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{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Alexander Vindman
|image = Alexander Vindman on May 20, 2019.jpg
|birth_name = Александр Семёнович Виндман<br/>Alexander Semyonovich Vindman
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|6|6}}
|birth_place = [[Kiev]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Ukraine]])
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = [[Binghamton University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br/>[[Cornell University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|branch = {{army|United States}}
|serviceyears = 1999–present
|rank = [[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|battles = [[Iraq War]]
|mawards = [[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Purple Heart]]<br/>[[File:Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]] (2)<br/>[[File:Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Army Commendation Medal]] (4)<br/>[[File:Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Army Achievement Medal]] (2)<br/>[[File:Valorous Unit Award ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Valorous Unit Award|Army Valorous Unit Award]]<br/>[[File:Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Navy Unit Commendation]]<br/>[[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Korea).svg|border|23px]] [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
}}
'''Alexander Semyon Vindman''' (born June 6, 1975)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-panels-hear-officialsconcerns-about-trumps-ukraine-call-11572357591 |first=Dustin |last=Volz |first2=Andrew |last2=Restuccia |first3=Siobhan |last3=Hughes |title=Parties Spar Over White House Aide in Combative Impeachment Hearing|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> is a [[United States Army]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] who serves as the Director for European Affairs for the [[United States National Security Council]] (NSC). Vindman came to national attention in October 2019 when he testified before the [[United States Congress]] regarding the [[Trump–Ukraine scandal]].
Commissioned in 1999 as an [[Infantry Branch (United States)|infantry officer]], Vindman received a [[Purple Heart]] medal for wounds he received from an [[Improvised explosive device|IED attack]] in the [[Iraq War]] in 2004.<ref name=ArmyTimes /><ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> Vindman became a [[foreign area officer]] specializing in [[Eurasia]] in 2008, and assumed his current position as Director for European Affairs with the NSC in 2018.
== Early life and education ==
Alexander Semyon Vindman (''né'' Aleksandr Semyonovich Vindman) and his identical twin brother, Yevgeny, were born to a [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish family]] in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="NYTWhoIs">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/us/politics/who-is-alexander-vindman.html |title=Who Is Alexander Vindman? A Ukrainian Refugee Turned White House Official Testifies in the Impeachment Inquiry |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=October 29, 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 29, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=Shimron>{{Cite web|first=Yonat |last=Shimron |authorlink= |title=Why are so many players in the impeachment trial Jewish? |website=[[Religion News Service]]|date=November 13, 2019 |url=https://religionnews.com/2019/11/13/why-are-so-many-players-in-the-impeachment-trial-jewish/ |quote=In fact, Vindman, Parnas and Fruman were able to immigrate to the U.S. precisely because they are Jewish.}}</ref> After the death of their mother, the three-year-old twins and their older brother, Leonid, were brought to New York in December 1979 by their father, Semyon (Simon). They grew up in Brooklyn's "[[Brighton Beach#Russian-speaking cultures|Little Odessa]]" neighborhood. The twins appear briefly with their maternal grandmother in the [[Ken Burns]] [[Documentary film|documentary]] ''[[The Statue of Liberty (film)|The Statue of Liberty]]''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ken|last=Burns|title=Arrival|access-date=November 19, 2019|url=https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/unum/explore-timeline?film=statue-of-liberty&clip=808}}</ref><ref name="NYTWhoIs" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2019/11/06/culture/a-jewish-photographer-has-been-capturing-alexander-vindman-and-his-twin-for-nearly-4-decades|title=A Jewish photographer has been capturing Alexander Vindman and his twin for nearly 4 decades|last=Dolsten|first=Josefin|date=November 6, 2019|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> Vindman speaks fluent Russian and Ukrainian.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/us/politics/Alexander-Vindman-trump-impeachment.html |accessdate=December 12, 2019 |title = Army Officer Who Heard Trump's Ukraine Call Reported Concerns|newspaper = The New York Times|date = October 29, 2019|last1 = Hakim|first1 = Danny}}</ref> He graduated in 1993 from [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School (New York City)|Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Jeanine |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2019/11/20/brooklyn-raised-lt--col--alexander-vindman-offers-compelling-testimony-in-impeachment-hearings |title=Before His Impeachment Testimony, a Lieutenant Colonel Was Raised in Brooklyn |work=[[NY1]] |date=November 19, 2019 |accessdate=December 1, 2019 |quote=Vindman graduated from FDR High School in Bensonhurst in 1993, then went on to SUNY Binghamton and the Army, earning a Purple Heart after a roadside bombing in Iraq. }}</ref>
Vindman graduated from the [[Binghamton University|State University of New York at Binghamton]] with a bachelor of arts degree in 1998.<ref name=ArmyTimes>{{cite web|first=Kyle |last=Rempfer|url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/10/29/purple-heart-ranger-tab-fao-meet-the-army-officer-testifying-about-trumps-ukraine-call/ |title=Purple Heart, Ranger tab, FAO: Meet the Army officer testifying about Trump's Ukraine|work=Army Times|date=October 29, 2019|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> He took part in the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] while in college and received a second lieutenant's commission in the Army's [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]] in January 1999.<ref name=ArmyTimes /> He later received a master of arts degree from [[Harvard University]] in [[Russian studies|Russian]], Eastern European and [[Central Asian studies]].<ref name="NYTWhoIs" />
== Career ==
Vindman completed the Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) at [[Fort Benning]] in 1999 and was sent the next year to [[South Korea]], where he commanded both infantry and an [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-armor]] [[platoon]]s.<ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> In addition to overseas deployments to South Korea and Germany, Vindman is a combat veteran of the [[Iraq War]], and he served in Iraq from September 2004 to September 2005.<ref name=ArmyTimes /> In October 2004,<ref name=ArmyTimes /> he sustained an injury from a [[Improvised explosive device|roadside bomb]] in Iraq, for which he received a [[Purple Heart]].<ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> He was promoted to the rank of major in 2008,<ref>{{cite report |work=[[Congressional Record]] Online |publisher=[[Government Publishing Office]] |page=S8894 |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2008/09/16/senate-section/article/S8890-5 |title=Nominations |date=September 16, 2008 |volume=154 |number=147 |accessdate=November 9, 2019 }}</ref> and to lieutenant colonel in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite report |work=[[Congressional Record]] Online |publisher=[[Government Publishing Office]] |title=Nominations |date=September 8, 2015 |volume=161 |number=128 |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2015/09/08/senate-section/article/S6469-6 |page=S6471 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>
During his Army career, Vindman earned the [[Ranger tab|Ranger Tab]], [[Combat Infantryman Badge]], [[Expert Infantryman Badge]], and [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Parachutist Badge]], as well as four [[Army Commendation Medal]]s and two [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]]s.<ref name=ArmyTimes/>
Beginning in 2008, Vindman became a Foreign Area Officer specializing in Eurasia. In this capacity he served in the U.S. embassies in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. Returning to Washington, D.C. he was then a politico-military affairs officer focused on Russia for the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. Vindman served on the [[Joint Staff]] at the Pentagon from September 2015 to July 2018.<ref name=ArmyTimes />
===National Security Council===
{{Recentism|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Volodymyr Zelensky 2019 presidential inauguration 39 cropped.jpg|thumb|Vindman (far left) at the 2019 inauguration of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky]]
In July 2018, Vindman accepted an assignment with the National Security Council.<ref name=opening>{{Cite news |publisher=NPR |title=Ukraine Expert Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman's Opening Statement |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/28/774256868/read-ukraine-expert-lt-col-alexander-vindmans-opening-statement |first=Amita |last=Kelly |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref> In his role on the NSC, Vindman became part of the U.S. delegation at the inauguration of the Ukraine's newly elected President, [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. The five-member delegation, led by [[Rick Perry]], [[United States Secretary of Energy]], also included [[Kurt Volker]], then U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, [[Gordon Sondland]], [[United States Ambassador to the European Union]], and Joseph Pennington, then acting [[chargé d'affaires]].<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-announces-presidential-delegation-attend-inauguration-excellency-volodymyr-zelenskyy-president-ukraine/ |title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Presidential Delegation to Attend the Inauguration of His Excellency Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine |work=White House Press Office |date=May 18, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |title=President Zelensky addresses heads of foreign delegations |volume=LXXXVII |number=22 |page=3 |date=June 2, 2019 |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/wp-content/uploads/current-pdf/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2019-22.pdf |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>
Vindman was subpoenaed to testify before Congressional investigators on October 29, 2019, as part of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]' [[impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=CNN |title=White House Ukraine expert expected to testify about possible knowledge of Trump-Zelensky call |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/28/politics/alexander-vindman-nsc-impeachment-testimony/index.html |first=Zachary |last=Cohen |first2=Jake |last2=Tapper |first3=Paul |last3=LeBlanc |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=The Wall Street Journal |title=House to Vote on a Road Map for Its Impeachment Inquiry |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/impeachment-witness-fails-to-appear-waits-for-court-ruling-11572280661 |first=Natalie |last=Andrews |first2=Byron |last2=Tau |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref> He is the first White House official to testify who was actually on [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|a July 25, 2019, telephone call]] between President Trump and Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelensky]], in which Trump asked Zelensky to investigate former Vice President [[Joe Biden]], who is campaigning for President. Based on his opening statement, obtained in advance by ''[[The New York Times]]'', Vindman's testimony corroborates previous testimony from [[Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)|Fiona Hill]], his former manager, and [[William B. Taylor Jr.]], acting Ambassador to Ukraine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=White House official to tell impeachment investigators he feared President Trump's demands of Ukraine would undermine national security |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/white-house-official-to-tell-impeachment-investigators-he-feared-trumps-demands-of-ukraine-would-undermine-national-security/2019/10/28/0fc8ab46-f9f1-11e9-ac8c-8eced29ca6ef_story.html |first=Greg |last=Jaffe |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref>
On October 28, 2019, Vindman's opening statement to a closed session of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]], and [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform|House Oversight Committee]] was released, ahead of his testimony the following day. Vindman testified that: "In Spring of 2019, I became aware of outside influencers promoting a false and alternative narrative of Ukraine inconsistent with the consensus views of the interagency," which was "harmful to U.S. national security" and also "undermined U.S. Government efforts to expand cooperation with Ukraine."<ref name=opening/>
[[File:Opening Statement of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman.pdf|thumb|Official Opening Statement of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the House Committee on Oversight and Reform October 29, 2019 (released October 28, 2019)]]
Vindman states that, additionally, he was concerned by two events, both to which he objected to senior officials in real time, and which he reported to the National Security Council's lead attorney. The first event occurred at a July 10 meeting between Ukraine's then [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine|Secretary of National Security and Defense Council]] [[Oleksandr Danylyuk]], and then [[National Security Advisor (United States)|US National Security Advisor]] [[John Bolton]], at which Ambassadors [[Kurt Volker|Volker]] and [[Gordon Sondland|Sondland]], and Energy Secretary [[Rick Perry]] were in attendance, and at which Sondland asked Ukraine to launch investigations into the [[Joe Biden|Bidens]] in order to get a meeting with President Trump. Vindman states that Bolton cut the meeting short, and that both Vindman and Hill told Ambassador Sondland that his comments were inappropriate and reported their concerns to the NSC's lead counsel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/read-national-security-official-alexander-s-vindman-s-prepared-remarks-n1073156 |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Read national security official Alexander S. Vindman's prepared remarks to Congress|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref>
The second event occurred on a July 25 phone call between Presidents Trump and Zelensky. Vindman states, "I was concerned by the call. I did not think it was proper to demand that a foreign government investigate a U.S. citizen, and I was worried about the implications for the U.S. Government's support of Ukraine. I realized that if Ukraine pursued an investigation into the Bidens and Burisma, it would likely be interpreted as a partisan play which would undoubtedly result in Ukraine losing the bipartisan support it has thus far maintained. This would all undermine U.S. national security." Vindman also stated that he reported his concern to the NSC's lead counsel, [[John Eisenberg]].<ref name=opening/>
Vindman later testified in person before the US House of Representatives on November 19, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/18/who-is-alexander-vindman-why-does-his-public-testimony-matter/ |title=Who is Alexander Vindman and why does his public testimony matter? |work=The Washington Post |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref> In his testimony, Vindman stated that he made a report to an intelligence official about what he heard during Trump's call with the Ukrainian President and felt what the President mentioned during the phone conversation was "improper."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/19/impeachment-hearings-live-highlights-and-updates-071459 |title=Impeachment hearings: Live highlights from Alexander Vindman and Jennifer Williams' testimony |publisher=Politico |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lt-col-alexander-vindman-reveals-in-testimony-that-he-told-an-intelligence-official-about-trumps-call-with-ukrainian-leader/2019/11/19/61c46b16-0ae4-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html |title=Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman reveals in testimony that he told an intelligence official about Trump's call with Ukrainian leader |work=The Washington Post |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref>
{{external media| float = left | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?466376-1/impeachment-hearing-lt-col-vindman-jennifer-williams Testimony of Vindman and Jennifer Williams to the House Intelligence Committee, November 19, 2019], [[C-SPAN]]}}
Because of his testimony, Vindman was denounced by Trump and repeatedly attacked by Republican lawmakers and television commentators. As a result, he reached out to the Army regarding his and his family's safety.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/19/politics/vindman-trump-attack-army-safety/index.html|title=Alexander Vindman has reached out to Army about his family's safety amid attacks by Trump and GOP lawmakers|last=Browne|first=Ryan|date=November 19, 2019|work=CNN|accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref>
In his opening statement, Vindman assured his father that he had made the right decision in emigrating from the Soviet Union to the United States. Vindman stated, "In Russia, my act of ... offering public testimony involving the President would surely cost me my life. I am grateful for my father's brave act of hope 40 years ago and for the privilege of being an American citizen and public servant, where I can live free of fear for mine {{sic}} and my family's safety. Dad, my sitting here today, in the U.S. Capitol talking to our elected officials is proof that you made the right decision forty years ago to leave the Soviet Union and come here to United States of America in search of a better life for our family. Do not worry, I will be fine for telling the truth."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/us/politics/vindman-statement-testimony.html|title=Read Alexander Vindman’s Prepared Opening Statement From the Impeachment Hearing|date=November 19, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
Vindman is married. His identical twin brother, Yevgeny S. Vindman, is an Army lieutenant colonel and [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army|JAG Officer]] who is assigned as an attorney on the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council staff]] handling ethics issues.<ref name="NYTWhoIs" /><ref name="ABCN20191029">{{Cite news |last1=Siu |first1=Benjamin |title=Who is Alexander Vindman, the Army officer defying the White House to testify about Trump's Ukraine call? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/alexander-vindman-army-officer-defying-white-house-testify/story?id=66610499 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |agency=ABC News |date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> Vindman has an older brother, Leonid Vindman, who also served as a commissioned Army officer.<ref name="ABCN20191029" />
== Military awards ==
Vindman's awards and decorations include the [[Purple Heart]], [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]] with bronze [[oak leaf cluster]] (2nd award), [[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]], [[Army Commendation Medal]] with three oak leaf clusters (4th award), [[Army Achievement Medal]] with two oak leaf clusters (3rd award), [[National Defense Service Medal]], [[Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal]], [[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]], [[Korea Defense Service Medal]], [[Army Service Ribbon]], [[Overseas Service Ribbon]] (4th award), [[Valorous Unit Award]], [[Navy Unit Commendation]], [[National Intelligence Meritorious Unit Citation]], and [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]. He is a recipient of the [[Combat Infantryman Badge]], [[Expert Infantryman Badge]], [[Ranger tab|Ranger Tab]], [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Basic Parachutist Badge]], the [[Presidential Service Badge]], and [[Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge|Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/vindman-military-record |title= Here's the military record of Lt. Col. Vindman, the soldier testifying at Trump's impeachment inquiry |work=[[Task & Purpose]] |first=Haley |last=Britzky |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>
<center>
{|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:US Army Airborne basic parachutist badge.gif|center|121x121px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=1|ribbon=Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=3|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=1|ribbon=Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.png|106x106px]] [[File:Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]] [[File:Global War on Terrorism Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Korea Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]] [[File:Army Service Ribbon.svg|106x106px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Army Overseas Service Ribbon.svg|type=0|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top:0; left:-64px; display:inline-block; width:0;">[[File:Award numeral 5.png|20px]]</span>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ranger Tab.svg|center|121x121px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:US - Presidential Service Badge.png|177x177px]] [[File:Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg|191x191px]]
|}
</center>
== See also ==
* [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{commons inline|Alexander S. Vindman}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vindman, Alexander}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Binghamton University alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Brighton Beach]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:Twin people from the United States]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense officials]]
[[Category:United States National Security Council staffers]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|US Army officer}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Alexander Vindman
|image = Alexander Vindman dick on May 20, 2019.jpg
|birth_name = Александр Семёнович Виндман<br/>Alexander Semyonovich Vindman
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|6|6}}
|birth_place = [[Kiev]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Ukraine]])
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = [[Binghamton University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br/>[[Cornell University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
|allegiance = {{flag|United States}}
|branch = {{army|United States}}
|serviceyears = 1999–present
|rank = [[File:US-O5 insignia.svg|15px]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]]
|battles = [[Iraq War]]
|mawards = [[File:Purple Heart ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Purple Heart]]<br/>[[File:Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]] (2)<br/>[[File:Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Army Commendation Medal]] (4)<br/>[[File:Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Army Achievement Medal]] (2)<br/>[[File:Valorous Unit Award ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Valorous Unit Award|Army Valorous Unit Award]]<br/>[[File:Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg|border|23px]] [[Navy Unit Commendation]]<br/>[[File:Presidential Unit Citation (Korea).svg|border|23px]] [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]
}}
'''Alexander Semyon Vindman''' (born June 6, 1975)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-panels-hear-officialsconcerns-about-trumps-ukraine-call-11572357591 |first=Dustin |last=Volz |first2=Andrew |last2=Restuccia |first3=Siobhan |last3=Hughes |title=Parties Spar Over White House Aide in Combative Impeachment Hearing|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> is a [[United States Army]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|lieutenant colonel]] who serves as the Director for European Affairs for the [[United States National Security Council]] (NSC). Vindman came to national attention in October 2019 when he testified before the [[United States Congress]] regarding the [[Trump–Ukraine scandal]].
Commissioned in 1999 as an [[Infantry Branch (United States)|infantry officer]], Vindman received a [[Purple Heart]] medal for wounds he received from an [[Improvised explosive device|IED attack]] in the [[Iraq War]] in 2004.<ref name=ArmyTimes /><ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> Vindman became a [[foreign area officer]] specializing in [[Eurasia]] in 2008, and assumed his current position as Director for European Affairs with the NSC in 2018.
== Early life and education ==
Alexander Semyon Vindman (''né'' Aleksandr Semyonovich Vindman) and his identical twin brother, Yevgeny, were born to a [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Jewish family]] in the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="NYTWhoIs">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/us/politics/who-is-alexander-vindman.html |title=Who Is Alexander Vindman? A Ukrainian Refugee Turned White House Official Testifies in the Impeachment Inquiry |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=October 29, 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 29, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=Shimron>{{Cite web|first=Yonat |last=Shimron |authorlink= |title=Why are so many players in the impeachment trial Jewish? |website=[[Religion News Service]]|date=November 13, 2019 |url=https://religionnews.com/2019/11/13/why-are-so-many-players-in-the-impeachment-trial-jewish/ |quote=In fact, Vindman, Parnas and Fruman were able to immigrate to the U.S. precisely because they are Jewish.}}</ref> After the death of their mother, the three-year-old twins and their older brother, Leonid, were brought to New York in December 1979 by their father, Semyon (Simon). They grew up in Brooklyn's "[[Brighton Beach#Russian-speaking cultures|Little Odessa]]" neighborhood. The twins appear briefly with their maternal grandmother in the [[Ken Burns]] [[Documentary film|documentary]] ''[[The Statue of Liberty (film)|The Statue of Liberty]]''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ken|last=Burns|title=Arrival|access-date=November 19, 2019|url=https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/unum/explore-timeline?film=statue-of-liberty&clip=808}}</ref><ref name="NYTWhoIs" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2019/11/06/culture/a-jewish-photographer-has-been-capturing-alexander-vindman-and-his-twin-for-nearly-4-decades|title=A Jewish photographer has been capturing Alexander Vindman and his twin for nearly 4 decades|last=Dolsten|first=Josefin|date=November 6, 2019|website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US|url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2019}}</ref> Vindman speaks fluent Russian and Ukrainian.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/us/politics/Alexander-Vindman-trump-impeachment.html |accessdate=December 12, 2019 |title = Army Officer Who Heard Trump's Ukraine Call Reported Concerns|newspaper = The New York Times|date = October 29, 2019|last1 = Hakim|first1 = Danny}}</ref> He graduated in 1993 from [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School (New York City)|Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramirez |first=Jeanine |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2019/11/20/brooklyn-raised-lt--col--alexander-vindman-offers-compelling-testimony-in-impeachment-hearings |title=Before His Impeachment Testimony, a Lieutenant Colonel Was Raised in Brooklyn |work=[[NY1]] |date=November 19, 2019 |accessdate=December 1, 2019 |quote=Vindman graduated from FDR High School in Bensonhurst in 1993, then went on to SUNY Binghamton and the Army, earning a Purple Heart after a roadside bombing in Iraq. }}</ref>
Vindman graduated from the [[Binghamton University|State University of New York at Binghamton]] with a bachelor of arts degree in 1998.<ref name=ArmyTimes>{{cite web|first=Kyle |last=Rempfer|url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/10/29/purple-heart-ranger-tab-fao-meet-the-army-officer-testifying-about-trumps-ukraine-call/ |title=Purple Heart, Ranger tab, FAO: Meet the Army officer testifying about Trump's Ukraine|work=Army Times|date=October 29, 2019|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref><ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> He took part in the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] while in college and received a second lieutenant's commission in the Army's [[Infantry Branch (United States)|Infantry Branch]] in January 1999.<ref name=ArmyTimes /> He later received a master of arts degree from [[Harvard University]] in [[Russian studies|Russian]], Eastern European and [[Central Asian studies]].<ref name="NYTWhoIs" />
== Career ==
Vindman completed the Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) at [[Fort Benning]] in 1999 and was sent the next year to [[South Korea]], where he commanded both infantry and an [[Anti-tank warfare|anti-armor]] [[platoon]]s.<ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> In addition to overseas deployments to South Korea and Germany, Vindman is a combat veteran of the [[Iraq War]], and he served in Iraq from September 2004 to September 2005.<ref name=ArmyTimes /> In October 2004,<ref name=ArmyTimes /> he sustained an injury from a [[Improvised explosive device|roadside bomb]] in Iraq, for which he received a [[Purple Heart]].<ref name="NYTWhoIs" /> He was promoted to the rank of major in 2008,<ref>{{cite report |work=[[Congressional Record]] Online |publisher=[[Government Publishing Office]] |page=S8894 |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2008/09/16/senate-section/article/S8890-5 |title=Nominations |date=September 16, 2008 |volume=154 |number=147 |accessdate=November 9, 2019 }}</ref> and to lieutenant colonel in September 2015.<ref>{{Cite report |work=[[Congressional Record]] Online |publisher=[[Government Publishing Office]] |title=Nominations |date=September 8, 2015 |volume=161 |number=128 |url=https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2015/09/08/senate-section/article/S6469-6 |page=S6471 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>
During his Army career, Vindman earned the [[Ranger tab|Ranger Tab]], [[Combat Infantryman Badge]], [[Expert Infantryman Badge]], and [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Parachutist Badge]], as well as four [[Army Commendation Medal]]s and two [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]]s.<ref name=ArmyTimes/>
Beginning in 2008, Vindman became a Foreign Area Officer specializing in Eurasia. In this capacity he served in the U.S. embassies in [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. Returning to Washington, D.C. he was then a politico-military affairs officer focused on Russia for the [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]]. Vindman served on the [[Joint Staff]] at the Pentagon from September 2015 to July 2018.<ref name=ArmyTimes />
===National Security Council===
{{Recentism|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Volodymyr Zelensky 2019 presidential inauguration 39 cropped.jpg|thumb|Vindman (far left) at the 2019 inauguration of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky]]
In July 2018, Vindman accepted an assignment with the National Security Council.<ref name=opening>{{Cite news |publisher=NPR |title=Ukraine Expert Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman's Opening Statement |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/28/774256868/read-ukraine-expert-lt-col-alexander-vindmans-opening-statement |first=Amita |last=Kelly |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref> In his role on the NSC, Vindman became part of the U.S. delegation at the inauguration of the Ukraine's newly elected President, [[Volodymyr Zelensky]]. The five-member delegation, led by [[Rick Perry]], [[United States Secretary of Energy]], also included [[Kurt Volker]], then U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, [[Gordon Sondland]], [[United States Ambassador to the European Union]], and Joseph Pennington, then acting [[chargé d'affaires]].<ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-announces-presidential-delegation-attend-inauguration-excellency-volodymyr-zelenskyy-president-ukraine/ |title=President Donald J. Trump Announces Presidential Delegation to Attend the Inauguration of His Excellency Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine |work=White House Press Office |date=May 18, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]] |title=President Zelensky addresses heads of foreign delegations |volume=LXXXVII |number=22 |page=3 |date=June 2, 2019 |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/wp-content/uploads/current-pdf/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2019-22.pdf |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>
Vindman was subpoenaed to testify before Congressional investigators on October 29, 2019, as part of the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]]' [[impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=CNN |title=White House Ukraine expert expected to testify about possible knowledge of Trump-Zelensky call |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/28/politics/alexander-vindman-nsc-impeachment-testimony/index.html |first=Zachary |last=Cohen |first2=Jake |last2=Tapper |first3=Paul |last3=LeBlanc |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |work=The Wall Street Journal |title=House to Vote on a Road Map for Its Impeachment Inquiry |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/impeachment-witness-fails-to-appear-waits-for-court-ruling-11572280661 |first=Natalie |last=Andrews |first2=Byron |last2=Tau |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref> He is the first White House official to testify who was actually on [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|a July 25, 2019, telephone call]] between President Trump and Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelensky]], in which Trump asked Zelensky to investigate former Vice President [[Joe Biden]], who is campaigning for President. Based on his opening statement, obtained in advance by ''[[The New York Times]]'', Vindman's testimony corroborates previous testimony from [[Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)|Fiona Hill]], his former manager, and [[William B. Taylor Jr.]], acting Ambassador to Ukraine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=White House official to tell impeachment investigators he feared President Trump's demands of Ukraine would undermine national security |date=October 28, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/white-house-official-to-tell-impeachment-investigators-he-feared-trumps-demands-of-ukraine-would-undermine-national-security/2019/10/28/0fc8ab46-f9f1-11e9-ac8c-8eced29ca6ef_story.html |first=Greg |last=Jaffe |accessdate=November 3, 2019 }}</ref>
On October 28, 2019, Vindman's opening statement to a closed session of the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence|House Intelligence Committee]], [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs Committee]], and [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform|House Oversight Committee]] was released, ahead of his testimony the following day. Vindman testified that: "In Spring of 2019, I became aware of outside influencers promoting a false and alternative narrative of Ukraine inconsistent with the consensus views of the interagency," which was "harmful to U.S. national security" and also "undermined U.S. Government efforts to expand cooperation with Ukraine."<ref name=opening/>
[[File:Opening Statement of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman.pdf|thumb|Official Opening Statement of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the House Committee on Oversight and Reform October 29, 2019 (released October 28, 2019)]]
Vindman states that, additionally, he was concerned by two events, both to which he objected to senior officials in real time, and which he reported to the National Security Council's lead attorney. The first event occurred at a July 10 meeting between Ukraine's then [[National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine|Secretary of National Security and Defense Council]] [[Oleksandr Danylyuk]], and then [[National Security Advisor (United States)|US National Security Advisor]] [[John Bolton]], at which Ambassadors [[Kurt Volker|Volker]] and [[Gordon Sondland|Sondland]], and Energy Secretary [[Rick Perry]] were in attendance, and at which Sondland asked Ukraine to launch investigations into the [[Joe Biden|Bidens]] in order to get a meeting with President Trump. Vindman states that Bolton cut the meeting short, and that both Vindman and Hill told Ambassador Sondland that his comments were inappropriate and reported their concerns to the NSC's lead counsel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/read-national-security-official-alexander-s-vindman-s-prepared-remarks-n1073156 |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Read national security official Alexander S. Vindman's prepared remarks to Congress|website=NBC News|language=en|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref>
The second event occurred on a July 25 phone call between Presidents Trump and Zelensky. Vindman states, "I was concerned by the call. I did not think it was proper to demand that a foreign government investigate a U.S. citizen, and I was worried about the implications for the U.S. Government's support of Ukraine. I realized that if Ukraine pursued an investigation into the Bidens and Burisma, it would likely be interpreted as a partisan play which would undoubtedly result in Ukraine losing the bipartisan support it has thus far maintained. This would all undermine U.S. national security." Vindman also stated that he reported his concern to the NSC's lead counsel, [[John Eisenberg]].<ref name=opening/>
Vindman later testified in person before the US House of Representatives on November 19, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/18/who-is-alexander-vindman-why-does-his-public-testimony-matter/ |title=Who is Alexander Vindman and why does his public testimony matter? |work=The Washington Post |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref> In his testimony, Vindman stated that he made a report to an intelligence official about what he heard during Trump's call with the Ukrainian President and felt what the President mentioned during the phone conversation was "improper."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/19/impeachment-hearings-live-highlights-and-updates-071459 |title=Impeachment hearings: Live highlights from Alexander Vindman and Jennifer Williams' testimony |publisher=Politico |date=January 1, 1970 |accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lt-col-alexander-vindman-reveals-in-testimony-that-he-told-an-intelligence-official-about-trumps-call-with-ukrainian-leader/2019/11/19/61c46b16-0ae4-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html |title=Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman reveals in testimony that he told an intelligence official about Trump's call with Ukrainian leader |work=The Washington Post |date= |accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref>
{{external media| float = left | video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?466376-1/impeachment-hearing-lt-col-vindman-jennifer-williams Testimony of Vindman and Jennifer Williams to the House Intelligence Committee, November 19, 2019], [[C-SPAN]]}}
Because of his testimony, Vindman was denounced by Trump and repeatedly attacked by Republican lawmakers and television commentators. As a result, he reached out to the Army regarding his and his family's safety.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/19/politics/vindman-trump-attack-army-safety/index.html|title=Alexander Vindman has reached out to Army about his family's safety amid attacks by Trump and GOP lawmakers|last=Browne|first=Ryan|date=November 19, 2019|work=CNN|accessdate=November 19, 2019}}</ref>
In his opening statement, Vindman assured his father that he had made the right decision in emigrating from the Soviet Union to the United States. Vindman stated, "In Russia, my act of ... offering public testimony involving the President would surely cost me my life. I am grateful for my father's brave act of hope 40 years ago and for the privilege of being an American citizen and public servant, where I can live free of fear for mine {{sic}} and my family's safety. Dad, my sitting here today, in the U.S. Capitol talking to our elected officials is proof that you made the right decision forty years ago to leave the Soviet Union and come here to United States of America in search of a better life for our family. Do not worry, I will be fine for telling the truth."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/us/politics/vindman-statement-testimony.html|title=Read Alexander Vindman’s Prepared Opening Statement From the Impeachment Hearing|date=November 19, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 2, 2020|url-status=live|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
Vindman is married. His identical twin brother, Yevgeny S. Vindman, is an Army lieutenant colonel and [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army|JAG Officer]] who is assigned as an attorney on the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council staff]] handling ethics issues.<ref name="NYTWhoIs" /><ref name="ABCN20191029">{{Cite news |last1=Siu |first1=Benjamin |title=Who is Alexander Vindman, the Army officer defying the White House to testify about Trump's Ukraine call? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/alexander-vindman-army-officer-defying-white-house-testify/story?id=66610499 |access-date=October 29, 2019 |agency=ABC News |date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> Vindman has an older brother, Leonid Vindman, who also served as a commissioned Army officer.<ref name="ABCN20191029" />
== Military awards ==
Vindman's awards and decorations include the [[Purple Heart]], [[Defense Meritorious Service Medal]] with bronze [[oak leaf cluster]] (2nd award), [[Meritorious Service Medal (United States)|Meritorious Service Medal]], [[Army Commendation Medal]] with three oak leaf clusters (4th award), [[Army Achievement Medal]] with two oak leaf clusters (3rd award), [[National Defense Service Medal]], [[Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal]], [[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal]], [[Korea Defense Service Medal]], [[Army Service Ribbon]], [[Overseas Service Ribbon]] (4th award), [[Valorous Unit Award]], [[Navy Unit Commendation]], [[National Intelligence Meritorious Unit Citation]], and [[Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation]]. He is a recipient of the [[Combat Infantryman Badge]], [[Expert Infantryman Badge]], [[Ranger tab|Ranger Tab]], [[Parachutist Badge (United States)|Basic Parachutist Badge]], the [[Presidential Service Badge]], and [[Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge|Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/vindman-military-record |title= Here's the military record of Lt. Col. Vindman, the soldier testifying at Trump's impeachment inquiry |work=[[Task & Purpose]] |first=Haley |last=Britzky |date=October 29, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref>
<center>
{|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Combat Infantry Badge.svg]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:US Army Airborne basic parachutist badge.gif|center|121x121px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=1|ribbon=Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=3|ribbon=Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=1|ribbon=Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg|type=oak|width=106}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:National Defense Service Medal ribbon.png|106x106px]] [[File:Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]] [[File:Global War on Terrorism Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Korea Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|106x106px]] [[File:Army Service Ribbon.svg|106x106px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=0|ribbon=Army Overseas Service Ribbon.svg|type=0|width=106}}<span style="position:relative; top:0; left:-64px; display:inline-block; width:0;">[[File:Award numeral 5.png|20px]]</span>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Ranger Tab.svg|center|121x121px]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:US - Presidential Service Badge.png|177x177px]] [[File:Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg|191x191px]]
|}
</center>
== See also ==
* [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{commons inline|Alexander S. Vindman}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vindman, Alexander}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:American army personnel of the Iraq War]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Binghamton University alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Brighton Beach]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:Twin people from the United States]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:United States Department of Defense officials]]
[[Category:United States National Security Council staffers]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Alexander Vindman
-|image = Alexander Vindman on May 20, 2019.jpg
+|image = Alexander Vindman dick on May 20, 2019.jpg
|birth_name = Александр Семёнович Виндман<br/>Alexander Semyonovich Vindman
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|6|6}}
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8 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/28/politics/alexander-vindman-nsc-impeachment-testimony/index.html',
9 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/19/politics/vindman-trump-attack-army-safety/index.html',
10 => 'https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2008/09/16/senate-section/article/S8890-5',
11 => 'https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2015/09/08/senate-section/article/S6469-6',
12 => 'https://www.jta.org/2019/11/06/culture/a-jewish-photographer-has-been-capturing-alexander-vindman-and-his-twin-for-nearly-4-decades',
13 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/read-national-security-official-alexander-s-vindman-s-prepared-remarks-n1073156',
14 => 'https://www.npr.org/2019/10/28/774256868/read-ukraine-expert-lt-col-alexander-vindmans-opening-statement',
15 => 'https://www.ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2019/11/20/brooklyn-raised-lt--col--alexander-vindman-offers-compelling-testimony-in-impeachment-hearings',
16 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/us/politics/Alexander-Vindman-trump-impeachment.html',
17 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/us/politics/who-is-alexander-vindman.html',
18 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/us/politics/vindman-statement-testimony.html',
19 => 'https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/unum/explore-timeline?film=statue-of-liberty&clip=808',
20 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/19/impeachment-hearings-live-highlights-and-updates-071459',
21 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/white-house-official-to-tell-impeachment-investigators-he-feared-trumps-demands-of-ukraine-would-undermine-national-security/2019/10/28/0fc8ab46-f9f1-11e9-ac8c-8eced29ca6ef_story.html',
22 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/18/who-is-alexander-vindman-why-does-his-public-testimony-matter/',
23 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lt-col-alexander-vindman-reveals-in-testimony-that-he-told-an-intelligence-official-about-trumps-call-with-ukrainian-leader/2019/11/19/61c46b16-0ae4-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html',
24 => 'https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-announces-presidential-delegation-attend-inauguration-excellency-volodymyr-zelenskyy-president-ukraine/',
25 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-panels-hear-officialsconcerns-about-trumps-ukraine-call-11572357591',
26 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/impeachment-witness-fails-to-appear-waits-for-court-ruling-11572280661'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Army officer</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Alexander Vindman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Alexander_Vindman_dick_on_May_20,_2019.jpg" class="new" title="File:Alexander Vindman dick on May 20, 2019.jpg">File:Alexander Vindman dick on May 20, 2019.jpg</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Александр Семёнович Виндман<br />Alexander Semyonovich Vindman</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1975-06-06</span>) </span>June 6, 1975<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 44)</span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (now <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Education</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">Binghamton University</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Allegiance</th><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Branch/service</th><td><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5940" data-file-height="4680" /> </span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Years of service</th><td>1999–present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rank</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="image"><img alt="US-O5 insignia.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/15px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/23px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/30px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Battles/wars</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Awards</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Purple Heart ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/23px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/35px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg/46px-Purple_Heart_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Defense Meritorious Service Medal ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/23px-Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/46px-Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal">Defense Meritorious Service Medal</a> (2)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Army Commendation Medal ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/23px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/46px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a> (4)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Army Achievement Medal ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg/23px-Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg/46px-Army_Achievement_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Achievement_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Achievement Medal">Army Achievement Medal</a> (2)<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Valorous Unit Award ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg/23px-Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg/35px-Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg/46px-Valorous_Unit_Award_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="40" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valorous_Unit_Award" title="Valorous Unit Award">Army Valorous Unit Award</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="U.S. Navy Unit Commendation ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/23px-U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/35px-U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg/46px-U.S._Navy_Unit_Commendation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation" title="Navy Unit Commendation">Navy Unit Commendation</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Presidential_Unit_Citation_(Korea).svg" class="image"><img alt="Presidential Unit Citation (Korea).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Korea%29.svg/23px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Korea%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="7" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Korea%29.svg/35px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Korea%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Korea%29.svg/46px-Presidential_Unit_Citation_%28Korea%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation" title="Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation">Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Alexander Semyon Vindman</b> (born June 6, 1975)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> who serves as the Director for European Affairs for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a> (NSC). Vindman came to national attention in October 2019 when he testified before the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> regarding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine scandal</a>.
</p><p>Commissioned in 1999 as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)" title="Infantry Branch (United States)">infantry officer</a>, Vindman received a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> medal for wounds he received from an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IED attack</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup> Vindman became a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_area_officer" title="Foreign area officer">foreign area officer</a> specializing in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> in 2008, and assumed his current position as Director for European Affairs with the NSC in 2018.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#National_Security_Council"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">National Security Council</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Military_awards"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Military awards</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span></h2>
<p>Alexander Semyon Vindman (<i>né</i> Aleksandr Semyonovich Vindman) and his identical twin brother, Yevgeny, were born to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Jewish family</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shimron_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shimron-4">[4]</a></sup> After the death of their mother, the three-year-old twins and their older brother, Leonid, were brought to New York in December 1979 by their father, Semyon (Simon). They grew up in Brooklyn's "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brighton_Beach#Russian-speaking_cultures" title="Brighton Beach">Little Odessa</a>" neighborhood. The twins appear briefly with their maternal grandmother in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Burns" title="Ken Burns">Ken Burns</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Statue_of_Liberty_(film)" title="The Statue of Liberty (film)">The Statue of Liberty</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Vindman speaks fluent Russian and Ukrainian.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[7]</a></sup> He graduated in 1993 from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School (New York City)">Franklin Delano Roosevelt High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Vindman graduated from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binghamton_University" title="Binghamton University">State University of New York at Binghamton</a> with a bachelor of arts degree in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup> He took part in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> while in college and received a second lieutenant's commission in the Army's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)" title="Infantry Branch (United States)">Infantry Branch</a> in January 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup> He later received a master of arts degree from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_studies" title="Russian studies">Russian</a>, Eastern European and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Asian_studies" title="Central Asian studies">Central Asian studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span></h2>
<p>Vindman completed the Infantry Officer Basic Course (IOBC) at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fort_Benning" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a> in 1999 and was sent the next year to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, where he commanded both infantry and an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">anti-armor</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup> In addition to overseas deployments to South Korea and Germany, Vindman is a combat veteran of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and he served in Iraq from September 2004 to September 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup> In October 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup> he sustained an injury from a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">roadside bomb</a> in Iraq, for which he received a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup> He was promoted to the rank of major in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> and to lieutenant colonel in September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>During his Army career, Vindman earned the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranger_tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranger tab">Ranger Tab</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge" title="Combat Infantryman Badge">Combat Infantryman Badge</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expert_Infantryman_Badge" title="Expert Infantryman Badge">Expert Infantryman Badge</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parachutist_Badge_(United_States)" title="Parachutist Badge (United States)">Parachutist Badge</a>, as well as four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medals</a> and two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal">Defense Meritorious Service Medals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Beginning in 2008, Vindman became a Foreign Area Officer specializing in Eurasia. In this capacity he served in the U.S. embassies in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Returning to Washington, D.C. he was then a politico-military affairs officer focused on Russia for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. Vindman served on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joint_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Staff">Joint Staff</a> at the Pentagon from September 2015 to July 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmyTimes-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="National_Security_Council">National Security Council</span></h3>
<table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article or section <b>appears to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volodymyr_Zelensky_2019_presidential_inauguration_39_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Volodymyr_Zelensky_2019_presidential_inauguration_39_cropped.jpg/220px-Volodymyr_Zelensky_2019_presidential_inauguration_39_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1877" data-file-height="1251" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Volodymyr_Zelensky_2019_presidential_inauguration_39_cropped.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Vindman (far left) at the 2019 inauguration of Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky</div></div></div>
<p>In July 2018, Vindman accepted an assignment with the National Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-opening_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opening-11">[11]</a></sup> In his role on the NSC, Vindman became part of the U.S. delegation at the inauguration of the Ukraine's newly elected President, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>. The five-member delegation, led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a>, also included <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurt_Volker" title="Kurt Volker">Kurt Volker</a>, then U.S. Special Representative for Ukraine Negotiations, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Sondland" title="Gordon Sondland">Gordon Sondland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_European_Union" title="United States Ambassador to the European Union">United States Ambassador to the European Union</a>, and Joseph Pennington, then acting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Vindman was subpoenaed to testify before Congressional investigators on October 29, 2019, as part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>' <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> He is the first White House official to testify who was actually on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Trump–Ukraine scandal">a July 25, 2019, telephone call</a> between President Trump and Ukrainian President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelensky" title="Volodymyr Zelensky">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, in which Trump asked Zelensky to investigate former Vice President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, who is campaigning for President. Based on his opening statement, obtained in advance by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Vindman's testimony corroborates previous testimony from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiona_Hill_(presidential_advisor)" title="Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)">Fiona Hill</a>, his former manager, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_B._Taylor_Jr." title="William B. Taylor Jr.">William B. Taylor Jr.</a>, acting Ambassador to Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>On October 28, 2019, Vindman's opening statement to a closed session of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence Committee</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">House Foreign Affairs Committee</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Reform" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Reform">House Oversight Committee</a> was released, ahead of his testimony the following day. Vindman testified that: "In Spring of 2019, I became aware of outside influencers promoting a false and alternative narrative of Ukraine inconsistent with the consensus views of the interagency," which was "harmful to U.S. national security" and also "undermined U.S. Government efforts to expand cooperation with Ukraine."<sup id="cite_ref-opening_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opening-11">[11]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Opening_Statement_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Alexander_S._Vindman.pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Opening_Statement_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Alexander_S._Vindman.pdf/page1-220px-Opening_Statement_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Alexander_S._Vindman.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Opening_Statement_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Alexander_S._Vindman.pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Official Opening Statement of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander S. Vindman Before the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the House Committee on Oversight and Reform October 29, 2019 (released October 28, 2019)</div></div></div>
<p>Vindman states that, additionally, he was concerned by two events, both to which he objected to senior officials in real time, and which he reported to the National Security Council's lead attorney. The first event occurred at a July 10 meeting between Ukraine's then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Security_and_Defense_Council_of_Ukraine" title="National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine">Secretary of National Security and Defense Council</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oleksandr_Danylyuk" title="Oleksandr Danylyuk">Oleksandr Danylyuk</a>, and then <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">US National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">John Bolton</a>, at which Ambassadors <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurt_Volker" title="Kurt Volker">Volker</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Sondland" title="Gordon Sondland">Sondland</a>, and Energy Secretary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> were in attendance, and at which Sondland asked Ukraine to launch investigations into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Bidens</a> in order to get a meeting with President Trump. Vindman states that Bolton cut the meeting short, and that both Vindman and Hill told Ambassador Sondland that his comments were inappropriate and reported their concerns to the NSC's lead counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The second event occurred on a July 25 phone call between Presidents Trump and Zelensky. Vindman states, "I was concerned by the call. I did not think it was proper to demand that a foreign government investigate a U.S. citizen, and I was worried about the implications for the U.S. Government's support of Ukraine. I realized that if Ukraine pursued an investigation into the Bidens and Burisma, it would likely be interpreted as a partisan play which would undoubtedly result in Ukraine losing the bipartisan support it has thus far maintained. This would all undermine U.S. national security." Vindman also stated that he reported his concern to the NSC's lead counsel, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Eisenberg" title="John Eisenberg">John Eisenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-opening_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opening-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Vindman later testified in person before the US House of Representatives on November 19, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> In his testimony, Vindman stated that he made a report to an intelligence official about what he heard during Trump's call with the Ukrainian President and felt what the President mentioned during the phone conversation was "improper."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
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<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;float: left; clear: left; margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><caption>External video</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?466376-1/impeachment-hearing-lt-col-vindman-jennifer-williams">Testimony of Vindman and Jennifer Williams to the House Intelligence Committee, November 19, 2019</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Because of his testimony, Vindman was denounced by Trump and repeatedly attacked by Republican lawmakers and television commentators. As a result, he reached out to the Army regarding his and his family's safety.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his opening statement, Vindman assured his father that he had made the right decision in emigrating from the Soviet Union to the United States. Vindman stated, "In Russia, my act of ... offering public testimony involving the President would surely cost me my life. I am grateful for my father's brave act of hope 40 years ago and for the privilege of being an American citizen and public servant, where I can live free of fear for mine  [<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] and my family's safety. Dad, my sitting here today, in the U.S. Capitol talking to our elected officials is proof that you made the right decision forty years ago to leave the Soviet Union and come here to United States of America in search of a better life for our family. Do not worry, I will be fine for telling the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2>
<p>Vindman is married. His identical twin brother, Yevgeny S. Vindman, is an Army lieutenant colonel and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps,_United_States_Army" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army">JAG Officer</a> who is assigned as an attorney on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council staff</a> handling ethics issues.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABCN20191029_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCN20191029-23">[23]</a></sup> Vindman has an older brother, Leonid Vindman, who also served as a commissioned Army officer.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCN20191029_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCN20191029-23">[23]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Military_awards">Military awards</span></h2>
<p>Vindman's awards and decorations include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_Meritorious_Service_Medal" title="Defense Meritorious Service Medal">Defense Meritorious Service Medal</a> with bronze <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">oak leaf cluster</a> (2nd award), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Commendation_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a> with three oak leaf clusters (4th award), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Achievement_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Achievement Medal">Army Achievement Medal</a> with two oak leaf clusters (3rd award), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal" title="Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal">Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal" title="Global War on Terrorism Service Medal">Global War on Terrorism Service Medal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korea_Defense_Service_Medal" title="Korea Defense Service Medal">Korea Defense Service Medal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Army_Service_Ribbon" title="Army Service Ribbon">Army Service Ribbon</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overseas_Service_Ribbon" title="Overseas Service Ribbon">Overseas Service Ribbon</a> (4th award), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valorous_Unit_Award" title="Valorous Unit Award">Valorous Unit Award</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation" title="Navy Unit Commendation">Navy Unit Commendation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Intelligence_Meritorious_Unit_Citation" title="National Intelligence Meritorious Unit Citation">National Intelligence Meritorious Unit Citation</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Presidential_Unit_Citation" title="Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation">Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation</a>. He is a recipient of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge" title="Combat Infantryman Badge">Combat Infantryman Badge</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Expert_Infantryman_Badge" title="Expert Infantryman Badge">Expert Infantryman Badge</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranger_tab" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranger tab">Ranger Tab</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parachutist_Badge_(United_States)" title="Parachutist Badge (United States)">Basic Parachutist Badge</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_Service_Badge" title="Presidential Service Badge">Presidential Service Badge</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Identification_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge">Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.png" class="image"><img alt="National Defense Service Medal ribbon.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.png/106px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="545" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Global_War_on_Terrorism_Expeditionary_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Global War on Terrorism Service Medal ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Global_War_on_Terrorism_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Korea Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Korea_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_Service_Ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Army Service Ribbon.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Army_Service_Ribbon.svg/106px-Army_Service_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Army_Service_Ribbon.svg/159px-Army_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Army_Service_Ribbon.svg/212px-Army_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/106px-Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/159px-Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg/212px-Army_Overseas_Service_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a><span style="position:relative; top:0; left:-64px; display:inline-block; width:0;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Award_numeral_5.png" class="image"><img alt="Award numeral 5.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Award_numeral_5.png/20px-Award_numeral_5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ranger_Tab.svg" class="image"><img alt="Ranger Tab.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ranger_Tab.svg/121px-Ranger_Tab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="50" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ranger_Tab.svg/182px-Ranger_Tab.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ranger_Tab.svg/242px-Ranger_Tab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="315" /></a></div></div>
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<td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png" class="image"><img alt="US - Presidential Service Badge.png" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png/175px-US_-_Presidential_Service_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="608" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg" class="image"><img alt="Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg/175px-Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="191" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg/263px-Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg/350px-Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="216" /></a>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" title="Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Volz, Dustin; Restuccia, Andrew; Hughes, Siobhan (October 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/house-panels-hear-officialsconcerns-about-trumps-ukraine-call-11572357591">"Parties Spar Over White House Aide in Combative Impeachment Hearing"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Parties+Spar+Over+White+House+Aide+in+Combative+Impeachment+Hearing&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Volz&rft.aufirst=Dustin&rft.au=Restuccia%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Siobhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fhouse-panels-hear-officialsconcerns-about-trumps-ukraine-call-11572357591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ArmyTimes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmyTimes_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rempfer, Kyle (October 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/10/29/purple-heart-ranger-tab-fao-meet-the-army-officer-testifying-about-trumps-ukraine-call/">"Purple Heart, Ranger tab, FAO: Meet the Army officer testifying about Trump's Ukraine"</a>. <i>Army Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Army+Times&rft.atitle=Purple+Heart%2C+Ranger+tab%2C+FAO%3A+Meet+the+Army+officer+testifying+about+Trump%27s+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Rempfer&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armytimes.com%2Fnews%2Fyour-army%2F2019%2F10%2F29%2Fpurple-heart-ranger-tab-fao-meet-the-army-officer-testifying-about-trumps-ukraine-call%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-NYTWhoIs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTWhoIs_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/29/us/politics/who-is-alexander-vindman.html">"Who Is Alexander Vindman? A Ukrainian Refugee Turned White House Official Testifies in the Impeachment Inquiry"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Alexander+Vindman%3F+A+Ukrainian+Refugee+Turned+White+House+Official+Testifies+in+the+Impeachment+Inquiry&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F29%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fwho-is-alexander-vindman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Shimron-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shimron_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Shimron, Yonat (November 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religionnews.com/2019/11/13/why-are-so-many-players-in-the-impeachment-trial-jewish/">"Why are so many players in the impeachment trial Jewish?"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a></i>. <q>In fact, Vindman, Parnas and Fruman were able to immigrate to the U.S. precisely because they are Jewish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+News+Service&rft.atitle=Why+are+so+many+players+in+the+impeachment+trial+Jewish%3F&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft.aulast=Shimron&rft.aufirst=Yonat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligionnews.com%2F2019%2F11%2F13%2Fwhy-are-so-many-players-in-the-impeachment-trial-jewish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Burns, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/unum/explore-timeline?film=statue-of-liberty&clip=808">"Arrival"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arrival&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkenburns%2Funum%2Fexplore-timeline%3Ffilm%3Dstatue-of-liberty%26clip%3D808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dolsten, Josefin (November 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2019/11/06/culture/a-jewish-photographer-has-been-capturing-alexander-vindman-and-his-twin-for-nearly-4-decades">"A Jewish photographer has been capturing Alexander Vindman and his twin for nearly 4 decades"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=A+Jewish+photographer+has+been+capturing+Alexander+Vindman+and+his+twin+for+nearly+4+decades&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Dolsten&rft.aufirst=Josefin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2019%2F11%2F06%2Fculture%2Fa-jewish-photographer-has-been-capturing-alexander-vindman-and-his-twin-for-nearly-4-decades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-auto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hakim, Danny (October 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/28/us/politics/Alexander-Vindman-trump-impeachment.html">"Army Officer Who Heard Trump's Ukraine Call Reported Concerns"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Army+Officer+Who+Heard+Trump%27s+Ukraine+Call+Reported+Concerns&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2FAlexander-Vindman-trump-impeachment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ramirez, Jeanine (November 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ny1.com/nyc/brooklyn/news/2019/11/20/brooklyn-raised-lt--col--alexander-vindman-offers-compelling-testimony-in-impeachment-hearings">"Before His Impeachment Testimony, a Lieutenant Colonel Was Raised in Brooklyn"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NY1" title="NY1">NY1</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Vindman graduated from FDR High School in Bensonhurst in 1993, then went on to SUNY Binghamton and the Army, earning a Purple Heart after a roadside bombing in Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY1&rft.atitle=Before+His+Impeachment+Testimony%2C+a+Lieutenant+Colonel+Was+Raised+in+Brooklyn&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=Jeanine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ny1.com%2Fnyc%2Fbrooklyn%2Fnews%2F2019%2F11%2F20%2Fbrooklyn-raised-lt--col--alexander-vindman-offers-compelling-testimony-in-impeachment-hearings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/2015/09/08/senate-section/article/S6469-6">Nominations</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> Online</i> (Report). <b>161</b>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a>. September 8, 2015. p. S6471<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Nominations&rft.pages=S6471&rft.pub=Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fcongressional-record%2F2015%2F09%2F08%2Fsenate-section%2Farticle%2FS6469-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-opening-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opening_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opening_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-opening_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kelly, Amita (October 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/10/28/774256868/read-ukraine-expert-lt-col-alexander-vindmans-opening-statement">"Ukraine Expert Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman's Opening Statement"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Expert+Lt.+Col.+Alexander+Vindman%27s+Opening+Statement&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Amita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2F774256868%2Fread-ukraine-expert-lt-col-alexander-vindmans-opening-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-announces-presidential-delegation-attend-inauguration-excellency-volodymyr-zelenskyy-president-ukraine/">"President Donald J. Trump Announces Presidential Delegation to Attend the Inauguration of His Excellency Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President of Ukraine"</a>. <i>White House Press Office</i> (Press release). May 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Donald+J.+Trump+Announces+Presidential+Delegation+to+Attend+the+Inauguration+of+His+Excellency+Volodymyr+Zelenskyy%2C+President+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefings-statements%2Fpresident-donald-j-trump-announces-presidential-delegation-attend-inauguration-excellency-volodymyr-zelenskyy-president-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrweekly.com/uwwp/wp-content/uploads/current-pdf/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_2019-22.pdf">"President Zelensky addresses heads of foreign delegations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a></i>. <b>LXXXVII</b> (22). June 2, 2019. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ukrainian+Weekly&rft.atitle=President+Zelensky+addresses+heads+of+foreign+delegations&rft.volume=LXXXVII&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2019-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrweekly.com%2Fuwwp%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fcurrent-pdf%2FThe_Ukrainian_Weekly_2019-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cohen, Zachary; Tapper, Jake; LeBlanc, Paul (October 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/28/politics/alexander-vindman-nsc-impeachment-testimony/index.html">"White House Ukraine expert expected to testify about possible knowledge of Trump-Zelensky call"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=White+House+Ukraine+expert+expected+to+testify+about+possible+knowledge+of+Trump-Zelensky+call&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft.au=Tapper%2C+Jake&rft.au=LeBlanc%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Falexander-vindman-nsc-impeachment-testimony%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Andrews, Natalie; Tau, Byron (October 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/impeachment-witness-fails-to-appear-waits-for-court-ruling-11572280661">"House to Vote on a Road Map for Its Impeachment Inquiry"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=House+to+Vote+on+a+Road+Map+for+Its+Impeachment+Inquiry&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft.au=Tau%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fimpeachment-witness-fails-to-appear-waits-for-court-ruling-11572280661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jaffe, Greg (October 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/white-house-official-to-tell-impeachment-investigators-he-feared-trumps-demands-of-ukraine-would-undermine-national-security/2019/10/28/0fc8ab46-f9f1-11e9-ac8c-8eced29ca6ef_story.html">"White House official to tell impeachment investigators he feared President Trump's demands of Ukraine would undermine national security"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=White+House+official+to+tell+impeachment+investigators+he+feared+President+Trump%27s+demands+of+Ukraine+would+undermine+national+security&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2Fwhite-house-official-to-tell-impeachment-investigators-he-feared-trumps-demands-of-ukraine-would-undermine-national-security%2F2019%2F10%2F28%2F0fc8ab46-f9f1-11e9-ac8c-8eced29ca6ef_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/read-national-security-official-alexander-s-vindman-s-prepared-remarks-n1073156">"Read national security official Alexander S. Vindman's prepared remarks to Congress"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. October 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Read+national+security+official+Alexander+S.+Vindman%27s+prepared+remarks+to+Congress&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-impeachment-inquiry%2Fread-national-security-official-alexander-s-vindman-s-prepared-remarks-n1073156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/18/who-is-alexander-vindman-why-does-his-public-testimony-matter/">"Who is Alexander Vindman and why does his public testimony matter?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Who+is+Alexander+Vindman+and+why+does+his+public+testimony+matter%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F11%2F18%2Fwho-is-alexander-vindman-why-does-his-public-testimony-matter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2019/11/19/impeachment-hearings-live-highlights-and-updates-071459">"Impeachment hearings: Live highlights from Alexander Vindman and Jennifer Williams' testimony"</a>. Politico. January 1, 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impeachment+hearings%3A+Live+highlights+from+Alexander+Vindman+and+Jennifer+Williams%27+testimony&rft.pub=Politico&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F11%2F19%2Fimpeachment-hearings-live-highlights-and-updates-071459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/lt-col-alexander-vindman-reveals-in-testimony-that-he-told-an-intelligence-official-about-trumps-call-with-ukrainian-leader/2019/11/19/61c46b16-0ae4-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html">"Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman reveals in testimony that he told an intelligence official about Trump's call with Ukrainian leader"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Lt.+Col.+Alexander+Vindman+reveals+in+testimony+that+he+told+an+intelligence+official+about+Trump%27s+call+with+Ukrainian+leader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Flt-col-alexander-vindman-reveals-in-testimony-that-he-told-an-intelligence-official-about-trumps-call-with-ukrainian-leader%2F2019%2F11%2F19%2F61c46b16-0ae4-11ea-8397-a955cd542d00_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Browne, Ryan (November 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/19/politics/vindman-trump-attack-army-safety/index.html">"Alexander Vindman has reached out to Army about his family's safety amid attacks by Trump and GOP lawmakers"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Alexander+Vindman+has+reached+out+to+Army+about+his+family%27s+safety+amid+attacks+by+Trump+and+GOP+lawmakers&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F11%2F19%2Fpolitics%2Fvindman-trump-attack-army-safety%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/us/politics/vindman-statement-testimony.html">"Read Alexander Vindman's Prepared Opening Statement From the Impeachment Hearing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. November 19, 2019. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Read+Alexander+Vindman%E2%80%99s+Prepared+Opening+Statement+From+the+Impeachment+Hearing&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F19%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fvindman-statement-testimony.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ABCN20191029-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABCN20191029_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABCN20191029_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Siu, Benjamin (October 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/alexander-vindman-army-officer-defying-white-house-testify/story?id=66610499">"Who is Alexander Vindman, the Army officer defying the White House to testify about Trump's Ukraine call?"</a>. ABC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+is+Alexander+Vindman%2C+the+Army+officer+defying+the+White+House+to+testify+about+Trump%27s+Ukraine+call%3F&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Siu&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Falexander-vindman-army-officer-defying-white-house-testify%2Fstory%3Fid%3D66610499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Britzky, Haley (October 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taskandpurpose.com/vindman-military-record">"Here's the military record of Lt. Col. Vindman, the soldier testifying at Trump's impeachment inquiry"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Task_%26_Purpose" title="Task & Purpose">Task & Purpose</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Task+%26+Purpose&rft.atitle=Here%27s+the+military+record+of+Lt.+Col.+Vindman%2C+the+soldier+testifying+at+Trump%27s+impeachment+inquiry&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Britzky&rft.aufirst=Haley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaskandpurpose.com%2Fvindman-military-record&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Vindman" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alexander_S._Vindman" class="extiw" title="commons:Alexander S. Vindman">Alexander S. Vindman</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>
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