-1497360231 | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> On June 20, 2017, after multiple shareholders reportedly demanded his resignation, Kalanick resigned as CEO.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick.html | title=Uber Founder Travis Kalanick Resigns as C.E.O. | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 21, 2017 | url-access=subscription | access-date=June 21, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621140538/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick.html | archive-date=June 21, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Segall | first=Laurie | authorlink=Laurie Segall | url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-resignation/index.html | title=Travis Kalanick resigns as Uber CEO after months of crisis | work=[[CNN]] | date=June 21, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831175001/https://money.cnn.com/2017/06/21/technology/uber-travis-kalanick-resignation/index.html | archive-date=August 31, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Scandals and departure of Emil Michael====
At a private dinner in November 2014, [[Emil Michael]], senior vice president of Uber, suggested that Uber hire a team of opposition researchers and journalists, with a million-dollar budget, to "dig up dirt" on the personal lives and backgrounds of media figures who reported negatively about Uber.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2015/04/portland_makes_uber_and_lyft_l.html | title=Portland makes Uber and Lyft legal – for now | first=Joseph | last=Rose | work=[[OregonLive.com]] | date=April 21, 2015 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164445/https://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2015/04/portland_makes_uber_and_lyft_l.html | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Specifically, he targeted [[Sarah Lacy]], editor of [[PandoDaily]], who, in an article published in October 2014, accused Uber of [[sexism]] and [[misogyny]] in its advertising.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://pando.com/2014/10/22/the-horrific-trickle-down-of-asshole-culture-at-a-company-like-uber/ | title=The horrific trickle down of Asshole culture: Why I've just deleted Uber from my phone | first=Sarah | last=Lacy | work=[[PandoDaily]] | date=October 22, 2014 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094635/https://pando.com/2014/10/22/the-horrific-trickle-down-of-asshole-culture-at-a-company-like-uber/ | archive-date=September 10, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uber-executive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-on-journalists | title=Uber Executive Suggests Digging Up Dirt On Journalists | first=Ben | last=Smith | work=[[Buzzfeed]] | date=November 17, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917124113/https://www.buzzfeed.com/bensmith/uber-executive-suggests-digging-up-dirt-on-journalists | archive-date=September 17, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/11/19/ubers-terrible-horrible-no-good-very-bad-day/ | title=Uber's terrible, horrible, no good, very bad day | last=Peterson | first=Andrea | work=[[The Washington Post]] | date=November 19, 2014 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625153402/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/11/19/ubers-terrible-horrible-no-good-very-bad-day/ | archive-date=June 25, 2015 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Michael issued a public apology<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/emil-michael-of-uber-proposes-digging-into-journalists-private-lives/ | title=Uber Executive Proposes Digging into Journalists' Private Lives | last=Isaac | first=Mike | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 18, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103020355/https://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/11/18/emil-michael-of-uber-proposes-digging-into-journalists-private-lives | archive-date=November 3, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> and apologized to Lacy in a personal email, claiming that Uber would never actually undertake the plan.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learned-just-how-far-uber-will-go-to-silence-journalists-and-attack-women/ | title=The moment I learned just how far Uber will go to silence journalists and attack women | last=Lacy | first=Sarah | work=[[PandoDaily]] | date=November 17, 2014 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202245/https://pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learned-just-how-far-uber-will-go-to-silence-journalists-and-attack-women/ | archive-date=September 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/ | title=Uber Executive Said the Company Would Spend 'A Million Dollars' to Shut Me Up | last=Lacy | first=Sarah | work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=November 14, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728010303/http://time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/ | archive-date=July 28, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Several journalists deleted their Uber apps.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://theconversation.com/love-it-or-loathe-it-uber-is-punching-above-its-weight-34419 | title=Love it or loathe it, Uber is punching above its weight | first=Faith | last=Valencia | work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] | date=November 20, 2014 | access-date=November 21, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122210204/http://theconversation.com/love-it-or-loathe-it-uber-is-punching-above-its-weight-34419 | archive-date=November 22, 2014 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> After several additional scandals involving Emil Michael, including an escort-karaoke bar scandal in Seoul and the questioning of the medical records of a rape victim in India, he left the company in June 2017 when Kalanick, who reportedly was protecting Michael, resigned.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://qz.com/1003453/emil-michael-ubers-most-scandal-ridden-exec-is-reportedly-out/ | title=Uber's most scandal-ridden exec is out – and it's not Travis Kalanick | first=Alison | last=Griswold | work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] | date=June 12, 2017 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185330/https://qz.com/1003453/emil-michael-ubers-most-scandal-ridden-exec-is-reportedly-out/ | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
====Settlement with victims====
In August 2018, Uber agreed to pay a total of $7 million to 480 workers to settle claims of gender discrimination, harassment and hostile work environment.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/21/technology/uber-settlement/index.html | title=Uber to pay 56 workers $1.9 million for harassment and discrimination claims | first=Sara Ashley | last=O'Brien | work=[[CNN]] | date=August 22, 2018 | access-date=September 9, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909191906/https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/21/technology/uber-settlement/index.html | archive-date=September 9, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===Use of offshore companies to minimize tax liability===
In November 2017, the [[Paradise Papers]], a set of confidential [[electronic document]]s relating to [[offshore investment]], revealed that Uber is one of many corporations that used an [[offshore company]] to minimize taxes.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-schemes-of-global-elite/a-41246087 | title='Paradise papers' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite | first=Rebecca | last=Staudenmaier | work=[[Deutsche Welle]] | date=November 5, 2017 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808002415/https://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-schemes-of-global-elite/a-41246087 | archive-date=August 8, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Offshore Trove Exposes Trump-Russia Links And Piggy Banks Of The Wealthiest 1 Percent | url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/ | work=[[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] | date=November 5, 2017 | access-date=November 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105203706/https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/ | archive-date=November 5, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
===CEO's comments on the killing of Jamal Khashoggi===
On November 11, 2019, Uber was seen trending on [[Twitter]] on #BoycottUber, after the company's CEO [[Dara Khosrowshahi]] characterized [[Saudi Arabia]]'s murder of [[Jamal Khashoggi]] as a "mistake" in comments. In his interview with [[Axios (website)|Axios]] on [[HBO]], he compared the [[Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi|assassination of Khashoggi]] to Uber’s decision of including self-driving cars, which resulted in a death of a woman in 2018. He called them both "mistakes" that can "be forgiven".<ref>{{cite_web|url=https://www.siliconvalley.com/2019/11/11/uber-ceo-in-hot-water-after-calling-saudi-journalists-killing-a-mistake/|title= Uber CEO in hot water after calling Saudi journalist's killing 'a mistake' |accessdate=11 November 2019|website=Silicon Valley}}</ref>
==Tourist destinations==
According to Uber, its most popular tourist destinations in 2019 were<ref>{{cite news | date = December 21, 2019 | title = People are Uber-ing to the Vatican and the Pyramids: Here are the Top 15 Tourist Spots to Uber to | url = https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/21/most-popular-tourist-destinations-on-uber-2019.html | work = CNBC}}</ref>:
# [[Empire State Building]], United States
# [[Freedom Tower]], United States
# [[CN Tower]], Canada
# [[Arc de Triomphe]], France
# [[Eiffel Tower]], France
# [[Louvre]], France
# [[Burj Khalifa]], United Arab Emirates
# [[Disneyland]], United States
# [[Buckingham Palace]], United Kingdom
# [[Golden Gate Bridge]], United States
==Awards==
In 2013, ''[[USA Today]]'' named Uber its tech company of the year.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/ | title=Wolff: The tech company of the year is Uber | last=Wolff | first=Michael | authorlink=Michael Wolff (journalist) | work=[[USA Today]] | date=December 22, 2013 | access-date=September 17, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081132/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/ | archive-date=September 7, 2017 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
'''Scholarly papers'''
* {{Cite journal | first1=Christofer | last1=Laurell | first2=Christian | last2=Sandström | title=Analysing Uber in social media – disruptive technology or institutional disruption? | journal=International Journal of Innovation Management | volume=20 | issue=5 | pages=1640013 | date=June 28, 2016| doi=10.1142/S1363919616400132 | url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-32162 }}
* {{cite journal | last=McGaughey | first=E.| title=Uber, the Taylor Review, mutuality, and the duty to not misrepresent employment status | date=2018| journal=Industrial Law Journal| ssrn=3018516}}
* {{cite web | first=Georgios | last=Petropoulos | title=Uber and the economic impact of sharing economy platforms | url=http://bruegel.org/2016/02/uber-and-the-economic-impact-of-sharing-economy-platforms/ | publisher=[[Bruegel (institution)|Bruegel]] | date=February 22, 2016}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Noto La Diega |first1=Guido |title=Uber law and awareness by design. An empirical study on online platforms and dehumanised negotiations |journal=Revue européenne de droit de la consommation/ European Journal of Consumer Law |date=2016 |volume=2016 |issue=II |pages=383–413 |url=http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/27866/1/Guido-REDC.pdf|via=Northumbria Research Link}}
* {{cite book|first1=Juliana Carreiro Corbal |last1=Oitaven |first2=Rodrigo de Lacerda|last2= Carelli |first3=Cássio Luís |last3=Casagrande|url=http://csb.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/CONAFRET_WEB-compressed.pdf|title=Empresas de transporte, plataformas digitais e a relação de emprego: um estudo do trabalho subordinado sob aplicativos|date=2019|location=Brasília|publisher=Ministério Público do Trabalho|isbn=978-85-66507-27-0|language=pt}}
* {{cite journal|last=Rogers | first=B. | title=The Social Costs of Uber | date=2015| volume=82 |journal=University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue |page=85}}
'''Books'''
* Isaac, Mike. ''[[Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber]]''. New York, NY. {{ISBN|9780393652246}}. {{OCLC|1090686951}}.
==External links==
{{commons category|Uber (company)}}
{{Wikinews category}}
* [https://www.uber.com Official website]
{{Finance links
| name = Uber Inc.
| symbol = UBER
| reuters = UBER.N
| bloomberg = UBER:US
| sec_cik = UBER
| yahoo = UBER
| google = UBER
}}
{{Uber|state=expanded}}
{{Uberisation}}
{{Major Internet companies}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Uber| ]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in California]]
[[Category:2019 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:American companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Location-based software]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Ridesharing companies of the United States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -57,5 +57,5 @@
* ASSIST provides additional assistance to [[senior citizen]]s and passengers with a [[physical disability]], but cannot transport a non-folding [[wheelchair]] (see UberWAV for wheelchair-accessible vehicles).
* Bike is a dockless [[bicycle-sharing system]] that allows users to rent [[electric bicycle]]s via Uber subsidiary [[Jump Bikes]] in nine metropolitan areas in the United States including [[San Francisco]] and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-rent-electric-bikes-san-francisco-jump-pilot-2018-1 | title=Uber is now letting people in San Francisco rent ebikes on its app | last=Price | first=Rob | work=[[Business Insider]] | date=January 31, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825214028/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-rent-electric-bikes-san-francisco-jump-pilot-2018-1 | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/uber-acquires-bike-share-startup-jump/ | title=Uber acquires bike share startup jump | first=Megan Rose | last=Dickey | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=April 9, 2018 | access-date=August 24, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825002550/https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/09/uber-acquires-bike-share-startup-jump/ | archive-date=August 25, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> Uber users are also able to rent [[Lime (transportation company)|Lime]] scooters in 46 cities via the Uber mobile app.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44766466 | title=Uber invests in Lime city scooter hire company' | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=July 9, 2018 | access-date=August 30, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714105053/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44766466 | archive-date=July 14, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
-* BLACK provides a black [[luxury vehicle]].
+* NIGGA provides a nigga [[luxury vehicle]].
* Chapchap, available in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] is a low-cost service offering transport via a [[Suzuki Alto]], a [[kei car]]. "Chapchap" means "faster" in the [[Swahili language]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667 | title=Uber to push further into East Africa with services like Chapchap | work=[[TRT World]] | date=August 18, 2018 | access-date=September 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105634/https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667 | archive-date=August 20, 2018 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* ESPAÑOL, available in California, is a version of UberX (see below) that provides a Spanish-speaking driver.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/ | title=uberESPAÑOL | publisher=Uber | access-date=January 13, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113232440/https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/ | archive-date=January 13, 2019 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
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0 => '* NIGGA provides a nigga [[luxury vehicle]].'
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0 => '* BLACK provides a black [[luxury vehicle]].'
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489 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180908202245/https://pando.com/2014/11/17/the-moment-i-learned-just-how-far-uber-will-go-to-silence-journalists-and-attack-women/',
490 => 'http://time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/',
491 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180728010303/http://time.com/5023287/uber-threatened-journalist-sarah-lacy/',
492 => 'http://theconversation.com/love-it-or-loathe-it-uber-is-punching-above-its-weight-34419',
493 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20141122210204/http://theconversation.com/love-it-or-loathe-it-uber-is-punching-above-its-weight-34419',
494 => 'https://qz.com/1003453/emil-michael-ubers-most-scandal-ridden-exec-is-reportedly-out/',
495 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185330/https://qz.com/1003453/emil-michael-ubers-most-scandal-ridden-exec-is-reportedly-out/',
496 => 'https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/21/technology/uber-settlement/index.html',
497 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180909191906/https://money.cnn.com/2018/08/21/technology/uber-settlement/index.html',
498 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-schemes-of-global-elite/a-41246087',
499 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180808002415/https://www.dw.com/en/paradise-papers-expose-tax-schemes-of-global-elite/a-41246087',
500 => 'https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/',
501 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20171105203706/https://www.icij.org/investigations/paradise-papers/paradise-papers-exposes-donald-trump-russia-links-and-piggy-banks-of-the-wealthiest-1-percent/',
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504 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/',
505 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081132/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/',
506 => 'https://www.nber.org/papers/w22627',
507 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/3c3d0028-2b74-11ea-bc77-65e4aa615551',
508 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780442?uselang=en#P946',
509 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780442?uselang=en#P856',
510 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780442',
511 => 'https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:UBER',
512 => 'https://tools.wmflabs.org/isin/?language=en&isin=US90353T1007',
513 => 'https://www.uber.com/',
514 => 'http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-32162',
515 => '//doi.org/10.1142%2FS1363919616400132',
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517 => 'http://bruegel.org/2016/02/uber-and-the-economic-impact-of-sharing-economy-platforms/',
518 => 'http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/27866/1/Guido-REDC.pdf',
519 => 'http://csb.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/CONAFRET_WEB-compressed.pdf',
520 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090686951',
521 => 'https://www.uber.com',
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523 => 'https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=UBER',
524 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/UBER:US',
525 => 'https://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/overview?symbol=UBER.N',
526 => 'https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=UBER',
527 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/1077226640',
528 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2017008671',
529 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2018995038&CON_LNG=ENG',
530 => 'https://viaf.org/viaf/332144782710313388566',
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31 => 'http://www.inc.com/magazine/201307/christine-lagorio/uber-the-car-service-explosive-growth.html',
32 => 'http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-uber-eric-holder-20170221-story.html',
33 => 'http://www.oregonlive.com/commuting/index.ssf/2017/04/portland_may_subpoena_uber_ove.html',
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36 => 'https://about.ubereats.com/en/',
37 => 'https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2018995038&CON_LNG=ENG',
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52 => 'https://business.financialpost.com/pmn/business-pmn/uber-reveals-coverup-of-hack-affecting-57m-riders-drivers-2',
53 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/1077226640',
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55 => 'https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/uber-expands-uberpool-to-three-more-indian-cities/articleshow/52567160.cms',
56 => 'https://eng.uber.com/real-time-id-check/',
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60 => 'https://globalnews.ca/news/4777626/ubers-self-driving-cars-toronto/',
61 => 'https://growthhackers.com/growth-studies/uber',
62 => 'https://hbr.org/2016/08/the-real-reason-uber-is-giving-up-in-china',
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68 => 'https://mashable.com/2016/06/29/uberpool-singapore/',
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461 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/nov/20/us-senator-al-franken-uber-answers-privacy-fiasco',
462 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/nov/22/uber-scrutiny-data-breach-hacking',
463 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/07/uber-work-culture-travis-kalanick-susan-fowler-controversy',
464 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/feb/27/uber-executive-resigns-sexual-harassment-google',
465 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/06/uber-fires-employees-sexual-harassment-investigation',
466 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jun/13/uber-ceo-travis-kalanick-leave-absence-scandal',
467 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/25/uber-loses-licence-london-tfl',
468 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/22/uber-licence-transport-for-london-tfl',
469 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/22/uber-lyft-ipo-drivers-unionize-low-pay-expenses',
470 => 'https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-ties-up-with-uber/article7566440.ece',
471 => 'https://www.theinformation.com/how-ubers-top-engineer-saved-his-job',
472 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/24/5342582/uber-employees-spammed-competing-car-service-with-fake-orders',
473 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2014/12/2/7321667/uber-is-testing-out-carpooling-service-in-new-york',
474 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/12/5994077/uber-cancellation-accusations',
475 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/26/6067663/this-is-ubers-playbook-for-sabotaging-lyft',
476 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/28/8859267/uber-starts-ferry-service-in-istanbul',
477 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2016/4/19/11454646/uber-app-deaf-driver-communication-service-csd',
478 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/24/16533940/uber-long-pickups-late-cancellations-driver-earnings',
479 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14687346/uber-self-driving-car-arizona-pilot-ducey-california',
480 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/21/14693786/uber-sexism-harassment-allegations-kalanick-all-hands',
481 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/20/18148946/uber-self-driving-car-return-public-road-pittsburgh-crash',
482 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2018/3/20/17144502/uber-lawsuit-service-dog-discrimination-disability',
483 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/12/18261755/uber-driver-classification-lawsuit-settlement-20-million',
484 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/29/18644143/uber-deactivate-rider-below-average-rating',
485 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/8/20793793/uber-5-billion-quarter-loss-profit-lyft-traffic-2019',
486 => 'https://www.theverge.com/transportation/2015/5/19/8622831/uber-self-driving-cars-carnegie-mellon-poached',
487 => 'https://www.trend.at/wirtschaft/taxi-konkurrent-uber-am-rande-gesetzes-5860551',
488 => 'https://www.trtworld.com/africa/uber-to-push-further-into-east-africa-with-services-like-chapchap-19667',
489 => 'https://www.uber.com',
490 => 'https://www.uber.com/',
491 => 'https://www.uber.com/c/180-days/long-trip-notification/',
492 => 'https://www.uber.com/cities/',
493 => 'https://www.uber.com/diversity/',
494 => 'https://www.uber.com/drive/requirements/',
495 => 'https://www.uber.com/drive/san-diego/resources/san-diego-uber-espanol/',
496 => 'https://www.uber.com/drive/vehicle-solutions/',
497 => 'https://www.uber.com/en-AU/newsroom/uberpoolmelbourne/',
498 => 'https://www.uber.com/en-ID/blog/jakarta/introducing-ubermotor',
499 => 'https://www.uber.com/info/elevate/',
500 => 'https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-careem/',
501 => 'https://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-launches-uberpool-in-delaware/',
502 => 'https://www.uber.com/ride/how-uber-works/in-app-tipping/',
503 => 'https://www.uber.com/ride/uberwav/',
504 => 'https://www.uberhealth.com/faq',
505 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/wolff/2013/12/22/the-success-of-app-based-car-service-uber/4141669/',
506 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/09/10/what-californias-ab-5-means-apps-like-uber-lyft/2278936001/',
507 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/02/02/emails-cancel-uber-include-immigration-statement/97405854/',
508 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2017/03/08/uber-stop-using-greyball-target-regulators/98930282/',
509 => 'https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/02/uber-ceo-orders-urgent-investigation-into-sexual-harassment-allegations',
510 => 'https://www.vox.com/conversations/2017/2/28/14726004/uber-susan-fowler-travis-kalanick-sexism-silicon-valley',
511 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/going-out-gurus/post/dc-council-expected-to-approve-uber-act/2012/12/04/574a0306-3e38-11e2-ae43-cf491b837f7b_blog.html',
512 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/12/01/is-ubers-rider-database-a-sitting-duck-for-hackers/',
513 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2014/11/19/ubers-terrible-horrible-no-good-very-bad-day/',
514 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/01/29/uber-triggers-protest-for-not-supporting-taxi-strike-against-refugee-ban/',
515 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2014/06/06/uber-mobilizes-its-users-to-fight-ban-in-virginia/',
516 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/uber-pressures-regulators-by-mobilizing-riders-and-hiring-vast-lobbying-network/2014/12/13/3f4395c6-7f2a-11e4-9f38-95a187e4c1f7_story.html',
517 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2018/09/26/uber-reaches-million-settlement-over-its-data-breach-which-affected-million-globally/',
518 => 'https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/2/innovation-uber-alles/',
519 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780442',
520 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780442?uselang=en#P856',
521 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q780442?uselang=en#P946',
522 => 'https://www.wired.co.uk/article/didi-chuxing-china-startups-uber',
523 => 'https://www.wired.co.uk/article/uberpool-london-launch',
524 => 'https://www.wired.com/2015/05/uber-drivers-deaf-hard-of-hearing/',
525 => 'https://www.wired.com/2016/10/uber-flying-cars-elevate-plan/',
526 => 'https://www.wired.com/2016/12/uber-x-fad-will-pass-uber-uber/',
527 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/332144782710313388566',
528 => 'https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090686951',
529 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/hard-driving-uber-gives-compromise-a-try-1422588782',
530 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/hedge-fund-bets-on-beaten-up-new-york-taxi-business-1539439200',
531 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-launches-carpooling-service-in-paris-1415896525',
532 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-lyft-drivers-need-business-licenses-to-operate-in-san-francisco-1460762952',
533 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-resumes-self-driving-vehicle-program-after-arizona-accident-1490641844',
534 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-stumbles-in-trading-debut-11557503554',
535 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-taps-zipcar-to-put-more-drivers-on-the-road-1486588371',
536 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-pay-148-million-penalty-to-settle-2016-data-breach-1537983127',
537 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-to-release-findings-of-harassment-probe-on-tuesday-1497360231',
538 => 'https://www.xconomy.com/san-francisco/2015/07/17/sharing-economy-companies-sharing-the-heat-in-contractor-controversy/'
] |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1578683566 |
