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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|movement to reduce the use of private vehicles}}
[[File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, April 29, 2005.jpg|thumb|San Francisco Critical Mass in 2005.]]
The '''car-free movement''' is a broad, informal, emergent network of individuals and organizations, including [[Activism|social activists]], [[urban planner]]s, [[transportation engineer]]s and others, brought together by a shared belief that large and/or high-speed [[motorized vehicle]]s (cars, trucks, tractor units, motorcycles, etc.)<ref>[http://www.worldcarfree.net/greenpages/index.php?searchnow=1 Car free movement opposing not only cars but many motorized vehicles]</ref> are too dominant in most modern cities. The goal of the movement is to create places where motorized vehicle use is greatly reduced or eliminated, by converting road and [[parking space]] to other public uses and rebuilding compact [[urban environment]]s where most destinations are within easy reach by other means, including [[walking]], [[cycling]], [[public transport]], [[personal transporter]]s, and [[mobility as a service]].<ref name=zehner2012>{{cite book|last=Zehner|first=Ozzie|title=Green Illusions|year=2012|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=London|url=http://greenillusions.org}}</ref>
== Context ==
[[File:Quadracycling15Jul07.jpg|thumb|A [[quadracycle]] parked on a [[Canada|Canadian]] urban street between cars]]
Before the twentieth century, cities and towns were normally compact, containing narrow streets busy with human activity. In the early twentieth century, many of these settlements were adapted to accommodate the car with wider roads, more car [[parking space]]s, and lower [[population densities]], with space between urban buildings reserved for automotive use.<ref name=zehner2012 /> Lower population densities meant [[urban sprawl]] with longer distances between places. The low cost of use brought [[traffic congestion]] which made older transport unattractive or impractical, and created the conditions for more traffic and sprawl; the car system was "increasingly able to 'drive' out competitors, such as feet, bikes, buses and trains".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/cemore/word%20docs/urry-systemofautomobility.pdf | title=The ‘System’ of Automobility|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-12 | author=John Urry|publisher=University of Lancacaster}}</ref> This process led to changes in urban form and living patterns that offered little opportunity for people without a car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf |format=PDF |title=Transport and Social Exclusion – a survey of the G7 nations: FIA Foundation and RAC Foundation |date=2004-02-01 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |publisher=[[RAC Foundation]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118064813/http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf |archivedate=November 18, 2008 }}</ref>
Some governments have responded with policies and regulations aimed at reversing [[auto dependency]] by increasing urban densities, encouraging mixed use development and [[infill]], reducing space allocated to private cars, increasing [[walkability]], supporting [[cycling]] and other alternative vehicles similar in size and speed, and [[public transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/|title=Sustainable travel|publisher=UK Department for Transport|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Globally, [[urban planning]] is evolving in an effort to increase public transport and non-motorized transport modal shares and shift away from private transport oriented development. Cities like Hong Kong developed a highly integrated public transportation system which effectively reduced the use of private transport.<ref>[http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/ Step out of your cars to embrace your cities | Cities Now] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923151042/http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/ |date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref> In contrast with private automotive travel, [[car sharing]], where people can easily rent a car for a few hours rather than own one, is emerging as an increasingly important element for urban transportation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm |title=Car Clubs / Car Sharing Research Project - Motorists' Forum Conclusions and Recommendations |publisher=UK Commission for integrated transport |accessdate=2008-01-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126212458/http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm |archivedate=2008-01-26 }}</ref>
==Urban design==
[[File:Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes.png|thumb|Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes]]
[[File:Road Space Requirements.png|thumb|Road Space Requirements]]
Proponents of the car-free movement focus on both [[sustainable transportation|sustainable]] and [[public transport]] (bus, tram, etc.) options and on [[urban design]], [[zoning]], school placement policies, [[urban agriculture]], [[telecommuting]] options, and housing developments that create proximity or access so that long distance transportation becomes less of a requirement of daily life.
[[New urbanism]] is an American [[urban design]] movement that arose in the early 1980s. Its goal has been to reform all aspects of [[real estate development]] and [[urban planning]], from urban retrofits to [[suburban infill]]. New urbanist [[neighborhoods]] are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs, and to be [[walkable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newurbanism.org/|title=New Urbanism|publisher=New Urbanism.org|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Other, more auto-oriented cities are also making incremental changes to provide transportation alternatives through [[Complete streets]] improvements.
World Squares for all is a scheme to remove much of the traffic from major squares in London, including [[Trafalgar Square]] and [[Parliament Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp |title=World Squares for All |publisher=The Mayor of London |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808152752/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp |archivedate=2007-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Carfree city|Car-free cities]] are, as the name implies, entire cities (or at least the inner parts thereof) which have been made entirely car-free.
[[Car-free zone]]s are areas of a city or town where the use of cars is prohibited or greatly restricted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1525727,00.html|title=Paris bans cars to make way for central pedestrian zone|date=2005-03-15|accessdate=2008-01-13|author=Charles Bremner|work=[[The Times]] | location=London}}</ref>
To make the car-free zones/cities, (movable and/or stationary) [[Bollard#Traffic bollards|traffic bollards]] and other barriers are often used to deny car access.
[[Living street]]s and [[complete streets]] prioritize the needs of users of the street as a whole over those of car drivers. They are designed to be shared by pedestrians, playing children, bicyclists, and low-speed motor vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf |title=Concept Development: ‘Woonerf’ |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-01-13 |publisher=The International Institute for the Urban Environment |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111507/http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf |archivedate=2007-10-11 }}</ref>
[[File:Amsterdam outline S-roads - S100.svg|thumb|The [[ring road]] around Amsterdam (shown in red). At exits of ring roads such as this, distribution centers can be set up.]]
[[Distribution center]]s allow easy restocking of supermarkets, outlet stores, restaurants, and more in city centers. They rely on [[tractor unit]]s to unload their cargo in the suburban distribution center.
The products are then placed in a small truck (sometimes electrically powered<ref>[http://www.citydepot.be/pers City depot employing a few electric trucks] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912125855/http://www.citydepot.be/pers |date=September 12, 2014 }}</ref>), [[freight bicycle]], or other vehicle to bridge the [[last mile (transportation)|last mile]] to the destination in the city center. Besides offering advantages to the population (increased safety due to truck drivers having less [[Blind spot (vehicle)|blind spots]], reduced noise/traffic, reduced tailpipe emissions, and more), it also offers financial advantage for the companies, as tractor units require a lot of time to bridge this last mile (they lack agility and consume much fuel in congested streets).
The method above however still doesn't reduce car use inside non-car-free city centers (customers often use cars to fetch their groceries or appliances from city stores, since they have so much storage space). This problem is solved by means of [[online food ordering]] systems, which allow customers to order online, and then have it delivered to their doorstep by the supermarket or store itself, through [[bicycle messenger|bicycle couriers]] (using [[freight bicycle]]s), [[Autonomous robot#Delivery robot|electric delivery robots]] and delivery [[van]]s.<ref>[https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2018/04/24/doordash-and-walmart-join-forces-to-accelerate-retailers-online-grocery-delivery-offering DoorDash and Walmart join forces]</ref><ref>[https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/sainsburys/sainsburys-trials-uks-first-cargo-bike-grocery-delivery/566088.article Sainsbury's trials UK's first cargo bike]</ref> Delivery vans allow to take along more cargo and deliver to several customers on a same trip. These food ordering systems could provide for a smooth transition for those cities that wish to become car-free as it can reduce both personal car use and personal car demand in cities.
At the outskirts of towns, between the exits of the rings roads, and the car-free zones in the city center themselves, additional car parking lots can be added, generally in the form of underground car parks (to avoid it taking up surface space).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150423043244/http://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2014/11/26/brusselaars-tegen-nieuw-verkeersplan-binnenstad Plan to make Brussels car-free includes new underground parking spaces]</ref> Careful placement of these car-parking lots is needed though, ensuring that they are made far enough from the city centers (and closer to the ring roads) to avoid them attracting more cars to the city center. In some instances, near these car parking lots, [[Park and ride|Park and ride public transport]] (i.e. bus) stops are foreseen, or [[bicycle-sharing system]]s are present.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}
[[Community bicycle program]]s provide bicycles within an urban environment for short term use. The first successful scheme was in the 1960s in Amsterdam and can now be found in many other cities with 20,000 bicycles introduced to Paris in 2007 in the [[Vélib']] scheme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/world/europe/16paris.html?ref=world|title=A New French Revolution’s Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2007-07-16|accessdate=2008-01-13 | first=Katrin | last=Bennhold}}</ref> Dockless bike share systems have recently appeared in the United States and provide more convenience for people wanting to rent a bike for a short time period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://carfreeamerica.net/2017/09/18/on-why-dockless-bike-share-systems-are-the-future/|title=On Why Dockless Bike Share Systems are the Future - Car Free America|date=2017-09-18|work=Car Free America|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Advocacy groups==
The [[Campaign for Better Transport (UK)|Campaign for Better Transport]] (formerly known as Transport2000) was formed in 1972 in Britain to challenge proposed cuts in the British rail network and since then has promoted public transport.<ref>{{cite web
|work=Single or Return - the official history of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
|title=The Campaign to save the Railway Network
|url=http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter28.htm
|publisher=The Transport Salaried Staffs’ Association (TSSA)
}}</ref>
[[Car Free Walks]] is a UK-based website encouraging walkers to use public transport to reach the start and end of walks, rather than using a car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfreewalks.org|title= Car Free Walks|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref>
==Activism groups==
[[Road protests in the United Kingdom]] rose to prominence in the early 1990s in response to a major road building program both in urban communities and also rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/7/newsid_2536000/2536089.stm|title=1993: Activists lose battle over chestnut tree|work=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2008-01-13 | date=1993-12-07}}</ref>
[[Reclaim the Streets]], a movement formed in 1991 in London, "invaded" major roads, highway or freeway to stage parties. While this may obstruct the regular users of these spaces such as car drivers and public bus riders, the philosophy of RTS is that it is vehicle traffic, not pedestrians, who are causing the obstruction, and that by occupying the road they are in fact opening up public space.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/544778.stm|title=The group reclaiming the headlines|date=1999-12-01|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref>
In Flanders, the organization [[Fietsersbond]] has called upon the government to ban tractor units in city centers.<ref>[http://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-deurne/-verbied-grote-trucks-in-dorpskern-a2045937/ Fietsersbond vraagt overheid tot verbieden van grote trucks]</ref><ref>[http://www.flanderstoday.eu/politics/government-needs-listen-cyclists-says-cyclists-union "Fietsersbond" or "cyclist union" in Flanders]</ref>
[[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] rides emerged in 1992 in San Francisco where cyclists take to the streets en masse to dominate the traffic, using the slogan "we are traffic." The ride was founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists.<ref name=10years>{{cite news | last = Garofoli | first = Joe | coauthors = | title = Critical Mass turns 10. | work = | pages = | language = | publisher = San Francisco Chronicle | date = 2002-09-28 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/26/BA133774.DTL | accessdate = 2007-07-02 }}</ref> The movement has grown to include events in major metropolitan cities around the world.
The [[World Naked Bike Ride]] was born in 2001 in Spain with the first naked bike rides, which then emerged as the WNBR in 2004 a concept which rapidly spread through collaborations with many different activist groups and individuals around the world to promote bicycle transportation, renewable energy, recreation, walkable communities, and environmentally responsible, sustainable living.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldnakedbikeride.org/resources/nakedwheels.html|title=A history of unabashed free wheelers!|publisher=worldnakedbikeride.org|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref>
Parking Days started in 2005 when [[Rebar art and design studio|REBAR]], a collaborative group of creators, designers and activists based in San Francisco, transformed a metered parking spot into a small park complete with turf, seating, and shade<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkingday.org/background/index.html |title=Parking day - background |publisher=parkingday.org |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808174837/http://parkingday.org/background/index.html |archivedate=2007-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and by 2007 there were 180 parks in 27 cities around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkingday.org/|title=Park(ing) Day 2007|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref>
==Official events==
[[Car Free Days]] are official events with the common goal of taking a fair number of cars off the streets of a city or some target area or neighborhood for all or part of a day, in order to give the people who live and work there a chance to consider how their city might look and work with significantly fewer cars. The first events were organized in Reykjavík (Iceland), Bath (UK) and La Rochelle (France) in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm |title=World Car Free Days Timeline: 1961-2007 |accessdate=2008-01-13 |publisher=ecoplan |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113123252/http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm |archivedate=2008-01-13 }}</ref>
[[Ciclovía]] is a similar event in many cities that places a large emphasis on [[cycling]] as an alternative to auto travel. The event originated in Bogotá, Colombia in 1974. Now, Bogotá holds weekly ciclovías that turn the streets into giant car-free celebrations complete with stages set up in city parks with aerobics instructors, yoga teachers, and musicians leading people through various performances. The event has inspired similar celebrations globally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/bogota-colombia-ciclovia-bans-cars-on-roads-each-sunday/|title=This city bans cars every Sunday—and people love it|date=2019-03-27|website=Environment|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
[[In town without my car|In town, without my car!]] is an EU campaign and day every autumn (Northern Hemisphere) for an increased use of vehicles other than the car. It has since spread beyond the EU, and in 2004 more than 40 countries participated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar |title=What is In Town, Without My Car? |publisher=UK Department for Transport |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120214829/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar |archivedate=2008-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[World Urbanism Day]] was founded in 1949 in Buenos Aires and is celebrated in more than 30 countries on four continents each November 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf |title=THE MARSEILLES DECLARATION - WORLD TOWN PLANNING DAY (WTPD) 2005 |publisher=urbanists.com |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-01-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022015/http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-21 }}</ref>
Towards Car-free Cities is the annual conference of the [[World Carfree Network|World Car-free Network]] and provides a focal point for diverse aspects of the emerging global car-free movement. The conference has been held in major cities around the world, including Portland, Oregon, United States in 2008 (its first time in North America), and has also been in Istanbul, Turkey; Bogota, Colombia; Budapest, Hungary; Berlin, Germany; Prague, Czech Republic; Timisoara, Romania; and Lyon, France. The conference series attempts to bridge the gap between many of the diverse people and organizations interested in reducing urban dependence on the automobile.
Transportation Alternative's Annual Commuter Race pits a bicyclist against both a subway rider and a cab rider in a race from Queens to Manhattan. The Fifth Annual Commuter race took place in May 2009, where bicyclist Rachel Myers beat straphanger Dan Hendrick and cab rider Willie Thompson to make it the fifth year the contestant on the bicycle won. Myers took the 2009 title with a time of 20 minutes and 15 seconds to make the 4.2 mile trek from Sunnyside, Queens to Columbus Circle in Manhattan. Hendrick showed up 15 minutes later off the subway and Thompson arrived via cab nearly a half-hour after that. Transportation Alternatives is a group that "seeks to change New York City's transportation priorities to encourage and increase non-polluting, quiet, city-friendly travel and decrease—not ban—private car use. [They] seek a rational transportation system based on a 'Green Transportation Hierarchy,' which gives preference to modes of travel based on their benefits and costs to society. To achieve its goals, T.A. works in five areas: Bicycling, Walking and Traffic Calming, Car-Free Parks, Safe Streets and Sensible Transportation." The 2009 Commuter Race came on the heels of a Times Square traffic ban in NYC that drew national media attention.<ref name="CloseBroadway">{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/nyregion/26broadway.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion|title = Mayor Plans to Close Parts of Broadway to Traffic|accessdate = 2011-09-15|date=February 2009|work=The New York Times|first1=William|last1=Neuman|first2=Michael|last2=Barbaro}}</ref>
==Car-free development==
===Definitions and types===
There are many areas of the world where people have always lived without cars, because no road access is possible, or none has been provided. In developed countries these include islands and some historic neighborhoods or settlements, the largest example being the canal city of [[Venice]]. The term carfree ''development'' implies a physical change - either new building or changes to an existing built area.
Melia ''et al.'' (2010)<ref name="melia">[http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm Melia, S., Barton, H. and Parkhurst, G. (2010) Carfree, Low Car - What's the Difference? World Transport Policy & Practice 16 (2), 24-32.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112094521/http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm |date=2016-01-12 }}</ref> define car-free development as follows:
Car-free developments are residential or mixed use developments which:
* Normally provide a traffic-free immediate environment, and:
* Offer no parking or limited parking separated from the residence, and:
* Are designed to enable residents to live without owning a car.
This definition (which they distinguish from the more common "low car development") is based mainly on experience in Northwestern Europe, where the movement for car-free development began. Within this definition three types are identified:
* Vauban model
* Limited Access model
* Pedestrian zones with residential population
====Vauban====
[[Vauban, Freiburg]], [[Germany]] is according to this definition, the largest car-free development in Europe, with over 5,000 residents. Whether it can be considered car-free is open to debate: many local people prefer the term "stellplatzfrei" - literally "free from parking spaces" to describe the traffic management system there. Vehicles are allowed down the residential streets at walking pace to pick up and deliver but not to park, although there are frequent infractions. Residents of the stellplatzfrei areas must sign an annual declaration stating whether they own a car or not. Car owners must purchase a place in one of the [[multi-storey car park]]s on the periphery, run by a council-owned company. The cost of these spaces – €17,500 in 2006, plus a monthly fee – acts as a disincentive to car ownership.<ref name = "melia"/>
====Limited access type====
The more common form of car free development involves some sort of physical barrier, which prevents motor vehicles from penetrating into a car-free center.
Melia ''et al.''<ref name="melia"/> describe this as the "Limited Access" type.
In some cases such as Stellwerk 60 in Cologne, there is a removable barrier, controlled by a residents' organizations. In others cases, such as in [[Waterwijk]], vehicular access is only available from the exterior.
====Pedestrian zones====
{{Main|Pedestrian zone}}
Whereas the first two models apply to newly built car free developments, most pedestrianized areas have been retro-fitted. Pedestrian zones may be considered car-free developments where they include a significant population and a low rate of vehicle ownership per household. The largest example in Europe is [[Groningen]], Netherlands which had a city centre population of 16,500 in 2008.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken |title=Statistical Yearbook 2008 |publisher=City of Groningen |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629041004/http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken/jaarboek-2008.pdf |archivedate=2009-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Benefits and problems ===
[[File:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg|thumb|Reduction in one's carbon footprint for various actions]]
Several studies have been done on European car free developments. The most comprehensive was conducted in 2000 by Jan Scheurer.<ref name = "scheurer">Scheurer, J. (2001) Urban Ecology, Innovations in Housing Policy and the Future of Cities: Towards Sustainability in Neighbourhood CommunitiesThesis (PhD), Murdoch University Institute of Sustainable Transport.</ref> Other more recent studies have been made of specific car-free areas such as Vienna's [[Florisdorf]] car-free development.<ref>Ornetzeder, M., Hertwich, E.G., Hubacek, K., Korytarova, K. and Haas, W. (2008) The environmental effect of car-free housing: A case in Vienna. Ecological Economics 65 (3), 516-530.</ref>
The main benefits found for car free developments (summarized in Melia ''et al.'' 2010<ref name = "melia"/>) found in the various studies are:
* very low levels of car use, resulting in much less traffic on surrounding roads
* high rates of walking and cycling
* more independent movement and active play amongst children
* less land taken for parking and roads - more available for green or social space
The main problems related to parking management. Where parking is not controlled in the surrounding area, this often results in complaints from neighbors about [[overspill parking]].
== Places ==
{{main|List of car-free places}}
== See also ==
* [[Alternatives to car use]]
* [[Automobile dependency]]
* [[Car costs]]
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Car-Free Days]]
* [[Effects of the car on societies]]
* [[Individual action on climate change]]
* [[Jan Gehl]]
* [[List of car-free places]]
* [[Transit-oriented development]]
* [[Peak car]]
* [[Principles of intelligent urbanism]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Katie Alvord, ''[[Divorce your Car!]] Ending the Love Affair with the Automobile'', New Society Publishers (2000), {{ISBN|0-86571-408-8}}
* Crawford, J. H., ''Carfree Cities'', International Books (2000), {{ISBN|978-90-5727-037-6}}
* Crawford, J. H., ''Carfree Design Manual'', (2009), {{ISBN|978-90-5727-060-4}}
* Zack Furness ''One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility'', Temple University Press (2010), {{ISBN|978-1-59213-613-1}}
* Elisabeth Rosenthal, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html "In German Suburb, Life Goes on Without Car,"] New York Times, May 11, 2009.
* Lynn Sloman, ''Car Sick: Solutions for Our Car-addicted Culture'', Green Books (2006), {{ISBN|978-1-903998-76-2}}
* Alex Steffen, ''Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities That Can Save the Planet''
* Martin Wagner, ''The Little Driver'', Pinter & Martin (2003), {{ISBN|978-0-9530964-5-9}}
{{Commons category|Car-free movement}}
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[[Category:Car-free movement| ]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|movement to reduce the use of private vehicles}}
[[File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, love litte girls2005.jpg|thumb|San Francisco Critical Mass in 2005.]]
The '''car-free movement''' is a broad, informal, emergent network of individuals and organizations, including [[Activism|social activists]], [[urban planner]]s, [[transportation engineer]]s and others, brought together by a shared belief that large and/or high-speed [[motorized vehicle]]s (cars, trucks, tractor units, motorcycles, etc.)<ref>[http://www.worldcarfree.net/greenpages/index.php?searchnow=1 Car free movement opposing not only cars but many motorized vehicles]</ref> are too dominant in most modern cities. The goal of the movement is to create places where motorized vehicle use is greatly reduced or eliminated, by converting road and [[parking space]] to other public uses and rebuilding compact [[urban environment]]s where most destinations are within easy reach by other means, including [[walking]], [[cycling]], [[public transport]], [[personal transporter]]s, and [[mobility as a service]].<ref name=zehner2012>{{cite book|last=Zehner|first=Ozzie|title=Green Illusions|year=2012|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=London|url=http://greenillusions.org}}</ref>
== Context ==
[[File:Quadracycling15Jul07.jpg|thumb|A [[quadracycle]] parked on a [[Canada|Canadian]] urban street between cars]]
Before the twentieth century, cities and towns were normally compact, containing narrow streets busy with human activity. In the early twentieth century, many of these settlements were adapted to accommodate the car with wider roads, more car [[parking space]]s, and lower [[population densities]], with space between urban buildings reserved for automotive use.<ref name=zehner2012 /> Lower population densities meant [[urban sprawl]] with longer distances between places. The low cost of use brought [[traffic congestion]] which made older transport unattractive or impractical, and created the conditions for more traffic and sprawl; the car system was "increasingly able to 'drive' out competitors, such as feet, bikes, buses and trains".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/cemore/word%20docs/urry-systemofautomobility.pdf | title=The ‘System’ of Automobility|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-01-12 | author=John Urry|publisher=University of Lancacaster}}</ref> This process led to changes in urban form and living patterns that offered little opportunity for people without a car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf |format=PDF |title=Transport and Social Exclusion – a survey of the G7 nations: FIA Foundation and RAC Foundation |date=2004-02-01 |accessdate=2008-01-12 |publisher=[[RAC Foundation]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118064813/http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf |archivedate=November 18, 2008 }}</ref>
Some governments have responded with policies and regulations aimed at reversing [[auto dependency]] by increasing urban densities, encouraging mixed use development and [[infill]], reducing space allocated to private cars, increasing [[walkability]], supporting [[cycling]] and other alternative vehicles similar in size and speed, and [[public transport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/|title=Sustainable travel|publisher=UK Department for Transport|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Globally, [[urban planning]] is evolving in an effort to increase public transport and non-motorized transport modal shares and shift away from private transport oriented development. Cities like Hong Kong developed a highly integrated public transportation system which effectively reduced the use of private transport.<ref>[http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/ Step out of your cars to embrace your cities | Cities Now] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923151042/http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/ |date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref> In contrast with private automotive travel, [[car sharing]], where people can easily rent a car for a few hours rather than own one, is emerging as an increasingly important element for urban transportation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm |title=Car Clubs / Car Sharing Research Project - Motorists' Forum Conclusions and Recommendations |publisher=UK Commission for integrated transport |accessdate=2008-01-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126212458/http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm |archivedate=2008-01-26 }}</ref>
==Urban design==
[[File:Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes.png|thumb|Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes]]
[[File:Road Space Requirements.png|thumb|Road Space Requirements]]
Proponents of the car-free movement focus on both [[sustainable transportation|sustainable]] and [[public transport]] (bus, tram, etc.) options and on [[urban design]], [[zoning]], school placement policies, [[urban agriculture]], [[telecommuting]] options, and housing developments that create proximity or access so that long distance transportation becomes less of a requirement of daily life.
[[New urbanism]] is an American [[urban design]] movement that arose in the early 1980s. Its goal has been to reform all aspects of [[real estate development]] and [[urban planning]], from urban retrofits to [[suburban infill]]. New urbanist [[neighborhoods]] are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs, and to be [[walkable]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newurbanism.org/|title=New Urbanism|publisher=New Urbanism.org|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref> Other, more auto-oriented cities are also making incremental changes to provide transportation alternatives through [[Complete streets]] improvements.
World Squares for all is a scheme to remove much of the traffic from major squares in London, including [[Trafalgar Square]] and [[Parliament Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp |title=World Squares for All |publisher=The Mayor of London |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808152752/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp |archivedate=2007-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[Carfree city|Car-free cities]] are, as the name implies, entire cities (or at least the inner parts thereof) which have been made entirely car-free.
[[Car-free zone]]s are areas of a city or town where the use of cars is prohibited or greatly restricted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1525727,00.html|title=Paris bans cars to make way for central pedestrian zone|date=2005-03-15|accessdate=2008-01-13|author=Charles Bremner|work=[[The Times]] | location=London}}</ref>
To make the car-free zones/cities, (movable and/or stationary) [[Bollard#Traffic bollards|traffic bollards]] and other barriers are often used to deny car access.
[[Living street]]s and [[complete streets]] prioritize the needs of users of the street as a whole over those of car drivers. They are designed to be shared by pedestrians, playing children, bicyclists, and low-speed motor vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf |title=Concept Development: ‘Woonerf’ |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-01-13 |publisher=The International Institute for the Urban Environment |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111507/http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf |archivedate=2007-10-11 }}</ref>
[[File:Amsterdam outline S-roads - S100.svg|thumb|The [[ring road]] around Amsterdam (shown in red). At exits of ring roads such as this, distribution centers can be set up.]]
[[Distribution center]]s allow easy restocking of supermarkets, outlet stores, restaurants, and more in city centers. They rely on [[tractor unit]]s to unload their cargo in the suburban distribution center.
The products are then placed in a small truck (sometimes electrically powered<ref>[http://www.citydepot.be/pers City depot employing a few electric trucks] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912125855/http://www.citydepot.be/pers |date=September 12, 2014 }}</ref>), [[freight bicycle]], or other vehicle to bridge the [[last mile (transportation)|last mile]] to the destination in the city center. Besides offering advantages to the population (increased safety due to truck drivers having less [[Blind spot (vehicle)|blind spots]], reduced noise/traffic, reduced tailpipe emissions, and more), it also offers financial advantage for the companies, as tractor units require a lot of time to bridge this last mile (they lack agility and consume much fuel in congested streets).
The method above however still doesn't reduce car use inside non-car-free city centers (customers often use cars to fetch their groceries or appliances from city stores, since they have so much storage space). This problem is solved by means of [[online food ordering]] systems, which allow customers to order online, and then have it delivered to their doorstep by the supermarket or store itself, through [[bicycle messenger|bicycle couriers]] (using [[freight bicycle]]s), [[Autonomous robot#Delivery robot|electric delivery robots]] and delivery [[van]]s.<ref>[https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2018/04/24/doordash-and-walmart-join-forces-to-accelerate-retailers-online-grocery-delivery-offering DoorDash and Walmart join forces]</ref><ref>[https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/sainsburys/sainsburys-trials-uks-first-cargo-bike-grocery-delivery/566088.article Sainsbury's trials UK's first cargo bike]</ref> Delivery vans allow to take along more cargo and deliver to several customers on a same trip. These food ordering systems could provide for a smooth transition for those cities that wish to become car-free as it can reduce both personal car use and personal car demand in cities.
At the outskirts of towns, between the exits of the rings roads, and the car-free zones in the city center themselves, additional car parking lots can be added, generally in the form of underground car parks (to avoid it taking up surface space).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150423043244/http://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2014/11/26/brusselaars-tegen-nieuw-verkeersplan-binnenstad Plan to make Brussels car-free includes new underground parking spaces]</ref> Careful placement of these car-parking lots is needed though, ensuring that they are made far enough from the city centers (and closer to the ring roads) to avoid them attracting more cars to the city center. In some instances, near these car parking lots, [[Park and ride|Park and ride public transport]] (i.e. bus) stops are foreseen, or [[bicycle-sharing system]]s are present.{{Citation needed|date=June 2015}}
[[Community bicycle program]]s provide bicycles within an urban environment for short term use. The first successful scheme was in the 1960s in Amsterdam and can now be found in many other cities with 20,000 bicycles introduced to Paris in 2007 in the [[Vélib']] scheme.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/world/europe/16paris.html?ref=world|title=A New French Revolution’s Creed: Let Them Ride Bikes|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2007-07-16|accessdate=2008-01-13 | first=Katrin | last=Bennhold}}</ref> Dockless bike share systems have recently appeared in the United States and provide more convenience for people wanting to rent a bike for a short time period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://carfreeamerica.net/2017/09/18/on-why-dockless-bike-share-systems-are-the-future/|title=On Why Dockless Bike Share Systems are the Future - Car Free America|date=2017-09-18|work=Car Free America|access-date=2017-10-29|language=en-US}}</ref>
==Advocacy groups==
The [[Campaign for Better Transport (UK)|Campaign for Better Transport]] (formerly known as Transport2000) was formed in 1972 in Britain to challenge proposed cuts in the British rail network and since then has promoted public transport.<ref>{{cite web
|work=Single or Return - the official history of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association
|title=The Campaign to save the Railway Network
|url=http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter28.htm
|publisher=The Transport Salaried Staffs’ Association (TSSA)
}}</ref>
[[Car Free Walks]] is a UK-based website encouraging walkers to use public transport to reach the start and end of walks, rather than using a car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carfreewalks.org|title= Car Free Walks|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref>
==Activism groups==
[[Road protests in the United Kingdom]] rose to prominence in the early 1990s in response to a major road building program both in urban communities and also rural areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/7/newsid_2536000/2536089.stm|title=1993: Activists lose battle over chestnut tree|work=[[BBC]]|accessdate=2008-01-13 | date=1993-12-07}}</ref>
[[Reclaim the Streets]], a movement formed in 1991 in London, "invaded" major roads, highway or freeway to stage parties. While this may obstruct the regular users of these spaces such as car drivers and public bus riders, the philosophy of RTS is that it is vehicle traffic, not pedestrians, who are causing the obstruction, and that by occupying the road they are in fact opening up public space.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/544778.stm|title=The group reclaiming the headlines|date=1999-12-01|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref>
In Flanders, the organization [[Fietsersbond]] has called upon the government to ban tractor units in city centers.<ref>[http://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-deurne/-verbied-grote-trucks-in-dorpskern-a2045937/ Fietsersbond vraagt overheid tot verbieden van grote trucks]</ref><ref>[http://www.flanderstoday.eu/politics/government-needs-listen-cyclists-says-cyclists-union "Fietsersbond" or "cyclist union" in Flanders]</ref>
[[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] rides emerged in 1992 in San Francisco where cyclists take to the streets en masse to dominate the traffic, using the slogan "we are traffic." The ride was founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists.<ref name=10years>{{cite news | last = Garofoli | first = Joe | coauthors = | title = Critical Mass turns 10. | work = | pages = | language = | publisher = San Francisco Chronicle | date = 2002-09-28 | url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/26/BA133774.DTL | accessdate = 2007-07-02 }}</ref> The movement has grown to include events in major metropolitan cities around the world.
The [[World Naked Bike Ride]] was born in 2001 in Spain with the first naked bike rides, which then emerged as the WNBR in 2004 a concept which rapidly spread through collaborations with many different activist groups and individuals around the world to promote bicycle transportation, renewable energy, recreation, walkable communities, and environmentally responsible, sustainable living.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldnakedbikeride.org/resources/nakedwheels.html|title=A history of unabashed free wheelers!|publisher=worldnakedbikeride.org|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref>
Parking Days started in 2005 when [[Rebar art and design studio|REBAR]], a collaborative group of creators, designers and activists based in San Francisco, transformed a metered parking spot into a small park complete with turf, seating, and shade<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkingday.org/background/index.html |title=Parking day - background |publisher=parkingday.org |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808174837/http://parkingday.org/background/index.html |archivedate=2007-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and by 2007 there were 180 parks in 27 cities around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkingday.org/|title=Park(ing) Day 2007|accessdate=2008-01-13}}</ref>
==Official events==
[[Car Free Days]] are official events with the common goal of taking a fair number of cars off the streets of a city or some target area or neighborhood for all or part of a day, in order to give the people who live and work there a chance to consider how their city might look and work with significantly fewer cars. The first events were organized in Reykjavík (Iceland), Bath (UK) and La Rochelle (France) in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm |title=World Car Free Days Timeline: 1961-2007 |accessdate=2008-01-13 |publisher=ecoplan |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113123252/http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm |archivedate=2008-01-13 }}</ref>
[[Ciclovía]] is a similar event in many cities that places a large emphasis on [[cycling]] as an alternative to auto travel. The event originated in Bogotá, Colombia in 1974. Now, Bogotá holds weekly ciclovías that turn the streets into giant car-free celebrations complete with stages set up in city parks with aerobics instructors, yoga teachers, and musicians leading people through various performances. The event has inspired similar celebrations globally.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/bogota-colombia-ciclovia-bans-cars-on-roads-each-sunday/|title=This city bans cars every Sunday—and people love it|date=2019-03-27|website=Environment|language=en|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
[[In town without my car|In town, without my car!]] is an EU campaign and day every autumn (Northern Hemisphere) for an increased use of vehicles other than the car. It has since spread beyond the EU, and in 2004 more than 40 countries participated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar |title=What is In Town, Without My Car? |publisher=UK Department for Transport |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120214829/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar |archivedate=2008-01-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[World Urbanism Day]] was founded in 1949 in Buenos Aires and is celebrated in more than 30 countries on four continents each November 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf |title=THE MARSEILLES DECLARATION - WORLD TOWN PLANNING DAY (WTPD) 2005 |publisher=urbanists.com |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-01-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022015/http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf |archivedate=2007-08-21 }}</ref>
Towards Car-free Cities is the annual conference of the [[World Carfree Network|World Car-free Network]] and provides a focal point for diverse aspects of the emerging global car-free movement. The conference has been held in major cities around the world, including Portland, Oregon, United States in 2008 (its first time in North America), and has also been in Istanbul, Turkey; Bogota, Colombia; Budapest, Hungary; Berlin, Germany; Prague, Czech Republic; Timisoara, Romania; and Lyon, France. The conference series attempts to bridge the gap between many of the diverse people and organizations interested in reducing urban dependence on the automobile.
Transportation Alternative's Annual Commuter Race pits a bicyclist against both a subway rider and a cab rider in a race from Queens to Manhattan. The Fifth Annual Commuter race took place in May 2009, where bicyclist Rachel Myers beat straphanger Dan Hendrick and cab rider Willie Thompson to make it the fifth year the contestant on the bicycle won. Myers took the 2009 title with a time of 20 minutes and 15 seconds to make the 4.2 mile trek from Sunnyside, Queens to Columbus Circle in Manhattan. Hendrick showed up 15 minutes later off the subway and Thompson arrived via cab nearly a half-hour after that. Transportation Alternatives is a group that "seeks to change New York City's transportation priorities to encourage and increase non-polluting, quiet, city-friendly travel and decrease—not ban—private car use. [They] seek a rational transportation system based on a 'Green Transportation Hierarchy,' which gives preference to modes of travel based on their benefits and costs to society. To achieve its goals, T.A. works in five areas: Bicycling, Walking and Traffic Calming, Car-Free Parks, Safe Streets and Sensible Transportation." The 2009 Commuter Race came on the heels of a Times Square traffic ban in NYC that drew national media attention.<ref name="CloseBroadway">{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/nyregion/26broadway.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion|title = Mayor Plans to Close Parts of Broadway to Traffic|accessdate = 2011-09-15|date=February 2009|work=The New York Times|first1=William|last1=Neuman|first2=Michael|last2=Barbaro}}</ref>
==Car-free development==
===Definitions and types===
There are many areas of the world where people have always lived without cars, because no road access is possible, or none has been provided. In developed countries these include islands and some historic neighborhoods or settlements, the largest example being the canal city of [[Venice]]. The term carfree ''development'' implies a physical change - either new building or changes to an existing built area.
Melia ''et al.'' (2010)<ref name="melia">[http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm Melia, S., Barton, H. and Parkhurst, G. (2010) Carfree, Low Car - What's the Difference? World Transport Policy & Practice 16 (2), 24-32.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112094521/http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm |date=2016-01-12 }}</ref> define car-free development as follows:
Car-free developments are residential or mixed use developments which:
* Normally provide a traffic-free immediate environment, and:
* Offer no parking or limited parking separated from the residence, and:
* Are designed to enable residents to live without owning a car.
This definition (which they distinguish from the more common "low car development") is based mainly on experience in Northwestern Europe, where the movement for car-free development began. Within this definition three types are identified:
* Vauban model
* Limited Access model
* Pedestrian zones with residential population
====Vauban====
[[Vauban, Freiburg]], [[Germany]] is according to this definition, the largest car-free development in Europe, with over 5,000 residents. Whether it can be considered car-free is open to debate: many local people prefer the term "stellplatzfrei" - literally "free from parking spaces" to describe the traffic management system there. Vehicles are allowed down the residential streets at walking pace to pick up and deliver but not to park, although there are frequent infractions. Residents of the stellplatzfrei areas must sign an annual declaration stating whether they own a car or not. Car owners must purchase a place in one of the [[multi-storey car park]]s on the periphery, run by a council-owned company. The cost of these spaces – €17,500 in 2006, plus a monthly fee – acts as a disincentive to car ownership.<ref name = "melia"/>
====Limited access type====
The more common form of car free development involves some sort of physical barrier, which prevents motor vehicles from penetrating into a car-free center.
Melia ''et al.''<ref name="melia"/> describe this as the "Limited Access" type.
In some cases such as Stellwerk 60 in Cologne, there is a removable barrier, controlled by a residents' organizations. In others cases, such as in [[Waterwijk]], vehicular access is only available from the exterior.
====Pedestrian zones====
{{Main|Pedestrian zone}}
Whereas the first two models apply to newly built car free developments, most pedestrianized areas have been retro-fitted. Pedestrian zones may be considered car-free developments where they include a significant population and a low rate of vehicle ownership per household. The largest example in Europe is [[Groningen]], Netherlands which had a city centre population of 16,500 in 2008.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken |title=Statistical Yearbook 2008 |publisher=City of Groningen |accessdate=2008-01-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629041004/http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken/jaarboek-2008.pdf |archivedate=2009-06-29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
=== Benefits and problems ===
[[File:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg|thumb|Reduction in one's carbon footprint for various actions]]
Several studies have been done on European car free developments. The most comprehensive was conducted in 2000 by Jan Scheurer.<ref name = "scheurer">Scheurer, J. (2001) Urban Ecology, Innovations in Housing Policy and the Future of Cities: Towards Sustainability in Neighbourhood CommunitiesThesis (PhD), Murdoch University Institute of Sustainable Transport.</ref> Other more recent studies have been made of specific car-free areas such as Vienna's [[Florisdorf]] car-free development.<ref>Ornetzeder, M., Hertwich, E.G., Hubacek, K., Korytarova, K. and Haas, W. (2008) The environmental effect of car-free housing: A case in Vienna. Ecological Economics 65 (3), 516-530.</ref>
The main benefits found for car free developments (summarized in Melia ''et al.'' 2010<ref name = "melia"/>) found in the various studies are:
* very low levels of car use, resulting in much less traffic on surrounding roads
* high rates of walking and cycling
* more independent movement and active play amongst children
* less land taken for parking and roads - more available for green or social space
The main problems related to parking management. Where parking is not controlled in the surrounding area, this often results in complaints from neighbors about [[overspill parking]].
== Places ==
{{main|List of car-free places}}
== See also ==
* [[Alternatives to car use]]
* [[Automobile dependency]]
* [[Car costs]]
* [[Carfree city]]
* [[Car-Free Days]]
* [[Effects of the car on societies]]
* [[Individual action on climate change]]
* [[Jan Gehl]]
* [[List of car-free places]]
* [[Transit-oriented development]]
* [[Peak car]]
* [[Principles of intelligent urbanism]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* Katie Alvord, ''[[Divorce your Car!]] Ending the Love Affair with the Automobile'', New Society Publishers (2000), {{ISBN|0-86571-408-8}}
* Crawford, J. H., ''Carfree Cities'', International Books (2000), {{ISBN|978-90-5727-037-6}}
* Crawford, J. H., ''Carfree Design Manual'', (2009), {{ISBN|978-90-5727-060-4}}
* Zack Furness ''One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility'', Temple University Press (2010), {{ISBN|978-1-59213-613-1}}
* Elisabeth Rosenthal, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html "In German Suburb, Life Goes on Without Car,"] New York Times, May 11, 2009.
* Lynn Sloman, ''Car Sick: Solutions for Our Car-addicted Culture'', Green Books (2006), {{ISBN|978-1-903998-76-2}}
* Alex Steffen, ''Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities That Can Save the Planet''
* Martin Wagner, ''The Little Driver'', Pinter & Martin (2003), {{ISBN|978-0-9530964-5-9}}
{{Commons category|Car-free movement}}
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{{Simple living}}
{{Land-use planning|CTM}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Car-Free Movement}}
[[Category:Car-free movement| ]]
[[Category:Environmentalism]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
{{short description|movement to reduce the use of private vehicles}}
-[[File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, April 29, 2005.jpg|thumb|San Francisco Critical Mass in 2005.]]
+[[File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, love litte girls2005.jpg|thumb|San Francisco Critical Mass in 2005.]]
The '''car-free movement''' is a broad, informal, emergent network of individuals and organizations, including [[Activism|social activists]], [[urban planner]]s, [[transportation engineer]]s and others, brought together by a shared belief that large and/or high-speed [[motorized vehicle]]s (cars, trucks, tractor units, motorcycles, etc.)<ref>[http://www.worldcarfree.net/greenpages/index.php?searchnow=1 Car free movement opposing not only cars but many motorized vehicles]</ref> are too dominant in most modern cities. The goal of the movement is to create places where motorized vehicle use is greatly reduced or eliminated, by converting road and [[parking space]] to other public uses and rebuilding compact [[urban environment]]s where most destinations are within easy reach by other means, including [[walking]], [[cycling]], [[public transport]], [[personal transporter]]s, and [[mobility as a service]].<ref name=zehner2012>{{cite book|last=Zehner|first=Ozzie|title=Green Illusions|year=2012|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=London|url=http://greenillusions.org}}</ref>
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0 => 'http://www.worldcarfree.net/greenpages/index.php?searchnow=1',
1 => 'http://greenillusions.org',
2 => 'http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/cemore/word%20docs/urry-systemofautomobility.pdf',
3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081118064813/http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf',
4 => 'http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf',
5 => 'http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/',
6 => 'http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150923151042/http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/',
8 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080126212458/http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm',
9 => 'http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm',
10 => 'http://www.newurbanism.org/',
11 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070808152752/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp',
12 => 'http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp',
13 => 'http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1525727,00.html',
14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111507/http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf',
15 => 'http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf',
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17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140912125855/http://www.citydepot.be/pers',
18 => 'https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2018/04/24/doordash-and-walmart-join-forces-to-accelerate-retailers-online-grocery-delivery-offering',
19 => 'https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/sainsburys/sainsburys-trials-uks-first-cargo-bike-grocery-delivery/566088.article',
20 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150423043244/http://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2014/11/26/brusselaars-tegen-nieuw-verkeersplan-binnenstad',
21 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/world/europe/16paris.html?ref=world',
22 => 'http://carfreeamerica.net/2017/09/18/on-why-dockless-bike-share-systems-are-the-future/',
23 => 'http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter28.htm',
24 => 'http://www.carfreewalks.org',
25 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/7/newsid_2536000/2536089.stm',
26 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/544778.stm',
27 => 'http://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-deurne/-verbied-grote-trucks-in-dorpskern-a2045937/',
28 => 'http://www.flanderstoday.eu/politics/government-needs-listen-cyclists-says-cyclists-union',
29 => 'http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/26/BA133774.DTL',
30 => 'http://www.worldnakedbikeride.org/resources/nakedwheels.html',
31 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070808174837/http://parkingday.org/background/index.html',
32 => 'http://www.parkingday.org/background/index.html',
33 => 'http://www.parkingday.org/',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080113123252/http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm',
35 => 'http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm',
36 => 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/bogota-colombia-ciclovia-bans-cars-on-roads-each-sunday/',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080120214829/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar',
38 => 'http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar',
39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022015/http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf',
40 => 'http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf',
41 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/nyregion/26broadway.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion',
42 => 'http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160112094521/http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090629041004/http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken/jaarboek-2008.pdf',
45 => 'http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken',
46 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.citydepot.be/pers',
1 => 'http://www.hln.be/regio/nieuws-uit-deurne/-verbied-grote-trucks-in-dorpskern-a2045937/',
2 => 'http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/09/26/BA133774.DTL',
3 => 'http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf',
4 => 'http://www.flanderstoday.eu/politics/government-needs-listen-cyclists-says-cyclists-union',
5 => 'http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/',
6 => 'http://carfreeamerica.net/2017/09/18/on-why-dockless-bike-share-systems-are-the-future/',
7 => 'http://www.worldcarfree.net/greenpages/index.php?searchnow=1',
8 => 'http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken',
9 => 'http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf',
10 => 'http://www.carfreewalks.org',
11 => 'http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm',
12 => 'http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm',
13 => 'http://greenillusions.org',
14 => 'http://www.newurbanism.org/',
15 => 'http://www.parkingday.org/',
16 => 'http://www.parkingday.org/background/index.html',
17 => 'http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf',
18 => 'http://www.worldnakedbikeride.org/resources/nakedwheels.html',
19 => 'http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/cemore/word%20docs/urry-systemofautomobility.pdf',
20 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/544778.stm',
21 => 'http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/7/newsid_2536000/2536089.stm',
22 => 'http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1525727,00.html',
23 => 'http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm',
24 => 'http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/',
25 => 'http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar',
26 => 'http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp',
27 => 'http://www.tssa.org.uk/about/single-or-return/chapter28.htm',
28 => 'https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/bogota-colombia-ciclovia-bans-cars-on-roads-each-sunday/',
29 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/world/europe/16paris.html?ref=world',
30 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/nyregion/26broadway.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion',
31 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html',
32 => 'https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2018/04/24/doordash-and-walmart-join-forces-to-accelerate-retailers-online-grocery-delivery-offering',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070808152752/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/parliament_square/wsfa.jsp',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070808174837/http://parkingday.org/background/index.html',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022015/http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20071011111507/http://www.urban.nl/childstreet2005/downloads/Concept%20Development%20woonerf.pdf',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080113123252/http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm',
38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080120214829/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar',
39 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20080126212458/http://www.cfit.gov.uk/mf/reports/carclubs/conclusions/index.htm',
40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20081118064813/http://www.racfoundation.org/files/Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf',
41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090629041004/http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken/jaarboek-2008.pdf',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140912125855/http://www.citydepot.be/pers',
43 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150423043244/http://www.dewereldmorgen.be/artikel/2014/11/26/brusselaars-tegen-nieuw-verkeersplan-binnenstad',
44 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20150923151042/http://citiesnow.in/blog/2015/07/09/step-out-of-your-cars-to-embrace-your-city/',
45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160112094521/http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm',
46 => 'https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/sainsburys/sainsburys-trials-uks-first-cargo-bike-grocery-delivery/566088.article'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">movement to reduce the use of private vehicles</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Critical_Mass,_San_Francisco,_love_litte_girls2005.jpg" class="new" title="File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, love litte girls2005.jpg">File:Critical Mass, San Francisco, love litte girls2005.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">San Francisco Critical Mass in 2005.</div></div></div>
<p>The <b>car-free movement</b> is a broad, informal, emergent network of individuals and organizations, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">social activists</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">urban planners</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation engineer">transportation engineers</a> and others, brought together by a shared belief that large and/or high-speed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motorized_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorized vehicle">motorized vehicles</a> (cars, trucks, tractor units, motorcycles, etc.)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> are too dominant in most modern cities. The goal of the movement is to create places where motorized vehicle use is greatly reduced or eliminated, by converting road and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parking_space" title="Parking space">parking space</a> to other public uses and rebuilding compact <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban environment">urban environments</a> where most destinations are within easy reach by other means, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">personal transporters</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobility_as_a_service" title="Mobility as a service">mobility as a service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zehner2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zehner2012-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Context"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Context</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Urban_design"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Urban design</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Advocacy_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Advocacy groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Activism_groups"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Activism groups</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Official_events"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Official events</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Car-free_development"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Car-free development</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Definitions_and_types"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Definitions and types</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vauban"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vauban</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Limited_access_type"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Limited access type</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Pedestrian_zones"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pedestrian zones</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Benefits_and_problems"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Benefits and problems</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Places"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Places</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Context">Context</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Quadracycling15Jul07.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Quadracycling15Jul07.jpg/220px-Quadracycling15Jul07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Quadracycling15Jul07.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">quadracycle</a> parked on a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> urban street between cars</div></div></div>
<p>Before the twentieth century, cities and towns were normally compact, containing narrow streets busy with human activity. In the early twentieth century, many of these settlements were adapted to accommodate the car with wider roads, more car <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parking_space" title="Parking space">parking spaces</a>, and lower <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population_densities" class="mw-redirect" title="Population densities">population densities</a>, with space between urban buildings reserved for automotive use.<sup id="cite_ref-zehner2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zehner2012-2">[2]</a></sup> Lower population densities meant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> with longer distances between places. The low cost of use brought <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a> which made older transport unattractive or impractical, and created the conditions for more traffic and sprawl; the car system was "increasingly able to 'drive' out competitors, such as feet, bikes, buses and trains".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> This process led to changes in urban form and living patterns that offered little opportunity for people without a car.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some governments have responded with policies and regulations aimed at reversing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auto_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto dependency">auto dependency</a> by increasing urban densities, encouraging mixed use development and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">infill</a>, reducing space allocated to private cars, increasing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">walkability</a>, supporting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> and other alternative vehicles similar in size and speed, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> Globally, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> is evolving in an effort to increase public transport and non-motorized transport modal shares and shift away from private transport oriented development. Cities like Hong Kong developed a highly integrated public transportation system which effectively reduced the use of private transport.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> In contrast with private automotive travel, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Car sharing">car sharing</a>, where people can easily rent a car for a few hours rather than own one, is emerging as an increasingly important element for urban transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Urban_design">Urban design</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Passenger_Capacity_of_different_Transport_Modes.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Passenger_Capacity_of_different_Transport_Modes.png/220px-Passenger_Capacity_of_different_Transport_Modes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3722" data-file-height="4159" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Passenger_Capacity_of_different_Transport_Modes.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Passenger Capacity of different Transport Modes</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Road_Space_Requirements.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Road_Space_Requirements.png/220px-Road_Space_Requirements.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3717" data-file-height="4182" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Road_Space_Requirements.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Road Space Requirements</div></div></div>
<p>Proponents of the car-free movement focus on both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable transportation">sustainable</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> (bus, tram, etc.) options and on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>, school placement policies, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban agriculture</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommuting" title="Telecommuting">telecommuting</a> options, and housing developments that create proximity or access so that long distance transportation becomes less of a requirement of daily life.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="New urbanism">New urbanism</a> is an American <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a> movement that arose in the early 1980s. Its goal has been to reform all aspects of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">real estate development</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, from urban retrofits to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suburban_infill" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban infill">suburban infill</a>. New urbanist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neighborhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhoods">neighborhoods</a> are designed to contain a diverse range of housing and jobs, and to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walkable" class="mw-redirect" title="Walkable">walkable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Other, more auto-oriented cities are also making incremental changes to provide transportation alternatives through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a> improvements.
</p><p>World Squares for all is a scheme to remove much of the traffic from major squares in London, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Car-free cities</a> are, as the name implies, entire cities (or at least the inner parts thereof) which have been made entirely car-free.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Car-free zone">Car-free zones</a> are areas of a city or town where the use of cars is prohibited or greatly restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>To make the car-free zones/cities, (movable and/or stationary) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bollard#Traffic_bollards" title="Bollard">traffic bollards</a> and other barriers are often used to deny car access.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living streets</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">complete streets</a> prioritize the needs of users of the street as a whole over those of car drivers. They are designed to be shared by pedestrians, playing children, bicyclists, and low-speed motor vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg/220px-Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg/330px-Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg/440px-Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Amsterdam_outline_S-roads_-_S100.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> around Amsterdam (shown in red). At exits of ring roads such as this, distribution centers can be set up.</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distribution_center" title="Distribution center">Distribution centers</a> allow easy restocking of supermarkets, outlet stores, restaurants, and more in city centers. They rely on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tractor_unit" title="Tractor unit">tractor units</a> to unload their cargo in the suburban distribution center.
The products are then placed in a small truck (sometimes electrically powered<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freight_bicycle" title="Freight bicycle">freight bicycle</a>, or other vehicle to bridge the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_mile_(transportation)" title="Last mile (transportation)">last mile</a> to the destination in the city center. Besides offering advantages to the population (increased safety due to truck drivers having less <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blind_spot_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind spot (vehicle)">blind spots</a>, reduced noise/traffic, reduced tailpipe emissions, and more), it also offers financial advantage for the companies, as tractor units require a lot of time to bridge this last mile (they lack agility and consume much fuel in congested streets).
</p><p>The method above however still doesn't reduce car use inside non-car-free city centers (customers often use cars to fetch their groceries or appliances from city stores, since they have so much storage space). This problem is solved by means of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">online food ordering</a> systems, which allow customers to order online, and then have it delivered to their doorstep by the supermarket or store itself, through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bicycle_messenger" title="Bicycle messenger">bicycle couriers</a> (using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freight_bicycle" title="Freight bicycle">freight bicycles</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autonomous_robot#Delivery_robot" title="Autonomous robot">electric delivery robots</a> and delivery <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Van" title="Van">vans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Delivery vans allow to take along more cargo and deliver to several customers on a same trip. These food ordering systems could provide for a smooth transition for those cities that wish to become car-free as it can reduce both personal car use and personal car demand in cities.
</p><p>At the outskirts of towns, between the exits of the rings roads, and the car-free zones in the city center themselves, additional car parking lots can be added, generally in the form of underground car parks (to avoid it taking up surface space).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Careful placement of these car-parking lots is needed though, ensuring that they are made far enough from the city centers (and closer to the ring roads) to avoid them attracting more cars to the city center. In some instances, near these car parking lots, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride public transport</a> (i.e. bus) stops are foreseen, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">bicycle-sharing systems</a> are present.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_bicycle_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Community bicycle program">Community bicycle programs</a> provide bicycles within an urban environment for short term use. The first successful scheme was in the 1960s in Amsterdam and can now be found in many other cities with 20,000 bicycles introduced to Paris in 2007 in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/V%C3%A9lib%27" title="Vélib'">Vélib'</a> scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Dockless bike share systems have recently appeared in the United States and provide more convenience for people wanting to rent a bike for a short time period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Advocacy_groups">Advocacy groups</span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaign_for_Better_Transport_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign for Better Transport (UK)">Campaign for Better Transport</a> (formerly known as Transport2000) was formed in 1972 in Britain to challenge proposed cuts in the British rail network and since then has promoted public transport.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_Free_Walks" class="mw-redirect" title="Car Free Walks">Car Free Walks</a> is a UK-based website encouraging walkers to use public transport to reach the start and end of walks, rather than using a car.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Activism_groups">Activism groups</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Road_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Road protests in the United Kingdom">Road protests in the United Kingdom</a> rose to prominence in the early 1990s in response to a major road building program both in urban communities and also rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reclaim_the_Streets" title="Reclaim the Streets">Reclaim the Streets</a>, a movement formed in 1991 in London, "invaded" major roads, highway or freeway to stage parties. While this may obstruct the regular users of these spaces such as car drivers and public bus riders, the philosophy of RTS is that it is vehicle traffic, not pedestrians, who are causing the obstruction, and that by occupying the road they are in fact opening up public space.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In Flanders, the organization <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fietsersbond" title="Fietsersbond">Fietsersbond</a> has called upon the government to ban tractor units in city centers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Critical_Mass_(cycling)" title="Critical Mass (cycling)">Critical Mass</a> rides emerged in 1992 in San Francisco where cyclists take to the streets en masse to dominate the traffic, using the slogan "we are traffic." The ride was founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-10years_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10years-24">[24]</a></sup> The movement has grown to include events in major metropolitan cities around the world.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Naked_Bike_Ride" title="World Naked Bike Ride">World Naked Bike Ride</a> was born in 2001 in Spain with the first naked bike rides, which then emerged as the WNBR in 2004 a concept which rapidly spread through collaborations with many different activist groups and individuals around the world to promote bicycle transportation, renewable energy, recreation, walkable communities, and environmentally responsible, sustainable living.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>Parking Days started in 2005 when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rebar_art_and_design_studio" title="Rebar art and design studio">REBAR</a>, a collaborative group of creators, designers and activists based in San Francisco, transformed a metered parking spot into a small park complete with turf, seating, and shade<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> and by 2007 there were 180 parks in 27 cities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Official_events">Official events</span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_Free_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Car Free Days">Car Free Days</a> are official events with the common goal of taking a fair number of cars off the streets of a city or some target area or neighborhood for all or part of a day, in order to give the people who live and work there a chance to consider how their city might look and work with significantly fewer cars. The first events were organized in Reykjavík (Iceland), Bath (UK) and La Rochelle (France) in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ciclov%C3%ADa" title="Ciclovía">Ciclovía</a> is a similar event in many cities that places a large emphasis on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> as an alternative to auto travel. The event originated in Bogotá, Colombia in 1974. Now, Bogotá holds weekly ciclovías that turn the streets into giant car-free celebrations complete with stages set up in city parks with aerobics instructors, yoga teachers, and musicians leading people through various performances. The event has inspired similar celebrations globally.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/In_town_without_my_car" class="mw-redirect" title="In town without my car">In town, without my car!</a> is an EU campaign and day every autumn (Northern Hemisphere) for an increased use of vehicles other than the car. It has since spread beyond the EU, and in 2004 more than 40 countries participated.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a> was founded in 1949 in Buenos Aires and is celebrated in more than 30 countries on four continents each November 8.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>Towards Car-free Cities is the annual conference of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Carfree_Network" title="World Carfree Network">World Car-free Network</a> and provides a focal point for diverse aspects of the emerging global car-free movement. The conference has been held in major cities around the world, including Portland, Oregon, United States in 2008 (its first time in North America), and has also been in Istanbul, Turkey; Bogota, Colombia; Budapest, Hungary; Berlin, Germany; Prague, Czech Republic; Timisoara, Romania; and Lyon, France. The conference series attempts to bridge the gap between many of the diverse people and organizations interested in reducing urban dependence on the automobile.
</p><p>Transportation Alternative's Annual Commuter Race pits a bicyclist against both a subway rider and a cab rider in a race from Queens to Manhattan. The Fifth Annual Commuter race took place in May 2009, where bicyclist Rachel Myers beat straphanger Dan Hendrick and cab rider Willie Thompson to make it the fifth year the contestant on the bicycle won. Myers took the 2009 title with a time of 20 minutes and 15 seconds to make the 4.2 mile trek from Sunnyside, Queens to Columbus Circle in Manhattan. Hendrick showed up 15 minutes later off the subway and Thompson arrived via cab nearly a half-hour after that. Transportation Alternatives is a group that "seeks to change New York City's transportation priorities to encourage and increase non-polluting, quiet, city-friendly travel and decrease—not ban—private car use. [They] seek a rational transportation system based on a 'Green Transportation Hierarchy,' which gives preference to modes of travel based on their benefits and costs to society. To achieve its goals, T.A. works in five areas: Bicycling, Walking and Traffic Calming, Car-Free Parks, Safe Streets and Sensible Transportation." The 2009 Commuter Race came on the heels of a Times Square traffic ban in NYC that drew national media attention.<sup id="cite_ref-CloseBroadway_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CloseBroadway-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Car-free_development">Car-free development</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Definitions_and_types">Definitions and types</span></h3>
<p>There are many areas of the world where people have always lived without cars, because no road access is possible, or none has been provided. In developed countries these include islands and some historic neighborhoods or settlements, the largest example being the canal city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. The term carfree <i>development</i> implies a physical change - either new building or changes to an existing built area.
</p><p>Melia <i>et al.</i> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-melia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melia-33">[33]</a></sup> define car-free development as follows:
</p><p>Car-free developments are residential or mixed use developments which:
</p>
<ul><li>Normally provide a traffic-free immediate environment, and:</li>
<li>Offer no parking or limited parking separated from the residence, and:</li>
<li>Are designed to enable residents to live without owning a car.</li></ul>
<p>This definition (which they distinguish from the more common "low car development") is based mainly on experience in Northwestern Europe, where the movement for car-free development began. Within this definition three types are identified:
</p>
<ul><li>Vauban model</li>
<li>Limited Access model</li>
<li>Pedestrian zones with residential population</li></ul>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Vauban">Vauban</span></h4>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vauban,_Freiburg" title="Vauban, Freiburg">Vauban, Freiburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> is according to this definition, the largest car-free development in Europe, with over 5,000 residents. Whether it can be considered car-free is open to debate: many local people prefer the term "stellplatzfrei" - literally "free from parking spaces" to describe the traffic management system there. Vehicles are allowed down the residential streets at walking pace to pick up and deliver but not to park, although there are frequent infractions. Residents of the stellplatzfrei areas must sign an annual declaration stating whether they own a car or not. Car owners must purchase a place in one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-storey car park">multi-storey car parks</a> on the periphery, run by a council-owned company. The cost of these spaces – €17,500 in 2006, plus a monthly fee – acts as a disincentive to car ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-melia_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melia-33">[33]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Limited_access_type">Limited access type</span></h4>
<p>The more common form of car free development involves some sort of physical barrier, which prevents motor vehicles from penetrating into a car-free center.
Melia <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-melia_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melia-33">[33]</a></sup> describe this as the "Limited Access" type.
In some cases such as Stellwerk 60 in Cologne, there is a removable barrier, controlled by a residents' organizations. In others cases, such as in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waterwijk" title="Waterwijk">Waterwijk</a>, vehicular access is only available from the exterior.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Pedestrian_zones">Pedestrian zones</span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></div>
<p>Whereas the first two models apply to newly built car free developments, most pedestrianized areas have been retro-fitted. Pedestrian zones may be considered car-free developments where they include a significant population and a low rate of vehicle ownership per household. The largest example in Europe is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, Netherlands which had a city centre population of 16,500 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Benefits_and_problems">Benefits and problems</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/220px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/330px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg/440px-Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="602" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wynes_Nicholas_CO2_emissions_savings.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Reduction in one's carbon footprint for various actions</div></div></div>
<p>Several studies have been done on European car free developments. The most comprehensive was conducted in 2000 by Jan Scheurer.<sup id="cite_ref-scheurer_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheurer-35">[35]</a></sup> Other more recent studies have been made of specific car-free areas such as Vienna's <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Florisdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florisdorf (page does not exist)">Florisdorf</a> car-free development.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p><p>The main benefits found for car free developments (summarized in Melia <i>et al.</i> 2010<sup id="cite_ref-melia_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melia-33">[33]</a></sup>) found in the various studies are:
</p>
<ul><li>very low levels of car use, resulting in much less traffic on surrounding roads</li>
<li>high rates of walking and cycling</li>
<li>more independent movement and active play amongst children</li>
<li>less land taken for parking and roads - more available for green or social space</li></ul>
<p>The main problems related to parking management. Where parking is not controlled in the surrounding area, this often results in complaints from neighbors about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Overspill_parking" title="Overspill parking">overspill parking</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Places">Places</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_car-free_places" title="List of car-free places">List of car-free places</a></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternatives_to_car_use" title="Alternatives to car use">Alternatives to car use</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Automobile_dependency" title="Automobile dependency">Automobile dependency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car_costs" title="Car costs">Car costs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">Carfree city</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Car-Free_Days" title="Car-Free Days">Car-Free Days</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effects_of_the_car_on_societies" title="Effects of the car on societies">Effects of the car on societies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Individual_action_on_climate_change" title="Individual action on climate change">Individual action on climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jan_Gehl" title="Jan Gehl">Jan Gehl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_car-free_places" title="List of car-free places">List of car-free places</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">Peak car</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principles_of_intelligent_urbanism" title="Principles of intelligent urbanism">Principles of intelligent urbanism</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcarfree.net/greenpages/index.php?searchnow=1">Car free movement opposing not only cars but many motorized vehicles</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zehner2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zehner2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zehner2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zehner, Ozzie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greenillusions.org"><i>Green Illusions</i></a>. London: University of Nebraska Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Green+Illusions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zehner&rft.aufirst=Ozzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenillusions.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">John Urry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/cemore/word%20docs/urry-systemofautomobility.pdf">"The 'System' of Automobility"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Lancacaster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%E2%80%98System%E2%80%99+of+Automobility&rft.pub=University+of+Lancacaster&rft.au=John+Urry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fsociology%2Fcemore%2Fword%2520docs%2Furry-systemofautomobility.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Charles Bremner (2005-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1525727,00.html">"Paris bans cars to make way for central pedestrian zone"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Paris+bans+cars+to+make+way+for+central+pedestrian+zone&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.au=Charles+Bremner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C3-1525727%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citydepot.be/pers">City depot employing a few electric trucks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912125855/http://www.citydepot.be/pers">Archived</a> September 12, 2014, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2018/04/24/doordash-and-walmart-join-forces-to-accelerate-retailers-online-grocery-delivery-offering">DoorDash and Walmart join forces</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/sainsburys/sainsburys-trials-uks-first-cargo-bike-grocery-delivery/566088.article">Sainsbury's trials UK's first cargo bike</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parkingday.org/">"Park(ing) Day 2007"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Park%28ing%29+Day+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parkingday.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113123252/http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm">"World Car Free Days Timeline: 1961-2007"</a>. ecoplan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoplan.org/carfreeday/general/origins.htm">the original</a> on 2008-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Car+Free+Days+Timeline%3A+1961-2007&rft.pub=ecoplan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecoplan.org%2Fcarfreeday%2Fgeneral%2Forigins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/03/bogota-colombia-ciclovia-bans-cars-on-roads-each-sunday/">"This city bans cars every Sunday—and people love it"</a>. <i>Environment</i>. 2019-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=This+city+bans+cars+every+Sunday%E2%80%94and+people+love+it&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2F03%2Fbogota-colombia-ciclovia-bans-cars-on-roads-each-sunday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120214829/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar">"What is In Town, Without My Car?"</a>. UK Department for Transport. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/sustainable/awareness/itwmc/whatisintownwithoutmycar">the original</a> on 2008-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+In+Town%2C+Without+My+Car%3F&rft.pub=UK+Department+for+Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dft.gov.uk%2Fpgr%2Fsustainable%2Fawareness%2Fitwmc%2Fwhatisintownwithoutmycar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821022015/http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf">"THE MARSEILLES DECLARATION - WORLD TOWN PLANNING DAY (WTPD) 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. urbanists.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanistes.com/file/download/JMUDECGB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+MARSEILLES+DECLARATION+-+WORLD+TOWN+PLANNING+DAY+%28WTPD%29+2005&rft.pub=urbanists.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanistes.com%2Ffile%2Fdownload%2FJMUDECGB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-CloseBroadway-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CloseBroadway_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Neuman, William; Barbaro, Michael (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/26/nyregion/26broadway.html?_r=1&ref=nyregion">"Mayor Plans to Close Parts of Broadway to Traffic"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mayor+Plans+to+Close+Parts+of+Broadway+to+Traffic&rft.date=2009-02&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Barbaro%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F26%2Fnyregion%2F26broadway.html%3F_r%3D1%26ref%3Dnyregion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-melia-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-melia_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melia_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melia_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melia_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm">Melia, S., Barton, H. and Parkhurst, G. (2010) Carfree, Low Car - What's the Difference? World Transport Policy & Practice 16 (2), 24-32.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112094521/http://www.ecoplan.org/wtpp/wtj_index.htm">Archived</a> 2016-01-12 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629041004/http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken/jaarboek-2008.pdf">"Statistical Yearbook 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of Groningen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemeente.groningen.nl/gemeente/de-stad-in-cijfers/statistische-jaarboeken">the original</a> on 2009-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Yearbook+2008&rft.pub=City+of+Groningen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgemeente.groningen.nl%2Fgemeente%2Fde-stad-in-cijfers%2Fstatistische-jaarboeken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACar-free+movement" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-scheurer-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scheurer_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheurer, J. (2001) Urban Ecology, Innovations in Housing Policy and the Future of Cities: Towards Sustainability in Neighbourhood CommunitiesThesis (PhD), Murdoch University Institute of Sustainable Transport.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ornetzeder, M., Hertwich, E.G., Hubacek, K., Korytarova, K. and Haas, W. (2008) The environmental effect of car-free housing: A case in Vienna. Ecological Economics 65 (3), 516-530.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li>Katie Alvord, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Divorce_your_Car!" title="Divorce your Car!">Divorce your Car!</a> Ending the Love Affair with the Automobile</i>, New Society Publishers (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86571-408-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86571-408-8">0-86571-408-8</a></li>
<li>Crawford, J. H., <i>Carfree Cities</i>, International Books (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5727-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5727-037-6">978-90-5727-037-6</a></li>
<li>Crawford, J. H., <i>Carfree Design Manual</i>, (2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5727-060-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5727-060-4">978-90-5727-060-4</a></li>
<li>Zack Furness <i>One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility</i>, Temple University Press (2010), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-613-1">978-1-59213-613-1</a></li>
<li>Elisabeth Rosenthal, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html">"In German Suburb, Life Goes on Without Car,"</a> New York Times, May 11, 2009.</li>
<li>Lynn Sloman, <i>Car Sick: Solutions for Our Car-addicted Culture</i>, Green Books (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903998-76-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903998-76-2">978-1-903998-76-2</a></li>
<li>Alex Steffen, <i>Carbon Zero: Imagining Cities That Can Save the Planet</i></li>
<li>Martin Wagner, <i>The Little Driver</i>, Pinter & Martin (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9530964-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9530964-5-9">978-0-9530964-5-9</a></li></ul>
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<p><br />
</p>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Simple_living&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DIY_ethic" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_gardening" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regift" title="Regift">Regift</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aparigraha" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Car-free</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Movement_for_Compassionate_Living" title="Movement for Compassionate Living">Compassionate living</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house movement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nick_Rosen" title="Nick Rosen">Nick Rosen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_balance" title="Work–life balance">Work–life balance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Urban_planning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Urban_Planning" title="Template:Urban Planning"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Urban_Planning" title="Template talk:Urban Planning"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Urban_Planning&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Urban_planning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">Suburb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planning_and_zoning_commission" title="Planning and zoning commission">Planning and zoning commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Urbanism_Day" title="World Urbanism Day">World Urbanism Day</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />branches</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">Comprehensive planning</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">Spatial planning</a> (Eur)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_development" title="Conservation development">Conservation development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Preservation_development" title="Preservation development">Preservation development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Rural housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Village_design_statement" title="Village design statement">Village design statement</a> (UK)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">Regional planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_Planning_Association_of_America" title="Regional Planning Association of America">Regional Planning Association of America</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recreation_resource_planning" title="Recreation resource planning">Recreation resource planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transportation_forecasting" title="Transportation forecasting">Transportation forecasting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trip_distribution" title="Trip distribution">Trip distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rational_planning_model" title="Rational planning model">Rational planning model</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_transportation_planner" title="Professional transportation planner">Professional transportation planner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_freight_distribution" title="Urban freight distribution">Urban freight distribution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_economic_development" title="Community economic development">Community economic development</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/ <br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athens_Charter" title="Athens Charter">Athens Charter</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Car-free movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement" title="City Beautiful movement">City Beautiful movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dark-sky_movement" title="Dark-sky movement">Dark-sky movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden city movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_planning" title="Indigenous planning">Indigenous planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transition_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition towns">Transition towns</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collaborative_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative planning">Collaborative planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Context_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Context theory">Context theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekistics" title="Ekistics">Ekistics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Intelligent urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livable_streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable streets">Livable streets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Market_urbanism" title="Market urbanism">Market urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radical_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical planning">Radical planning</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_acupuncture" title="Urban acupuncture">Urban acupuncture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Cities_by_type" title="Category:Cities by type">Cities by type</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monotown" title="Monotown">Monotown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Model_village" title="Model village">Model village</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planned_community" title="Planned community">Planned community</a> (New town)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">Affordable housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">Cityscape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cluster_development" title="Cluster development">Cluster development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Complete_Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Communities">Complete Communities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creative_city" title="Creative city">Creative city</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> (US)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">Gentrification</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brusselization" title="Brusselization">Brusselization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthy_city" title="Healthy city">Healthy cities</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Healthy community design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LEED-ND" class="mw-redirect" title="LEED-ND">LEED-ND</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Model_Cities_Program" title="Model Cities Program">Model cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Placemaking" title="Placemaking">Placemaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planning_gain" title="Planning gain">Planning gain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planning_Permission" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning Permission">Planning Permission</a> (U.K.)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_fringe" title="Rural–urban fringe">Rural–urban fringe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temporary_use" title="Temporary use">Temporary use</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_place" title="Third place">Third place</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">Tract housing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transferable_development_rights" title="Transferable development rights">Transferable development rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_growth_boundary" title="Urban growth boundary">Urban growth boundary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peri-urbanisation" title="Peri-urbanisation">Peri-urbanisation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verticalization" title="Verticalization">Verticalization</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-rise" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise">High-rise urbanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Theorists/<br />practitioners</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Duany" title="Andrés Duany">Andrés Duany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_Perry" title="Clarence Perry">Clarence Perry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_Stein" title="Clarence Stein">Clarence Stein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colin_Buchanan_(town_planner)" title="Colin Buchanan (town planner)">Colin Buchanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Burnham" title="Daniel Burnham">Daniel Burnham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Bacon_(architect)" title="Edmund Bacon (architect)">Edmund Bacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guy_Benveniste" title="Guy Benveniste">Guy Benveniste</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Rouse" title="James Rouse">James Rouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Konstantinos_Apostolos_Doxiadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis">Konstantinos Doxiadis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_A._Lynch" title="Kevin A. Lynch">Kevin A. Lynch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Calthorpe" title="Peter Calthorpe">Peter Calthorpe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(architect)" title="Thomas Adams (architect)">Thomas Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li></ul>
<ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_Farrelly" title="Elizabeth Farrelly">Elizabeth Farrelly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randal_O%27Toole" title="Randal O'Toole">Randal O'Toole</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marine_spatial_planning" title="Marine spatial planning">Marine spatial planning </a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" title="Category:Urban planning">Category</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_urban_planning_articles" title="Index of urban planning articles">Index of urban planning articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_planned_cities" title="List of planned cities">List of planned cities</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_planning_journals" title="List of planning journals">List of planning journals</a></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Urban_planning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Urban planning"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1584985059 |
