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[[File:Operation Upshot-Knothole - Badger 001.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A 23 kiloton tower shot called [[Operation Upshot–Knothole|BADGER]], fired on April 18, 1953 at the [[Nevada Test Site]], as part of the [[Operation Upshot–Knothole]] [[nuclear testing|nuclear test series]].]]
[[File:Greenhouse George Early Fireball.ogv|right|250px|thumb|The [[operation Greenhouse|Greenhouse]] George test early fireball.]]
[[File:Operation Upshot test.ogv|thumb|Upshot–Knothole Grable test (film)]]
{{nuclear weapons}}
A '''nuclear explosion''' is an [[explosion]] that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed [[nuclear reaction]]. The driving reaction may be [[nuclear fission]] or [[nuclear fusion]] or a multi-stage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a [[pure fusion weapon]] remains a hypothetical device.
Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with [[mushroom cloud]]s, although mushroom clouds can occur with large chemical explosions. It is possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without those clouds. Nuclear explosions produce [[radiation]] and [[radioactive]] debris.
==History==
{{Main article|Nuclear weapons testing|List of nuclear weapons tests|History of nuclear weapons}}
The first man made nuclear explosion occurred on July 16, 1945 at 5:50 am on the [[Trinity Test]] Site near [[Alamogordo]], [[New Mexico]] in the United States, an area now known as the [[White Sands Missile Range]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=U.S. Department of Energy|title=Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion|url=https://energy.gov/management/trinity-site-worlds-first-nuclear-explosion|website=Energy.gov Office of Management|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Alan|title=70 Years Since Trinity: The Day the Nuclear Age Began|journal=The Atlantic|date=July 16, 2015|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/07/70-years-since-trinity-when-we-tested-nuclear-bombs/398735/|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref> The event involved the full-scale testing of an implosion-type fission [[atomic bomb]]. In a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War, General Leslie Groves describes the yield as equivalent to 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=General Leslie|title=The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico: Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Subject: The Test|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-bombtest/|accessdate=23 December 2016|agency=PBS.org|publisher=United States War Department|date=July 18, 1945}}</ref> Following this test, a uranium-gun type nuclear bomb ([[Little Boy]]) was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, with a blast yield of 15 kilotons; and a plutonium implosion-type bomb ([[Fat Man]]) on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, with a blast yield of 21 kilotons. In the years following [[World War II]], eight countries have conducted nuclear tests with 2475 devices fired in 2120 tests.<ref name=Yang>{{citation|last1=Yang|first1=Xiaoping|first2=Robert|last2=North|first3=Carl|last3=Romney|first4=Paul G.|last4=Richards|date=August 2000|title=Worldwide Nuclear Explosions|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/WW_nuclear_tests_IASPEI_HB.pdf|accessdate=2013-12-31}}</ref>
In 1963, the [[United States]], [[Soviet Union]], and [[United Kingdom]] signed the [[Limited Test Ban Treaty]], pledging to refrain from testing [[nuclear weapon]]s in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The treaty permitted underground tests. Many other non-nuclear nations acceded to the Treaty following its entry into force; however, two nuclear weapons states have not acceded: [[France]], [[China]] {{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
The primary application to date has been military (i.e. nuclear weapons), and the remainder of explosions include the following:
*[[Nuclear pulse propulsion]], including using a nuclear explosion as asteroid deflection strategy.
*Power generation; see [[PACER (fusion)|PACER]]
*[[Peaceful nuclear explosions]]
==Nuclear weapons==
{{Main article|Nuclear weapons|History of nuclear weapons}}
Only two nuclear weapons have been deployed in [[combat]]—both by the United States against [[Japan]] in [[World War II]]. The first event occurred on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the [[United States Army Air Forces]] dropped a [[uranium]] gun-type device, code-named "[[Little Boy]]", on the city of [[Hiroshima]], killing 70,000 people, including 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean [[Unfree labour|slave laborers]]. The second event occurred three days later when the United States Army Air Forces dropped a [[plutonium]] implosion-type device, code-named "[[Fat Man]]", on the city of [[Nagasaki]]. It killed 39,000 people, including 27,778 Japanese munitions employees, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants. In total, around 109,000 people were killed in these [[bomb]]ings. (See ''[[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]'' for a full discussion). Nuclear weapons are largely seen as a 'deterrent' by most governments; the sheer scale of the destruction caused by a nuclear weapon has prevented serious consideration of their use in [[war]]fare. {{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
===Nuclear testing===
{{Main article|Nuclear testing}}
Since the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity test]] and excluding the combat use of nuclear weapons, mankind (those few nations with capability) has detonated roughly 1,700 nuclear explosions, all but 6 as tests. Of these, six were [[peaceful nuclear explosion]]s. Nuclear tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 20th century, most nations that have developed nuclear weapons had a staged test of them. Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work, as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how structures behave when subjected to a nuclear explosion. Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength, and many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most [[list of countries with nuclear weapons|nuclear weapons states]] publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test.
==Effects of nuclear explosions==
{{Main article|Effects of nuclear explosions}}
The dominant effects of a nuclear weapon (the blast and thermal radiation) are the same physical damage mechanisms as conventional [[Explosive material|explosive]]s, but the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more per gram and the temperatures reached are in the tens of [[megakelvin]]. Nuclear weapons are quite different from conventional weapons because of the huge amount of explosive energy they can put out and the different kinds of effects they make, like high temperatures and nuclear radiation.
The devastating impact of the explosion does not stop after the initial blast, as with conventional explosives. A cloud of nuclear radiation travels from the [[hypocenter]] of the explosion, causing an impact to life forms even after the heat waves have ceased.
Any nuclear explosion (or [[nuclear war]]) would have wide-ranging, long-term, catastrophic effects. [[Radioactive contamination]] would cause [[genetic mutation]]s and cancer across many generations.<ref>[[Malcolm Fraser]] and [[Tilman Ruff]]. [http://www.theage.com.au/comment/2015-is-the-year-to-ban-nuclear-weapons-20150219-13jali.html#ixzz4BTMwrzJ2 2015 is the year to ban nuclear weapons],
''[[The Age]]'', February 19, 2015.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Nuclear technology}}
*[[Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents]]
*[[Soviet nuclear well collapses]]
*[[Nuclear weapons in popular culture#List of visual depictions|Visual depictions of nuclear explosions in fiction]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* Video — [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFiBXFFzT5c Nuclear Explosion Power Comparison]
{{Nuclear Technology}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuclear Explosion}}
[[Category:Nuclear physics]]
[[Category:Nuclear chemistry]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapon design]]
[[Category:Nuclear accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'DEMOCRATS ARE CROCKERY DONT TRUST THEM VOTE FOR TRUMP
==History==
{{Main article|Nuclear weapons testing|List of nuclear weapons tests|History of nuclear weapons}}
The first man made nuclear explosion occurred on July 16, 1945 at 5:50 am on the [[Trinity Test]] Site near [[Alamogordo]], [[New Mexico]] in the United States, an area now known as the [[White Sands Missile Range]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=U.S. Department of Energy|title=Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion|url=https://energy.gov/management/trinity-site-worlds-first-nuclear-explosion|website=Energy.gov Office of Management|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Taylor|first1=Alan|title=70 Years Since Trinity: The Day the Nuclear Age Began|journal=The Atlantic|date=July 16, 2015|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/07/70-years-since-trinity-when-we-tested-nuclear-bombs/398735/|accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref> The event involved the full-scale testing of an implosion-type fission [[atomic bomb]]. In a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War, General Leslie Groves describes the yield as equivalent to 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=General Leslie|title=The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico: Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Subject: The Test|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-bombtest/|accessdate=23 December 2016|agency=PBS.org|publisher=United States War Department|date=July 18, 1945}}</ref> Following this test, a uranium-gun type nuclear bomb ([[Little Boy]]) was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, with a blast yield of 15 kilotons; and a plutonium implosion-type bomb ([[Fat Man]]) on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, with a blast yield of 21 kilotons. In the years following [[World War II]], eight countries have conducted nuclear tests with 2475 devices fired in 2120 tests.<ref name=Yang>{{citation|last1=Yang|first1=Xiaoping|first2=Robert|last2=North|first3=Carl|last3=Romney|first4=Paul G.|last4=Richards|date=August 2000|title=Worldwide Nuclear Explosions|url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/WW_nuclear_tests_IASPEI_HB.pdf|accessdate=2013-12-31}}</ref>
In 1963, the [[United States]], [[Soviet Union]], and [[United Kingdom]] signed the [[Limited Test Ban Treaty]], pledging to refrain from testing [[nuclear weapon]]s in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The treaty permitted underground tests. Many other non-nuclear nations acceded to the Treaty following its entry into force; however, two nuclear weapons states have not acceded: [[France]], [[China]] {{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
The primary application to date has been military (i.e. nuclear weapons), and the remainder of explosions include the following:
*[[Nuclear pulse propulsion]], including using a nuclear explosion as asteroid deflection strategy.
*Power generation; see [[PACER (fusion)|PACER]]
*[[Peaceful nuclear explosions]]
==Nuclear weapons==
{{Main article|Nuclear weapons|History of nuclear weapons}}
Only two nuclear weapons have been deployed in [[combat]]—both by the United States against [[Japan]] in [[World War II]]. The first event occurred on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the [[United States Army Air Forces]] dropped a [[uranium]] gun-type device, code-named "[[Little Boy]]", on the city of [[Hiroshima]], killing 70,000 people, including 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean [[Unfree labour|slave laborers]]. The second event occurred three days later when the United States Army Air Forces dropped a [[plutonium]] implosion-type device, code-named "[[Fat Man]]", on the city of [[Nagasaki]]. It killed 39,000 people, including 27,778 Japanese munitions employees, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants. In total, around 109,000 people were killed in these [[bomb]]ings. (See ''[[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]'' for a full discussion). Nuclear weapons are largely seen as a 'deterrent' by most governments; the sheer scale of the destruction caused by a nuclear weapon has prevented serious consideration of their use in [[war]]fare. {{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
===Nuclear testing===
{{Main article|Nuclear testing}}
Since the [[Trinity (nuclear test)|Trinity test]] and excluding the combat use of nuclear weapons, mankind (those few nations with capability) has detonated roughly 1,700 nuclear explosions, all but 6 as tests. Of these, six were [[peaceful nuclear explosion]]s. Nuclear tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 20th century, most nations that have developed nuclear weapons had a staged test of them. Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work, as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how structures behave when subjected to a nuclear explosion. Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength, and many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most [[list of countries with nuclear weapons|nuclear weapons states]] publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test.
==Effects of nuclear explosions==
{{Main article|Effects of nuclear explosions}}
The dominant effects of a nuclear weapon (the blast and thermal radiation) are the same physical damage mechanisms as conventional [[Explosive material|explosive]]s, but the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more per gram and the temperatures reached are in the tens of [[megakelvin]]. Nuclear weapons are quite different from conventional weapons because of the huge amount of explosive energy they can put out and the different kinds of effects they make, like high temperatures and nuclear radiation.
The devastating impact of the explosion does not stop after the initial blast, as with conventional explosives. A cloud of nuclear radiation travels from the [[hypocenter]] of the explosion, causing an impact to life forms even after the heat waves have ceased.
Any nuclear explosion (or [[nuclear war]]) would have wide-ranging, long-term, catastrophic effects. [[Radioactive contamination]] would cause [[genetic mutation]]s and cancer across many generations.<ref>[[Malcolm Fraser]] and [[Tilman Ruff]]. [http://www.theage.com.au/comment/2015-is-the-year-to-ban-nuclear-weapons-20150219-13jali.html#ixzz4BTMwrzJ2 2015 is the year to ban nuclear weapons],
''[[The Age]]'', February 19, 2015.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Nuclear technology}}
*[[Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents]]
*[[Soviet nuclear well collapses]]
*[[Nuclear weapons in popular culture#List of visual depictions|Visual depictions of nuclear explosions in fiction]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* Video — [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFiBXFFzT5c Nuclear Explosion Power Comparison]
{{Nuclear Technology}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuclear Explosion}}
[[Category:Nuclear physics]]
[[Category:Nuclear chemistry]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapon design]]
[[Category:Nuclear accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|Explosion that occurs as a result of rapid release of energy from a nuclear reaction (fission or fusion)}}
-[[File:Operation Upshot-Knothole - Badger 001.jpg|right|250px|thumb|A 23 kiloton tower shot called [[Operation Upshot–Knothole|BADGER]], fired on April 18, 1953 at the [[Nevada Test Site]], as part of the [[Operation Upshot–Knothole]] [[nuclear testing|nuclear test series]].]]
-[[File:Greenhouse George Early Fireball.ogv|right|250px|thumb|The [[operation Greenhouse|Greenhouse]] George test early fireball.]]
-[[File:Operation Upshot test.ogv|thumb|Upshot–Knothole Grable test (film)]]
-{{nuclear weapons}}
-
-A '''nuclear explosion''' is an [[explosion]] that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed [[nuclear reaction]]. The driving reaction may be [[nuclear fission]] or [[nuclear fusion]] or a multi-stage cascading combination of the two, though to date all fusion-based weapons have used a fission device to initiate fusion, and a [[pure fusion weapon]] remains a hypothetical device.
-
-Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with [[mushroom cloud]]s, although mushroom clouds can occur with large chemical explosions. It is possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without those clouds. Nuclear explosions produce [[radiation]] and [[radioactive]] debris.
+DEMOCRATS ARE CROCKERY DONT TRUST THEM VOTE FOR TRUMP
==History==
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>DEMOCRATS ARE CROCKERY DONT TRUST THEM VOTE FOR TRUMP
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Nuclear_weapons"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Nuclear weapons</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Nuclear_testing"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nuclear testing</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Effects_of_nuclear_explosions"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Effects of nuclear explosions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Nuclear weapons testing</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">List of nuclear weapons tests</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History of nuclear weapons</a></div>
<p>The first man made nuclear explosion occurred on July 16, 1945 at 5:50 am on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Test">Trinity Test</a> Site near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alamogordo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamogordo">Alamogordo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in the United States, an area now known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The event involved the full-scale testing of an implosion-type fission <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. In a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War, General Leslie Groves describes the yield as equivalent to 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> Following this test, a uranium-gun type nuclear bomb (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>) was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, with a blast yield of 15 kilotons; and a plutonium implosion-type bomb (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>) on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, with a blast yield of 21 kilotons. In the years following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, eight countries have conducted nuclear tests with 2475 devices fired in 2120 tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1963, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> signed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limited_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited Test Ban Treaty">Limited Test Ban Treaty</a>, pledging to refrain from testing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> in the atmosphere, underwater, or in outer space. The treaty permitted underground tests. Many other non-nuclear nations acceded to the Treaty following its entry into force; however, two nuclear weapons states have not acceded: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>The primary application to date has been military (i.e. nuclear weapons), and the remainder of explosions include the following:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_pulse_propulsion" title="Nuclear pulse propulsion">Nuclear pulse propulsion</a>, including using a nuclear explosion as asteroid deflection strategy.</li>
<li>Power generation; see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PACER_(fusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="PACER (fusion)">PACER</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful nuclear explosions">Peaceful nuclear explosions</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nuclear_weapons">Nuclear weapons</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">Nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History of nuclear weapons</a></div>
<p>Only two nuclear weapons have been deployed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a>—both by the United States against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The first event occurred on the morning of 6 August 1945, when the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> dropped a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> gun-type device, code-named "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>", on the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, killing 70,000 people, including 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">slave laborers</a>. The second event occurred three days later when the United States Army Air Forces dropped a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> implosion-type device, code-named "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>", on the city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. It killed 39,000 people, including 27,778 Japanese munitions employees, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants. In total, around 109,000 people were killed in these <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bombings</a>. (See <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></i> for a full discussion). Nuclear weapons are largely seen as a 'deterrent' by most governments; the sheer scale of the destruction caused by a nuclear weapon has prevented serious consideration of their use in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nuclear_testing">Nuclear testing</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear testing">Nuclear testing</a></div>
<p>Since the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity test</a> and excluding the combat use of nuclear weapons, mankind (those few nations with capability) has detonated roughly 1,700 nuclear explosions, all but 6 as tests. Of these, six were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosion" title="Peaceful nuclear explosion">peaceful nuclear explosions</a>. Nuclear tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield and explosive capability of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 20th century, most nations that have developed nuclear weapons had a staged test of them. Testing nuclear weapons can yield information about how the weapons work, as well as how the weapons behave under various conditions and how structures behave when subjected to a nuclear explosion. Additionally, nuclear testing has often been used as an indicator of scientific and military strength, and many tests have been overtly political in their intention; most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_with_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries with nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons states</a> publicly declared their nuclear status by means of a nuclear test.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Effects_of_nuclear_explosions">Effects of nuclear explosions</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">Effects of nuclear explosions</a></div>
<p>The dominant effects of a nuclear weapon (the blast and thermal radiation) are the same physical damage mechanisms as conventional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosives</a>, but the energy produced by a nuclear explosive is millions of times more per gram and the temperatures reached are in the tens of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megakelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Megakelvin">megakelvin</a>. Nuclear weapons are quite different from conventional weapons because of the huge amount of explosive energy they can put out and the different kinds of effects they make, like high temperatures and nuclear radiation.
</p><p>The devastating impact of the explosion does not stop after the initial blast, as with conventional explosives. A cloud of nuclear radiation travels from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypocenter" title="Hypocenter">hypocenter</a> of the explosion, causing an impact to life forms even after the heat waves have ceased.
</p><p>Any nuclear explosion (or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear war">nuclear war</a>) would have wide-ranging, long-term, catastrophic effects. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radioactive contamination</a> would cause <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genetic_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutation">genetic mutations</a> and cancer across many generations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="448" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_nuclear_well_collapses" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet nuclear well collapses">Soviet nuclear well collapses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_in_popular_culture#List_of_visual_depictions" title="Nuclear weapons in popular culture">Visual depictions of nuclear explosions in fiction</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">U.S. Department of Energy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energy.gov/management/trinity-site-worlds-first-nuclear-explosion">"Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion"</a>. <i>Energy.gov Office of Management</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Energy.gov+Office+of+Management&rft.atitle=Trinity+Site+-+World%27s+First+Nuclear+Explosion&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenergy.gov%2Fmanagement%2Ftrinity-site-worlds-first-nuclear-explosion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+explosion" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Taylor, Alan (July 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2015/07/70-years-since-trinity-when-we-tested-nuclear-bombs/398735/">"70 Years Since Trinity: The Day the Nuclear Age Began"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=70+Years+Since+Trinity%3A+The+Day+the+Nuclear+Age+Began&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fphoto%2F2015%2F07%2F70-years-since-trinity-when-we-tested-nuclear-bombs%2F398735%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+explosion" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Groves, General Leslie (July 18, 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/truman-bombtest/">"The First Nuclear Test in New Mexico: Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Subject: The Test"</a>. United States War Department. PBS.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+First+Nuclear+Test+in+New+Mexico%3A+Memorandum+for+the+Secretary+of+War%2C+Subject%3A+The+Test&rft.date=1945-07-18&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=General+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fprimary-resources%2Ftruman-bombtest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+explosion" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Yang-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yang_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYangNorthRomneyRichards2000" class="citation">Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl; Richards, Paul G. (August 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~richards/my_papers/WW_nuclear_tests_IASPEI_HB.pdf"><i>Worldwide Nuclear Explosions</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-31</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Nuclear+Explosions&rft.date=2000-08&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoping&rft.au=North%2C+Robert&rft.au=Romney%2C+Carl&rft.au=Richards%2C+Paul+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~richards%2Fmy_papers%2FWW_nuclear_tests_IASPEI_HB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+explosion" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tilman_Ruff" title="Tilman Ruff">Tilman Ruff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/comment/2015-is-the-year-to-ban-nuclear-weapons-20150219-13jali.html#ixzz4BTMwrzJ2">2015 is the year to ban nuclear weapons</a>,
<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>, February 19, 2015.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<ul><li>Video — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFiBXFFzT5c">Nuclear Explosion Power Comparison</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist ｜ above = * [[Outline of nuclear technology|Outline]] mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Nuclear_technology" title="Template:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_technology" title="Template talk:Nuclear technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Nuclear_technology&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Physics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nucleus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">Fission</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">braking</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">Fuel</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fertile_material" title="Fertile material">Fertile material</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">Fissile material</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isotope_separation" title="Isotope separation">Isotope separation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_material" title="Nuclear material">Nuclear material</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">Activation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">Capture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">Poison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">Cross section</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Generator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_radiation" title="Neutron radiation">Radiation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_reflector" title="Neutron reflector">Reflector</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_temperature" title="Neutron temperature">Temperature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">Thermal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron">Fast</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fusion_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion neutron">Fusion</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Power</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">by country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">Power plant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economics_of_nuclear_power_plants" title="Economics of nuclear power plants">Economics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multi-Mission_Radioisotope_Thermoelectric_Generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator">Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fusion_power" title="Fusion power">Fusion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Propulsion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">rocket</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security" title="Nuclear safety and security">Safety and security</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Imaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RadBall" title="RadBall">RadBall</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scintigraphy" title="Scintigraphy">Scintigraphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">Single-photon emission (SPECT)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">Positron-emission tomography (PET)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Therapy</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" title="Fast neutron therapy">Fast-neutron</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_capture_therapy_of_cancer" title="Neutron capture therapy of cancer">Neutron capture therapy of cancer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">Targeted alpha-particle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">Proton-beam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomotherapy" title="Tomotherapy">Tomotherapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachytherapy" title="Brachytherapy">Brachytherapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation therapy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiosurgery" title="Radiosurgery">Radiosurgery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmacology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Arms race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" title="Nuclear weapons delivery">Delivery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design" title="Nuclear weapon design">Design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_ethics" title="Nuclear ethics">Ethics</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Explosion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">effects</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">Testing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" title="High-altitude nuclear explosion">high-altitude</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Underground nuclear weapons testing">underground</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_yield" title="Nuclear weapon yield">Yield</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNTe</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_estimated_death_tolls_from_nuclear_attacks_on_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of estimated death tolls from nuclear attacks on cities">Estimated death tolls from attacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">States with nuclear weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_nuclear_weapons_stockpiles_and_nuclear_tests_by_country" title="Historical nuclear weapons stockpiles and nuclear tests by country">Historical stockpiles and tests</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests" title="List of nuclear weapons tests">Tests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States">Tests in the United States</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_weapons_of_mass_destruction_treaties" title="List of weapons of mass destruction treaties">WMD treaties</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear-weapon-free_zone" title="Nuclear-weapon-free zone">Weapon-free zones</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" title="List of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Waste</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Products</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinide</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reprocessed_uranium" title="Reprocessed uranium">Reprocessed uranium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reactor-grade_plutonium" title="Reactor-grade plutonium">Reactor-grade plutonium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinide</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Activation_product" title="Activation product">Activation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Fission</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long-lived_fission_product" title="Long-lived fission product">LLFP</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:4.0em;font-weight:normal;">Disposal</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Fuel cycle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-level_waste" title="High-level waste">High-level (HLW)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low-level_waste" title="Low-level waste">Low-level (LLW)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deep_geological_repository" title="Deep geological repository">Repository</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Reprocessing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">Spent fuel</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">cask</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Transmutation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debate</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_power_debate" title="Nuclear power debate">Nuclear power</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_debate" title="Nuclear weapons debate">Nuclear weapons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" title="Uranium mining debate">Uranium mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Nuclear power phase-out</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nuclear_reactors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fission" title="Nuclear reactor">Fission</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Moderator"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">Moderator</a></b></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">Light water</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aqueous_homogeneous_reactor" title="Aqueous homogeneous reactor">Aqueous homogeneous</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">Boiling</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GE_BWR" title="GE BWR">BWR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advanced_boiling_water_reactor" title="Advanced boiling water reactor">ABWR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Simplified_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor">ESBWR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerena_boiling_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerena boiling water reactor">Kerena</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">Pressurized</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AP1000" title="AP1000">AP1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/APR-1400" title="APR-1400">APR-1400</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/APR%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="APR+">APR+</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/APWR" class="mw-redirect" title="APWR">APWR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ATMEA1" class="mw-redirect" title="ATMEA1">ATMEA1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CAP1400" class="mw-redirect" title="CAP1400">CAP1400</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CPR-1000" title="CPR-1000">CPR-1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPR_(nuclear_reactor)" title="EPR (nuclear reactor)">EPR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hualong_One" title="Hualong One">HPR-1000</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACPR1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACPR1000">ACPR1000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACP1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACP1000">ACP1000</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER</a></li>
<li>many others</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supercritical_water_reactor" title="Supercritical water reactor">Supercritical (SCWR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">Natural fission</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy-water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-water reactor">Heavy water</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;;background:whitesmoke;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deuterium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterium oxide">D<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pressurized_heavy-water_reactor" title="Pressurized heavy-water reactor">Pressurized</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CANDU_reactor" title="CANDU reactor">CANDU</a>
<ul><li>CANDU 6</li>
<li>CANDU 9</li>
<li>EC6</li>
<li>AFCR</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACR-1000" class="mw-redirect" title="ACR-1000">ACR-1000</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advanced_heavy-water_reactor" title="Advanced heavy-water reactor">AHWR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" title="Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">CVTR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">IPHWR-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Argentina" title="Nuclear energy in Argentina">PHWR KWU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=MZFR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MZFR (page does not exist)">MZFR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%85gestaverket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ågestaverket">R3</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R4_nuclear_reactor" title="R4 nuclear reactor">R4 Marviken</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=HWLWR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWLWR (page does not exist)">HWLWR</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">ATR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-1" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">HW BLWR 250</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steam-generating_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam-generating heavy water reactor">Steam-generating (SGHWR)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WR-1" title="WR-1">WR-1</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=HWGCR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HWGCR (page does not exist)">HWGCR</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">EL-4</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kernkraftwerk_Niederaichbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kernkraftwerk Niederaichbach (page does not exist)">KKN</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KS_150" title="KS 150">KS 150</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">Lucens</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Graphite-moderated_reactor" title="Graphite-moderated reactor">Graphite</a> <br /><span style="font-size:90%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" title="Nuclear reactor coolant">coolant</a></span></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="H2O" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H2O" class="mw-redirect" title="H2O">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant">AM-1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beloyarsk_Nuclear_Power_Station#Early_reactors" title="Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station">AMB-X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EGP-6" title="EGP-6">EGP-6</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNGG_reactor" title="UNGG reactor"><i>Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz</i> (UNGG)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas_turbine_modular_helium_reactor" title="Gas turbine modular helium reactor">GTMHR</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=MHR-T&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MHR-T (page does not exist)">MHR-T</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UHTREX" title="UHTREX">UHTREX</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Very-high-temperature_reactor" title="Very-high-temperature reactor">VHTR (HTGR)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pebble-bed_reactor" title="Pebble-bed reactor">PBR (PBMR)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AVR_reactor" title="AVR reactor">AVR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HTR-10" title="HTR-10">HTR-10</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HTR-PM" title="HTR-PM">HTR-PM</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/THTR-300" title="THTR-300">THTR-300</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Prismatic_block_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismatic block reactor (page does not exist)">PMR</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor" title="Molten salt reactor">Molten-salt</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fluorides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FLiBe" title="FLiBe">Fluorides</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuji_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Fuji Molten Salt Reactor">Fuji MSR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor" title="Liquid fluoride thorium reactor">Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molten-Salt_Reactor_Experiment" title="Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment">Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integral_Molten_Salt_Reactor" title="Integral Molten Salt Reactor">Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TMSR-500" title="TMSR-500">TMSR-500</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">None<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">fast-neutron</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">Breeder (FBR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integral_fast_reactor" title="Integral fast reactor">Integral (IFR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" title="Liquid metal cooled reactor">Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Small,_sealed,_transportable,_autonomous_reactor" title="Small, sealed, transportable, autonomous reactor">Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traveling_wave_reactor" title="Traveling wave reactor">Traveling-wave (TWR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_Multiplier_Module" title="Energy Multiplier Module">Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reduced_moderation_water_reactor" title="Reduced moderation water reactor">Reduced-moderation (RMWR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fast_Breeder_Test_Reactor" title="Fast Breeder Test Reactor">Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dual_fluid_reactor" title="Dual fluid reactor">Dual fluid reactor (DFR)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generation_IV_reactor#Fast_reactors" title="Generation IV reactor">Generation IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodium-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Sodium-cooled fast reactor">Sodium (SFR)</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BN-350_reactor" title="BN-350 reactor">BN-350</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BN-600_reactor" title="BN-600 reactor">BN-600</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BN-800_reactor" title="BN-800 reactor">BN-800</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BN-1200_reactor" title="BN-1200 reactor">BN-1200</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CFR-600" title="CFR-600">CFR-600</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prototype_Fast_Breeder_Reactor" title="Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor">PFBR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/China_Experimental_Fast_Reactor" title="China Experimental Fast Reactor">CEFR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dounreay#Prototype_Fast_Reactor_(PFR)" title="Dounreay">PFR</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PRISM_(reactor)" title="PRISM (reactor)">PRISM</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lead-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Lead-cooled fast reactor">Lead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gas-cooled_fast_reactor" title="Gas-cooled fast reactor">Helium gas (GFR)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;background:none;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organic_nuclear_reactor" title="Organic nuclear reactor">Organic nuclear reactor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arbus-reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbus-reactor (page does not exist)">Arbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aircraft_Nuclear_Propulsion" title="Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion">Aircraft Reactor Experiment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fusion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuclear_reactor#Fusion_reactors" title="Nuclear reactor">Fusion</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="by_confinement">by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermonuclear_fusion#Confinement" title="Thermonuclear fusion">confinement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnetic_confinement_fusion" title="Magnetic confinement fusion">Magnetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" title="Field-reversed configuration">Field-reversed configuration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levitated_dipole" title="Levitated dipole">Levitated dipole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" title="Reversed field pinch">Reversed field pinch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spheromak" title="Spheromak">Spheromak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stellarator" title="Stellarator">Stellarator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokamak" title="Tokamak">Tokamak</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Inertial</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bubble_fusion" title="Bubble fusion">Bubble <span style="font-size:85%;">(acoustic)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">Fusor</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inertial_electrostatic_confinement" title="Inertial electrostatic confinement">electrostatic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">Laser-driven</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" title="Magnetized target fusion">Magnetized-target</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" title="Dense plasma focus">Dense plasma focus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Migma" title="Migma">Migma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">Muon-catalyzed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polywell" title="Polywell">Polywell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" title="Pyroelectric fusion">Pyroelectric</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" title="Category:Nuclear technology">Category</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuclear technology">Commons</a></b></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Portal</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2656967&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2656967&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2656967" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646377">10646377</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562377">00562377</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1585243036 |
