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'{{short description|Healthcare software company}} {{Use American English|date=May 2017}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2019}} {{Infobox company | logo = Epic.png | logo_size = 200px | name = Epic Systems Corporation | type = [[Privately held company|Private]] | foundation = [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], [[Wisconsin]], United States (1979)<ref name="Eisen-Epic Tale">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailypage.com/isthmus/article.php?article=22980|title=Epic Systems: Epic Tale|last=Eisen|first=Mark|date=June 20, 2008|newspaper=[[Isthmus (newspaper)|Isthmus]]|accessdate=December 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219050808/http://www.thedailypage.com/isthmus/article.php?article=22980|archive-date=December 19, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> | founder = [[Judith Faulkner]] | location_city = [[Verona, Wisconsin|Verona]], [[Wisconsin]] | location_country = United States | key_people = Judith Faulkner, Founder & CEO<br/> Carl Dvorak, President | industry = [[Information Technology]]<br>[[Health Informatics]] | products = <!---EpicCare Ambulatory, Healthy Planet, EpicCare Inpatient, EpicCare Stork, Care Everywhere, Resolute Hospital Billing and Professional Billing, Cadence, Willow, OpTime, ASAP, Cupid, Radiant, Prelude, MyChart, EpicCare Link, Beacon, ClinDoc, Grand Central, Home Health, Haiku, Hospice and Beaker--> | revenue = $2.9 billion (2018)<!-- Please don't update this number without including a reliable source --><ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|title=#207 Judy Faulkner|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/judy-faulkner/#7acb4f733b81|newspaper=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=October 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | num_employees = 10,000 (2019)<!-- Please don't update this number without including a reliable source --><ref>{{cite web|url=https://biztimes.com/epic-systems-gearing-up-for-yet-another-expansion-in-verona/|title=Epic Systems gearing up for yet another expansion in Verona |author=Arthur Thomas|access-date=October 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> | homepage = {{url|epic.com}} }} '''Epic Systems Corporation''', or '''Epic''', is a [[Privately held company|privately held]] healthcare software company. According to the company, hospitals that use its software held medical records of 54% of patients in the United States and 2.5% of patients worldwide in 2015.<ref name="Glaze">{{cite news|last1=Glaze|first1=Jeff|title=Epic Systems draws on literature greats for its next expansion|newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal|date=January 6, 2015|accessdate=January 23, 2015|url=http://host.madison.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/epic-systems-draws-on-literature-greats-for-its-next-expansion/article_4d1cf67c-2abf-5cfd-8ce1-2da60ed84194.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109075318/http://host.madison.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/epic-systems-draws-on-literature-greats-for-its-next-expansion/article_4d1cf67c-2abf-5cfd-8ce1-2da60ed84194.html|archive-date=January 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ==History== [[File:Epic Systems 112109 Sign.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Epic headquarters in Verona, Wisconsin.]] Epic was founded in 1979 by [[Judith Faulkner|Judith R. Faulkner]]<ref name="Isthmus">{{cite news | last=Eisen | first=Marc | title=Epic Systems Corporation: An Epic timeline | newspaper=Isthmus | date=June 20, 2008 | accessdate=February 20, 2009 |url=http://www.thedailypage.com/isthmus/article.php?article=22984 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522124202/http://www.thedailypage.com/isthmus/article.php?article=22984 | archive-date=May 22, 2011 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> with a $70,000 investment<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archive.jsonline.com/business/epic-systems-soars-with-transition-to-electronic-health-records-b99642837z1-366328781.html|title=Epic Systems soars with transition to electronic health records|access-date=November 15, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116015920/http://archive.jsonline.com/business/epic-systems-soars-with-transition-to-electronic-health-records-b99642837z1-366328781.html|archive-date=November 16, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ({{Inflation|US|70000|1979|r=-4|fmt=eq}}). Originally headquartered in [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], [[Wisconsin]], Epic moved its headquarters to a large campus in the suburb of [[Verona, Wisconsin|Verona]], [[Wisconsin]] in 2005,<ref name="MJS">{{cite news | last=Boulton | first=Guy | title=Epic Systems' $300 million expansion tangible sign of success | newspaper=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]] | date=August 24, 2008 | accessdate=January 28, 2016 |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/32597729.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204033442/http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/32597729.html | archive-date=February 4, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> where it employs 10,000 people as of 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://biztimes.com/epic-systems-gearing-up-for-yet-another-expansion-in-verona/|title=Epic Systems gearing up for yet another expansion in Verona|last1=Thomas|first1=Arthur|date=October 3, 2019|work=|accessdate=October 3, 2019|publisher=Milwaukee Biz Times}}</ref> As of 2015, the company was in the fifth phase of campus expansion with five new buildings each planned to be around 100,000 square feet.<ref name="Glaze"/> The company also has offices in Bristol, UK; Hertogenbosch, Netherlands; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Helsinki, Finland; Melbourne, Australia; Singapore; and [[Søborg]], Denmark.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.epic.com/contact|title=Epic - Contact|last=|first=|date=|website=Epic.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=}}</ref> ==Product and market== Epic primarily develops, manufactures, licenses, supports, and sells a proprietary [[electronic medical record]] software application, known in whole as 'Epic' or an Epic EMR. The company offers an integrated suite of healthcare software centered on its Chronicles database management system. Epic's applications support functions related to patient care, including registration and scheduling; clinical systems for doctors, nurses, emergency personnel, and other care providers; systems for lab technologists, pharmacists, and radiologists; and billing systems for insurers. Epic also offers [[cloud hosting|hosted solutions]] for customers that do not wish to maintain their own servers; and short-term optimization and implementation consultants through their wholly owned subsidiary Boost Services. The company's competitors include [[Cerner]], [[MEDITECH]], [[Allscripts]], [[athenahealth]], and units of [[IBM]], [[McKesson Corporation|McKesson]], [[Siemens]] and [[GE Healthcare]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news | last=Freudenheim | first=Milt | title=Digitizing Health Records, Before It Was Cool | newspaper=The New York Times | date=January 14, 2012 | access-date=September 26, 2014 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/business/epic-systems-digitizing-health-records-before-it-was-cool.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&smid=fb-share | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225030749/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/15/business/epic-systems-digitizing-health-records-before-it-was-cool.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&smid=fb-share | archive-date=December 25, 2016 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all }}</ref> The majority of U.S. News and World Report's top-ranked hospitals and medical schools use Epic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/ehrs/all-of-us-news-top-20-hospitals-use-epic.html|title=All of US News' top 20 hospitals use Epic|last=Spitzer|first=Julie|date=August 16, 2018|website=Becker's Hospital Review|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2003, [[Kaiser Permanente]], the largest [[managed care]] organization in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2012/10/23/kaiser-health-care-costs/1639913/|title=Kaiser Permanente CEO on saving lives, money|date=October 23, 2012|work=USA Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126012424/http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/personalfinance/2012/10/23/kaiser-health-care-costs/1639913/|archive-date=January 26, 2015|access-date=December 21, 2014}}</ref> chose Epic for its electronic records system.<ref name="nyt" /> Among many others, Epic provides electronic record systems for [[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] in [[Los Angeles]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]], [[Mount Sinai Hospital (Manhattan)|The Mount Sinai Hospital]],<ref name="nyt" /><ref name="Mount Sinai EMR">{{cite web|title=Electronic Medical Records at The Mount Sinai Medical Center Shown to Greatly Improve Quality of Care|url=http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/electronic-medical-records-at-the-mount-sinai-medical-center-shown-to-greatly-improve-quality-of-care|access-date=April 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415211832/http://www.mountsinai.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/electronic-medical-records-at-the-mount-sinai-medical-center-shown-to-greatly-improve-quality-of-care|archive-date=April 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[UC Davis Medical Center]] in Sacramento, multiple campuses of the [[Mayo Clinic]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/milwaukee/news/2017/07/14/mayo-clinic-begins-shift-to-1-5b-digital-records.html|title=Mayo Clinic begins shift to $1.5B digital records system from Epic Systems|last=Reilly|first=Mark|date=July 14, 2017|work=Milwaukee Business Journal|access-date=November 26, 2018}}</ref> and [[Yale–New Haven Hospital]]. On February 1, 2020, New York Presbyterian Hospital (NYP), the teaching hospital of Columbia and Cornell, completed its multi-year, ~$1 billion conversion of its EHR from Allscripts to Epic. [[Partners HealthCare]] began adopting Epic in 2015 in a project initially reported to cost $1.2 billion, which critics decried and which is greater than the cost of any of its buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/05/16/partners-healthcare-new-computer-challenges-some-doctors-nurses/1I4QsWGjCJ97xFmUbcDbaJ/story.html|title=Partners HealthCare's new computer system challenges some doctors, nurses - The Boston Globe|date=May 16, 2016|website=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=May 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415080434/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/05/16/partners-healthcare-new-computer-challenges-some-doctors-nurses/1I4QsWGjCJ97xFmUbcDbaJ/story.html|archive-date=April 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> By 2018, the total expenses for the project were $1.6 billion, with payments for the software itself amounting to less than $100 million and the majority of the costs caused by lost patient revenues, tech support and other implementation work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/11/12/why-doctors-hate-their-computers|title=Why Doctors Hate Their Computers|last=Gawande|first=Atul|date=|work=The New Yorker|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-US|author-link=Atul Gawande}}</ref> ==Concerns== ===Data sharing=== Care Everywhere is Epic's health information exchange software, which comes with its EHR system.<ref name="Sullivan"/> A 2014 article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' interviews two doctors who say that their Epic systems won't allow them to share data with users of competitors' software in a way that will satisfy the [[Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act#Meaningful use|Meaningful Use]] requirements of the [[Health_Information_Technology_for_Economic_and_Clinical_Health_Act|HITECH Act]]. At first, Epic charged a fee to send data to some non-Epic systems.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Creswell|first1=Julie|title=Doctors Find Barriers to Sharing Digital Medical Records|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/business/digital-medical-records-become-common-but-sharing-remains-challenging.html?_r=0|access-date=January 23, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=September 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123193909/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/business/digital-medical-records-become-common-but-sharing-remains-challenging.html?_r=0|archive-date=January 23, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Epic says the yearly cost for an average-sized hospital is around $5,000 a year.<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Mark|title=Saying Epic is a Closed System is an Oversimplification|url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/12/08/saying-epic-is-a-closed-health-records-system-is-an-oversimplification/|access-date=January 23, 2015|publisher=Venture Beat|date=December 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150125031558/http://venturebeat.com/2014/12/08/saying-epic-is-a-closed-health-records-system-is-an-oversimplification/|archive-date=January 25, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, after Congressional hearings, Epic and other major software vendors announced that they would suspend per-transaction sharing fees.<ref name="mj">{{cite news|last=Caldwell|first=Patrick|title=EPIC FAIL. Digitizing America's medical records was supposed to help patients and save money. Why hasn't that happened?|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/10/epic-systems-judith-faulkner-hitech-ehr-interoperability|access-date=September 6, 2017|newspaper=Mother Jones|date=October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907123445/http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/10/epic-systems-judith-faulkner-hitech-ehr-interoperability/|archive-date=September 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Epic customers must still pay for one-time costs of linking Epic to each individual non-Epic system with which they wish to exchange data; in contrast, Epic's competitors have formed the CommonWell Health Alliance which set a common [[Interoperability#Software|Interoperability Software]] standard for electronic health records.<ref name="mj" /> A 2014 report by the [[RAND Corporation]] described Epic as a "closed" platform that made it "challenging and costly for hospitals" to interconnect with the clinical or billing software of other companies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kobb |first1=Enesha |last2=Sauser |first2=Kori |title=Electronic Health Records |year=2014 |publisher=RAND |url=http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR300/RR308/RAND_RR308.casestudies.pdf |access-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322113344/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR300/RR308/RAND_RR308.casestudies.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The report also cited other research showing that Epic's implementation in the [[Kaiser Permanente]] system led to efficiency losses. In September 2017, Epic announced Share Everywhere, which allows patients to authorize any provider who has internet access to view their record in Epic and to send progress notes back.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/story/money/business/health-care/2017/11/10/epic-systems-share-everywhere-medical-records-doctors/805805001/|title=Epic Systems lets patients share medical records with doctors around the world|newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel|access-date=November 16, 2017|date=November 10, 2017|first=Guy|last=Boulton}}</ref> Share Everywhere was named Healthcare Dive's "Health IT Development of the Year" in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthcaredive.com/news/health-it-development-of-the-year-epics-share-everywhere/511124/|title=Health IT Development of the Year: Epic's Share Everywhere|last=Muchmore|first=Shannon|date=December 4, 2017|website=Healthcare Dive|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> === UK experience === An Epic [[electronic health record]] system costing £200 million was installed at [[Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust]] in October 2014, the first installation of an Epic system in the UK.<ref name=BBCAdd/><ref name="Major Incident">{{cite news|title='Major incident' declared for flagship IT project|url=http://www.hsj.co.uk/hsj-local/acute-trusts/cambridge-university-hospitals-nhs-foundation-trust/major-incident-declared-for-flagship-it-project/5077079.article#.VJl7FF4gA|access-date=December 23, 2014|publisher=Health Service Journal|date=November 25, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223163751/http://www.hsj.co.uk/hsj-local/acute-trusts/cambridge-university-hospitals-nhs-foundation-trust/major-incident-declared-for-flagship-it-project/5077079.article#.VJl7FF4gA|archive-date=December 23, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> After 2.1 million records were transferred to it, it developed serious problems and the system became unstable.<ref>{{cite news|title=The NHS's chaotic IT systems show no sign of recovery|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/21/nhs-it-system-failings-addenbrookes-john-naughton|access-date=December 21, 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=December 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221194550/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/21/nhs-it-system-failings-addenbrookes-john-naughton|archive-date=December 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Ambulances were diverted to other hospitals for five hours and hospital consultants noted issues with blood transfusion and pathology services.<ref>{{cite news|title=Addenbrooke's consultants reveal eHospital concerns in letter to management|url=http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Addenbrooke-8217-s-consultants-reveal-eHospital/story-25546229-detail/story.html|access-date=December 21, 2014|publisher=Cambridge News|date=December 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103204232/http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/Addenbrooke-8217-s-consultants-reveal-eHospital/story-25546229-detail/story.html|archive-date=January 3, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Other problems included delays to emergency care and appointments, and problems with discharge letters, clinical letters and pathology test results.<ref name="Major Incident" /> Chief information officer, Afzal Chaudhry, said "well over 90% of implementation proceeded successfully".<ref name=BBCAdd>{{cite news|title=Addenbrooke's Hospital paperless system's 'significant problems' reported|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-30178011|access-date=December 21, 2014|publisher=BBC News|date=November 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127203214/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-30178011|archive-date=November 27, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2015, the BBC reported that the hospital's finances were being investigated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-33735417|title=Addenbrooke's Hospital's e-hospital finances investigated|date=July 31, 2015|access-date=May 17, 2017|via=www.BBC.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203183256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-33735417|archive-date=December 3, 2016|url-status=live|work=BBC News}}</ref> In September 2015, both the CEO and CFO of the hospital resigned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-34249646|title=Addenbrooke's Hospital chief executive Keith McNeil resigns|date=September 14, 2015|access-date=May 17, 2017|via=www.BBC.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817054111/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-34249646|archive-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=live|work=BBC News}}</ref> Problems with the clinical-records system, which were said to have compromised the "ability to report, highlight and take action on data" and to prescribe medication properly, were held to be contributory factors in the organization's sudden failure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Addenbrooke's and Rosie hospitals' patients 'put at risk'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-34317265|access-date=October 3, 2015|publisher=BBC News|date=September 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924222117/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-34317265|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2016, digitalhealth.net reported that [[Clare Marx]], president of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England]] and member of the NHS [[National Information Governance Board for Health and Social Care|National Information Board]], found that at the time of implementation, "staff, patients and management rapidly and catastrophically lost confidence in the system. That took months and a huge amount of effort to rebuild."<ref>{{cite news|last1=McBeth|first1=Rebecca|title=EPR implementation led to 'catastrophic loss of confidence'|url=http://www.digitalhealth.net/clinical_software/47217/epr-implementation-led-to-'catastrophic-loss-of-confidence'|access-date=March 7, 2016|publisher=Digital Health Intelligence Limited|date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228072716/http://www.digitalhealth.net/clinical_software/47217/epr-implementation-led-to-'catastrophic-loss-of-confidence'|archive-date=February 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === Danish experience === Danish health authorities spent 2.8 billion DKK on the implementation of an Epic system for the two largest health regions in Denmark. An audit of the implementation that voiced concerns was published in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.digi.no/artikler/har-brukt-2-8-milliarder-pa-ny-plattform-ikke-mulig-a-tro-at-profesjonelle-aktorer-er-i-stand-til-a-lage-et-sa-elendig-produkt/440508|title=Har brukt 2,8 milliarder på ny plattform: – Ikke mulig å tro at profesjonelle aktører er i stand til å lage et så elendig produkt|work=Digi.no|access-date=June 25, 2018|language=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161017/https://www.digi.no/artikler/har-brukt-2-8-milliarder-pa-ny-plattform-ikke-mulig-a-tro-at-profesjonelle-aktorer-er-i-stand-til-a-lage-et-sa-elendig-produkt/440508?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=newsletter-2018-06-23|archive-date=June 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of 2018, 62% of physicians expressed they were not satisfied with the system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.berlingske.dk/content/item/1338165|title=Blå blok vil droppe Sundhedsplatformen: "Har gjort det værre for sundhedspersonale og patienter i stedet for at gøre det bedre"|first1=Mikkel Fyhn|last1=Christensen|first2=Astrid Sofie|last2=Sturlason|date=January 23, 2019|website=Berlingske.dk}}</ref> == See also == * ''[[Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis]]'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== * {{Official website|http://www.epic.com/}} * [http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/business/173895121.html Epic, state's largest solar producer, to build own wind farm] - ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel'' article * [http://www.modernhealthcare.com/article/20141001/NEWS/310019945 Epic Systems feeling heat over interoperability] - ''Modern healthcare'' article * [http://www.nextgov.com/health/health-it/2014/10/epic-systems-leading-defense-ehr-bidder-slammed-lack-interoperability/95792/ Epic Systems, Leading Defense EHR Bidder, Slammed for Lack of Interoperability] - ''Nextgov'' article * [https://venturebeat.com/2014/11/07/patient-records-giant-epic-systems-will-take-a-big-step-into-the-cloud-in-2015/ Patient records giant Epic Systems will take a big step into the cloud in 2015] - ''VentureBeat'' article * [http://www.politico.com/tipsheets/morning-ehealth/2017/08/02/cancer-moonshot-head-recounts-exchange-with-epics-faulkner-221658 Cancer moonshot head recounts exchange with Epic’s Faulkner] - ''Politico article'' {{health software}} [[Category:Software companies based in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Health care companies based in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Electronic health record software companies]] [[Category:Privately held companies based in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Software companies established in 1979]] [[Category:1979 establishments in Wisconsin]] [[Category:Dane County, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Software companies of the United States]]'