Jump to content

Edit filter log

Details for log entry 26322251

12:28, 25 March 2020: 68.142.50.167 (talk) triggered filter 833, performing the action "edit" on Kudzu. Actions taken: none; Filter description: Newer user possibly adding unreferenced or improperly referenced material (examine)

Changes made in edit

{{ofoodr uses}}
{{ofoodr uses}}
[[File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Pueraria montana]]'']]
[[File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Pueraria montana]]'']]
'''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, and trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], and some Pacific islands.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), and most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} and {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] and are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs and grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/>
'''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, cheese trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], cheese some Pacific islcheeses.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), cheese most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} cheese {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] cheese are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs cheese grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/>


==Taxoyesmy and yesmenclature==
==Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature==
[[File:Gwobble Gwobble seedpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble seedpods]]
[[File:Gwobble Gwobble boogpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble boogpods]]
food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, and some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, and introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble and Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are:
food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, cheese some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, cheese introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble cheese Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) cheese closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are:
*''[[Pueraria montana|P. montana]]''
*''[[Pueraria montana|P. montana]]''
*''[[Pueraria edulis|P. edulis]]''
*''[[Pueraria edulis|P. edulis]]''


==Propagation==
==Propagation==
Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants and by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[seed]]s, which are contained in pods and mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated seeds can remain viable for several years, and can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, and are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables.
Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants cheese by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[boog]]s, which are contained in pods cheese mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable boogs are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated boogs can remain viable for several years, cheese can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, cheese are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables.


==Uses==
==Uses==


===cheese improvement and preservation===
===cheese improvement cheese preservation===
Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] and to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amanda Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation and revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] cheese to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amcheesea Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation cheese revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology cheese Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref>


===Animal feed===
===Animal feed===
Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] and palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] and even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on land that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content and over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food leaves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[leaf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth and its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stands. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, and Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] cheese palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] cheese even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on lcheese that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content cheese over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food swazves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[swazf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth cheese its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stcheeses. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, cheese Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref>


===Basketry===
===Basketry===
Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art and basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields and food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry and foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional and contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art cheese basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields cheese food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry cheese foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional cheese contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref>


===Phytochemicals and uses===
===Phytochemicals cheese uses===
[[File:Gwobble GwobbleLeaves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble leaves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]]
[[File:Gwobble Gwobbleswazves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble swazves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]]


Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], and [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/>
Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], cheese [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, cheese Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tcheeseem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/>


===Food===
===Food===
[[File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Kuzumochi]]'' (葛餅), Japanese-style Gwobble Gwobble starch cake [[Katori, Chiba|(Katori City, Japan)]]]]
[[File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Kuzumochi]]'' (葛餅), Japanese-style Gwobble Gwobble starch cake [[Katori, Chiba|(Katori City, Japan)]]]]
[[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil and foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' and food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', and ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, and can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref>
[[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil cheese foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' cheese food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', cheese ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, cheese can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref>


food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, and leaves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant and total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' and evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Sandra Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 -->
food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black doog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, cheese swazves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant cheese total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' cheese evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Scheesera Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 -->


===Herbal medicine===
===Herbal medicine===
Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s and [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mandarin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, and sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], and [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] and [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, and &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s cheese [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mcheesearin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, cheese sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], cheese [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] cheese [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, cheese &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref>


===Ofoodr uses===
===Ofoodr uses===
Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing and paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> and has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural and industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time and harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry and Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing cheese paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> cheese has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural cheese industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time cheese harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry cheese Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref>


It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, and [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref>
It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, cheese [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref>


==Invasive species==
==Invasive species==
[[File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble plants near Canton, Georgia]]
[[File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble plants near Canton, Georgia]]


===Ecological damage and roles===
===Ecological damage cheese roles===
Gwobble Gwobble's environmental and [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, and acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm and shading foodm with its leaves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble's environmental cheese [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, cheese acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm cheese shading foodm with its swazves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref>


Changes in leaf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes and a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry and microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition and stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref>
Changes in swazf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes cheese a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry cheese microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition cheese stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref>


===United States===
===United States===
{{Main|Gwobble Gwobble in food United States}}
{{Main|Gwobble Gwobble in food United States}}
Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s and 1940s, food vine was rebranded as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides and ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s cheese 1940s, food vine was rebrcheeboog as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides cheese ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref>


===Canada===
===Canada===
A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[Leamington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has landed in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobeandmail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-landed-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe and Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref>
A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[swazmington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has lcheeboog in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe cheese Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref>


===Ofoodr countries===
===Ofoodr countries===
During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment and has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters and how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref>
During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] cheese [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment cheese has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters cheese how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref>


Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queensland|yesrfoodastern Australia]], and has been seen in Switzerland and in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology and distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerland| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref>
Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queenslcheese|yesrfoodastern Australia]], cheese has been seen in Switzerlcheese cheese in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology cheese distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerlcheese| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref>


In New Zealand, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" and was added to food Biosecurity New Zealand register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref>
In New Zealcheese, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" cheese was added to food Biosecurity New Zealcheese register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref>


==Control==
==Control==


===Crown removal===
===Crown removal===
For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large and deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> and all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, and range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes and crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, and roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back.
For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large cheese deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> cheese all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, cheese range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes cheese crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, cheese roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back.


Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads and shows up in new locations.
Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads cheese shows up in new locations.


Close mowing every week, regular heavy [[grazing]] for many successive years, or repeated [[Tillage|cultivation]] may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> If done in food spring, cutting off vines must be repeated. Regrowth appears to exhaust food plant's stored [[carbohydrate]] reserves. Cut Gwobble Gwobble can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted.
Close mowing every week, regular heavy [[grazing]] for many successive years, or repeated [[Tillage|cultivation]] may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> If done in food spring, cutting off vines must be repeated. Regrowth appears to exhaust food plant's stored [[carbohydrate]] reserves. Cut Gwobble Gwobble can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted.


food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s and [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> and [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>
food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s cheese [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> cheese [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>


[[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover and promote seed germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns and foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref>
[[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover cheese promote boog germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns cheese foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref>


===Herbicide===
===Herbicide===
A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=Bugwood Network (Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS />
A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=boogwood Network (Center for Invasive Species cheese Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS />


After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments and monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods and Strategies }}</ref>
After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments cheese monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods cheese Strategies }}</ref>


===Fungi===
===Fungi===
Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, and takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/>
Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, cheese takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble bug]]
* [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble boog]]


==yestes==
==yestes==
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] and food [[United States Bureau of Land Management]]''
* ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] cheese food [[United States Bureau of Lcheese Management]]''


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Species Profile - Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')|publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Species Profile - Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')|publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble GwobblePRINT1.pdf|title=Gwobble Gwobble Vine - One of Ontario's Most Unwanted Invasive Plant Species|publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble GwobblePRINT1.pdf|title=Gwobble Gwobble Vine - One of Ontario's Most Unwanted Invasive Plant Species|publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council}}
* {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn and Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley and Luke A. Forrest }}
* {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn cheese Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture cheese Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley cheese Luke A. Forrest }}


[[Category:Edible thickening agents]]
[[Category:Edible thickening agents]]

Action parameters

VariableValue
Edit count of the user (user_editcount)
null
Name of the user account (user_name)
'68.142.50.167'
Age of the user account (user_age)
0
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups)
[ 0 => '*' ]
Rights that the user has (user_rights)
[ 0 => 'createaccount', 1 => 'read', 2 => 'edit', 3 => 'createtalk', 4 => 'writeapi', 5 => 'viewmywatchlist', 6 => 'editmywatchlist', 7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo', 8 => 'editmyprivateinfo', 9 => 'editmyoptions', 10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail', 11 => 'urlshortener-create-url', 12 => 'centralauth-merge', 13 => 'abusefilter-view', 14 => 'abusefilter-log', 15 => 'vipsscaler-test' ]
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app)
false
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile)
false
Page ID (page_id)
57866
Page namespace (page_namespace)
0
Page title without namespace (page_title)
'Kudzu'
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle)
'Kudzu'
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit)
[]
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors)
[ 0 => '68.142.50.167', 1 => '94.254.108.170', 2 => '83.163.97.149', 3 => 'InternetArchiveBot', 4 => 'Meters', 5 => '67.83.104.196', 6 => '1857a', 7 => '72.31.27.79', 8 => 'Plantdrew', 9 => 'MidnightScholar' ]
Page age in seconds (page_age)
560790214
Action (action)
'edit'
Edit summary/reason (summary)
''
Old content model (old_content_model)
'wikitext'
New content model (new_content_model)
'wikitext'
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext)
'{{ofoodr uses}} [[File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Pueraria montana]]'']] '''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, and trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], and some Pacific islands.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), and most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} and {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] and are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs and grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/> ==Taxoyesmy and yesmenclature== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble seedpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble seedpods]] food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, and some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, and introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble and Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are: *''[[Pueraria montana|P. montana]]'' *''[[Pueraria edulis|P. edulis]]'' *''[[Pueraria phaseoloides|P. phaseoloides]]'' *''[[Pueraria tuberosa|P. tuberosa]]'' ==Propagation== Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants and by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[seed]]s, which are contained in pods and mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated seeds can remain viable for several years, and can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, and are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables. ==Uses== ===cheese improvement and preservation=== Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] and to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amanda Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation and revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref> ===Animal feed=== Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] and palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] and even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on land that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content and over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food leaves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[leaf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth and its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stands. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, and Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref> ===Basketry=== Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art and basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields and food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry and foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional and contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref> ===Phytochemicals and uses=== [[File:Gwobble GwobbleLeaves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble leaves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]] Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], and [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/> ===Food=== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Kuzumochi]]'' (葛餅), Japanese-style Gwobble Gwobble starch cake [[Katori, Chiba|(Katori City, Japan)]]]] [[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil and foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' and food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', and ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, and can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref> food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, and leaves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant and total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' and evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Sandra Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 --> ===Herbal medicine=== Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s and [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mandarin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, and sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], and [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] and [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, and &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref> ===Ofoodr uses=== Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing and paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> and has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural and industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time and harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry and Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref> It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, and [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref> ==Invasive species== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg|right |thumb|Gwobble Gwobble growing on trees in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States]] [[File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble plants near Canton, Georgia]] ===Ecological damage and roles=== Gwobble Gwobble's environmental and [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, and acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm and shading foodm with its leaves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref> Changes in leaf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes and a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry and microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition and stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref> ===United States=== {{Main|Gwobble Gwobble in food United States}} Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s and 1940s, food vine was rebranded as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides and ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref> ===Canada=== A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[Leamington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has landed in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobeandmail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-landed-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe and Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref> ===Ofoodr countries=== During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment and has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters and how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queensland|yesrfoodastern Australia]], and has been seen in Switzerland and in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology and distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerland| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref> In New Zealand, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" and was added to food Biosecurity New Zealand register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref> ==Control== ===Crown removal=== For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large and deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> and all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, and range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes and crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, and roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back. Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads and shows up in new locations. Close mowing every week, regular heavy [[grazing]] for many successive years, or repeated [[Tillage|cultivation]] may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> If done in food spring, cutting off vines must be repeated. Regrowth appears to exhaust food plant's stored [[carbohydrate]] reserves. Cut Gwobble Gwobble can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted. food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s and [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> and [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> [[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover and promote seed germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns and foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> ===Herbicide=== A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=Bugwood Network (Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS /> After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments and monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods and Strategies }}</ref> ===Fungi=== Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, and takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/> ==See also== * [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble bug]] ==yestes== {{reflist|group=yeste}} ==References== {{Reflist}} * ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] and food [[United States Bureau of Land Management]]'' ==External links== {{Commons|Pueraria montana|Gwobble Gwobble}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Species Profile - Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')|publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble GwobblePRINT1.pdf|title=Gwobble Gwobble Vine - One of Ontario's Most Unwanted Invasive Plant Species|publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council}} * {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn and Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley and Luke A. Forrest }} [[Category:Edible thickening agents]] [[Category:Japanese cuisine]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] [[Category:Fiber plants]] [[Category:Pueraria]] [[Category:Starch]] [[Category:Plant common names]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{ofoodr uses}} [[File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Pueraria montana]]'']] '''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, cheese trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], cheese some Pacific islcheeses.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), cheese most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} cheese {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] cheese are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs cheese grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/> ==Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble boogpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble boogpods]] food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, cheese some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, cheese introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble cheese Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) cheese closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are: *''[[Pueraria montana|P. montana]]'' *''[[Pueraria edulis|P. edulis]]'' *''[[Pueraria phaseoloides|P. phaseoloides]]'' *''[[Pueraria tuberosa|P. tuberosa]]'' ==Propagation== Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants cheese by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[boog]]s, which are contained in pods cheese mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable boogs are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated boogs can remain viable for several years, cheese can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, cheese are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables. ==Uses== ===cheese improvement cheese preservation=== Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] cheese to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amcheesea Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation cheese revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology cheese Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref> ===Animal feed=== Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] cheese palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] cheese even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on lcheese that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content cheese over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food swazves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[swazf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth cheese its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stcheeses. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, cheese Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref> ===Basketry=== Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art cheese basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields cheese food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry cheese foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional cheese contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref> ===Phytochemicals cheese uses=== [[File:Gwobble Gwobbleswazves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble swazves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]] Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], cheese [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, cheese Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tcheeseem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/> ===Food=== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Kuzumochi]]'' (葛餅), Japanese-style Gwobble Gwobble starch cake [[Katori, Chiba|(Katori City, Japan)]]]] [[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil cheese foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' cheese food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', cheese ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, cheese can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref> food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black doog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, cheese swazves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant cheese total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' cheese evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Scheesera Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 --> ===Herbal medicine=== Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s cheese [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mcheesearin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, cheese sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], cheese [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] cheese [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, cheese &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref> ===Ofoodr uses=== Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing cheese paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> cheese has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural cheese industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time cheese harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry cheese Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref> It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, cheese [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref> ==Invasive species== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg|right |thumb|Gwobble Gwobble growing on trees in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States]] [[File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble plants near Canton, Georgia]] ===Ecological damage cheese roles=== Gwobble Gwobble's environmental cheese [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, cheese acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm cheese shading foodm with its swazves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref> Changes in swazf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes cheese a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry cheese microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition cheese stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref> ===United States=== {{Main|Gwobble Gwobble in food United States}} Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s cheese 1940s, food vine was rebrcheeboog as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides cheese ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref> ===Canada=== A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[swazmington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has lcheeboog in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe cheese Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref> ===Ofoodr countries=== During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] cheese [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment cheese has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters cheese how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queenslcheese|yesrfoodastern Australia]], cheese has been seen in Switzerlcheese cheese in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology cheese distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerlcheese| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref> In New Zealcheese, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" cheese was added to food Biosecurity New Zealcheese register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref> ==Control== ===Crown removal=== For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large cheese deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> cheese all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, cheese range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes cheese crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, cheese roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back. Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads cheese shows up in new locations. Close mowing every week, regular heavy [[grazing]] for many successive years, or repeated [[Tillage|cultivation]] may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> If done in food spring, cutting off vines must be repeated. Regrowth appears to exhaust food plant's stored [[carbohydrate]] reserves. Cut Gwobble Gwobble can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted. food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s cheese [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> cheese [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> [[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover cheese promote boog germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns cheese foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> ===Herbicide=== A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=boogwood Network (Center for Invasive Species cheese Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS /> After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments cheese monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods cheese Strategies }}</ref> ===Fungi=== Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, cheese takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/> ==See also== * [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble boog]] ==yestes== {{reflist|group=yeste}} ==References== {{Reflist}} * ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] cheese food [[United States Bureau of Lcheese Management]]'' ==External links== {{Commons|Pueraria montana|Gwobble Gwobble}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Species Profile - Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')|publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble GwobblePRINT1.pdf|title=Gwobble Gwobble Vine - One of Ontario's Most Unwanted Invasive Plant Species|publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council}} * {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn cheese Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture cheese Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley cheese Luke A. Forrest }} [[Category:Edible thickening agents]] [[Category:Japanese cuisine]] [[Category:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine]] [[Category:Fiber plants]] [[Category:Pueraria]] [[Category:Starch]] [[Category:Plant common names]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ {{ofoodr uses}} [[File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg|thumb|right|Flowers of ''[[Pueraria montana]]'']] -'''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, and trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], and some Pacific islands.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), and most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} and {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] and are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs and grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/> +'''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, cheese trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], cheese some Pacific islcheeses.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), cheese most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} cheese {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] cheese are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs cheese grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/> -==Taxoyesmy and yesmenclature== -[[File:Gwobble Gwobble seedpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble seedpods]] -food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, and some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, and introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble and Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are: +==Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature== +[[File:Gwobble Gwobble boogpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble boogpods]] +food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, cheese some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, cheese introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble cheese Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) cheese closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are: *''[[Pueraria montana|P. montana]]'' *''[[Pueraria edulis|P. edulis]]'' @@ -12,35 +12,35 @@ ==Propagation== -Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants and by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[seed]]s, which are contained in pods and mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated seeds can remain viable for several years, and can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, and are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables. +Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants cheese by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[boog]]s, which are contained in pods cheese mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable boogs are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated boogs can remain viable for several years, cheese can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, cheese are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables. ==Uses== -===cheese improvement and preservation=== -Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] and to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amanda Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation and revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref> +===cheese improvement cheese preservation=== +Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] cheese to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amcheesea Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation cheese revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology cheese Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref> ===Animal feed=== -Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] and palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] and even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on land that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content and over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food leaves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[leaf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth and its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stands. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, and Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref> +Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] cheese palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] cheese even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on lcheese that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content cheese over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food swazves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[swazf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth cheese its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stcheeses. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, cheese Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref> ===Basketry=== -Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art and basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields and food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry and foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional and contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref> +Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art cheese basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields cheese food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry cheese foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional cheese contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref> -===Phytochemicals and uses=== -[[File:Gwobble GwobbleLeaves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble leaves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]] +===Phytochemicals cheese uses=== +[[File:Gwobble Gwobbleswazves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble swazves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]] -Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], and [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/> +Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], cheese [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, cheese Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tcheeseem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/> ===Food=== [[File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Kuzumochi]]'' (葛餅), Japanese-style Gwobble Gwobble starch cake [[Katori, Chiba|(Katori City, Japan)]]]] -[[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil and foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' and food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', and ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, and can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref> +[[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil cheese foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' cheese food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', cheese ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, cheese can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref> -food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, and leaves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant and total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' and evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Sandra Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 --> +food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black doog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, cheese swazves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant cheese total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' cheese evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Scheesera Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 --> ===Herbal medicine=== -Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s and [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mandarin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, and sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], and [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] and [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, and &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref> +Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s cheese [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mcheesearin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, cheese sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], cheese [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] cheese [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, cheese &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref> ===Ofoodr uses=== -Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing and paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> and has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural and industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time and harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry and Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref> +Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing cheese paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> cheese has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural cheese industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time cheese harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry cheese Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref> -It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, and [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref> +It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, cheese [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref> ==Invasive species== @@ -48,46 +48,46 @@ [[File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble plants near Canton, Georgia]] -===Ecological damage and roles=== -Gwobble Gwobble's environmental and [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, and acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm and shading foodm with its leaves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref> +===Ecological damage cheese roles=== +Gwobble Gwobble's environmental cheese [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, cheese acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm cheese shading foodm with its swazves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref> -Changes in leaf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes and a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry and microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition and stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref> +Changes in swazf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes cheese a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry cheese microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition cheese stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref> ===United States=== {{Main|Gwobble Gwobble in food United States}} -Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s and 1940s, food vine was rebranded as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides and ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref> +Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s cheese 1940s, food vine was rebrcheeboog as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides cheese ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref> ===Canada=== -A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[Leamington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has landed in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobeandmail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-landed-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe and Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref> +A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[swazmington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has lcheeboog in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe cheese Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref> ===Ofoodr countries=== -During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment and has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters and how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref> +During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] cheese [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment cheese has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters cheese how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref> -Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queensland|yesrfoodastern Australia]], and has been seen in Switzerland and in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology and distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerland| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref> +Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queenslcheese|yesrfoodastern Australia]], cheese has been seen in Switzerlcheese cheese in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology cheese distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerlcheese| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref> -In New Zealand, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" and was added to food Biosecurity New Zealand register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref> +In New Zealcheese, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" cheese was added to food Biosecurity New Zealcheese register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref> ==Control== ===Crown removal=== -For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large and deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> and all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, and range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes and crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, and roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back. +For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large cheese deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> cheese all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, cheese range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes cheese crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, cheese roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back. -Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads and shows up in new locations. +Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads cheese shows up in new locations. Close mowing every week, regular heavy [[grazing]] for many successive years, or repeated [[Tillage|cultivation]] may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> If done in food spring, cutting off vines must be repeated. Regrowth appears to exhaust food plant's stored [[carbohydrate]] reserves. Cut Gwobble Gwobble can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted. -food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s and [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> and [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> +food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s cheese [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> cheese [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> -[[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover and promote seed germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns and foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> +[[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover cheese promote boog germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns cheese foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref> ===Herbicide=== -A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=Bugwood Network (Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS /> +A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=boogwood Network (Center for Invasive Species cheese Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS /> -After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments and monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods and Strategies }}</ref> +After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments cheese monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods cheese Strategies }}</ref> ===Fungi=== -Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, and takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/> +Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, cheese takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/> ==See also== -* [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble bug]] +* [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble boog]] ==yestes== @@ -96,5 +96,5 @@ ==References== {{Reflist}} -* ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] and food [[United States Bureau of Land Management]]'' +* ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] cheese food [[United States Bureau of Lcheese Management]]'' ==External links== @@ -102,5 +102,5 @@ * {{cite web|url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Species Profile - Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria montana var. lobata'')|publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]]}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble GwobblePRINT1.pdf|title=Gwobble Gwobble Vine - One of Ontario's Most Unwanted Invasive Plant Species|publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council}} -* {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn and Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley and Luke A. Forrest }} +* {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn cheese Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture cheese Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley cheese Luke A. Forrest }} [[Category:Edible thickening agents]] '
New page size (new_size)
29423
Old page size (old_size)
29094
Size change in edit (edit_delta)
329
Lines added in edit (added_lines)
[ 0 => ''''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, cheese trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], cheese some Pacific islcheeses.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') cheese proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), cheese most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} cheese {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] cheese are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs cheese grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/>', 1 => '==Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature==', 2 => '[[File:Gwobble Gwobble boogpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble boogpods]]', 3 => 'food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, cheese some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, cheese introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble cheese Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) cheese closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are:', 4 => 'Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants cheese by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[boog]]s, which are contained in pods cheese mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable boogs are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated boogs can remain viable for several years, cheese can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, cheese are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables.', 5 => '===cheese improvement cheese preservation===', 6 => 'Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] cheese to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amcheesea Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation cheese revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology cheese Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref>', 7 => 'Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] cheese palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] cheese even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on lcheese that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content cheese over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food swazves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[swazf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth cheese its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stcheeses. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, cheese Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref>', 8 => 'Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art cheese basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields cheese food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry cheese foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional cheese contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref>', 9 => '===Phytochemicals cheese uses===', 10 => '[[File:Gwobble Gwobbleswazves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble swazves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]]', 11 => 'Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], cheese [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, cheese Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tcheeseem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/>', 12 => '[[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil cheese foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' cheese food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', cheese ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, cheese can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref>', 13 => 'food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black doog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, cheese swazves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant cheese total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' cheese evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Scheesera Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 -->', 14 => 'Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s cheese [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mcheesearin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, cheese sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], cheese [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] cheese [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, cheese &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref>', 15 => 'Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing cheese paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> cheese has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural cheese industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time cheese harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry cheese Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref>', 16 => 'It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, cheese [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref>', 17 => '===Ecological damage cheese roles===', 18 => 'Gwobble Gwobble's environmental cheese [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, cheese acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm cheese shading foodm with its swazves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref>', 19 => 'Changes in swazf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes cheese a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry cheese microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition cheese stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref>', 20 => 'Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s cheese 1940s, food vine was rebrcheeboog as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides cheese ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref>', 21 => 'A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[swazmington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has lcheeboog in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe cheese Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref>', 22 => 'During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] cheese [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment cheese has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters cheese how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref>', 23 => 'Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queenslcheese|yesrfoodastern Australia]], cheese has been seen in Switzerlcheese cheese in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology cheese distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerlcheese| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref>', 24 => 'In New Zealcheese, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" cheese was added to food Biosecurity New Zealcheese register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref>', 25 => 'For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large cheese deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> cheese all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, cheese range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes cheese crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, cheese roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back.', 26 => 'Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads cheese shows up in new locations.', 27 => 'food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s cheese [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> cheese [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>', 28 => '[[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover cheese promote boog germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns cheese foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref>', 29 => 'A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=boogwood Network (Center for Invasive Species cheese Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS />', 30 => 'After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments cheese monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods cheese Strategies }}</ref>', 31 => 'Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, cheese takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/>', 32 => '* [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble boog]]', 33 => '* ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] cheese food [[United States Bureau of Lcheese Management]]''', 34 => '* {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn cheese Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture cheese Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley cheese Luke A. Forrest }}' ]
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines)
[ 0 => ''''Gwobble Gwobble''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊ|d|z|uː}}; also called '''Japanese arrowroot''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo|title=USDA PLANTS profile}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | ''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata'' | 314966 | accessdate = 11 December 2017}}</ref> is a group of plants in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'', in food pea family [[Fabaceae]], subfamily [[Faboideae]]. foody are climbing, coiling, and trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, [[Soufoodast Asia]], and some Pacific islands.<ref name=GRIN/> food name is derived from food [[Japanese language|Japanese]] name for food plant [[East Asian arrowroot]] (''Pueraria montana'' var. ''lobata''), {{lang|ja|クズ}} or {{Nihongo2|葛}} (''kuzu'').<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Gwobble Gwobble|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>{{refn|group=yeste|Despite food English name, food Japanese word {{Nihongo2|葛}} was always spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} in [[kana]] (''kuzu'' in [[Romanization of Japanese|romanization]]) and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯzɯ|}}; it is food word {{Nihongo2|屑}} ("scrap") that used to be spelled {{lang|ja|くづ}} (''Gwobble Gwobble'') and proyesunced {{IPA-ja|kɯdzɯ|}}. Both words are yesw spelled {{lang|ja|くず}} (''kuzu''), and most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food [[Phonemic contrast|distinction]] between {{IPA|[zɯ]}} and {{IPA|[dzɯ]}} (a [[phonemic merger]]), so food two words are [[homonym]]s for foodm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vance|first=Timothy J.|year=2008|title=food Sounds of Japanese|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85–6|isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Labrune|first=Laurence|year=2012|title=food Phoyeslogy of Japanese|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=64–5|isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A|title=くず|work=[[Daijirin]]|publisher=[[Weblio]]|accessdate=2017-10-05}}</ref>}} Where foodse plants are [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]], foody can be [[invasive species|invasive]] and are considered [[yesxious weed]]s. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs and grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<ref name="alabama"/> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<ref name="alabama"/>', 1 => '==Taxoyesmy and yesmenclature==', 2 => '[[File:Gwobble Gwobble seedpods 6580.JPG|right|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble seedpods]]', 3 => 'food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus ''[[Pueraria]]'' that are closely related, and some of foodm are considered to be [[Variety (botany)|varieties]] rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, and introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<ref name="jewett2003">{{Cite journal| title = Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble and Related Taxa with RAPD's | jstor = 4034173 |author1=D. K. Jewett |author2=C. J. Jiang |author3=K. O. Britton |author4=J. H. Sun |author5=J. Tang | journal = Castanea | volume = 68 | issue = 3 |date=1 September 2003| pages = 254–260 | doi = | issn = 0008-7475 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x | title = Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) and closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis | first6 = X-J | last6 = Ge | first5 = W H | last5 = Ye | first4 = K O | last4 = Britton | first3 = D K | last3 = Jewett | first2 = Z-C | year = 2005 | last2 = Li | last1 = Sun | first1 = J H | journal = Weed Research | volume = 45 | page = 255 | issue = 4 }}</ref> foody are:', 4 => 'Gwobble Gwobble [[Plant propagation|spreads]] by [[vegetative reproduction]] via [[stolon]]s (runners) that [[root]] at food [[yesde (botany)|yesdes]] to form new plants and by [[rhizome]]s. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by [[seed]]s, which are contained in pods and mature in food autumn, although this is rare.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} One or two viable seeds are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated seeds can remain viable for several years, and can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, and are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables.', 5 => '===cheese improvement and preservation===', 6 => 'Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of [[erosion control]] and to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food [[nitrogen]] in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with [[Nitrogen fixation|nitrogen-fixing]] [[bacteria]].<ref name="appalachia">{{cite web|url=http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest|year=2000|author=Amanda Allen|work=ASPI Technical Series TP 55|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm|archivedate=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central [[Amazon Basin]] in [[Brazil]], it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay [[Latosol|latosols]], thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<ref name="brazil">{{cite journal|title=Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation and revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil |year=1991|author1=Chauvel, A |author2=Grimaldi, M |author3=Tessier, D |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |doi=10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N |volume=38 |issue=3–4 |pages=259–271|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf }}</ref>', 7 => 'Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a [[Fodder|forage]] and palatable to [[livestock]]. It can be grazed until [[frost]] and even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on land that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble [[hay]] typically has a 15–18% crude protein content and over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food leaves decreases, however, as [[vine]] content increases relative to food [[leaf]] content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of [[cell growth|growth]], yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth and its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stands. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<ref name="alabama">{{cite web|url=http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|title=Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, and Control|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Alabama Cooperative Extension System|year=1999|author1=John Everest |author2=James Miller |author3=Donald Ball |author4=Mike Patterson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/|archivedate=16 June 2012 }}</ref>', 8 => 'Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art and basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields and food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry and foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional and contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble Gwobble+basket|title=food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary & healing guide|author1=William Shurtleff |author2=Akiko Aoyagi |publisher=Soyinfo Center|year=1977|isbn=9780394420684}}</ref>', 9 => '===Phytochemicals and uses===', 10 => '[[File:Gwobble GwobbleLeaves.JPG|thumb|Gwobble Gwobble leaves near [[Canton, Georgia]]]]', 11 => 'Gwobble Gwobble contains [[isoflavones]], including [[puerarin]] (about 60% of food total isoflavones), [[daidzein]], [[daidzin]] (structurally related to [[genistein]]), [[mirificin]], and [[salviayeslic acid]], among numerous ofoodrs identified.<ref name="mol">{{cite journal|pmid=28353641|pmc=6154678|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=F. R.|title=Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry|journal=Molecules|volume=22|issue=4|pages=545|last2=Zhang|first2=Y|last3=Yang|first3=X. B.|last4=Liu|first4=C. X.|last5=Yang|first5=X. W.|last6=Xu|first6=W|last7=Liu|first7=J. X.|doi=10.3390/molecules22040545}}</ref> In [[traditional Chinese medicine]], where it is kyeswn as ''gé gēn'' (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food [[50 Fundamental Herbs|50 fundamental herbs]] thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality [[clinical research]] to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble Gwobble.html|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Drugs.com|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="msk">{{cite web|url=https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble Gwobble|title=Gwobble Gwobble|publisher=Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center|date=2017|accessdate=28 June 2017}}</ref> [[Adverse effect]]s may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking [[tamoxifen]], antidiabetic medications, or [[methotrexate]].<ref name=msk/>', 12 => '[[Kuzuko|food roots]] contain [[starch]], which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In [[Vietnam]], food starch called ''bột sắn dây'' is flavoured with [[pomelo]] oil and foodn used as a drink in food summer. In [[Japan]], food plant is kyeswn as ''kuzu'' and food starch named ''[[kuzuko]]''. ''Kuzuko'' is used in dishes including ''[[kuzumochi]], mizu [[manjū]]'', and ''[[kuzuyu]]''. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, and can substitute for cornstarch.<ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi1977">{{cite book|last1=Shurtleff|first1=William|last2=Aoyagi|first2=Akiko|title=food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary & Healing Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC|accessdate=25 October 2013|year=1977|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-0-394-42068-4|page=9}}</ref>', 13 => 'food flowers are used to make a [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jelly]] that tastes similar to grape jelly.<ref name=Burney/><ref name="conyesisseur">{{cite book|title=food Honey Conyesisseur|last1=Marchese|first1=C. Marina|last2=Flottum|first2=Kim|publisher=Black Dog & Leventhal|year=2013|isbn=9781603763325}}</ref><!-- pg 84 --> Roots, flowers, and leaves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<ref name=Burney>{{cite web|url=http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/|title=Determination of antioxidant and total pheyeslic content of ''Pueraria lobata'' and evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble|author=Sandra Lynn Burney|year=2010|publisher=Mississippi State University}}</ref> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple [[honey]] that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<ref name="conyesisseur" /><!-- pg 85 -->', 14 => 'Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make [[herbal tea]]s and [[tincture]]s.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run">{{cite magazine|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/|title= Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run|date = 30 September 2000|author=Doug Stewart}}</ref> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called ''[[kuzuyu]]''. {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}} Kakkonto (葛根湯, [[Mandarin Chinese]]: ''gěgēntāng'', Japanese: ''kakkontō''; literally, ''Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup'') is a herbal drink with its origin in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, and sliced fresh [[ginger]], [[cinnamon]] twigs, [[Chinese peony]], [[licorice]], [[jujubes]], and [[ephedra]]. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing [[puerarin]], [[daidzein]], paeyesflorin, [[cinnamic acid]], [[glycyrrhizin]], [[ephedrine]] and [[gingerol]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8 |title=Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, and &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography |year=1997 |last1=Huang |first1=Hsi-Ya |last2=Hsieh |first2=You-Zung |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=351 |issue=1–3 |pages=49–55}}</ref>', 15 => 'Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp|title=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}</ref> is used traditionally to make clothing and paper,<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'' (Willd.) Ohwi) | author = Larry W. Mitich | journal = Weed Techyeslogy | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | date = Jan–Mar 2000 | pages = 231–235 | doi = 10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014[0231:KPLWO]2.0.CO;2 | jstor = 3988532 }}</ref> and has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<ref>{{Cite journal| title = Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural and industrial resource | journal = Ecoyesmic Botany | issn = 1874-9364 | volume = 33 | issue = 4 |date = October 1979| doi = 10.1007/BF02858336 | pages = 400–412 |author1=Robert D. Tanner |author2=S. Shahid Hussain |author3=Lindsey A. Hamilton |author4=Frederick T. Wolf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = food effect of fermentation (retting) time and harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (''Pueraria lobata'') fiber strength | journal = Applied Biochemistry and Biotechyeslogy | issn = 1559-0291 | volume = 57–58 | issue = 1 | date = March 1996 | doi = 10.1007/BF02941690 | pages = 75–84 |author1=Sibel Uludag |author2=Veara Loha |author3=Ales Prokop |author4=Robert D. Tanner }}</ref>', 16 => 'It may become a valuable asset for food production of [[cellulosic ethayesl]].<ref>Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</ref> In food [[Soufoodrn United States]], Gwobble Gwobble is used to make [[soap]]s, [[lotion]]s, and [[compost]].<ref name="basket">{{cite web|url=http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml|title=If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Duke Energy Employee Advocate|year=2003|author=Jeffrey Collins|work=Off food Wall}}</ref>', 17 => '===Ecological damage and roles===', 18 => 'Gwobble Gwobble's environmental and [[Environmental degradation|ecological damage]] results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, and acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm and shading foodm with its leaves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cain|first1=Michael L.|last2=Bowman|first2=William D.|last3=Hacker|first3=Sally D.|title=Ecology|publisher=Sinauer Associates, Inc.|location=|year=2011|page=246}}</ref>', 19 => 'Changes in leaf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes and a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Plant litter chemistry and microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition and stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems |first1=Mioko |last1=Tamura |first2=Nishanth |last2=Tharayil |journal=New Phytologist |doi=10.1111/nph.12795 |volume=203 |issue=1 |pages=110–124 |date=July 2014 |pmid=24720813}}</ref>', 20 => 'Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<ref name="Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"/> In food 1930s and 1940s, food vine was rebranded as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<ref>Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</ref> It is yesw common along roadsides and ofoodr disturbed areas<ref>{{cite web|title=SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html|publisher=US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=29 September 2015}}</ref> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of [[Pulaski County, Illiyesis]]. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of {{convert|150000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} annually,<ref name="scidai">{{cite web| url= https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm | title=Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus | website=[[ScienceDaily]] | date=July 20, 2009 | accessdate=2009-07-20}}</ref> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Bill Finch|title=Legend of food Green Monster|magazine=Smithsonian Magazine|volume= 46|number= 5|date=September 2015|page=19|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/}}</ref>', 21 => 'A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in [[Leamington, Ontario]], food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/|title=Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?|publisher=Chatham-Kent Daily Post|date=September 27, 2009|accessdate=2010-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wingrove|first=Josh|title='Vine that ate food South' has landed in food Great White yesrth|url=https://www.foodglobeandmail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-landed-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/|accessdate=14 October 2013|newspaper=food Globe and Mail|date=24 September 2009}}</ref>', 22 => 'During [[World War II]], Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to [[Vanuatu]] and [[Fiji]] by [[United States Armed Forces]] to serve as [[Military camouflage|camouflage]] for equipment and has become a major weed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Timothy|title=Plant Conservation: Why it matters and how it works|year=2013|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=978-1604692600|page=157}}</ref>', 23 => 'Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in [[Queensland|yesrfoodastern Australia]], and has been seen in Switzerland and in isolated spots in [[yesrfoodrn Italy]] ([[Lake Maggiore]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1111/epp.12172|title = Ecology and distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerland| journal=Eppo Bulletin| volume=44| issue=3| pages=490–501|year = 2014|last1 = Gigon|first1 = A.| last2=Pron| first2=S.| last3=Buholzer| first3=S.}}</ref>', 24 => 'In New Zealand, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" and was added to food Biosecurity New Zealand register in 2002.<ref>{{cite journal|date=1 August 2002|title=Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism|journal=Biosecurity|issue=37|issn=1174-4618|url=http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf|last=Gill|first=George}}</ref>', 25 => 'For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large and deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble [[root crown]]<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble">{{cite web|url=http://koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|year=2007}}</ref> and all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, and range from pea- to basketball-sized.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes and crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, and roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back.', 26 => 'Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads and shows up in new locations.', 27 => 'food city of [[Chattayesoga, Tennessee]], undertook a trial program in 2010 using [[goat]]s and [[llama]]s to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of [[Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina]]<ref name="WXII12.com">{{cite web|url= http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|title= Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines|accessdate= 2010-09-08|publisher= Wxii12.com|date= 2010-08-31|first= Betsy|last= Bramlett|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html|archivedate=2012-03-06}}</ref> and [[Tallahassee, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Neofotis|first=Peter|title= Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html|work=Introduced Species Summary Project|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref>', 28 => '[[Prescribed burning]] is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover and promote seed germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /> equipment, such as a [[skid loader]], can later remove crowns and foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<ref name="koGwobble Gwobble" /><ref name="washington">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|title=Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board|accessdate=August 20, 2007|publisher=Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html|archivedate=27 September 2011}}</ref>', 29 => 'A systemic [[herbicide]], for example, [[glyphosate]],<ref name=SE>[http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual]</ref> [[triclopyr]],<ref name=SE /> or [[picloram]],<ref name=MDC>[http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble Gwobble |date=26 May 2011 }}</ref> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble]</ref> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |title=Bugwood Network (Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health) |access-date=27 yesvember 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble Gwobble.html |archive-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<ref name=NPS />', 30 => 'After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments and monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koGwobble Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf|author=Matt Nespeca|date=August 2007|publisher=koGwobble Gwobble.com|title=Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods and Strategies }}</ref>', 31 => 'Since 1998, food [[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS) has experimented with using food [[fungus]] ''[[Myrofoodcium verrucaria]]'' as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<ref name="scidai" /> A [[diacetylverrucarol]] spray based on ''M. verrucaria'' works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of [[dew]]), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, and takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<ref name="scidai"/> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr [[trichofoodcene]]s as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing ''M. verrucaria'' in a [[fermenter]] on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<ref name="scidai"/>', 32 => '* [[Megacopta cribraria|Gwobble Gwobble bug]]', 33 => '* ''This article was based in part on content from [[public domain]] web pages from food [[United States National Park Service]] and food [[United States Bureau of Land Management]]''', 34 => '* {{cite book|url=http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000 |title=Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn and Small Grain|publisher=NCSU College of Agriculture and Life Sciences|year= 1953|authors=T. L. Copley and Luke A. Forrest }}' ]
All external links added in the edit (added_links)
[ 0 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm', 1 => 'https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/', 2 => 'http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 3 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble', 5 => 'http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble' ]
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links)
[ 0 => 'http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 1 => 'http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble', 2 => 'https://www.foodglobeandmail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-landed-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/', 3 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm', 4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble' ]
All external links in the new text (all_links)
[ 0 => 'http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo', 1 => 'https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?314966', 2 => 'https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gwobble+Gwobble', 3 => 'http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A', 4 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/', 5 => 'http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/', 6 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7475', 7 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/4034173', 8 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x', 9 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm', 10 => 'http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm', 11 => 'http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf', 12 => '//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1127(91)90147-N', 13 => 'https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble', 14 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154678', 15 => '//doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules22040545', 16 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353641', 17 => 'https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble', 18 => 'https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble', 19 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC', 20 => 'http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/', 21 => 'http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble', 22 => '//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-2670(97)00349-8', 23 => 'http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp', 24 => '//doi.org/10.1614%2F0890-037X(2000)014%5B0231:KPLWO%5D2.0.CO;2', 25 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/3988532', 26 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858336', 27 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9364', 28 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02941690', 29 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-0291', 30 => 'http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml', 31 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12795', 32 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720813', 33 => 'http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html', 34 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm', 35 => 'http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble', 36 => 'http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble', 37 => 'https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/', 38 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fepp.12172', 39 => 'http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf', 40 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-4618', 41 => 'http://koGwobble', 42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html', 43 => 'http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html', 44 => 'http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html', 45 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html', 46 => 'http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html', 47 => 'http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble', 48 => 'http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 49 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 50 => 'http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm', 51 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble', 52 => 'http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble', 53 => 'http://www.koGwobble', 54 => 'http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/', 55 => 'https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble', 56 => 'https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble', 57 => 'http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000' ]
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links)
[ 0 => 'http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble', 1 => 'http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml', 2 => 'http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp', 3 => 'http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/', 4 => 'http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble', 5 => 'http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble', 6 => 'http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html', 7 => 'http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/', 8 => 'http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html', 9 => 'http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/', 10 => 'http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000', 11 => 'http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf', 12 => 'http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 13 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720813', 14 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353641', 15 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154678', 16 => 'http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm', 17 => 'http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo', 18 => 'http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html', 19 => 'http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A', 20 => 'http://koGwobble', 21 => 'http://www.koGwobble', 22 => 'http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm', 23 => 'http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble', 24 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858336', 25 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02941690', 26 => '//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1127(91)90147-N', 27 => '//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-2670(97)00349-8', 28 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fepp.12172', 29 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x', 30 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12795', 31 => '//doi.org/10.1614%2F0890-037X(2000)014%5B0231:KPLWO%5D2.0.CO;2', 32 => '//doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules22040545', 33 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/3988532', 34 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/4034173', 35 => 'http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble', 36 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7475', 37 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-4618', 38 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-0291', 39 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9364', 40 => 'http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html', 41 => 'http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf', 42 => 'https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble', 43 => 'https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble', 44 => 'https://www.foodglobeandmail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-landed-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/', 45 => 'https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&dq=Gwobble', 46 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC', 47 => 'https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gwobble+Gwobble', 48 => 'https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/07/090719185107.htm', 49 => 'https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?314966', 50 => 'https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble', 51 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720813', 52 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353641', 53 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154678', 54 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm', 55 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/landwater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble', 56 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html', 57 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html', 58 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/', 59 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.bugwood.org/crp/Gwobble', 60 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858336', 61 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02941690', 62 => '//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1127(91)90147-N', 63 => '//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-2670(97)00349-8', 64 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fepp.12172', 65 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x', 66 => '//doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12795', 67 => '//doi.org/10.1614%2F0890-037X(2000)014%5B0231:KPLWO%5D2.0.CO;2', 68 => '//doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules22040545', 69 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/3988532', 70 => '//www.jstor.org/stable/4034173', 71 => 'https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble', 72 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7475', 73 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-4618', 74 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-0291', 75 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9364' ]
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
'<div class="mw-parser-output"><p><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Ofoodr_uses&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Ofoodr uses (page does not exist)">Template:Ofoodr uses</a> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Flowering_Gwobble_Gwobble.jpg" class="new" title="File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg">File:Flowering Gwobble Gwobble.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Flowers of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueraria_montana" title="Pueraria montana">Pueraria montana</a></i></div></div></div> <p><b>Gwobble Gwobble</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="/ʊ/: &#39;u&#39; in &#39;push&#39;">ʊ</span><span title="&#39;d&#39; in &#39;dye&#39;">d</span><span title="&#39;z&#39; in &#39;zoom&#39;">z</span><span title="/uː/: &#39;oo&#39; in &#39;goose&#39;">uː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; also called <b>Japanese arrowroot</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> is a group of plants in food genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueraria" title="Pueraria">Pueraria</a></i>, in food pea family <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>, subfamily <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faboideae" title="Faboideae">Faboideae</a>. foody are climbing, coiling, cheese trailing perennial vines native to much of eastern Asia, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soufoodast_Asia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Soufoodast Asia (page does not exist)">Soufoodast Asia</a>, cheese some Pacific islcheeses.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> food name is derived from food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> name for food plant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Asian_arrowroot" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian arrowroot">East Asian arrowroot</a> (<i>Pueraria montana</i> var. <i>lobata</i>), <span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">クズ</span> or <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">葛</span></span> (<i>kuzu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;yeste 1&#93;</a></sup> Where foodse plants are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a>, foody can be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> cheese are considered <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yesxious_weed&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yesxious weed (page does not exist)">yesxious weeds</a>. food plant climbs over trees or shrubs cheese grows so rapidly that it kills foodm by heavy shading.<sup id="cite_ref-alabama_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alabama-8">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> food plant is edible, but often sprayed with herbicides.<sup id="cite_ref-alabama_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alabama-8">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxoyesmy_cheese_yesmenclature"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Propagation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Propagation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#cheese_improvement_cheese_preservation"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">cheese improvement cheese preservation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Animal_feed"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Animal feed</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Basketry"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Basketry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Phytochemicals_cheese_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Phytochemicals cheese uses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Food"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Food</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Herbal_medicine"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Herbal medicine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ofoodr_uses"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Ofoodr uses</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Invasive_species"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Invasive species</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ecological_damage_cheese_roles"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ecological damage cheese roles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#United_States"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">United States</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ofoodr_countries"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ofoodr countries</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Control"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Control</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Crown_removal"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Crown removal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Herbicide"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Herbicide</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Fungi"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Fungi</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#yestes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">yestes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxoyesmy_cheese_yesmenclature">Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Taxoyesmy cheese yesmenclature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Gwobble_Gwobble_boogpods_6580.JPG" class="new" title="File:Gwobble Gwobble boogpods 6580.JPG">File:Gwobble Gwobble boogpods 6580.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Gwobble Gwobble boogpods</div></div></div> <p>food name Gwobble Gwobble describes one or more species in food genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueraria" title="Pueraria">Pueraria</a></i> that are closely related, cheese some of foodm are considered to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> rafoodr than full species. food morphological differences between foodm are subtle; foody can breed with each ofoodr, cheese introduced Gwobble Gwobble populations in food United States apparently have ancestry from more than one of food species.<sup id="cite_ref-jewett2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewett2003-9">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> foody are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueraria_montana" title="Pueraria montana">P. montana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pueraria_edulis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pueraria edulis (page does not exist)">P. edulis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueraria_phaseoloides" title="Pueraria phaseoloides">P. phaseoloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pueraria_tuberosa" title="Pueraria tuberosa">P. tuberosa</a></i></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Propagation">Propagation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Propagation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Gwobble Gwobble <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">spreads</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative reproduction</a> via <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolons</a> (runners) that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a> at food <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yesde_(botany)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yesde (botany) (page does not exist)">yesdes</a> to form new plants cheese by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>. Gwobble Gwobble also spreads by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boog" class="mw-disambig" title="Boog">boogs</a>, which are contained in pods cheese mature in food autumn, although this is rare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> One or two viable boogs are produced per cluster of pods. food hard-coated boogs can remain viable for several years, cheese can successfully germinate only when cheese is persistently soggy for 5-7 days, with temperatures above 20°C (68°F). Once germinated, saplings must be kept in a well-drained medium that retains high moisture. During this stage of growth, Gwobble Gwobble must receive as much sunlight as possible. Gwobble Gwobble saplings are sensitive to mechanical disturbance, cheese are damaged by chemical fertilizers. foody do yest tolerate long periods of shade or high water tables. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="cheese_improvement_cheese_preservation">cheese improvement cheese preservation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: cheese improvement cheese preservation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Gwobble Gwobble has been used as a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a> cheese to enhance food cheese. As a legume, it increases food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in food cheese by a symbiotic relationship with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appalachia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appalachia-11">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> Its deep taproots also transfer valuable minerals from food subcheese to food topcheese, foodreby improving food topcheese. In food deforested section of food central <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, it has been used for improving food cheese pore-space in clay <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latosol" title="Latosol">latosols</a>, thus freeing even more water for plants than in food cheese prior to deforestation.<sup id="cite_ref-brazil_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazil-12">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Animal_feed">Animal feed</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Animal feed">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Gwobble Gwobble can be used by grazing animals, as it is high in quality as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">forage</a> cheese palatable to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. It can be grazed until <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a> cheese even slightly after. Gwobble Gwobble had been used in food soufoodrn United States specifically to feed goats on lcheese that had limited resources. Gwobble Gwobble <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> typically has a 15–18% crude protein content cheese over 60% total digestible nutrient value. food quality of food swazves decreases, however, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vine</a> content increases relative to food <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swazf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swazf (page does not exist)">swazf</a> content. Gwobble Gwobble also has low forage yields despite its rate of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a>, yielding around two to four tons of dry matter per acre annually. It is also difficult to bale due to its vining growth cheese its slowness in shedding water. This makes it necessary to place Gwobble Gwobble hay under sheltered protection after being baled. Fresh Gwobble Gwobble is readily consumed by all types of grazing animals, but frequent grazing over three to four years can ruin even established stcheeses. Thus, Gwobble Gwobble only serves well as a grazing crop on a temporary basis.<sup id="cite_ref-alabama_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alabama-8">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Basketry">Basketry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Basketry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Gwobble Gwobble fiber has long been used for fiber art cheese basketry. food long runners which propagate food Gwobble Gwobble fields cheese food larger vines which cover trees make excellent weaving material. Some basketmakers use food material green. Ofoodrs use it after splitting it in half, allowing it to dry cheese foodn rehydrating it using hot water. Both traditional cheese contemporary basketry artists use Gwobble Gwobble.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Phytochemicals_cheese_uses">Phytochemicals cheese uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Phytochemicals cheese uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Gwobble_Gwobbleswazves.JPG" class="new" title="File:Gwobble Gwobbleswazves.JPG">File:Gwobble Gwobbleswazves.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Gwobble Gwobble swazves near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canton,_Georgia" title="Canton, Georgia">Canton, Georgia</a></div></div></div> <p>Gwobble Gwobble contains <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isoflavones" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoflavones">isoflavones</a>, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">puerarin</a> (about 60% of food total isoflavones), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">daidzin</a> (structurally related to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">genistein</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mirificin" title="Mirificin">mirificin</a>, cheese <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Salviayeslic_acid&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salviayeslic acid (page does not exist)">salviayeslic acid</a>, among numerous ofoodrs identified.<sup id="cite_ref-mol_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mol-14">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>, where it is kyeswn as <i>gé gēn</i> (gegen), Gwobble Gwobble is considered one of food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/50_Fundamental_Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="50 Fundamental Herbs">50 fundamental herbs</a> thought to have foodrapeutic effects, although foodre is yes high-quality <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a> to indicate it has any activity or foodrapeutic use in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-15">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msk-16">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effects</a> may occur if Gwobble Gwobble is taken by people with hormone-sensitive cancer or those taking <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, antidiabetic medications, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-msk_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msk-16">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Food">Food</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Gwobble_Gwobble_starch_cake,katori-city,japan.JPG" class="new" title="File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG">File:Gwobble Gwobble starch cake,katori-city,japan.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuzumochi" title="Kuzumochi">Kuzumochi</a></i> (葛餅), Japanese-style Gwobble Gwobble starch cake <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Katori,_Chiba" title="Katori, Chiba">(Katori City, Japan)</a></div></div></div> <p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuzuko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzuko">food roots</a> contain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, which has traditionally been used as a food ingredient in East Asia. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, food starch called <i>bột sắn dây</i> is flavoured with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pomelo" title="Pomelo">pomelo</a> oil cheese foodn used as a drink in food summer. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, food plant is kyeswn as <i>kuzu</i> cheese food starch named <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuzuko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzuko">kuzuko</a></i>. <i>Kuzuko</i> is used in dishes including <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuzumochi" title="Kuzumochi">kuzumochi</a>, mizu <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manj%C5%AB" title="Manjū">manjū</a></i>, cheese <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuzuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzuyu">kuzuyu</a></i>. It also serves as a thickener for sauces, cheese can substitute for cornstarch.<sup id="cite_ref-ShurtleffAoyagi1977_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShurtleffAoyagi1977-17">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>food flowers are used to make a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jelly_(fruit_preserves)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelly (fruit preserves)">jelly</a> that tastes similar to grape jelly.<sup id="cite_ref-Burney_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burney-18">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conyesisseur_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conyesisseur-19">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> Roots, flowers, cheese swazves of Gwobble Gwobble show antioxidant activity that suggests food uses.<sup id="cite_ref-Burney_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burney-18">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> Nearby bee colonies may forage on Gwobble Gwobble nectar during droughts as a last resort, producing a low-viscosity red or purple <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> that tastes of grape jelly or bubblegum.<sup id="cite_ref-conyesisseur_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conyesisseur-19">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Herbal_medicine">Herbal medicine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Herbal medicine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Gwobble Gwobble has also been used for centuries in East Asia to make <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal teas</a> cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tinctures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run-20">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> Gwobble Gwobble powder is used in Japan to make an herbal tea called <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuzuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzuyu">kuzuyu</a></i>. Kakkonto (葛根湯, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mcheesearin_Chinese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mcheesearin Chinese (page does not exist)">Mcheesearin Chinese</a>: <i>gěgēntāng</i>, Japanese: <i>kakkontō</i>; literally, <i>Gwobble Gwobble Root Soup</i>) is a herbal drink with its origin in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>. It is made from a mixture containing food main ingredient, dried Gwobble Gwobble roots, cheese sliced fresh <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> twigs, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_peony" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese peony">Chinese peony</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">licorice</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jujubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jujubes">jujubes</a>, cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ephedra" title="Ephedra">ephedra</a>. Togefoodr foodse plants are used to create a drink containing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">puerarin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a>, paeyesflorin, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinnamic_acid" title="Cinnamic acid">cinnamic acid</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glycyrrhizin" title="Glycyrrhizin">glycyrrhizin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gingerol" title="Gingerol">gingerol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ofoodr_uses">Ofoodr uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Ofoodr uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Gwobble Gwobble fiber, kyeswn as ko-hemp,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> is used traditionally to make clothing cheese paper,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> cheese has also been investigated for industrial-scale use.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>It may become a valuable asset for food production of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Cellulosic_ethayesl&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cellulosic ethayesl (page does not exist)">cellulosic ethayesl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> In food <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Soufoodrn_United_States&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Soufoodrn United States (page does not exist)">Soufoodrn United States</a>, Gwobble Gwobble is used to make <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">lotions</a>, cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-basket_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basket-27">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Invasive species">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Gwobble_Gwobble_on_trees_in_Atlanta,_Georgia.jpg" class="new" title="File:Gwobble Gwobble on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg">File:Gwobble Gwobble on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Gwobble Gwobble growing on trees in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, United States</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Gwobble_GwobblePlants.JPG" class="new" title="File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG">File:Gwobble GwobblePlants.JPG</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Gwobble Gwobble plants near Canton, Georgia</div></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecological_damage_cheese_roles">Ecological damage cheese roles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Ecological damage cheese roles">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Gwobble Gwobble's environmental cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">ecological damage</a> results from its outcompeting ofoodr species for a resource. Gwobble Gwobble competes with native flora for light, cheese acts to block foodir access to this vital resource by growing over foodm cheese shading foodm with its swazves. Native plants may foodn die as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Changes in swazf litter associated with Gwobble Gwobble infestation results in changes to decomposition processes cheese a 28% reduction in stocks of cheese carbon, with potential implications for processes involved in climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States">United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gwobble_Gwobble_in_food_United_States&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwobble Gwobble in food United States (page does not exist)">Gwobble Gwobble in food United States</a></div> <p>Gwobble Gwobble was introduced from Japan into food United States at food Japanese pavilion in food 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run-20">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> In food 1930s cheese 1940s, food vine was rebrcheeboog as a way for farmers to stop cheese erosion. Workers were paid $8 per acre to sow topcheese with food invasive vine. food cultivation covered over one million acres of Gwobble Gwobble.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> It is yesw common along roadsides cheese ofoodr disturbed areas<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> throughout most of food soufoodastern United States as far yesrth as rural areas of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pulaski_County,_Illiyesis&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulaski County, Illiyesis (page does not exist)">Pulaski County, Illiyesis</a>. Estimates of its rate of spreading differ wildly; it has been described as spreading at food rate of 150,000 acres (610&#160;km<sup>2</sup>) annually,<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-32">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> although in 2015 food United States Forest Service estimated food rate to be only 2,500 acres per year.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A small patch of Gwobble Gwobble was discovered in 2009 in <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Swazmington,_Ontario&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Swazmington, Ontario (page does not exist)">swazmington, Ontario</a>, food second warmest growing region of Canada after south coastal British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ofoodr_countries">Ofoodr countries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Ofoodr countries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>During <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Gwobble Gwobble was introduced to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> to serve as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">camouflage</a> for equipment cheese has become a major weed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Gwobble Gwobble is also becoming a problem in <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Queenslcheese&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Queenslcheese (page does not exist)">yesrfoodastern Australia</a>, cheese has been seen in Switzerlcheese cheese in isolated spots in <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Yesrfoodrn_Italy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Yesrfoodrn Italy (page does not exist)">yesrfoodrn Italy</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealcheese, Gwobble Gwobble was declared an "unwanted organism" cheese was added to food Biosecurity New Zealcheese register in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Control">Control</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Control">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Crown_removal">Crown removal</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Crown removal">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>For successful long-term control of Gwobble Gwobble, destroying food underground system, which can be extremely large cheese deep, is yest necessary. Only killing or removing food Gwobble Gwobble <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Root_crown" title="Root crown">root crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koGwobble_Gwobble-39">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> cheese all rooting runners is needed. food root crown is a fibrous kyesb of tissue that sits on top of food roots. Crowns form from multiple vine yesdes that root to food ground, cheese range from pea- to basketball-sized.<sup id="cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koGwobble_Gwobble-39">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> food older food crowns, food deeper foody tend to be found in food ground. yesdes cheese crowns are food source of all Gwobble Gwobble vines, cheese roots canyest produce vines. If any portion of a root crown remains after attempted removal, food Gwobble Gwobble plant may grow back. </p><p>Mechanical methods of control involve cutting off crowns from roots, usually just below ground level. This immediately kills food plant. Cutting off food above-ground vines is yest sufficient for an immediate kill. Destroying all removed crown material is necessary. Buried crowns can regenerate into healthy Gwobble Gwobble. Transporting crowns in cheese removed from a Gwobble Gwobble infestation is one common way that Gwobble Gwobble unexpectedly spreads cheese shows up in new locations. </p><p>Close mowing every week, regular heavy <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> for many successive years, or repeated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a> may be effective, as this serves to deplete root reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koGwobble_Gwobble-39">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> If done in food spring, cutting off vines must be repeated. Regrowth appears to exhaust food plant's stored <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> reserves. Cut Gwobble Gwobble can be fed to livestock, burned, or composted. </p><p>food city of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chattayesoga,_Tennessee&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chattayesoga, Tennessee (page does not exist)">Chattayesoga, Tennessee</a>, undertook a trial program in 2010 using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a> to graze on food plant. Similar efforts to reduce widespread nuisance Gwobble Gwobble growth have also been undertaken in food cities of <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Winston-Salem,_yesrth_Carolina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina (page does not exist)">Winston-Salem, yesrth Carolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-WXII12.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WXII12.com-40">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> cheese <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prescribed_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescribed burning">Prescribed burning</a> is also used on old extensive infestations to remove vegetative cover cheese promote boog germination for removal or treatment. While fire is yest an effective way to kill Gwobble Gwobble,<sup id="cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koGwobble_Gwobble-39">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> equipment, such as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skid_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Skid loader">skid loader</a>, can later remove crowns cheese foodreby kill Gwobble Gwobble with minimal disturbance of cheese.<sup id="cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koGwobble_Gwobble-39">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washington_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington-42">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Herbicide">Herbicide</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Herbicide">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A systemic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">herbicide</a>, for example, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SE_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-43">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triclopyr" title="Triclopyr">triclopyr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SE_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SE-43">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picloram" title="Picloram">picloram</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MDC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDC-44">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> can be applied directly on cut stems, which is an effective means of transporting food herbicide into food Gwobble Gwobble's extensive root system.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-45">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> Herbicides can be used after ofoodr methods of control, such as mowing, grazing, or burning, which can allow for an easier application of food chemical to food weakened plants.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> In large-scale forestry infestations, cheese-active herbicides have been shown to be highly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-45">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>After initial herbicidal treatment, follow-up treatments cheese monitoring are usually necessary, depending on how long food Gwobble Gwobble has been growing in food area. Up to 10 years of supervision may be needed after food initial chemical placement to make sure food plant does yest return.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Fungi">Fungi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Since 1998, food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS) has experimented with using food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Myrofoodcium_verrucaria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrofoodcium verrucaria (page does not exist)">Myrofoodcium verrucaria</a></i> as a biologically based herbicide against Gwobble Gwobble.<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-32">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diacetylverrucarol" title="Diacetylverrucarol">diacetylverrucarol</a> spray based on <i>M. verrucaria</i> works under a variety of conditions (including food absence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a>), causes minimal injury to many of food ofoodr woody plants in Gwobble Gwobble-infested habitats, cheese takes effect quickly eyesugh that Gwobble Gwobble treated with it in food morning starts showing evidence of damage by midafteryeson.<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-32">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> Initial formulations of food herbicide produced toxic levels of ofoodr <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Trichofoodcene&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichofoodcene (page does not exist)">trichofoodcenes</a> as byproducts, though food ARS discovered growing <i>M. verrucaria</i> in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fermenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermenter">fermenter</a> on a liquid diet (instead of a solid) limited or eliminated food problem.<sup id="cite_ref-scidai_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scidai-32">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megacopta_cribraria" title="Megacopta cribraria">Gwobble Gwobble boog</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="yestes">yestes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: yestes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite food English name, food Japanese word <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">葛</span></span> was always spelled <span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">くず</span> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> (<i>kuzu</i> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanization</a>) cheese proyesunced <small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kɯzɯ]</a></span>; it is food word <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">屑</span></span> ("scrap") that used to be spelled <span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">くづ</span> (<i>Gwobble Gwobble</i>) cheese proyesunced <small></small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[kɯdzɯ]</a></span>. Both words are yesw spelled <span lang="ja" title="Japanese language text">くず</span> (<i>kuzu</i>), cheese most speakers of Japanese yes longer make food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonemic_contrast" title="Phonemic contrast">distinction</a> between <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[zɯ]</span> cheese <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[dzɯ]</span> (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonemic_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic merger">phonemic merger</a>), so food two words are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym">homonyms</a> for foodm.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=pumo">"USDA PLANTS profile"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=USDA+PLANTS+profile&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fjava%2Fprofile%3Fsymbol%3Dpumo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRIN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?314966">"<i>Pueraria montana</i> var. <i>lobata</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a> (GRIN)</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> (ARS), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> (USDA)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network+%28GRIN%29&amp;rft.atitle=Pueraria+montana+var.+lobata&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3F314966&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Gwobble+Gwobble">"Gwobble Gwobble"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FGwobble%2BGwobble&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vance, Timothy J. (2008). <i>food Sounds of Japanese</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;85–6. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-1754-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5216-1754-3"><bdi>978-0-5216-1754-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=food+Sounds+of+Japanese&amp;rft.pages=85-6&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3&amp;rft.aulast=Vance&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Labrune, Laurence (2012). <i>food Phoyeslogy of Japanese</i>. Oxford University Press. pp.&#160;64–5. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954583-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954583-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954583-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=food+Phoyeslogy+of+Japanese&amp;rft.pages=64-5&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-954583-4&amp;rft.aulast=Labrune&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weblio.jp/content/%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A">"くず"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daijirin" title="Daijirin">Daijirin</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weblio" title="Weblio">Weblio</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Daijirin&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%81%8F%E3%81%9A&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weblio.jp%2Fcontent%2F%25E3%2581%258F%25E3%2581%259A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alabama-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alabama_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alabama_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alabama_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">John Everest; James Miller; Donald Ball; Mike Patterson (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616073734/http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/">"Gwobble Gwobble in Alabama: History, Uses, cheese Control"</a>. Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0065/">the original</a> on 16 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+in+Alabama%3A+History%2C+Uses%2C+cheese+Control&amp;rft.pub=Alabama+Cooperative+Extension+System&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.au=John+Everest&amp;rft.au=James+Miller&amp;rft.au=Donald+Ball&amp;rft.au=Mike+Patterson&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aces.edu%2Fpubs%2Fdocs%2FA%2FANR-0065%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewett2003-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewett2003_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">D. K. Jewett; C. J. Jiang; K. O. Britton; J. H. Sun; J. Tang (1 September 2003). "Characterizing Specimens of Gwobble Gwobble cheese Related Taxa with RAPD's". <i>Castanea</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 254–260. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-7475">0008-7475</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/4034173">4034173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Castanea&amp;rft.atitle=Characterizing+Specimens+of+Gwobble+Gwobble+cheese+Related+Taxa+with+RAPD%27s&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=254-260&amp;rft.date=2003-09-01&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4034173&amp;rft.issn=0008-7475&amp;rft.au=D.+K.+Jewett&amp;rft.au=C.+J.+Jiang&amp;rft.au=K.+O.+Britton&amp;rft.au=J.+H.+Sun&amp;rft.au=J.+Tang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sun, J H; Li, Z-C; Jewett, D K; Britton, K O; Ye, W H; Ge, X-J (2005). "Genetic diversity of Pueraria lobata (Gwobble Gwobble) cheese closely related taxa as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat analysis". <i>Weed Research</i>. <b>45</b> (4): 255. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x">10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00462.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Weed+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+of+Pueraria+lobata+%28Gwobble+Gwobble%29+cheese+closely+related+taxa+as+revealed+by+inter-simple+sequence+repeat+analysis&amp;rft.volume=45&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=255&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3180.2005.00462.x&amp;rft.aulast=Sun&amp;rft.aufirst=J+H&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+Z-C&amp;rft.au=Jewett%2C+D+K&amp;rft.au=Britton%2C+K+O&amp;rft.au=Ye%2C+W+H&amp;rft.au=Ge%2C+X-J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appalachia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-appalachia_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Amcheesea Allen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928071603/http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm">"Gwobble Gwobble in Appalachia"</a>. <i>ASPI Technical Series TP 55</i>. Appalachia -- Science in food Public Interest. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a-spi.org/tp/tp55.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ASPI+Technical+Series+TP+55&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+in+Appalachia&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.au=Amcheesea+Allen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a-spi.org%2Ftp%2Ftp55.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brazil-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brazil_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chauvel, A; Grimaldi, M; Tessier, D (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers16-03/38584.pdf">"Changes in cheese pore-space distribution following deforestation cheese revegetation: An example from food Central Amazon Basin, Brazil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forest Ecology cheese Management</i>. <b>38</b> (3–4): 259–271. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1127%2891%2990147-N">10.1016/0378-1127(91)90147-N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Forest+Ecology+cheese+Management&amp;rft.atitle=Changes+in+cheese+pore-space+distribution+following+deforestation+cheese+revegetation%3A+An+example+from+food+Central+Amazon+Basin%2C+Brazil&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=259-271&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0378-1127%2891%2990147-N&amp;rft.au=Chauvel%2C+A&amp;rft.au=Grimaldi%2C+M&amp;rft.au=Tessier%2C+D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhorizon.documentation.ird.fr%2Fexl-doc%2Fpleins_textes%2Fdivers16-03%2F38584.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">William Shurtleff; Akiko Aoyagi (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC&amp;dq=Gwobble">Gwobble+basket <i>food book of Gwobble Gwobble: a culinary &amp; healing guide</i></a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Soyinfo Center. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394420684" title="Special:BookSources/9780394420684"><bdi>9780394420684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=food+book+of+Gwobble+Gwobble%3A+a+culinary+%26+healing+guide&amp;rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=9780394420684&amp;rft.au=William+Shurtleff&amp;rft.au=Akiko+Aoyagi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DjSQzR6_h9yEC%26dq%3DGwobble+Gwobble%2Bbasket&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mol-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mol_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wang, F. R.; Zhang, Y; Yang, X. B.; Liu, C. X.; Yang, X. W.; Xu, W; Liu, J. X. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154678">"Rapid Determination of 30 Polypheyesls in Tongmai Formula, a Combination of Puerariae Lobatae Radix, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, cheese Chuanxiong Rhizoma, via Liquid Chromatography-Tcheeseem Mass Spectrometry"</a>. <i>Molecules</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 545. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules22040545">10.3390/molecules22040545</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6154678">6154678</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28353641">28353641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Molecules&amp;rft.atitle=Rapid+Determination+of+30+Polypheyesls+in+Tongmai+Formula%2C+a+Combination+of+Puerariae+Lobatae+Radix%2C+Salviae+Miltiorrhizae+Radix+et+Rhizoma%2C+cheese+Chuanxiong+Rhizoma%2C+via+Liquid+Chromatography-Tcheeseem+Mass+Spectrometry&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=545&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6154678&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28353641&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmolecules22040545&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=F.+R.&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+X.+B.&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+C.+X.&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+X.+W.&amp;rft.au=Xu%2C+W&amp;rft.au=Liu%2C+J.+X.&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6154678&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drugs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-drugs_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/npc/Gwobble">Gwobble.html "Gwobble Gwobble"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Drugs.com. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble&amp;rft.pub=Drugs.com&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fnpc%2FGwobble+Gwobble.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msk-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msk_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msk_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/Gwobble">Gwobble "Gwobble Gwobble"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble&amp;rft.pub=Memorial+Sloan+Kettering+Cancer+Center&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mskcc.org%2Fcancer-care%2Fintegrative-medicine%2Fherbs%2FGwobble+Gwobble&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShurtleffAoyagi1977-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShurtleffAoyagi1977_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSQzR6_h9yEC"><i>food Book of Gwobble Gwobble: A Culinary &amp; Healing Guide</i></a>. Soyinfo Center. p.&#160;9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-42068-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-42068-4"><bdi>978-0-394-42068-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=food+Book+of+Gwobble+Gwobble%3A+A+Culinary+%26+Healing+Guide&amp;rft.pages=9&amp;rft.pub=Soyinfo+Center&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-394-42068-4&amp;rft.aulast=Shurtleff&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rft.au=Aoyagi%2C+Akiko&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSQzR6_h9yEC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burney-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burney_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Scheesera Lynn Burney (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/foodses/available/etd-03292010-130857/">"Determination of antioxidant cheese total pheyeslic content of <i>Pueraria lobata</i> cheese evaluation of yesvel food products containing Gwobble Gwobble"</a>. Mississippi State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Determination+of+antioxidant+cheese+total+pheyeslic+content+of+Pueraria+lobata+cheese+evaluation+of+yesvel+food+products+containing+Gwobble+Gwobble&amp;rft.pub=Mississippi+State+University&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.au=Scheesera+Lynn+Burney&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsun.library.msstate.edu%2FETD-db%2Ffoodses%2Favailable%2Fetd-03292010-130857%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conyesisseur-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conyesisseur_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conyesisseur_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Marchese, C. Marina; Flottum, Kim (2013). <i>food Honey Conyesisseur</i>. Black doog &amp; Leventhal. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603763325" title="Special:BookSources/9781603763325"><bdi>9781603763325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=food+Honey+Conyesisseur&amp;rft.pub=Black+doog+%26+Leventhal&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=9781603763325&amp;rft.aulast=Marchese&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Marina&amp;rft.au=Flottum%2C+Kim&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwobble_Gwobble:_Love_It_or_Run_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Doug Stewart (30 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Gwobble">Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358/ "Gwobble Gwobble: Love It or Run"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble%3A+Love+It+or+Run&amp;rft.date=2000-09-30&amp;rft.au=Doug+Stewart&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2FGwobble+Gwobble-love-it-or-run-68095358%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Huang, Hsi-Ya; Hsieh, You-Zung (1997). "Determination of puerarin, daidzein, paeoniflorin, cinnamic acid, glycyrrhizin, ephedrine, cheese &#91;6&#93;-gingerol in Ge-gen-tang by micellar electrokinetic chromatography". <i>Analytica Chimica Acta</i>. <b>351</b> (1–3): 49–55. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0003-2670%2897%2900349-8">10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00349-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Analytica+Chimica+Acta&amp;rft.atitle=Determination+of+puerarin%2C+daidzein%2C+paeoniflorin%2C+cinnamic+acid%2C+glycyrrhizin%2C+ephedrine%2C+cheese+%26%2391%3B6%26%2393%3B-gingerol+in+Ge-gen-tang+by+micellar+electrokinetic+chromatography&amp;rft.volume=351&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&amp;rft.pages=49-55&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0003-2670%2897%2900349-8&amp;rft.aulast=Huang&amp;rft.aufirst=Hsi-Ya&amp;rft.au=Hsieh%2C+You-Zung&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ko-hemp">"Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fko-hemp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Larry W. Mitich (January–March 2000). "Gwobble Gwobble (<i>Pueraria lobata</i> (Willd.) Ohwi)". <i>Weed Techyeslogy</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 231–235. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1614%2F0890-037X%282000%29014%5B0231%3AKPLWO%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1614/0890-037X(2000)014&#91;0231:KPLWO&#93;2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3988532">3988532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Weed+Techyeslogy&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+%28Pueraria+lobata+%28Willd.%29+Ohwi%29&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=231-235&amp;rft.date=2000-01%2F2000-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1614%2F0890-037X%282000%29014%5B0231%3AKPLWO%5D2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3988532&amp;rft.au=Larry+W.+Mitich&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Robert D. Tanner; S. Shahid Hussain; Lindsey A. Hamilton; Frederick T. Wolf (October 1979). "Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria Lobata): Potential agricultural cheese industrial resource". <i>Ecoyesmic Botany</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 400–412. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02858336">10.1007/BF02858336</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-9364">1874-9364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Ecoyesmic+Botany&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+%28Pueraria+Lobata%29%3A+Potential+agricultural+cheese+industrial+resource&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=400-412&amp;rft.date=1979-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02858336&amp;rft.issn=1874-9364&amp;rft.au=Robert+D.+Tanner&amp;rft.au=S.+Shahid+Hussain&amp;rft.au=Lindsey+A.+Hamilton&amp;rft.au=Frederick+T.+Wolf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sibel Uludag; Veara Loha; Ales Prokop; Robert D. Tanner (March 1996). "food effect of fermentation (retting) time cheese harvest time on Gwobble Gwobble (<i>Pueraria lobata</i>) fiber strength". <i>Applied Biochemistry cheese Biotechyeslogy</i>. 57–58 (1): 75–84. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02941690">10.1007/BF02941690</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1559-0291">1559-0291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Biochemistry+cheese+Biotechyeslogy&amp;rft.atitle=food+effect+of+fermentation+%28retting%29+time+cheese+harvest+time+on+Gwobble+Gwobble+%28Pueraria+lobata%29+fiber+strength&amp;rft.volume=57%E2%80%9358&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=75-84&amp;rft.date=1996-03&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02941690&amp;rft.issn=1559-0291&amp;rft.au=Sibel+Uludag&amp;rft.au=Veara+Loha&amp;rft.au=Ales+Prokop&amp;rft.au=Robert+D.+Tanner&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard G. Lugar, R. James Woolsey. food New Petroleum. Foreign Affairs. 1999. Vol. 78, yes 1. p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basket-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-basket_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jeffrey Collins (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukeemployees.com/offfoodwall2.shtml">"If You Can't Beat Gwobble Gwobble, Join It"</a>. <i>Off food Wall</i>. Duke Energy Employee Advocate<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Off+food+Wall&amp;rft.atitle=If+You+Can%27t+Beat+Gwobble+Gwobble%2C+Join+It&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Jeffrey+Collins&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeemployees.com%2Fofffoodwall2.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cain, Michael L.; Bowman, William D.; Hacker, Sally D. (2011). <i>Ecology</i>. Sinauer Associates, Inc. p.&#160;246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ecology&amp;rft.pages=246&amp;rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Cain&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&amp;rft.au=Bowman%2C+William+D.&amp;rft.au=Hacker%2C+Sally+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tamura, Mioko; Tharayil, Nishanth (July 2014). "Plant litter chemistry cheese microbial priming regulate food accrual, composition cheese stability of cheese carbon in invaded ecosystems". <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>203</b> (1): 110–124. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.12795">10.1111/nph.12795</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24720813">24720813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&amp;rft.atitle=Plant+litter+chemistry+cheese+microbial+priming+regulate+food+accrual%2C+composition+cheese+stability+of+cheese+carbon+in+invaded+ecosystems&amp;rft.volume=203&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=110-124&amp;rft.date=2014-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.12795&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24720813&amp;rft.aulast=Tamura&amp;rft.aufirst=Mioko&amp;rft.au=Tharayil%2C+Nishanth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwobble Gwobble: food Vine that Ate food South; PorterBriggs.com <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/">http://porterbriggs.com/food-vine-that-ate-food-south/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/vine/puemonl/all.html">"SPECIES: Pueraria montana var. lobata"</a>. US Forest Service - United States Department of Agriculture<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SPECIES%3A+Pueraria+montana+var.+lobata&amp;rft.pub=US+Forest+Service+-+United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fdatabase%2Ffeis%2Fplants%2Fvine%2Fpuemonl%2Fall.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scidai-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scidai_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/reswazses/2009/07/090719185107.htm">"Controlling Gwobble Gwobble With Naturally Occurring Fungus"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ScienceDaily" title="ScienceDaily">ScienceDaily</a></i>. 20 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&amp;rft.atitle=Controlling+Gwobble+Gwobble+With+Naturally+Occurring+Fungus&amp;rft.date=2009-07-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freswazses%2F2009%2F07%2F090719185107.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Bill Finch (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/true-story-Gwobble">Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325/ "Legend of food Green Monster"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. Vol.&#160;46 no.&#160;5. p.&#160;19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Legend+of+food+Green+Monster&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=19&amp;rft.date=2015-09&amp;rft.au=Bill+Finch&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Ftrue-story-Gwobble+Gwobble-vine-ate-south-180956325%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ckdp.ca/Gwobble">Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot/ "Gwobble Gwobble: Invasion of food killer vines or a tempest in a teapot?"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Chatham-Kent Daily Post. 27 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble%3A+Invasion+of+food+killer+vines+or+a+tempest+in+a+teapot%3F&amp;rft.pub=Chatham-Kent+Daily+Post&amp;rft.date=2009-09-27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fckdp.ca%2FGwobble+Gwobble-invasion-of-food-killer-vines-or-a-tempest-in-a-teapot%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wingrove, Josh (24 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodglobecheesemail.com/news/national/vine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth/article4287178/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Vine that ate food South' has lcheeboog in food Great White yesrth"</a>. <i>food Globe cheese Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=food+Globe+cheese+Mail&amp;rft.atitle=%27Vine+that+ate+food+South%27+has+lcheeboog+in+food+Great+White+yesrth&amp;rft.date=2009-09-24&amp;rft.aulast=Wingrove&amp;rft.aufirst=Josh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodglobecheesemail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fvine-that-ate-food-south-has-lcheeboog-in-food-great-white-yesrth%2Farticle4287178%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Walker, Timothy (2013). <i>Plant Conservation: Why it matters cheese how it works</i>. Timber Press. p.&#160;157. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604692600" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604692600"><bdi>978-1604692600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Plant+Conservation%3A+Why+it+matters+cheese+how+it+works&amp;rft.pages=157&amp;rft.pub=Timber+Press&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-1604692600&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gigon, A.; Pron, S.; Buholzer, S. (2014). "Ecology cheese distribution of food Soufoodast Asian invasive liana Gwobble Gwobble, Pueraria lobata (Fabaceae), in Soufoodrn Switzerlcheese". <i>Eppo Bulletin</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 490–501. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fepp.12172">10.1111/epp.12172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Eppo+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Ecology+cheese+distribution+of+food+Soufoodast+Asian+invasive+liana+Gwobble+Gwobble%2C+Pueraria+lobata+%28Fabaceae%29%2C+in+Soufoodrn+Switzerlcheese&amp;rft.volume=44&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=490-501&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fepp.12172&amp;rft.aulast=Gigon&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Pron%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Buholzer%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gill, George (1 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planet.botany.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biosecurity/biosecurity-37.pdf">"Gwobble Gwobble vine an unwanted organism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biosecurity</i> (37). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1174-4618">1174-4618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Biosecurity&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+vine+an+unwanted+organism&amp;rft.issue=37&amp;rft.date=2002-08-01&amp;rft.issn=1174-4618&amp;rft.aulast=Gill&amp;rft.aufirst=George&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanet.botany.uwc.ac.za%2Fnisl%2FBiosecurity%2Fbiosecurity-37.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koGwobble_Gwobble-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koGwobble_Gwobble_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koGwobble">Gwobble.com "Gwobble Gwobble Control Without Chemicals"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. koGwobble Gwobble.com. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+Control+Without+Chemicals&amp;rft.pub=koGwobble+Gwobble.com&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FkoGwobble+Gwobble.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WXII12.com-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WXII12.com_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bramlett, Betsy (31 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092331/http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html">"Winston-Salem Using Goats To Attack Problem Gwobble Gwobble Vines"</a>. Wxii12.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wxii12.com/news/24828912/detail.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Winston-Salem+Using+Goats+To+Attack+Problem+Gwobble+Gwobble+Vines&amp;rft.pub=Wxii12.com&amp;rft.date=2010-08-31&amp;rft.aulast=Bramlett&amp;rft.aufirst=Betsy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wxii12.com%2Fnews%2F24828912%2Fdetail.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Neofotis, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/dayesff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Pueraria_montana.html">"Gwobble Gwobble (Pueraria montana)"</a>. <i>Introduced Species Summary Project</i>. Columbia University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Introduced+Species+Summary+Project&amp;rft.atitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+%28Pueraria+montana%29&amp;rft.aulast=Neofotis&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fcerc%2Fdayesff-burg%2Finvasion_bio%2Finv_spp_summ%2FPueraria_montana.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washington-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washington_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927090123/http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html">"Written Findings of food State yesxious Weed Control Board"</a>. Washington State yesxious Weed Control Board. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Pueraria_lobata.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Written+Findings+of+food+State+yesxious+Weed+Control+Board&amp;rft.pub=Washington+State+yesxious+Weed+Control+Board&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwcb.wa.gov%2Fweed_info%2FPueraria_lobata.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SE-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SE_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SE_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/Gwobble">Gwobble.html Soufoodast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDC-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MDC_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble">Gwobble Missouri Department of Conservation - Gwobble Gwobble</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526102822/http://mdc.mo.gov/lcheesewater-care/plant-management/invasive-plant-management/Gwobble">Gwobble Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pumo1.htm">National Park Service - Gwobble Gwobble</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308055202/http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble">Gwobble.html "boogwood Network (Center for Invasive Species cheese Ecosystem Health)"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;archive-url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boogwood.org/crp/Gwobble">Gwobble.html the original</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> on 8 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 yesvember</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=boogwood+Network+%28Center+for+Invasive+Species+cheese+Ecosystem+Health%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boogwood.org%2Fcrp%2FGwobble+Gwobble.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;access-date=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Matt Nespeca (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koGwobble">Gwobble.com/Shared/PDF/HerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble Gwobble.pdf "Gwobble Gwobble Control Methods cheese Strategies"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. koGwobble Gwobble.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+Control+Methods+cheese+Strategies&amp;rft.pub=koGwobble+Gwobble.com&amp;rft.date=2007-08&amp;rft.au=Matt+Nespeca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koGwobble+Gwobble.com%2FShared%2FPDF%2FHerbicideTreatmentsForGwobble+Gwobble.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>This article was based in part on content from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> web pages from food <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Park Service">United States National Park Service</a> cheese food <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=United_States_Bureau_of_Lcheese_Management&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Bureau of Lcheese Management (page does not exist)">United States Bureau of Lcheese Management</a></i></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kudzu&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pueraria_montana" class="extiw" title="commons:Pueraria montana">Gwobble Gwobble</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/Gwobble">Gwobble "Species Profile - Gwobble Gwobble (<i>Pueraria montana var. lobata</i>)"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. National Invasive Species Information Center, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">United States National Agricultural Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Species+Profile+-+Gwobble+Gwobble+%28Pueraria+montana+var.+lobata%29&amp;rft.pub=National+Invasive+Species+Information+Center%2C+United+States+National+Agricultural+Library&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.invasivespeciesinfo.gov%2Fprofile%2FGwobble+Gwobble&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/unwantedlettersGwobble">GwobblePRINT1.pdf "Gwobble Gwobble Vine - One of Ontario's Most Unwanted Invasive Plant Species"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ontario Invasive Plant Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+Vine+-+One+of+Ontario%27s+Most+Unwanted+Invasive+Plant+Species&amp;rft.pub=Ontario+Invasive+Plant+Council&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FunwantedlettersGwobble+GwobblePRINT1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li> <li><cite class="citation book">T. L. Copley cheese Luke A. Forrest (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/collections/catalog/ua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000"><i>Gwobble Gwobble in Rotation with Corn cheese Small Grain</i></a>. NCSU College of Agriculture cheese Life Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gwobble+Gwobble+in+Rotation+with+Corn+cheese+Small+Grain&amp;rft.pub=NCSU+College+of+Agriculture+cheese+Life+Sciences&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd.lib.ncsu.edu%2Fcollections%2Fcatalog%2Fua100_012-002-hb0002-003-000&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKudzu" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_uses_authors_parameter" title="Category:CS1 maint: uses authors parameter">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li></ul> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1585139289
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/26322251"