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'[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 09.png|thumb|In the novel ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', the [[Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Dodo]] tells Alice that "everybody has won and all must have prizes". One analyst suggested that this quote describes the controversial concept of equality of outcome<ref name=MarkCooray>Dr. Mark Cooray, The Australian Achievement from Bondage to Freedom, 1996, [http://www.ourcivilisation.com/cooray/btof/chap20.htm Equality Of Opportunity And Equality Of Outcome], Accessed July 12, 2013</ref>]] '''Equality of outcome''', '''equality of condition''', or '''equality of results''' is a [[politics|political]] concept which is central to some political [[ideology|ideologies]] and is used regularly in political discourse, often in contrast to the term [[equality of opportunity]].<ref name="twsO42xx">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3WF8anbYsIC&pg=PA36&dq=equality+of+outcome+vs+equality+of+opportunity#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century|author=Mark E. Rushefsky|accessdate=15 July 2011|publisher=M. E. Sharpe Inc.|year=2008}}</ref> It describes a state in which people have approximately the same material wealth and income, or in which the general economic conditions of their lives are alike. Achieving equal results generally entails reducing or eliminating material inequalities between individuals or households in a society and usually involves a transfer of [[income]] or [[wealth]] from wealthier to poorer individuals, or adopting other measures to promote equality of condition. A related way of defining equality of outcome is to think of it as "equality in the central and valuable things in life".<ref name="twsO24">{{cite news|url=http://www.hullpct.nhs.uk/impact_assessments/|title=Equality Impact Assessments|date=2011-07-15|accessdate=2011-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307214013/http://www.hullpct.nhs.uk/impact_assessments/|archivedate=2012-03-07|url-status=dead|publisher=Hull Teaching Primary Care|quote=Equality of autonomy – that is, equality in the degree of empowerment people have to make decisions affecting their lives, how much choice and control they have given their circumstances....}}</ref> One account in the ''Journal of Political Philosophy'' suggested that the term meant "equalising where people end up rather than where or how they begin", but described this sense of the term as "simplistic" since it failed to identify what was supposed to be made equal.<ref>Phillips, A. (2004). Defending equality of outcome, Journal of Political Philosophy, 12/1, 2004, pp. 1–19, [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?hl=en&q=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/533/1/equality_of_outcome.pdf&sa=X&scisig=AAGBfm2kAg283wDNmwxVxBA2WeZlkF_NYQ&oi=scholarr Defending Equality of Outcome], Accessed July 12, 2013</ref> == The concept in political argument == [[File:Sanzio 01 Plato Aristotle.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Debate about economic issues surrounding equality is as old as [[civilization]]—painting: Ancient Greek philosophers [[Plato]] (left) and [[Aristotle]] by [[Raffaello Sanzio]] (1509)]] The concept of equality of outcome is an important one in battling between differing political positions since the concept of equality was overall seen as positive and an important foundation which is "deeply embedded in the fabric of modern politics".<ref name="twsO26">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/14/complexity-of-equality|title=The complexity of equality: Equality for the left is a complex concept, which bears little resemblance to the caricatures drawn by the right|author=Ed Rooksby|date=14 October 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2011-07-15|quote=... "equality of outcome" which, as every Telegraph journalist knows, is a Bad Thing and, anyway, "impossible". ...}}</ref> There is much political jousting over what exactly equality means.<ref name=twsO26/> It is not a new phenomenon; battling between so-called haves and have-nots has happened throughout human civilization and was a focus of philosophers such as [[Aristotle]] in his treatise ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]''. In ''[[The Guardian]]'', analyst Julian Glover wrote that equality challenged both left-leaning and right-leaning positions and suggested that the task of left-leaning advocates is to "understand the impossibility and undesirability of equality" while the task for right-leaning advocates was to "realise that a divided and hierarchical society cannot – in the best sense of that word – be fair".<ref name="twsO31">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/10/left-equality-fair-society-rightwing|title=The left should recognise that equality is undesirable: It sounds horribly rightwing, but a fair society may be one in which people have the right to strive for inequality|author=Julian Glover|date=10 October 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=15 July 2011|quote=In the early days of New Labour it is said a media adviser whispered into an ambitious minister's ear after an interview: "We don't say equality, we say fairness." The former reeked of socialism – all taxes, empowerment schemes and regulation. The latter was as inoffensive as a scented candle. Everyone can agree to be fair – which is the problem.}}</ref> * [[Conservatism|Conservatives]]/Classical Liberals believe in equality of opportunity, but not outcome.<ref name="twsO34">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-18035,00.html|title=What is the difference between Liberalism and Socialism ? I'd appreciate general rather than party political answers.|author=Glenn Oliver|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=15 July 2011|quote=Conservatives believe in inequality of opportunity and inequality of outcome. Liberals believe in equality of opportunity and inequality of outcome. Socialists believe in inequality of opportunity and equality of outcome.}}</ref> In their view, life is not fair, but that is how it is and they criticize attempts to try to fight poverty by redistributive methods as ineffective since more serious cultural and behavioral problems lock poor people into poverty.<ref name=twsO35/> Sometimes right-leaning positions have been criticized by left-leaning people for over-simplifying what is meant by the term equality of outcome<ref name="twsO28">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/12/fairness-is-hollow-without-equality|title=Talk of fairness is hollow without material equality: Greater socioeconomic equality is indispensable if we want to realise our shared commonsense values of societal fairness|author=Martin O'Neill|date=12 October 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2011-07-15}}</ref> and for construing outcomes strictly to mean precisely equal amounts for everybody. In ''[[The Guardian]]'', commentator Ed Rooksby criticized the right's tendency to oversimplify and suggested that serious left-leaning advocates would not construe equality to mean "absolute equality of everything".<ref name=twsO26/> Rooksby wrote that Marx favored the position described in the phrase "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need" and argued that this did not imply strict equality of things, but that it meant that people required "different things in different proportions in order to flourish".<ref name=twsO26/> * [[Libertarianism|Libertarians]] and advocates of [[economic liberalism]] such as [[Friedrich Hayek]] and [[Milton Friedman]] tend to see equality of outcome negatively and argue that any effort to cause equal outcomes would necessarily and unfortunately involve [[coercion]] by government. Friedman wrote that striving for equality of outcome leaves most people "without equality and without opportunity".<ref name="twsO47">{{cite news|url=http://anthologyoi.com/equality-of-outcome-equality-of-oportunity/|title=Equality, the goal not the signpost|date=27 April 2008|accessdate=2011-07-15|publisher=Sociology|quote=There are three forms of equality: equality of outcome, of opportunity, and of perception. Equality of perception is the most basic: it dictates that for people to be equal, each person should be perceived as being of equal worth. ...}}</ref> * Analyst Glenn Oliver suggested that left-leaning people believed in "equality of opportunity and of outcome".<ref name=twsO34/> One left-leaning position is that it is simplistic to define equality in strict outcomes since questions such as what is being equalized as well as huge differences in preferences and tastes and needs is considerable, therefore they ask: exactly what is being equalized?<ref name=twsO45/> In the 1960s in the [[United States]], in examining the plight of [[African Americans]] locked in poverty mainstream leftist president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] argued for ending policies which promoted [[Racial segregation|segregation]] and [[discrimination]] as well as steps to end "economic injustice" by turning "equality of opportunity into equality of outcome",<ref name="twsO37">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/16/AR2010071602877.html|title=James T. Patterson's "Freedom Is Not Enough," reviewed by Kevin Boyle|author=Kevin Boyle|date=July 18, 2010|newspaper=The Washington Post|accessdate=15 July 2011|quote=... Now it was time to address the economic injustice that kept almost half the black population below the poverty line, to turn equality of opportunity into equality of outcome.}}</ref> that is with programs to transfer wealth in varying amounts. Fairness is emphasized—one writer expounding a centrist position wrote "people would neither be left to fend for themselves nor guaranteed equality of outcome – they would be given the tools they needed to achieve the American dream if they worked hard".<ref name="twsO36">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/31/AR2011013105146.html|title=How Obama can find his center|author=Mark Penn|date=31 January 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|accessdate=15 July 2011|quote=The fundamental principle of centrism in the 1990s was that people would neither be left to fend for themselves nor guaranteed equality of outcome – they would be given the tools they needed to achieve the American dream if they worked hard.}}</ref> There has been cynicism expressed in the media that neither side—including mainstream political positions—wants to do anything substantive, but that the nebulous term fairness is used to cloak the inactivity because it is difficult to measure what in fact "fairness" means. Julian Glover wrote that fairness "compels no action" and compared it to an "atmospheric ideal, an invisible gas, a miasma" and to use an expression by [[Winston Churchill]], a "happy thought".<ref name=twsO31/> * [[Social democracy|Social democrats]] champion greater equality of outcome within capitalism, usually promoted through redistributive social policies like [[progressive tax]]ation and the provision of universal public services.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} * Socialists often believe in both "inequality of opportunity and equality of outcome", according to Glenn Oliver. They often see greater equality of outcome as a positive long-term goal to be achieved, so that individuals have equal access to the means of production and consumption. Bernard Shaw was one of the few socialist theorists to advocate complete economic equality of outcome right at the beginning of World War One.<ref name=":0" /> The vast majority of socialists view an ideal economy as one where remuneration is at least somewhat proportional to the degree of effort and personal sacrifice expended by individuals in the productive process. This latter concept was expressed by Karl Marx's famous maxim: "[[To each according to his contribution]]". ==Political philosophy== In [[political philosophy]], there are differing views whether equal outcomes are beneficial or not. One view is that there is a moral basis for equality of outcome, but that means to achieve such an outcome can be malevolent.{{How|date=August 2018|text=how so?}}<!--- the basic idea of how the process can be problematic is the idea of forced redistribution -- taking wealth and property from the 'haves' and giving them to the 'have-nots', meaning that it might result in a fair(er) outcome later on, but the means of doing so, the forced redistribution, could be considered (by the 'haves' of course) as a type of violence against them.---> Equality of outcome can be a good thing after it has been achieved since it reflects the natural "interdependence of citizens in a highly organized economy" and provides a "basis for social policies" which foster harmony and good will, including social cohesion and reduced jealousy. Writing in the journal ''[[Foreign Affairs (journal)|Foreign Affairs]]'', analyst George Packer argued that "inequality undermines democracy" in the [[United States]] partially because it "hardens society into a class system, imprisoning people in the circumstances of their birth".<ref name="twsfhffhsl">{{cite magazine|author=George Packer|date=November 2011|title=The Broken Contract|magazine=Foreign Affairs|quote=Volume 90, Number 6 (see pages 29 and 31)}}</ref> Packer elaborated that inequality "corrodes trust among fellow citizens" and compared it to an "odorless gas which pervades every corner" of the nation.<ref name="twsfhffhsl" /> In his 1987 book ''The Passion for Equality'', analyst Kenneth Cauthen suggested that there were moral underpinnings for having equal outcomes because there is a common good—which people both contribute to and receive benefits from—and therefore should be enjoyed in common. Cauthen argued that this was a fundamental basis for both equality of opportunity as well as equality of outcome.<ref name="twsO43">{{cite news |author= Kenneth Cauthen |title= The Passion for Equality |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |quote= (page 136) There is a common good to which we contribute and from which we receive as members of a common system.... |year= 1987 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uH4D-XJox-0C&pg=PA57&dq=equality+of+outcome+vs+equality+of+opportunity#v=snippet&q=%22equality%20of%20outcome%22&f=false |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> An opposing view is that equality of outcomes is not beneficial overall for society since it dampens motivation necessary for humans to achieve great things, such as new inventions, intellectual discoveries and artistic breakthroughs. According to this view, economic wealth and social status are rewards needed to spur such activity and with these rewards diminished, then achievements which will ultimately benefit everybody will not happen as frequently. If equality of outcomes is seen as beneficial for society and if people have differing levels of material wealth and social prestige in the present, then methods to transform a society towards one with greater equality of outcomes is problematic. A mainstream view is that mechanisms to achieve equal outcomes—to take a society and with unequal socioeconomic levels and force it to equal outcomes—are fraught with moral as well as practical problems since they often involve political coercion to compel the transfer.<ref name="twsO43" /> [[File:Paul Krugman-press conference Dec 07th, 2008-3.jpg|thumb|right|Economist [[Paul Krugman]] in 2008.]] There is also general agreement that outcomes matter. In one report in Britain, unequal outcomes in terms of personal wealth had a strong impact on average [[life expectancy]], such that wealthier people tended to live seven years longer than poorer people and that egalitarian nations tended to have fewer problems with societal issues such as [[mental illness]], [[violence]], [[teenage pregnancy]] and other social problems.<ref name="twsO35">{{cite news |author= Bagehot |title= On equality: The lessons of the Spirit Level debate for the left, the right and the British public |newspaper= The Economist |quote= ...“more equal societies almost always do better”. ... |date= Aug 19, 2010 |url= http://www.economist.com/node/16844516 |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> Authors of the book ''The Spirit Level'' contended that "more equal societies almost always do better" on other measures and as a result striving for equal outcomes can have overall beneficial effects for everybody.<ref name="twsO35" /> In his ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971), philosopher [[John Rawls]] developed a "second principle of justice" that economic and social inequalities can only be justified if they benefit the most disadvantaged members of society. Rawls further claims that all economically and socially privileged positions must be open to all people equally. Rawls argues that the inequality between a doctor's salary and a grocery clerk's is only acceptable if this is the only way to encourage the training of sufficient numbers of doctors, preventing an unacceptable decline in the availability of medical care (which would therefore disadvantage everyone). Writing in ''[[The New York Times]]'', analyst [[Paul Krugman]] agreed with Rawls' position in which both [[equality of opportunity]] and equality of outcome were linked and suggested that "we should try to create the society each of us would want if we [[Veil of ignorance|didn’t know in advance who we’d be]]".<ref name="twsO22" /> Krugman favored a society in which hard-working and talented people can get rewarded for their efforts, but in which there was a "[[social safety net]]" created by taxes to help the less fortunate.<ref name="twsO22">{{cite news |author= Paul Krugman |title= More Thoughts on Equality of Opportunity |newspaper= The New York Times |quote= My vision of economic morality is more or less Rawlsian: we should try to create the society each of us would want if we didn’t know in advance who we’d be.... |date= January 11, 2011 |url= https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/11/more-thoughts-on-equality-of-opportunity/ |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> ===Conflation with Marxism, socialism and communism=== The German economist and philosopher [[Karl Marx]] is sometimes mistakenly characterized as an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] and a proponent of equality of outcome and the economic systems of [[socialism]] and [[communism]] are sometimes misconstrued as being based on equality of outcome. In reality, Marx eschewed the entire concept of equality as abstract and bourgeois in nature, focusing his analysis on more concrete issues such as opposition to exploitation based on economic and materialist logic. Marx renounced theorizing on moral concepts and refrained from advocating principles of justice. Marx's views on equality were informed by his analysis of the development of the [[productive forces]] in society.<ref name="Rejecting Egalitarianism, 1987">''Rejecting Egalitarianism'', by Nielsen, Kai. 1987. Political Theory, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Aug., 1987), pp. 411-423.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/#KarMarEquRig|title=Egalitarianism|date=16 August 2002|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|accessdate=20 November 2013}}</ref> Socialism is based on a principle of distribution whereby individuals receive compensation proportional to the amount of energy and labor they contribute to production ("[[To each according to his contribution]]"), which by definition precludes equal outcomes in income distribution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rosser|first=Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr.|title=Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy|publisher=MIT Press|date=July 23, 2003|isbn= 978-0262182348|pages=12|quote=In his 1871 Critique of the Gotha Program, Karl Marx enunciated the ideal goal of pure communism as being ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his need.’ This does not imply complete equality of income, as people have different needs, for example, different family sizes or health problems. Marx contrasted this goal with that of socialism, which would be ‘from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.'}}</ref> In Marxist theory, communism is based on a principle whereby access to goods and services is based on free and open access (often referred to as distribution based on one's needs in the literature); Marx stressed free access to the articles of consumption.<ref>{{cite book|last=Busky|first=Donald F.|title=Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey|publisher=Praeger|date=July 20, 2000|isbn= 978-0275968861|page=4|quote=Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, '[[From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs]]' (as opposed to 'work') would then rule}}</ref> The "equality" in a communist society is thus not about total equality or equality of outcome, but about equal and [[free access]] to the articles of consumption.<ref>{{cite book|last=Steele|first=David Ramsay|title=From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation|publisher=Open Court|date=September 1999|isbn=978-0875484495|page=66|quote=Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access.}}</ref> Marx argued that free access to consumption would enable individuals to overcome [[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]]. Despite this, socialists, communists and Marxists believe that by eliminating exploitation their respective principle of compensation will lead to [[emancipation]] and greater equality than that found in capitalism because there would be no inequality arising from [[private property|private ownership of productive property]].<!-- Source: the talk page: search for: 'this would lead to more equal outcomes than capitalism'. -Bo99 --> Perhaps the most insistent proponent of equality of outcome in modern political discourse was Fabian socialist, political thinker and dramatist [[George Bernard Shaw|Bernard Shaw]] (1856–1950). As opposed to Marxists, Shaw would have socialists place more emphasis on distribution rather than production. He developed his ideas on economic equality (and its implications for social, democratic, legal, military and gender concerns) in lectures and articles in the ten years following the writing of his 1905 play on poverty and power, ''[[Major Barbara]]'', at the same time as his Fabian colleague Beatrice Webb as primary author of the 1909 [[Minority report (Poor Law)|Minority Report]] on the Poor Law, along with her husband Sidney Webb, was proposing to abolish poverty in industrial societies by introducing what we now call the welfare state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=|title=Bernard Shaw and Beatrice Webb on Poverty and Equality in the Modern World 1905-1914|last=Peter|first=Gahan|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017|isbn=978-3-319-48442-6|location=|pages=}}</ref> In the 1907 preface to ''Major Barbara'', Shaw was probably the first to argue for what he called "Universal Pensions for Life", now known as [[Guaranteed minimum income|universal incomes]]. Following major lectures on equality in 1910 and 1913, he gave his fullest exposition of economic equality in a series of six highly publicized Fabian public lectures at the end of 1914, “On Redistribution of Income”—a phrase, as he put it at the time, that he wanted to get into circulation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Bernard|last2=Gahan|first2=Peter|date=2016|title=Six Fabian Lectures on Redistribution of Income|journal=Shaw|publisher=Penn State University Press|volume=36|issue=1|pages=10–52|doi=10.5325/shaw.36.1.0010}}</ref> Although largely unacknowledged, most of the terms of the equality debate since (such as, for example, John Rawls and many recent writers on inequality) are as outlined in some detail in Shaw’s 1914 series of lectures, where he argued for a gradual incremental process towards equal incomes, mostly by levelling-up from the bottom through union activity and labor laws, minimum and basic incomes as well as by using such mechanisms as income and wealth (inheritance) taxes to prevent incomes rising at the top. In the end, the goal would have been achieved not at absolute equality, but when any remaining income differences would not yield any significant social difference. Like the later Fabian, W. H. Tawney, who further developed the equality debate, Shaw considered equality of opportunity as virtually meaningless without economic equality. Shaw later expanded his pre-World War One work on equality into his 1928 political treatise, ''[[The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism|The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism]]''. == Comparisons with related concepts == Equality of outcome is often compared to related concepts of equality, particularly with equality of opportunity. Generally, most senses of the concept of equality are controversial and are seen differently by people having different political perspectives, but of all of the terms relating to equality, equality of outcome is the most controversial and contentious.<ref name="twsO42xx" /> *[[Equality of opportunity]]. This conception generally describes fair competition for important jobs and positions such that contenders have equal chances to win such positions,<ref name="twsL13">{{cite encyclopedia|author=Nicole Richardt, Torrey Shanks|title=Equal Opportunity|encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences|quote=via Encyclopedia.com|year=2008|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Equal_Opportunity.aspx|accessdate=2011-09-12}}</ref> and applicants are not judged or hampered by unfair or arbitrary [[discrimination]].<ref name="twsL16bb">{{cite dictionary|title=equal opportunity|dictionary=Collins English Dictionary|quote=the offering of employment, pay, or promotion equally to all, without discrimination as to sex, race, colour, disability, etc.|year=2003|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equal+opportunity|accessdate=2011-09-12}}</ref><ref name="twsL16cc">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equal+opportunity|title=equal opportunity|accessdate=2011-09-12|publisher=Princeton University|year=2008|quote=(thesaurus) equal opportunity - the right to equivalent opportunities for employment regardless of race or color or sex or national origin}}</ref><ref name="twsL22">{{cite dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/equal%20opportunity|title=equal opportunity|author=Carol Kitman|date=2011-09-12|accessdate=2011-09-12|dictionary=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|quote=nondiscrimination in employment esp. as offered by an equal opportunity employer – a context in which there is no discrimination esp. with regard to sex, race, or social standing <alcoholism has become an equal opportunity disease — Carol Kitman>}}</ref><ref name="twsL16aa">{{cite news|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/equal+opportunity|title=equal opportunity|accessdate=2011-09-12|publisher=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Houghton Mifflin)|year=2009|quote=Absence of discrimination, as in the workplace, based on race, color, age, gender, national origin, religion, or mental or physical disability}}</ref> It entails the "elimination of arbitrary discrimination in the process of selection".<ref name="twsO26" /> The term is usually applied in workplace situations, but has been applied in other areas as well such as housing, lending, and voting rights.<ref name="twsL19">{{cite news|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631233176_chunk_g97814051001378_ss1-15|title=equal opportunity|author=Paul de Vries|date=2011-09-12|accessdate=2011-09-12|publisher=Blackwell Reference|quote=his standard has been used to define fairness in lending, housing, hiring, wage and salary levels, job promotion, voting rights ...}}</ref> The essence is that job seekers have "an equal chance to compete within the framework of goals and the structure of rules established", according to one view.<ref name="twsH77c">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=liE59woX624C&pg=PA46&dq=%22equality+of+opportunity%22&hl=en&ei=QBxqTqTfLeLv0gG27byuCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=%22equality%20of%20opportunity%22&f=false|title=Excellence: Can we be equal and excellent too?|author=John W. Gardner|accessdate=2011-09-08|publisher=Norton|year=1984|isbn=0-393-31287-9|quote=(see page 47)...}}</ref> It is generally seen as a procedural value of fair treatment by the rules.<ref name="twsO42">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3WF8anbYsIC&pg=PA36&dq=equality+of+outcome+vs+equality+of+opportunity#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Public Policy in the United States: At the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century|author=Mark E. Rushefsky|accessdate=2011-07-15|publisher=M. E. Sharpe Inc.|year=2008|quote=(page 36) ... A second meaning of equality is equality of opportunity, giving each person the right to develop to his or her potential....}}</ref> *[[Equality of autonomy]] is a relatively new concept, a sort of hybrid notion that has been developed by philosopher [[Amartya Sen]] and can be thought of as "the ability and means to choose our life course should be spread as equally as possible across society".<ref name="twsO23">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/oct/21/equality-life-chances-not-literal-left|title=It's equality of life chances, not literal equality, that the left espouses|author=Sunder Katwala|date=21 October 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=2011-07-15|quote=... more equal life chances. Amartya Sen calls this equality of autonomy: that the ability and means to choose our life course should be spread as equally as possible across society. ...}}</ref> It is an equal shot at empowerment or a chance to develop up to his or her potential rather than equal goods or equal chances. In a teaching guide, equality of autonomy was explained as "equality in the degree of empowerment people have to make decisions affecting their lives, how much choice and control they have given their circumstances".<ref name="twsO24" /> Sen's approach requires "active intervention of institutions like the state into people's lives" but with an aim towards "fostering of people's self-creation rather than their living conditions".<ref name="twsO25">{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJYjY8sG85kC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=%22equality+of+autonomy%22#v=onepage&q=%22equality%20of%20autonomy%22&f=false|title=The political thought of Jacques Rancière: creating equality|author=Todd May|accessdate=2011-07-15|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press|year=2008|quote=(equality of autonomy) Amartya Sen ... aims that intervention at the fostering of people's self-creation rather than their living conditions. ...}}</ref> Sen argued that "the ability to convert incomes into opportunities is affected by a multiplicity of individual and social differences that mean some people will need more than others to achieve the same range of capabilities".<ref name="twsO45" /> * Equality of process is related to the general notion of fair treatment and can be thought of as "dealing with inequalities in treatment through discrimination by other individuals and groups, or by institutions and systems, including not being treated with dignity and respect", according to one definition.<ref name="twsO24bbr">{{cite news|url=http://www.hullpct.nhs.uk/impact_assessments/|title=Equality Impact Assessments|date=2011-07-15|accessdate=2011-07-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307214013/http://www.hullpct.nhs.uk/impact_assessments/|archivedate=2012-03-07|url-status=dead|publisher=Hull Teaching Primary Care|quote=... Equality of process – dealing with inequalities in treatment through discrimination by other individuals and groups, or by institutions and systems, including not being treated with dignity and respect.}}</ref> * Equality of perception is an uncommonly used term meaning that "person should be perceived as being of equal worth".<ref name="twsO47" /> ==Comparing equalities: outcome vs. opportunity== [[File:FactoryProcessing.png|thumb|350px|right|In a lamp assembly factory, for example, equality of outcome might mean that workers are all paid equally regardless of how many lamps of acceptable quality they make (which also implies that the workers cannot be sacked for producing too few lamps of acceptable quality)—this can be contrasted with a payment system such as [[piece work]], which requires that every worker is paid a fixed amount of money per lamp of acceptable quality that the worker makes]] Equality of outcome and equality of opportunity have been contrasted to a great extent. When evaluated in a simple context, the more preferred term in contemporary political discourse is equality of opportunity (or, meaning the same thing, the common variant "equal opportunities"), which the public as well as individual commentators see as the nicer or more "well-mannered"<ref name="twsO45" /> of the two terms.<ref name="twsO27">{{cite news |author= Lexington |title= Fat cats and corporate jets: Why is it so unrewarding for politicians to bash the rich in America? |newspaper= The Economist |quote= The point here is only that Americans do not seem to mind about the widening inequality of income and wealth as much as you might expect them to in current circumstances. ... |date= Jul 7, 2011 |url= http://www.economist.com/node/18928384 |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> The term equality of outcome is seen as more controversial and is viewed skeptically. A mainstream political view is that the comparison of the two terms is valid, but that they are somewhat [[mutually exclusive]] in the sense that striving for either type of equality would require sacrificing the other to an extent and that achieving equality of opportunity necessarily brings about "certain inequalities of outcome".<ref name="twsO26" /><ref name="twsO41">{{cite news |author= Edward Seidman, [[Julian Rappaport]] (editors) |title= Redefining social problems |publisher= Plenum Press |quote= (page 292+) Conflict 3: Equal Opportunity versus Equality of Outcome ... By emphasizing on principle, the other conflicting one may have to be sacrificed. |year= 1986 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sDtMoSq93gAC&pg=PA292&dq=equality+of+outcome+vs+equality+of+opportunity#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> For example, striving for equal outcomes might require discriminating between groups to achieve these outcomes; or striving for equal opportunities in some types of treatment might lead to unequal results.<ref name="twsO41" /> Policies that seek an equality of outcome often require a deviation from the application of concepts such as [[meritocracy]] and legal notions of [[equality before the law]] for all citizens.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} Equality seeking policies may also have a [[Redistribution (economics)|redistributive focus]]. However, the two concepts are not always cleanly contrasted since the notion of equality is complex. Some analysts see the two concepts not as polar opposites but as highly related such that they can not be understood without considering the other term. In contemporary political discourse, of the two concepts equality of outcome has sometimes been criticized as the "politics of envy" and is often seen as more "controversial" than equality of opportunity.<ref name="twsO45" /> One wrote that "equality of opportunity is then set up as the mild-mannered alternative to the craziness of outcome equality".<ref name="twsO45" /> One theorist suggested that an over-emphasis on either type of equality can "come into conflict with individual freedom and merit".<ref name="twsO43" /> Critics of [[equality of opportunity]] note that while it is relatively easier to deal with unfairness for people with different races or genders, it is much harder to deal with [[social class]] since "one can never entirely extract people from their ancestry and upbringing".<ref name="twsO33">{{cite news |author= Phillip Blond and John Milbank |title= No equality in opportunity: By synthesising old Tory and traditional left ideas a genuinely egalitarian society can be achieved |newspaper= The Guardian |quote= ...Society and government can refuse race or gender prejudice simply by not being prejudicial. But class is not so easy: one can never entirely extract people from their ancestry and upbringing.... |date= 27 January 2010 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jan/27/inequality-opportunity-egalitarian-tory-left |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> As a result, critics contend that efforts to bring fairness by equal opportunity are stymied by the difficulty of people having differing starting points at the beginning of the socio-economic competition. A person born into an upper-middle-class family will have greater advantages by the mere fact of birth than a person born into poverty.<ref name="twsO33" /> One newspaper account criticized discussion by politicians on the subject of equality as "weasely" and thought that the term was [[political correctness|politically correct]] and vague. Furthermore, when comparing equality of opportunity with equality of outcome, the sense was that the latter type was "worse" for society.<ref name="twsO32">{{cite news |author= Lucy Mangan |title= This week: Theresa May, Prince William and Kate Middleton and the Arnolds |newspaper= The Guardian |quote= 'Equality', you see, is a weaselly, politically correct word that means either nothing or, worse, 'equality of outcome'. Imagine. From now on, we are going to have 'fairness' and equality of opportunity. ... |date= 20 November 2010 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2010/nov/20/this-week-theresa-may-prince-william |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> Equality of outcome may be incorporated into a philosophy that ultimately seeks equality of opportunity. Moving towards a higher equality of outcome (albeit not perfectly equal) can lead to an environment more adept at providing equality of opportunity by eliminating conditions that restrict the possibility for members of society to fulfill their potential. For example, a child born in a poor, dangerous neighborhood with poor schools and little access to healthcare may be significantly disadvantaged in his attempts to maximize use of talents, no matter how fine his [[work ethic]]. Thus even proponents of meritocracy may promote some level of equality of outcome in order to create a society capable of truly providing equality of opportunity. While outcomes can usually be measured with a great degree of precision, it is much more difficult to measure the intangible nature of opportunities. That is one reason why many proponents of equal opportunity use measures of equality of outcome to judge success. Analyst Anne Phillips argued that the proper way to assess the effectiveness of the hard-to-measure concept of equality of opportunity is by the extent of the equality of outcome.<ref name="twsO45" /> Nevertheless, she described a single criterion of equality of outcome as problematic—the measure of "preference satisfaction" was "ideologically loaded" while other measures such as [[income]] or [[wealth]] were inadequate and she advocated an approach which combined data about resources, occupations and roles.<ref name="twsO45">{{cite news |author= Anne Phillips |title= Defending Equality of Outcome |publisher= Journal of Political Philosophy |year= 2004 |pages= 1–19 |url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/533/ |accessdate= 2011-07-15 }}</ref> To the extent that inequalities can be passed from one [[generation]] to another through tangible gifts and wealth [[inheritance]], some claim that equality of opportunity for children cannot be achieved without equality of outcome for parents. Moreover, access to social institutions is affected by equality of outcome and it is further claimed that rigging equality of outcome can be a way to prevent co-option of non-economic institutions important to social control and policy formation, such as the legal system, media or the electoral process, by powerful individuals or coalitions of wealthy people. Purportedly, greater equality of outcome is likely to reduce [[relative poverty]], leading to a more cohesive society. However, if taken to an extreme it may lead to greater [[absolute poverty]], if it negatively affects a country's [[GDP]] by damaging workers' sense of [[work ethic]] by destroying incentives to work harder. Critics of equality of outcome believe that it is more important to raise the [[standard of living]] of the poorest in absolute terms.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Some critics additionally disagree with the concept of equality of outcome on philosophical grounds.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Still others note that poor people of low social status often have a drive, hunger and ambition which ultimately lets them achieve better economic and social outcomes than their initially more advantaged rivals. A related argument that is often encountered in education, especially in the [[debates on the grammar school]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and in the debates on [[gifted education]] in various countries, says that people by nature have differing levels of ability and initiative which result in some achieving better outcomes than others and it is therefore impossible to ensure equality of outcome without imposing inequality of opportunity. MEANING THAT BABY JESUS WAS NEVER BORN AND THAT CHRISTIANITY IS A RELIGIOUS IS A BULLSHI*T. THANK YOU :* ==See also== *[[Anarcho-communism]] *[[Classless society]] *[[Distributive justice]] *[[Egalitarianism]] *[[Equality under the law]] *[[Income inequality metrics]] *[[Inequity aversion]] *[[Relative deprivation]] ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/ Equality, from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (2007) {{DEFAULTSORT:Equality Of Outcome}} [[Category:Social inequality]] [[Category:Egalitarianism]] [[Category:Affirmative action]] [[Category:Identity politics]] [[Category:Anti-racism]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Disability rights]] [[Category:Equality rights]]'