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{{distinguish|Malayalam|Malaysian language}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Malay
|altname={{plainlist|
*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
*[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]}}
|ethnicity=[[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]
|nativename={{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} / {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}} / ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ
|states=[[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
|speakers = {{sigfig|76.9|2}} million
|date = 2007
|ref = ne2007
|speakers2=Total: 200–250 million (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|accessdate=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref>
|familycolor = Austronesian
|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3 = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)
|fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
|fam5 = [[Malayan languages|Malayan]]
|fam6 =
|ancestor=[[Old Malay]]
|ancestor2=[[Classical Malay]]
|stand1=[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
|stand2=[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay alphabet]])<br />[[Arabic script]] ([[Jawi alphabet]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |date=26 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archivedate=29 October 2012 }}</ref><br />
[[Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)<br />[[Malay Braille]]
Historically [[Pallava alphabet]], [[Kawi alphabet]], [[Rencong alphabet]], [[Rejang script]]
|nation={{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}
* {{Flag|Brunei}}
* {{Flag|Indonesia}} <small>(as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small>
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} <small>(also called [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]])</small>
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
----
*{{Flag|ASEAN}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states|title=Languages of ASEAN|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref><br/>
{{endplainlist}}
|minority={{flag|Indonesia}}<br /><small>(Local Malay enjoys the status of a regional language in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo) apart from the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<br />{{flag|Thailand}} (as [[Pattani Malay|Bahasa Jawi]])<br />{{flag|Philippines}} (as a trade language with Malaysia and in [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] and [[Balabac, Palawan]]) <br />{{Flag|East Timor}} (as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />{{Flag|Christmas Island}}<br/> {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} (as [[Cocos Malay]])<br/>{{Flag|UN}} ([[Indonesian Language|Indonesian]] used at [[UN peacekeeping missions]])
|agency=Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan ([[Language and Book Development Agency]]);<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Institute of Language and Literature);<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei]] (Language and Literature Bureau);<br />[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia]] (Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM) <small>(a trilateral joint-venture)</small>
|iso1=ms
|iso2b=may
|iso2t=msa
|iso3=msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]], and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]-->
|lc1=zlm
|ld1=Malay (individual language)
|lc2=kxd
|ld2=[[Brunei Malay]]
|lc3=ind
|ld3=[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
|lc4=zsm
|ld4=[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]
|lc5=jax
|ld5=[[Jambi Malay]]
|lc6=meo
|ld6=[[Kedah Malay]]
|lc7=kvr
|ld7=[[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
|lc8=xmm
|ld8=[[Manado Malay]]
|lc9=min
|ld9=[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
|lc10=mui
|ld10=[[Musi language|Musi]]
|lc11=zmi
|ld11=[[Minangkabau language|Negeri Sembilan]]
|lc12=max
|ld12=[[North Moluccan Malay]]
|lc13=mfa
|ld13=[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
|lingua=31-MFA-a
|map=Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png
|mapcaption=
{{legend|#0000ff|Indonesia}}
{{legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}}
{{legend|#76f36b|Singapore and Brunei, where Malay is an official language}}
{{legend|#88caff|East Timor, where Indonesian is a working language}}
{{legend|#f7f36b|Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken}}
|notice=IPA
|sign=[[Manually Coded Malay]]<br />[[Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia]]
|glotto=indo1326
|glottoname=partial match
|glottorefname=Indonesian Archipelago Malay
}}
'''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Linguistic Student's Handbook |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{lang-ms|Bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Languages of Singapore|Singapore]], as well as parts of [[Thailand]]. A language of the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], it is spoken by 290 million people<ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 250 million as "Indonesian", etc.</ref> across the [[Strait of Malacca]], including the coasts of the [[Malay Peninsula]] of Malaysia and the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]] in Indonesia and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal [[Sarawak]] and [[West Kalimantan]] in [[Borneo]]. It is also used as a trading language in the southern [[Philippines]], including the southern parts of the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]], the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and the southern predominantly [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]]-inhabited municipalities of [[Bataraza]] and [[Balabac, Palawan|Balabac]] in [[Palawan]].
As the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Nasional}} ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} ("[[Malaysian language]]") or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language") and in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu}} ("unifying language"/[[lingua franca]]). However, in areas of central to southern [[Sumatra]] where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} and consider it one of their regional languages.
Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates, and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayan languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Malay trade and creole languages#Macassar Malay|Macassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]].
==Origin==
Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western [[Borneo]] stretching to the [[Brunei]]an coast.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2004 |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |language=en |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733|url=http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/11343/122869/1/3089-5554-1-PB.pdf }}</ref> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent [[Malayan languages]]. Its ancestor, [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], a descendant of the [[Proto-Austronesian language]], began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of [[Austronesian peoples]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] from the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andaya |first=Leonard Y. |date=2001 |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169}}</ref>
<!-- Doesn't belong here, partly duplicates content found in the following sections and should be merged into them:
Through the penetration and proliferation of [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary and the influence of major [[Indian religions]], the Proto-Malay evolved into a form known as the Old Malay language.
The oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], dating from the end of the 7th century AD, was found on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi, [[South Sumatra]]. "[[Malayu (kingdom)|Malayu]]" was the name of an old kingdom located in [[Jambi province]] in eastern Sumatra.
The use of Malay as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]] is linked to the rise of [[Muslim]] kingdoms and the spread of [[Islam]], itself a consequence of growing regional trade. A literary language was established in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]]. After the defeat of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511, the literary center shifted to the [[Johor-Riau Sultanate]], and the literary language is therefore often called Johor-Riau Malay, though it is a continuation of Malacca Malay. When Johor was divided between [[British Malaya]] ([[Johor]]) and the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[Riau]]), its language was accorded official status in both territories.
Indonesia pronounced "Riau" (Malacca–Johor) Malay its official language (''Bahasa Indonesia'') when it gained independence. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago had declared Malay to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the ''[[Sumpah Pemuda]]'' "Youth Vow." Thus Indonesia was the first country to designate Malay as an official language.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDS Languages of Indonesia (Sumatra)]</ref>
In Malaysia, the 1957 [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the Federation adopted Johor (Malacca) Malay as the official language (''Bahasa Malaysia''). The name "Malaysia", in both language and country, emphasised that the nation consisted of more than just ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]]. In 1986 the official name was changed to ''Bahasa Melayu'', but in 2007 it was changed back.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=294230 Penggunaan Istilah Bahasa Malaysia Dan Bukan Bahasa Melayu Muktamad, Kata Zainuddin]. BERNAMA, 5 November 2007</ref>
"Bahasa Melayu" was defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution. It is also based on the Malaccan standard.
The Indonesian and Malaysian [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development (see [[Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian]]; cf. [[Serbo-Croatian]]). This is, in part, partly due to the influence of different colonial languages; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the case of Indonesia (see [[Dutch East Indies]]), and [[English language|English]] in the case of Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, which were formerly under [[British Empire|British rule]]. However, Indonesia and Malaysia largely unified their previously divergent orthographies in 1972, and they along with Brunei have set up a joint commission to develop common scientific and technical vocabulary and otherwise co-operate to keep their standards convergent.
Some Malay [[dialect]]s, however, show only limited [[mutual intelligibility]] with the standard language; for example, [[Kelantan Malay language|Kelantanese]] or [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian]] pronunciation is difficult for many fellow Malaysians to understand, while [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] contains many words unfamiliar to speakers of Malaysian, some because of [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] or other [[Languages of Indonesia|local language]] influence, and some because of the independent development of [[Indonesian slang language|Indonesian slang]] and colloquial parlance.
The language spoken by the [[Peranakan]] (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the [[Ming Dynasty]] and local Malays) is a unique [[patois]] of Malay and the [[Hokkien Chinese]], which is mostly spoken in the former [[Straits Settlements]] of [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] in Malaysia, and the Indonesian Archipelago. -->
==History==
[[File:Lawah-Lawah Merah (1875).pdf|thumb|''Lawah-Lawah Merah'' (1875), a Malay-language translation of ''L'araignée rouge'' by {{ill|René de Pont-Jest|fr}} has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of ''[[Hikayat]]''.]]
{{Main|History of the Malay language}}
The [[history of the Malay language]] can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period (Classical Malay), Late Modern Malay and modern Malay. It is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wurm|first1=Stephen|authorlink1=Stephen Wurm|last2=Mühlhäusler|first2=Peter|authorlink2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Tryon|first3=Darrell T.|authorlink3=Darrell T. Tryon|title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19|year=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081972-4|page=677}}</ref>
Old Malay was influenced by the [[Sanskrit]] literary language of Classical India and a scriptural language of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, written in the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava variety]] of the [[Grantha alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |date=15 September 2007 |accessdate=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archivedate=26 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and dates back to 7th century. Known as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], it was discovered by the [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] M. Batenburg on November 29, 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]]. It is a small stone of {{convert|45 by 80|cm}}.
The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the [[Adityawarman]] era (1345–1377) of [[Dharmasraya]], a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of [[Srivijaya]]n rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the [[Minangkabau people]], who today still live in the highlands of [[Sumatra]].
The Malay language came into widespread use as the [[lingua franca]] of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of [[Arabic]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] vocabularies, called ''Classical Malay''. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=70}}</ref>
Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of [[Ternate]], [[Maluku Islands]] in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of [[Portugal]], following contact with Portuguese explorer [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name=sneddon/> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated [[Ternate language]], a [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan language]], as their [[first language]]. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.<ref name=sneddon>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref>
==Classification==
{{See also|Austronesian languages#Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart}}
Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language]]. There are many [[cognate]]s found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related [[variety (linguistics)|forms of speech]] known as the [[Malayic languages]], which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The [[vernacular]] of Brunei—[[Brunei Malay]]—for example, is not readily intelligible with the [[standard language]], and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as [[Kedah Malay]]. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<ref>''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 ''kxd'' and ''meo'', but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</ref>
The closest relatives of the Malay languages are those left behind on Sumatra, such as the [[Minangkabau language]], with 5.5 million speakers on the west coast.
==Writing system==
{{Main|Malay alphabet}}
[[File:Kerinci MSS detail.jpg|thumb|The [[Rencong alphabet]], a native writing system found in Malay Peninsula, central and [[South Sumatra]]. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.]]
[[File:KedukanBukit001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.04|[[Kedukan Bukit Inscription]], using [[Pallava alphabet]], is the oldest surviving specimen of the [[Old Malay]] language in [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia.]]
Malay is now written using the [[Latin script]], known as ''Rumi'' in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or ''Latin'' in Indonesia, although an [[Arabic script]] called ''Arab Melayu'' or [[Jawi alphabet|''Jawi'']] also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]].
''Rumi'' and ''Jawi'' are co-official in [[Brunei]] only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the Religious School, ''Sekolah Agama'', which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in rural areas of Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.
The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the [[Pallava script|Pallava]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]] and [[Rencong script|Rencong]] scripts; these are still in use today, such as the [[Cham alphabet]] used by the [[Chams]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]]. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, ''Jawi'' gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the [[Malay alphabet|Rumi]] script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu) |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref>
== Extent of use ==
{{See also|Malay trade and creole languages}}
[[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|right|A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.]]
[[File:Sukarno hatta airport - Terminal - Jakarta - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Malay road signs in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. "''Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang''" means "Lane for dropping passengers" in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]]]
Malay is spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Singapore]], parts of [[Thailand]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html |title=Malay Can Be 'Language Of Asean' |date=24 October 2010 |publisher=Brudirect.com |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> and southern [[Philippines]]. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use the same standard.<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite book
| last = Salleh
| first = Haji
| authorlink = Muhammad Haji Salleh
| coauthors =
| title = An introduction to modern Malaysian literature
| publisher = Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad
| year = 2008
| location = Kuala Lumpur
| pages = xvi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| doi =
| isbn = 978-983-068-307-2}}</ref> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialect]] called [[Brunei Malay]]. In [[East Timor]], Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being [[English language|English]]), alongside the official languages of [[Tetum language|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] in 1968 and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the [[Philippines]], Malay is spoken by a minority of the Muslim population residing in [[Mindanao]] (specifically the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]]) and the [[Sulu Archipelago]]. However, they mostly speak it in a form of [[Malay trade and creole languages|creole]] resembling [[Sabah Malay]]. Historically, it was the primary trading language of the archipelago prior to [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish occupation]]. [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in [[Davao City]], and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students.
==Phonology==
{{main|Malay phonology}}
Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a [[tonal language]].
===Consonants===
The consonants of Malaysian<ref name="On-line Version">{{cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1= Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |title= Standard Malay (Brunei)|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=12 July 2011 |volume=41 |issue=02 |pages= 259–268 |doi= 10.1017/S002510031100017X |url= http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/FASS/research/malay/index.html |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203321/http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/FASS/research/malay/index.html|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}.</ref> and also Indonesian<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soderberg |first=Craig D. |last2=Olson |first2=Kenneth S. |year=2008 |title=Indonesian |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/indonesian/AE405481B94A4E0B7234A8BBE9C6F5FD |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320 |issn=1475-3502}}</ref> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+Malay consonant phonemes
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Labial consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Post-alveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
|
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|f}})
| ({{IPAlink|θ}})
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʃ}})
| ({{IPAlink|x}})
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|v}})
| ({{IPAlink|ð}})
| ({{IPAlink|z}})
|
| ({{IPAlink|ɣ}})
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|-
! <smalL>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''':
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
* {{IPAslink|ð}} is 'z', the same as the {{IPAslink|z}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|ð}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|z}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is 'ny'
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is 'ng'
* {{IPAslink|θ}} is represented as 's', the same as the {{IPAslink|s}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|θ}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|s}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)
* the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as ''rakyat'')
* {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is 'c'
* {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is 'sy'
* {{IPAslink|x}} is 'kh'
* {{IPAslink|j}} is 'y'
'''Loans from Arabic''':
* Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
|-
! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example
|-
| {{IPAslink|x}} || {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|h}} || ''khabar, kabar'' "news"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ð}} || {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|l}} || ''redha, rela'' "good will"
|-
| {{IPA|/zˤ/}} || {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|z}} || ''lohor, zuhur'' "noon (prayer)"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|r}} || ''ghaib, raib'' "hidden"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || ''saat, sa'at'' "second (time)"
|}
===Vowels===
Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<ref name="On-line Version"/> The vowels /e, o/ are much less common than the other four.
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Close
| {{IPA|i}}
|
| {{IPA|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''': both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so ''perang'' can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia ''perang'' with /e/ sound is also written as ''pirang'').
Some analyses regard {{IPA|/ai, au, oi/}} as diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Susur galur bahasa Melayu |last=Asmah Haji |first=Omar |date=1985 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Zaharani|title=Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan|date=1993|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> However, {{IPA|[ai]}} and {{IPA|[au]}} can only occur in open syllables, such as ''cukai'' ("tax") and ''pulau'' ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as ''baik'' ("good") and ''laut'' ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} and {{IPA|[oi]}} as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}} and {{IPA|/oj/}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |year=1997 |title=On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs" |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.2307/3622989 |jstor=3622989}}</ref>
There is a rule of [[vowel harmony]]: the non-open vowels {{IPA|/i, e, u, o/}} in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so ''hidung'' ("nose") is allowed but *''hedung'' is not.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf |title=Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology |last=Adelaar |first=K. A. |date=1992 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0858834081 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c119 |oclc=26845189}}</ref>
==Grammar==
{{main|Malay grammar}}
Malay is an [[agglutinative language]], and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word ([[affixation]]), formation of a [[compound word]] (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ([[reduplication]]). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are [[derivation (linguistics)|derived]] from other words by means of [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es and [[circumfix]]es.
Malay does not make use of [[grammatical gender]], and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for “''he”'' and “''she”'' which is ''dia'' or for “''his”'' and “''her”'' which is ''dia punya.'' There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus ''orang'' may mean either "person" or "people". Verbs are not [[inflected language|inflected]] for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as ''sudah'' "already" and ''belum'' "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote [[voice (grammar)|voice]] or intentional and accidental [[grammatical mood|moods]].
Malay does not have a [[grammatical subject]] in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an [[agent (grammar)|agent]] and an [[object (grammar)|object]], these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
==Borrowed words==
{{Main|List of Malay loanwords}}
{{sect-stub|date=July 2019}}
The Malay language has many words borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in particular religious terms), [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Sinitic languages]] (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub) and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).
==Varieties and related languages==
{{main|Malayic languages}}
{{noref-section|date=May 2019}}
There is a group closely related languages spoken by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and related peoples across [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], and the far southern parts of the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are [[mutually intelligible]] to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.
Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of [[Sumatra]]. They are: [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Central Malay]] (Bengkulu), [[Pekal language|Pekal]], [[Musi language|Musi]] (Palembang), [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] (Malaysia), and [[Duano language|Duano’]].<ref>''Ethnologue'' 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</ref>
Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the [[Orang Asli]] ([[Proto-Malay]]) in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]. They are [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]], [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]], and [[Temuan language|Temuan]].
The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include [[Malay language|Malaccan Malay]] ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Kedah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay|Kedayan/Brunei Malay]], [[Berau Malay]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[Kutai Malay]], [[Orang Laut language|Loncong]], [[Pattani Malay]], and [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]. [[Menterap language|Menterap]] may belong here.
There are also several [[Malay-based creole languages]], such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Cocos Malay]], [[Manado Malay]] and [[Sabah Malay]], which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.
Due to the early settlement of a [[Cape Malay]] community in [[Cape Town]], who are now known as [[Coloured]]s, numerous [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]] words were brought into [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
===Usages===
The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[West Malaysia]] in 1968, and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
In Singapore, Malay was historically the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the [[national anthem]], [[Majulah Singapura]], is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of [[Thailand]]—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called [[Pattani kingdom|Pattani]] — speak a dialect of Malay called [[Yawi language|Yawi]] (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
Owing to earlier contact with the [[Philippines]], Malay words—such as ''dalam hati'' (sympathy), ''luwalhati'' (glory), ''tengah hari'' (midday), ''sedap'' (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]].
By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the ''lingua franca'' for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In [[East Timor]], which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its [[Constitution]] as a 'working language'.)
Besides [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]], which developed from the [[Malacca sultanate|Malaccan]]<!--not Riau: "Riau Malay" is not the Malay native to Riau, but to Malacca--> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia, they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]], which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay, some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are [[Riau|Riau Malay]], [[Langkat]], [[Musi language|Palembang Malay]] and [[Jambi Malay]]. [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]] and [[Bengkulu]] are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the [[Jakarta]] dialect (known as [[Betawi language|Betawi]]) also belongs to the western Malay group.
The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or [[Malay trade and creole languages|creoles]], are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: [[Manado Malay]], [[Ambonese Malay]], [[North Moluccan Malay]], [[Papuan Malay]].
The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.
The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, Malaysian pronounce 'kita' (inclusive we, us, our) as /kitə/, Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, Riau as /kita/, Palembang as /kito/, Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/.
Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
==Examples==
All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', ''pasal'' and ''perkara'', and for 'declaration', ''pernyataan'' and ''perisytiharan'', are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
! English!! Indonesian !! Malaysian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay)) |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref>
|-
|'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' || '''Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia'''<br>(General Declaration about Human Rights) || '''Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat'''<br>(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
|-
|'''Article 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Perkara 1'''
|-
|''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| ''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All people are born independent and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.)
| ''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.)
|}
==See also==
* [[Jawi script|Jawi]], an [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] for Malay
* [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian|Comparison of standard Malaysian and Indonesian]]
* [[Indonesian language]]
* [[Languages of Indonesia]]
* [[List of English words of Malay origin]]
* [[Malajoe Batawi]]
* [[Malaysian English]], the English used formally in Malaysia.
* [[Malaysian language]]
{{-}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Adelaar, K., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", ''[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]]'' 160 (2004), no: 1, Leiden, 1-30
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/607205 Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1931. "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 6 (3).] [[Cambridge University Press]], School of Oriental and African Studies: 715–49.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/607921 C. O. B. 1939. "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)".] Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|author=Vladimir Braginsky|title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366 |date=18 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-84879-7|pages=366–}}
* {{cite book|author=Wilkinson, Richard James|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc|title=A Malay-English dictionary|place=[[Singapore]]|publisher=Kelly & Walsh limited|year=1901-1903}}
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ms}}
{{InterWiki|code=id}}
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Malay phrasebook|Malay|a phrasebook}}
* [http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/3089/3850 Adelaar, K., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", ''[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]]'' 160 (2004), no: 1, [[Leiden]], 1-30]
* The [[Wiktionary:Category:Malay language|list of Malay words]] and [[Wiktionary:Category:Malay derivations|list of words of Malay origin]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project
* [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list|Swadesh list of Malay words]]
*[http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary]
* [http://prpm.dbp.gov.my Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu], online Malay language database provided by the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan] (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)
* [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka] (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
* [http://www.ekamus.info Malay Chinese Dictionary]
* [https://archive.is/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/ Malay English Dictionary]
* [http://www.malaytranslate.com Malay English Translation]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Malay Language}}
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '==Origin==
Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western [[Borneo]] stretching to the [[Brunei]]an coast.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=2004 |title=Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |language=en |volume=160 |issue=1 |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003733|url=http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/11343/122869/1/3089-5554-1-PB.pdf }}</ref> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent [[Malayan languages]]. Its ancestor, [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]], a descendant of the [[Proto-Austronesian language]], began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of [[Austronesian peoples]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] from the island of [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andaya |first=Leonard Y. |date=2001 |title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu |url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=315–330 |doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169}}</ref>
<!-- Doesn't belong here, partly duplicates content found in the following sections and should be merged into them:
Through the penetration and proliferation of [[Sanskrit]] vocabulary and the influence of major [[Indian religions]], the Proto-Malay evolved into a form known as the Old Malay language.
The oldest surviving specimen of Old Malay, the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], dating from the end of the 7th century AD, was found on the banks of the River Tatang, a tributary of the River Musi, [[South Sumatra]]. "[[Malayu (kingdom)|Malayu]]" was the name of an old kingdom located in [[Jambi province]] in eastern Sumatra.
The use of Malay as a ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]] is linked to the rise of [[Muslim]] kingdoms and the spread of [[Islam]], itself a consequence of growing regional trade. A literary language was established in [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]]. After the defeat of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511, the literary center shifted to the [[Johor-Riau Sultanate]], and the literary language is therefore often called Johor-Riau Malay, though it is a continuation of Malacca Malay. When Johor was divided between [[British Malaya]] ([[Johor]]) and the [[Dutch East Indies]] ([[Riau]]), its language was accorded official status in both territories.
Indonesia pronounced "Riau" (Malacca–Johor) Malay its official language (''Bahasa Indonesia'') when it gained independence. Since 1928, nationalists and young people throughout the Indonesian archipelago had declared Malay to be Indonesia's only official language, as proclaimed in the ''[[Sumpah Pemuda]]'' "Youth Vow." Thus Indonesia was the first country to designate Malay as an official language.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDS Languages of Indonesia (Sumatra)]</ref>
In Malaysia, the 1957 [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the Federation adopted Johor (Malacca) Malay as the official language (''Bahasa Malaysia''). The name "Malaysia", in both language and country, emphasised that the nation consisted of more than just ethnic [[Malay people|Malays]]. In 1986 the official name was changed to ''Bahasa Melayu'', but in 2007 it was changed back.<ref>[http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/news.php?id=294230 Penggunaan Istilah Bahasa Malaysia Dan Bukan Bahasa Melayu Muktamad, Kata Zainuddin]. BERNAMA, 5 November 2007</ref>
"Bahasa Melayu" was defined as Brunei's official language in the country's 1959 Constitution. It is also based on the Malaccan standard.
The Indonesian and Malaysian [[register (sociolinguistics)|register]]s of Malay are separated by some centuries of different vocabulary development (see [[Differences between Malaysian and Indonesian]]; cf. [[Serbo-Croatian]]). This is, in part, partly due to the influence of different colonial languages; [[Dutch language|Dutch]] in the case of Indonesia (see [[Dutch East Indies]]), and [[English language|English]] in the case of Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei, which were formerly under [[British Empire|British rule]]. However, Indonesia and Malaysia largely unified their previously divergent orthographies in 1972, and they along with Brunei have set up a joint commission to develop common scientific and technical vocabulary and otherwise co-operate to keep their standards convergent.
Some Malay [[dialect]]s, however, show only limited [[mutual intelligibility]] with the standard language; for example, [[Kelantan Malay language|Kelantanese]] or [[Sarawak Malay|Sarawakian]] pronunciation is difficult for many fellow Malaysians to understand, while [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] contains many words unfamiliar to speakers of Malaysian, some because of [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] or other [[Languages of Indonesia|local language]] influence, and some because of the independent development of [[Indonesian slang language|Indonesian slang]] and colloquial parlance.
The language spoken by the [[Peranakan]] (Straits Chinese, a hybrid of Chinese settlers from the [[Ming Dynasty]] and local Malays) is a unique [[patois]] of Malay and the [[Hokkien Chinese]], which is mostly spoken in the former [[Straits Settlements]] of [[Penang]] and [[Malacca]] in Malaysia, and the Indonesian Archipelago. -->
==History==
[[File:Lawah-Lawah Merah (1875).pdf|thumb|''Lawah-Lawah Merah'' (1875), a Malay-language translation of ''L'araignée rouge'' by {{ill|René de Pont-Jest|fr}} has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of ''[[Hikayat]]''.]]
{{Main|History of the Malay language}}
The [[history of the Malay language]] can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period (Classical Malay), Late Modern Malay and modern Malay. It is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wurm|first1=Stephen|authorlink1=Stephen Wurm|last2=Mühlhäusler|first2=Peter|authorlink2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Tryon|first3=Darrell T.|authorlink3=Darrell T. Tryon|title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19|year=1996|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-081972-4|page=677}}</ref>
Old Malay was influenced by the [[Sanskrit]] literary language of Classical India and a scriptural language of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, written in the [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava variety]] of the [[Grantha alphabet]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |date=15 September 2007 |accessdate=22 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archivedate=26 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and dates back to 7th century. Known as the [[Kedukan Bukit inscription]], it was discovered by the [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] M. Batenburg on November 29, 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the [[Musi River (Indonesia)|Musi River]]. It is a small stone of {{convert|45 by 80|cm}}.
The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the [[Adityawarman]] era (1345–1377) of [[Dharmasraya]], a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of [[Srivijaya]]n rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the [[Minangkabau people]], who today still live in the highlands of [[Sumatra]].
The Malay language came into widespread use as the [[lingua franca]] of the [[Malacca Sultanate]] (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of [[Arabic]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sanskrit]] vocabularies, called ''Classical Malay''. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=70}}</ref>
Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of [[Ternate]], [[Maluku Islands]] in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of [[Portugal]], following contact with Portuguese explorer [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name=sneddon/> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated [[Ternate language]], a [[West Papuan languages|West Papuan language]], as their [[first language]]. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.<ref name=sneddon>{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref>
==Classification==
{{See also|Austronesian languages#Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart}}
Malay is a member of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family of languages, which includes languages from [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]], with a smaller number in continental [[Asia]]. [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]], a geographic outlier spoken in [[Madagascar]] in the [[Indian Ocean]], is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, [[Proto-Austronesian language]]. There are many [[cognate]]s found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related [[variety (linguistics)|forms of speech]] known as the [[Malayic languages]], which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The [[vernacular]] of Brunei—[[Brunei Malay]]—for example, is not readily intelligible with the [[standard language]], and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as [[Kedah Malay]]. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<ref>''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 ''kxd'' and ''meo'', but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</ref>
The closest relatives of the Malay languages are those left behind on Sumatra, such as the [[Minangkabau language]], with 5.5 million speakers on the west coast.
==Writing system==
{{Main|Malay alphabet}}
[[File:Kerinci MSS detail.jpg|thumb|The [[Rencong alphabet]], a native writing system found in Malay Peninsula, central and [[South Sumatra]]. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.]]
[[File:KedukanBukit001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.04|[[Kedukan Bukit Inscription]], using [[Pallava alphabet]], is the oldest surviving specimen of the [[Old Malay]] language in [[South Sumatra]], Indonesia.]]
Malay is now written using the [[Latin script]], known as ''Rumi'' in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or ''Latin'' in Indonesia, although an [[Arabic script]] called ''Arab Melayu'' or [[Jawi alphabet|''Jawi'']] also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]].
''Rumi'' and ''Jawi'' are co-official in [[Brunei]] only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the Religious School, ''Sekolah Agama'', which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in rural areas of Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.
The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the [[Pallava script|Pallava]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]] and [[Rencong script|Rencong]] scripts; these are still in use today, such as the [[Cham alphabet]] used by the [[Chams]] of [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]]. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, ''Jawi'' gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the [[Malay alphabet|Rumi]] script.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm |title=Malay (Bahasa Melayu) |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2008}}</ref>
== Extent of use ==
{{See also|Malay trade and creole languages}}
[[File:Malaysia Traffic-signs Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg|thumb|right|A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.]]
[[File:Sukarno hatta airport - Terminal - Jakarta - Indonesia.jpg|thumb|right|Malay road signs in [[Jakarta]], Indonesia. "''Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang''" means "Lane for dropping passengers" in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]]]
Malay is spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Singapore]], parts of [[Thailand]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html |title=Malay Can Be 'Language Of Asean' |date=24 October 2010 |publisher=Brudirect.com |access-date=22 December 2010}}</ref> and southern [[Philippines]]. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use the same standard.<ref name="Introduction">{{Cite book
| last = Salleh
| first = Haji
| authorlink = Muhammad Haji Salleh
| coauthors =
| title = An introduction to modern Malaysian literature
| publisher = Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad
| year = 2008
| location = Kuala Lumpur
| pages = xvi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
| doi =
| isbn = 978-983-068-307-2}}</ref> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct [[nonstandard dialect|vernacular dialect]] called [[Brunei Malay]]. In [[East Timor]], Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being [[English language|English]]), alongside the official languages of [[Tetum language|Tetum]] and [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[Peninsular Malaysia]] in 1968 and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the [[Philippines]], Malay is spoken by a minority of the Muslim population residing in [[Mindanao]] (specifically the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]]) and the [[Sulu Archipelago]]. However, they mostly speak it in a form of [[Malay trade and creole languages|creole]] resembling [[Sabah Malay]]. Historically, it was the primary trading language of the archipelago prior to [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish occupation]]. [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in [[Davao City]], and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students.
==Phonology==
{{main|Malay phonology}}
Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a [[tonal language]].
===Consonants===
The consonants of Malaysian<ref name="On-line Version">{{cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1= Adrian |last2=Deterding |first2=David |title= Standard Malay (Brunei)|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=12 July 2011 |volume=41 |issue=02 |pages= 259–268 |doi= 10.1017/S002510031100017X |url= http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/FASS/research/malay/index.html |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203321/http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/FASS/research/malay/index.html|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}.</ref> and also Indonesian<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Soderberg |first=Craig D. |last2=Olson |first2=Kenneth S. |year=2008 |title=Indonesian |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/indonesian/AE405481B94A4E0B7234A8BBE9C6F5FD |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=209–213 |doi=10.1017/S0025100308003320 |issn=1475-3502}}</ref> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+Malay consonant phonemes
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Labial consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Post-alveolar consonant|Post-alveolar]]/[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
|
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}
|
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPAlink|b}}
|
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|f}})
| ({{IPAlink|θ}})
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| ({{IPAlink|ʃ}})
| ({{IPAlink|x}})
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ({{IPAlink|v}})
| ({{IPAlink|ð}})
| ({{IPAlink|z}})
|
| ({{IPAlink|ɣ}})
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[central consonant|central]]</small>
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|-
! <smalL>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''':
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
* {{IPAslink|ð}} is 'z', the same as the {{IPAslink|z}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|ð}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|z}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).
* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is 'ny'
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is 'ng'
* {{IPAslink|θ}} is represented as 's', the same as the {{IPAslink|s}} sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the {{IPAslink|θ}} sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with {{IPAslink|s}} sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)
* the glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as ''rakyat'')
* {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is 'c'
* {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is 'j'
* {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is 'sy'
* {{IPAslink|x}} is 'kh'
* {{IPAslink|j}} is 'y'
'''Loans from Arabic''':
* Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
|-
! Distinct !! Assimilated !! Example
|-
| {{IPAslink|x}} || {{IPAslink|k}}, {{IPAslink|h}} || ''khabar, kabar'' "news"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ð}} || {{IPAslink|d}}, {{IPAslink|l}} || ''redha, rela'' "good will"
|-
| {{IPA|/zˤ/}} || {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|z}} || ''lohor, zuhur'' "noon (prayer)"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ɣ}} || {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|r}} || ''ghaib, raib'' "hidden"
|-
| {{IPAslink|ʕ}} || {{IPAslink|ʔ}} || ''saat, sa'at'' "second (time)"
|}
===Vowels===
Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<ref name="On-line Version"/> The vowels /e, o/ are much less common than the other four.
{| class="wikitable"
|+caption | '''Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Close
| {{IPA|i}}
|
| {{IPA|u}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Mid
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|ə}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Open
|
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}
'''Orthographic note''': both {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so ''perang'' can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia ''perang'' with /e/ sound is also written as ''pirang'').
Some analyses regard {{IPA|/ai, au, oi/}} as diphthongs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Susur galur bahasa Melayu |last=Asmah Haji |first=Omar |date=1985 |publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka |location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Zaharani|title=Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan|date=1993|publisher=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|location=Kuala Lumpur}}</ref> However, {{IPA|[ai]}} and {{IPA|[au]}} can only occur in open syllables, such as ''cukai'' ("tax") and ''pulau'' ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as ''baik'' ("good") and ''laut'' ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs {{IPA|[ai]}}, {{IPA|[au]}} and {{IPA|[oi]}} as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{IPA|/aw/}} and {{IPA|/oj/}} respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |year=1997 |title=On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs" |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.2307/3622989 |jstor=3622989}}</ref>
There is a rule of [[vowel harmony]]: the non-open vowels {{IPA|/i, e, u, o/}} in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so ''hidung'' ("nose") is allowed but *''hedung'' is not.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf |title=Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology |last=Adelaar |first=K. A. |date=1992 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |isbn=0858834081 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-c119 |oclc=26845189}}</ref>
==Grammar==
{{main|Malay grammar}}
Malay is an [[agglutinative language]], and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word ([[affixation]]), formation of a [[compound word]] (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words ([[reduplication]]). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are [[derivation (linguistics)|derived]] from other words by means of [[prefix]]es, [[suffix]]es and [[circumfix]]es.
Malay does not make use of [[grammatical gender]], and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for “''he”'' and “''she”'' which is ''dia'' or for “''his”'' and “''her”'' which is ''dia punya.'' There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus ''orang'' may mean either "person" or "people". Verbs are not [[inflected language|inflected]] for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as ''sudah'' "already" and ''belum'' "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote [[voice (grammar)|voice]] or intentional and accidental [[grammatical mood|moods]].
Malay does not have a [[grammatical subject]] in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an [[agent (grammar)|agent]] and an [[object (grammar)|object]], these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}
==Borrowed words==
{{Main|List of Malay loanwords}}
{{sect-stub|date=July 2019}}
The Malay language has many words borrowed from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (in particular religious terms), [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Sinitic languages]] (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub) and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).
==Varieties and related languages==
{{main|Malayic languages}}
{{noref-section|date=May 2019}}
There is a group closely related languages spoken by [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]] and related peoples across [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Southern Thailand]], and the far southern parts of the [[Philippines]]. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are [[mutually intelligible]] to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.
Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of [[Sumatra]]. They are: [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]], [[Central Malay]] (Bengkulu), [[Pekal language|Pekal]], [[Musi language|Musi]] (Palembang), [[Negeri Sembilan Malay|Negeri Sembilan]] (Malaysia), and [[Duano language|Duano’]].<ref>''Ethnologue'' 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</ref>
Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the [[Orang Asli]] ([[Proto-Malay]]) in [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malaya]]. They are [[Jakun language|Jakun]], [[Orang Kanaq language|Orang Kanaq]], [[Orang Seletar language|Orang Seletar]], and [[Temuan language|Temuan]].
The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include [[Malay language|Malaccan Malay]] ([[Malaysian language|Malaysian]] and [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]), [[Kedah Malay]], [[Brunei Malay|Kedayan/Brunei Malay]], [[Berau Malay]], [[Bangka Malay]], [[Jambi Malay]], [[Kutai Malay]], [[Orang Laut language|Loncong]], [[Pattani Malay]], and [[Banjar language|Banjarese]]. [[Menterap language|Menterap]] may belong here.
There are also several [[Malay-based creole languages]], such as [[Betawi language|Betawi]], [[Cocos Malay]], [[Manado Malay]] and [[Sabah Malay]], which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.
Due to the early settlement of a [[Cape Malay]] community in [[Cape Town]], who are now known as [[Coloured]]s, numerous [[History of the Malay language#Classical Malay|Classical Malay]] words were brought into [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
===Usages===
The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by [[Constitution of Malaysia#Article 152|Article 152]] of the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], and became the sole official language in [[West Malaysia]] in 1968, and in [[East Malaysia]] gradually from 1974. [[English language|English]] continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
In Singapore, Malay was historically the ''[[lingua franca]]'' among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the [[national anthem]], [[Majulah Singapura]], is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of [[Thailand]]—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called [[Pattani kingdom|Pattani]] — speak a dialect of Malay called [[Yawi language|Yawi]] (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
Owing to earlier contact with the [[Philippines]], Malay words—such as ''dalam hati'' (sympathy), ''luwalhati'' (glory), ''tengah hari'' (midday), ''sedap'' (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other [[languages of the Philippines|Philippine languages]].
By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the ''lingua franca'' for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In [[East Timor]], which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its [[Constitution]] as a 'working language'.)
Besides [[Indonesia language|Indonesian]], which developed from the [[Malacca sultanate|Malaccan]]<!--not Riau: "Riau Malay" is not the Malay native to Riau, but to Malacca--> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia, they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in [[Sumatra]] and [[Borneo]], which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay, some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are [[Riau|Riau Malay]], [[Langkat]], [[Musi language|Palembang Malay]] and [[Jambi Malay]]. [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]], [[Kerinci people|Kerinci]] and [[Bengkulu]] are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the [[Jakarta]] dialect (known as [[Betawi language|Betawi]]) also belongs to the western Malay group.
The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or [[Malay trade and creole languages|creoles]], are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: [[Manado Malay]], [[Ambonese Malay]], [[North Moluccan Malay]], [[Papuan Malay]].
The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.
The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, Malaysian pronounce 'kita' (inclusive we, us, our) as /kitə/, Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, Riau as /kita/, Palembang as /kito/, Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/.
Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
==Examples==
All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', ''pasal'' and ''perkara'', and for 'declaration', ''pernyataan'' and ''perisytiharan'', are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]
! English!! Indonesian !! Malaysian<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay)) |website=United Nations Human Rights}}</ref>
|-
|'''Universal Declaration of Human Rights''' || '''Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia'''<br>(General Declaration about Human Rights) || '''Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat'''<br>(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
|-
|'''Article 1'''||'''Pasal 1'''||'''Perkara 1'''
|-
|''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
| ''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All people are born independent and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.)
| ''Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan.'' <br>
(All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.)
|}
==See also==
* [[Jawi script|Jawi]], an [[Arabic script|Arabic alphabet]] for Malay
* [[Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian|Comparison of standard Malaysian and Indonesian]]
* [[Indonesian language]]
* [[Languages of Indonesia]]
* [[List of English words of Malay origin]]
* [[Malajoe Batawi]]
* [[Malaysian English]], the English used formally in Malaysia.
* [[Malaysian language]]
{{-}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Adelaar, K., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", ''[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]]'' 160 (2004), no: 1, Leiden, 1-30
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/607205 Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1931. "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 6 (3).] [[Cambridge University Press]], School of Oriental and African Studies: 715–49.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/607921 C. O. B. 1939. "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)".] Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press.
* {{cite book|author=Vladimir Braginsky|title=Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366 |date=18 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-84879-7|pages=366–}}
* {{cite book|author=Wilkinson, Richard James|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc|title=A Malay-English dictionary|place=[[Singapore]]|publisher=Kelly & Walsh limited|year=1901-1903}}
==External links==
{{InterWiki|code=ms}}
{{InterWiki|code=id}}
{{commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Malay phrasebook|Malay|a phrasebook}}
* [http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/3089/3850 Adelaar, K., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", ''[[Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde]]'' 160 (2004), no: 1, [[Leiden]], 1-30]
* The [[Wiktionary:Category:Malay language|list of Malay words]] and [[Wiktionary:Category:Malay derivations|list of words of Malay origin]] at [[Wiktionary]], the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project
* [[Wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list|Swadesh list of Malay words]]
*[http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary]
* [http://prpm.dbp.gov.my Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu], online Malay language database provided by the [[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan] (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)
* [http://www.dbp.gov.my Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka] (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php The Malay Spelling Reform], Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)
* [http://www.ekamus.info Malay Chinese Dictionary]
* [https://archive.is/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/ Malay English Dictionary]
* [http://www.malaytranslate.com Malay English Translation]
{{navboxes|
|list=
{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
{{Languages of Singapore}}
{{Languages of South Africa}}
{{Languages of Brunei}}
{{Languages of Thailand}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malay Language}}
[[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Malay language| ]]
[[Category:Malayan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Brunei]]
[[Category:Languages of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Languages of Thailand]]
[[Category:Malay languages in Singapore]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,92 +1,2 @@
-{{About|the language on which standard Indonesian and Malaysian are based|the vernacular varieties and dialects of Malay|Malayan languages}}
-{{distinguish|Malayalam|Malaysian language}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
-{{Infobox language
-|name=Malay
-|altname={{plainlist|
-*[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
-*[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]}}
-|ethnicity=[[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]
-|nativename={{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} / {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}} / ꤷꥁꤼ ꤸꥍꤾꤿꥈ
-|states=[[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]
-|speakers = {{sigfig|76.9|2}} million
-|date = 2007
-|ref = ne2007
-|speakers2=Total: 200–250 million (2009)<ref>{{cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|accessdate=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref>
-|familycolor = Austronesian
-|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
-|fam3 = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)
-|fam4 = [[Malayic languages|Malayic]]
-|fam5 = [[Malayan languages|Malayan]]
-|fam6 =
-|ancestor=[[Old Malay]]
-|ancestor2=[[Classical Malay]]
-|stand1=[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
-|stand2=[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]
-|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay alphabet]])<br />[[Arabic script]] ([[Jawi alphabet]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |date=26 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archivedate=29 October 2012 }}</ref><br />
-[[Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)<br />[[Malay Braille]]
-Historically [[Pallava alphabet]], [[Kawi alphabet]], [[Rencong alphabet]], [[Rejang script]]
-|nation={{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}
-* {{Flag|Brunei}}
-* {{Flag|Indonesia}} <small>(as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small>
-* {{Flag|Malaysia}} <small>(also called [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]])</small>
-* {{Flag|Singapore}}
-----
-*{{Flag|ASEAN}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states|title=Languages of ASEAN|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref><br/>
-{{endplainlist}}
-|minority={{flag|Indonesia}}<br /><small>(Local Malay enjoys the status of a regional language in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo) apart from the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<br />{{flag|Thailand}} (as [[Pattani Malay|Bahasa Jawi]])<br />{{flag|Philippines}} (as a trade language with Malaysia and in [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] and [[Balabac, Palawan]]) <br />{{Flag|East Timor}} (as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />{{Flag|Christmas Island}}<br/> {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} (as [[Cocos Malay]])<br/>{{Flag|UN}} ([[Indonesian Language|Indonesian]] used at [[UN peacekeeping missions]])
-
-|agency=Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan ([[Language and Book Development Agency]]);<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Institute of Language and Literature);<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei]] (Language and Literature Bureau);<br />[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia]] (Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM) <small>(a trilateral joint-venture)</small>
-|iso1=ms
-|iso2b=may
-|iso2t=msa
-|iso3=msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]], and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]-->
-|lc1=zlm
-|ld1=Malay (individual language)
-|lc2=kxd
-|ld2=[[Brunei Malay]]
-|lc3=ind
-|ld3=[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]
-|lc4=zsm
-|ld4=[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]
-|lc5=jax
-|ld5=[[Jambi Malay]]
-|lc6=meo
-|ld6=[[Kedah Malay]]
-|lc7=kvr
-|ld7=[[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]
-|lc8=xmm
-|ld8=[[Manado Malay]]
-|lc9=min
-|ld9=[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]
-|lc10=mui
-|ld10=[[Musi language|Musi]]
-|lc11=zmi
-|ld11=[[Minangkabau language|Negeri Sembilan]]
-|lc12=max
-|ld12=[[North Moluccan Malay]]
-|lc13=mfa
-|ld13=[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]
-|lingua=31-MFA-a
-|map=Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png
-|mapcaption=
-{{legend|#0000ff|Indonesia}}
-{{legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}}
-{{legend|#76f36b|Singapore and Brunei, where Malay is an official language}}
-{{legend|#88caff|East Timor, where Indonesian is a working language}}
-{{legend|#f7f36b|Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken}}
-|notice=IPA
-|sign=[[Manually Coded Malay]]<br />[[Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia]]
-|glotto=indo1326
-|glottoname=partial match
-|glottorefname=Indonesian Archipelago Malay
-}}
-
-'''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Linguistic Student's Handbook |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{lang-ms|Bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Languages of Singapore|Singapore]], as well as parts of [[Thailand]]. A language of the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], it is spoken by 290 million people<ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 250 million as "Indonesian", etc.</ref> across the [[Strait of Malacca]], including the coasts of the [[Malay Peninsula]] of Malaysia and the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]] in Indonesia and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal [[Sarawak]] and [[West Kalimantan]] in [[Borneo]]. It is also used as a trading language in the southern [[Philippines]], including the southern parts of the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]], the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and the southern predominantly [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]]-inhabited municipalities of [[Bataraza]] and [[Balabac, Palawan|Balabac]] in [[Palawan]].
-
-As the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Nasional}} ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} ("[[Malaysian language]]") or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language") and in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu}} ("unifying language"/[[lingua franca]]). However, in areas of central to southern [[Sumatra]] where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} and consider it one of their regional languages.
-
-Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates, and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayan languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Malay trade and creole languages#Macassar Malay|Macassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]].
-
==Origin==
' |
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10 => '|states=[[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[East Timor]], [[Brunei]], [[Singapore]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]',
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15 => '|familycolor = Austronesian ',
16 => '|fam2 = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]',
17 => '|fam3 = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)',
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19 => '|fam5 = [[Malayan languages|Malayan]]',
20 => '|fam6 =',
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24 => '|stand2=[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]',
25 => '|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Malay alphabet]])<br />[[Arabic script]] ([[Jawi alphabet]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation |title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards |date=26 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation |archivedate=29 October 2012 }}</ref><br />',
26 => '[[Thai alphabet]] (in Thailand)<br />[[Malay Braille]]',
27 => 'Historically [[Pallava alphabet]], [[Kawi alphabet]], [[Rencong alphabet]], [[Rejang script]]',
28 => '|nation={{startplainlist|class=nowrap}}',
29 => '* {{Flag|Brunei}}',
30 => '* {{Flag|Indonesia}} <small>(as [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small>',
31 => '* {{Flag|Malaysia}} <small>(also called [[Malaysian language|Malaysian]])</small>',
32 => '* {{Flag|Singapore}}',
33 => '----',
34 => '*{{Flag|ASEAN}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://asean.org/asean/asean-member-states|title=Languages of ASEAN|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref><br/>',
35 => '{{endplainlist}}',
36 => '|minority={{flag|Indonesia}}<br /><small>(Local Malay enjoys the status of a regional language in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Borneo) apart from the national standard of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])<br />{{flag|Thailand}} (as [[Pattani Malay|Bahasa Jawi]])<br />{{flag|Philippines}} (as a trade language with Malaysia and in [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] and [[Balabac, Palawan]]) <br />{{Flag|East Timor}} (as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />{{Flag|Christmas Island}}<br/> {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} (as [[Cocos Malay]])<br/>{{Flag|UN}} ([[Indonesian Language|Indonesian]] used at [[UN peacekeeping missions]])',
37 => '',
38 => '|agency=Badan Pengembangan Bahasa dan Perbukuan ([[Language and Book Development Agency]]);<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]] (Institute of Language and Literature);<br />[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei]] (Language and Literature Bureau);<br />[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia]] (Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM) <small>(a trilateral joint-venture)</small>',
39 => '|iso1=ms',
40 => '|iso2b=may',
41 => '|iso2t=msa',
42 => '|iso3=msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]], and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]-->',
43 => '|lc1=zlm',
44 => '|ld1=Malay (individual language)',
45 => '|lc2=kxd',
46 => '|ld2=[[Brunei Malay]]',
47 => '|lc3=ind',
48 => '|ld3=[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]',
49 => '|lc4=zsm',
50 => '|ld4=[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]',
51 => '|lc5=jax',
52 => '|ld5=[[Jambi Malay]]',
53 => '|lc6=meo',
54 => '|ld6=[[Kedah Malay]]',
55 => '|lc7=kvr',
56 => '|ld7=[[Kerinci language|Kerinci]]',
57 => '|lc8=xmm',
58 => '|ld8=[[Manado Malay]]',
59 => '|lc9=min',
60 => '|ld9=[[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]',
61 => '|lc10=mui',
62 => '|ld10=[[Musi language|Musi]]',
63 => '|lc11=zmi',
64 => '|ld11=[[Minangkabau language|Negeri Sembilan]]',
65 => '|lc12=max',
66 => '|ld12=[[North Moluccan Malay]]',
67 => '|lc13=mfa',
68 => '|ld13=[[Kelantan-Pattani Malay]]',
69 => '|lingua=31-MFA-a',
70 => '|map=Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png',
71 => '|mapcaption=',
72 => '{{legend|#0000ff|Indonesia}} ',
73 => '{{legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}}',
74 => '{{legend|#76f36b|Singapore and Brunei, where Malay is an official language}}',
75 => '{{legend|#88caff|East Timor, where Indonesian is a working language}}',
76 => '{{legend|#f7f36b|Southern Thailand and the Cocos Isl., where other varieties of Malay are spoken}}',
77 => '|notice=IPA',
78 => '|sign=[[Manually Coded Malay]]<br />[[Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia]]',
79 => '|glotto=indo1326',
80 => '|glottoname=partial match',
81 => '|glottorefname=Indonesian Archipelago Malay',
82 => '}}',
83 => '',
84 => ''''Malay''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|eɪ}};<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Linguistic Student's Handbook |last=Bauer |first=Laurie |date=2007 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> {{lang-ms|Bahasa Melayu|links=no}}, {{lang|ms-Arab|بهاس ملايو}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language spoken in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Languages of Singapore|Singapore]], as well as parts of [[Thailand]]. A language of the [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], it is spoken by 290 million people<ref>10 million in Malaysia, 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 250 million as "Indonesian", etc.</ref> across the [[Strait of Malacca]], including the coasts of the [[Malay Peninsula]] of Malaysia and the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]] in Indonesia and has been established as a native language of part of western coastal [[Sarawak]] and [[West Kalimantan]] in [[Borneo]]. It is also used as a trading language in the southern [[Philippines]], including the southern parts of the [[Zamboanga Peninsula]], the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and the southern predominantly [[Islam in the Philippines|Muslim]]-inhabited municipalities of [[Bataraza]] and [[Balabac, Palawan|Balabac]] in [[Palawan]].',
85 => '',
86 => 'As the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Kebangsaan}} or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Nasional}} ("national language") of several states, Standard Malay has various official names. In Malaysia, it is designated as either {{lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}} ("[[Malaysian language]]") or {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language"). In Singapore and Brunei, it is called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("Malay language") and in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called {{lang|ms|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[Indonesian language]]") is designated the {{lang|ms|Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu}} ("unifying language"/[[lingua franca]]). However, in areas of central to southern [[Sumatra]] where vernacular varieties of Malay are indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as {{lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} and consider it one of their regional languages.',
87 => '',
88 => 'Standard Malay, also called Court Malay, was the literary standard of the pre-colonial [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]] and [[Johor Sultanate|Johor]] Sultanates, and so the language is sometimes called Malacca, Johor or Riau Malay (or various combinations of those names) to distinguish it from the various other [[Malayan languages]]. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, several of the Malayan varieties they currently list as separate languages, including the {{lang|ms|[[Orang Asli]]}} varieties of Peninsular Malay, are so closely related to standard Malay that they may prove to be dialects. There are also several [[Malay trade and creole languages]] which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay as well as [[Malay trade and creole languages#Macassar Malay|Macassar Malay]], which appears to be a [[mixed language]].',
89 => ''
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Writing_system"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writing system</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Extent_of_use"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Extent of use</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Borrowed_words"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Borrowed words</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Varieties_and_related_languages"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Varieties and related languages</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Usages"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Usages</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2>
<p>Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> stretching to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Bruneian</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> A form known as Proto-Malay was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malayan languages</a>. Its ancestor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, a descendant of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>, began to break up by at least 2000 BCE, possibly as a result of the southward expansion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> from the island of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lawah-Lawah_Merah_(1875).pdf" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf/page1-220px-Lawah-Lawah_Merah_%281875%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="1485" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lawah-Lawah_Merah_(1875).pdf" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><i>Lawah-Lawah Merah</i> (1875), a Malay-language translation of <i>L'araignée rouge</i> by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_de_Pont-Jest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René de Pont-Jest (page does not exist)">René de Pont-Jest</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Pont-Jest" class="extiw" title="fr:René de Pont-Jest">fr</a>]</span> has been identified as the first Malay-language novel. Prior to the era, the Malay literature & storytelling was predominantly written in the form of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hikayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hikayat">Hikayat</a></i>.</div></div></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language" title="History of the Malay language">History of the Malay language</a></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language" title="History of the Malay language">history of the Malay language</a> can be divided into five periods: Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period (Classical Malay), Late Modern Malay and modern Malay. It is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Old Malay was influenced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literary language of Classical India and a scriptural language of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, written in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava variety</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grantha_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantha alphabet">Grantha alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> and dates back to 7th century. Known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a>, it was discovered by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutchman</a> M. Batenburg on November 29, 1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang, a tributary of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_River_(Indonesia)" title="Musi River (Indonesia)">Musi River</a>. It is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres (18 by 31 in).
</p><p>The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjung Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> This 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a> era (1345–1377) of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a>, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan</a> rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a>, who today still live in the highlands of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.
</p><p>The Malay language came into widespread use as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> (1402–1511). During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature. The development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> vocabularies, called <i>Classical Malay</i>. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay. When the court moved to establish the Johor Sultanate, it continued using the classical language; it has become so associated with Dutch Riau and British Johor that it is often assumed that the Malay of Riau is close to the classical language. However, there is no closer connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Among the oldest surviving letters written in Malay are the letters from Sultan Abu Hayat of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> in present-day Indonesia, dated around 1521–1522. The text is addressed to the king of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, following contact with Portuguese explorer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-7">[7]</a></sup> The letters show sign of non-native usage; the Ternateans used (and still use) the unrelated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate language</a>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan language</a>, as their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications.<sup id="cite_ref-sneddon_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sneddon-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Classification">Classification</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Cross-linguistic_Comparison_Chart" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages § Cross-linguistic Comparison Chart</a></div>
<p>Malay is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> family of languages, which includes languages from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, with a smaller number in continental <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, a geographic outlier spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>. There are many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.
</p><p>Within Austronesian, Malay is part of a cluster of numerous closely related <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">forms of speech</a> known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a>, which were spread across Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago by Malay traders from Sumatra. There is disagreement as to which varieties of speech popularly called "Malay" should be considered dialects of this language, and which should be classified as distinct Malay languages. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> of Brunei—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>—for example, is not readily intelligible with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a>, and the same is true with some lects on the Malay Peninsula such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a>. However, both Brunei and Kedah are quite close.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The closest relatives of the Malay languages are those left behind on Sumatra, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a>, with 5.5 million speakers on the west coast.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing_system">Writing system</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg/220px-Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="531" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kerinci_MSS_detail.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong alphabet</a>, a native writing system found in Malay Peninsula, central and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>. The text reads (Voorhoeve's spelling): "haku manangis ma / njaru ka'u ka'u di / saru tijada da / tang [hitu hadik sa]", which is translated by Voorhoeve as: "I am weeping, calling you; though called, you do not come" (hitu adik sa- is the rest of 4th line.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KedukanBukit001.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/KedukanBukit001.jpg/230px-KedukanBukit001.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="341" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="479" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:KedukanBukit001.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedukan Bukit Inscription">Kedukan Bukit Inscription</a>, using <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava alphabet">Pallava alphabet</a>, is the oldest surviving specimen of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>, Indonesia.</div></div></div>
<p>Malay is now written using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, known as <i>Rumi</i> in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore or <i>Latin</i> in Indonesia, although an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> called <i>Arab Melayu</i> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" title="Jawi alphabet"><i>Jawi</i></a> also exists. Latin script is official in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Malay uses <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindu-Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Arabic numerals">Hindu-Arabic numerals</a>.
</p><p><i>Rumi</i> and <i>Jawi</i> are co-official in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> only. Names of institutions and organisations have to use Jawi and Rumi (Latin) scripts. Jawi is used fully in schools, especially the Religious School, <i>Sekolah Agama</i>, which is compulsory during the afternoon for Muslim students aged from around 6–7 up to 12–14.
</p><p>Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi in rural areas of Malaysia, and students taking Malay language examinations in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi.
</p><p>The Latin script, however, is the most commonly used in Brunei and Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes.
</p><p>Historically, Malay has been written using various scripts. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rencong_script" title="Rencong script">Rencong</a> scripts; these are still in use today, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cham_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham alphabet">Cham alphabet</a> used by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Old Malay was written using Pallava and Kawi script, as evident from several inscription stones in the Malay region. Starting from the era of kingdom of Pasai and throughout the golden age of the Malacca Sultanate, <i>Jawi</i> gradually replaced these scripts as the most commonly used script in the Malay region. Starting from the 17th century, under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and British influence, Jawi was gradually replaced by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Rumi</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extent_of_use">Extent of use</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay trade and creole languages</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg/220px-Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="5442" data-file-height="3278" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Malaysia_Traffic-signs_Warning-and-regulatory-signs-02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A Malay traffic sign in Malaysia.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sukarno_hatta_airport_-_Terminal_-_Jakarta_-_Indonesia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Malay road signs in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia. "<i>Lajur Khusus Menurunkan Penumpang</i>" means "Lane for dropping passengers" in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></div></div></div>
<p>Malay is spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, parts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and southern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Indonesia regulates its own normative variety of Malay, while Malaysia and Singapore use the same standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction-11">[11]</a></sup> Brunei, in addition to Standard Malay, uses a distinct <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" title="Nonstandard dialect">vernacular dialect</a> called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a>. In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>), alongside the official languages of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Article 152</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a>, and became the sole official language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> in 1968 and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> gradually from 1974. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Malay is spoken by a minority of the Muslim population residing in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (specifically the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a>) and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>. However, they mostly speak it in a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">creole</a> resembling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a>. Historically, it was the primary trading language of the archipelago prior to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish occupation</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is spoken by the overseas Indonesian community in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a>, and functional phrases are taught to members of the Philippine Armed Forces and to students.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay phonology</a></div>
<p>Malay, like most Austronesian languages, is not a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span></h3>
<p>The consonants of Malaysian<sup id="cite_ref-On-line_Version_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On-line_Version-13">[13]</a></sup> and also Indonesian<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> are shown below. Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in brackets.
</p>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center">
<caption>Malay consonant phonemes
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2">
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Dental</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Post-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar consonant">Post-alveolar</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>
</th>
<th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_consonant" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affricate_consonant" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a>
</th>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">p</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar stop">t</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a></span>
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span>)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>
</th>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" title="Voiced bilabial stop">b</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar stop">d</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palato-alveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" title="Voiced velar stop">ɡ</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a>
</th>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small>
</th>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span>)
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">s</a></span>
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>)
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small>
</th>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span>)
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">z</a></span>)
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>(<span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>)
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Approximant_consonant" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>
</th>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span class="IPA"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Orthographic note</b>:
The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> is 'z', the same as the <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">z</a>/</span> sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span> sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">z</a>/</span> sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers).</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> is 'ny'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/</span> is 'ng'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> is represented as 's', the same as the <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">s</a>/</span> sound (only occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing the <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>/</span> sound, but the writing is not distinguished from Arabic loanwords with <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar sibilant">s</a>/</span> sound, and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers). Previously (before 1972), this sound was written 'th' in Standard Malay (not Indonesian)</li>
<li>the glottal stop <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span> is final 'k' or an apostrophe ' (although some words have this glottal stop in the middle, such as <i>rakyat</i>)</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span> is 'c'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palato-alveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span> is 'j'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> is 'sy'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> is 'kh'</li>
<li><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span> is 'y'</li></ul>
<p><b>Loans from Arabic</b>:
</p>
<ul><li>Phonemes which occur only in Arabic loans may be pronounced distinctly by speakers who know Arabic. Otherwise they tend to be replaced with native sounds.</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Table of borrowed Arabic consonants
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Distinct</th>
<th>Assimilated</th>
<th>Example
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_velar_stop" title="Voiceless velar stop">k</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>khabar, kabar</i> "news"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar stop">d</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>redha, rela</i> "good will"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/zˤ/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar sibilant">z</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>lohor, zuhur</i> "noon (prayer)"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" title="Voiced velar stop">ɡ</a>/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>ghaib, raib</i> "hidden"
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a>/</span></td>
<td><span class="IPA nowrap" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/</span></td>
<td><i>saat, sa'at</i> "second (time)"
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span></h3>
<p>Malay originally had four vowels, but in many dialects today, including Standard Malay, it has six.<sup id="cite_ref-On-line_Version_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On-line_Version-13">[13]</a></sup> The vowels /e, o/ are much less common than the other four.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption><b>Table of vowel phonemes of Standard Malay</b>
</caption>
<tbody><tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>
</th>
<th>Front
</th>
<th>Central
</th>
<th>Back
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>Close
</th>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">i</span>
</td>
<td>
</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">u</span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>Mid
</th>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">e</span>
</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ə</span>
</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">o</span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<th>Open
</th>
<td>
</td>
<td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">a</span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Orthographic note</b>: both <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/e/</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ə/</span> are written as 'e'. This means that there are some homographs, so <i>perang</i> can be either /pəraŋ/ ("war") or /peraŋ/ ("blond") (but in Indonesia <i>perang</i> with /e/ sound is also written as <i>pirang</i>).
</p><p>Some analyses regard <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ai, au, oi/</span> as diphthongs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> However, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ai]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[au]</span> can only occur in open syllables, such as <i>cukai</i> ("tax") and <i>pulau</i> ("island"). Words with a phonetic diphthong in a closed syllable, such as <i>baik</i> ("good") and <i>laut</i> ("sea"), are actually two syllables. An alternative analysis therefore treats the phonetic diphthongs <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[ai]</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[au]</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">[oi]</span> as a sequence of a monophthong plus an approximant: <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/aj/</span>, <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/aw/</span> and <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/oj/</span> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>There is a rule of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>: the non-open vowels <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/i, e, u, o/</span> in bisyllabic words must agree in height, so <i>hidung</i> ("nose") is allowed but *<i>hedung</i> is not.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammar">Grammar</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay grammar</a></div>
<p>Malay is an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>, and new words are formed by three methods: attaching affixes onto a root word (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Affixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Affixation">affixation</a>), formation of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound word</a> (composition), or repetition of words or portions of words (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derived</a> from other words by means of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Circumfix" title="Circumfix">circumfixes</a>.
</p><p>Malay does not make use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, and there are only a few words that use natural gender; the same word is used for “<i>he”</i> and “<i>she”</i> which is <i>dia</i> or for “<i>his”</i> and “<i>her”</i> which is <i>dia punya.</i> There is no grammatical plural in Malay either; thus <i>orang</i> may mean either "person" or "people". Verbs are not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> for person or number, and they are not marked for tense; tense is instead denoted by time adverbs (such as "yesterday") or by other tense indicators, such as <i>sudah</i> "already" and <i>belum</i> "not yet". On the other hand, there is a complex system of verb affixes to render nuances of meaning and to denote <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> or intentional and accidental <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a>.
</p><p>Malay does not have a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">grammatical subject</a> in the sense that English does. In intransitive clauses, the noun comes before the verb. When there is both an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> and an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, these are separated by the verb (OVA or AVO), with the difference encoded in the voice of the verb. OVA, commonly but inaccurately called "passive", is the basic and most common word order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Borrowed_words">Borrowed words</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Malay_loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Malay loanwords">List of Malay loanwords</a></div>
<table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2019</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The Malay language has many words borrowed from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> (in particular religious terms), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> (due to historical status of Malay Archipelago as a trading hub) and more recently, English (in particular many scientific and technological terms).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Varieties_and_related_languages">Varieties and related languages</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic languages</a></div>
<table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Malay_language&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Malay+language%22">"Malay language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Malay+language%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&q=%22Malay+language%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Malay+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Malay+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Malay+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>There is a group closely related languages spoken by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> and related peoples across <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>, and the far southern parts of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. They have traditionally been classified as Malay, Para-Malay, and Aboriginal Malay, but this reflects geography and ethnicity rather than a proper linguistic classification. The Malayan languages are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> to varying extents, though the distinction between language and dialect is unclear in many cases.
</p><p>Para-Malay includes the Malayan languages of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. They are: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Malay" title="Central Malay">Central Malay</a> (Bengkulu), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a> (Palembang), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan</a> (Malaysia), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano language">Duano’</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Aboriginal Malay are the Malayan languages spoken by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a>) in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Malaya</a>. They are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a>.
</p><p>The other Malayan languages, included in neither of these groups, are associated with the expansion of the Malays across the archipelago. They include <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malaccan Malay</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_language" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Kedayan/Brunei Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Berau Malay">Berau Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutai_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Malay">Kutai Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Laut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Laut language">Loncong</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Menterap_language" title="Menterap language">Menterap</a> may belong here.
</p><p>There are also several <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay-based creole languages">Malay-based creole languages</a>, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a>, which may be more or less distinct from standard (Malaccan) Malay.
</p><p>Due to the early settlement of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a> community in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, who are now known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloureds</a>, numerous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Classical_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Classical Malay</a> words were brought into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Usages">Usages</span></h3>
<p>The extent to which Malay and related Malayan languages are used in the countries where it is spoken varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Article 152</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a>, and became the sole official language in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Malaysia">West Malaysia</a> in 1968, and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a> gradually from 1974. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior courts. Other minority languages are also commonly used by the country's large ethnic minorities. The situation in Brunei is similar to that of Malaysia.
</p><p>In Singapore, Malay was historically the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among people of different nationalities. Although this has largely given way to English, Malay still retains the status of national language and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a>, is entirely in Malay. In addition, parade commands in the military, police and civil defence are given only in Malay.
</p><p>Most residents of the five southernmost provinces of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>—a region that, for the most part, used to be part of an ancient Malay kingdom called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattani_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani kingdom">Pattani</a> — speak a dialect of Malay called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawi language">Yawi</a> (not to be confused with Jawi), which is similar to Kelantanese Malay, but the language has no official status or recognition.
</p><p>Owing to earlier contact with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, Malay words—such as <i>dalam hati</i> (sympathy), <i>luwalhati</i> (glory), <i>tengah hari</i> (midday), <i>sedap</i> (delicious) — have evolved and been integrated into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>.
</p><p>By contrast, Indonesian has successfully become the <i>lingua franca</i> for its disparate islands and ethnic groups, in part because the colonial language, Dutch, is no longer commonly spoken. (In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, which was governed as a province of Indonesia from 1976 to 1999, Indonesian is widely spoken and recognized under its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> as a 'working language'.)
</p><p>Besides <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesia language">Indonesian</a>, which developed from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malacca_sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca sultanate">Malaccan</a> dialect, there are many Malay varieties spoken in Indonesia, they are divided into western and eastern groups. Western Malay dialects are predominantly spoken in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, which itself is divided into Bornean and Sumatran Malay, some of the most widely spoken Sumatran Malay dialects are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langkat" class="mw-redirect" title="Langkat">Langkat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Palembang Malay</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a> are believed to be Sumatran Malay descendants. Meanwhile, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> dialect (known as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>) also belongs to the western Malay group.
</p><p>The eastern varieties, classified either as dialects or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">creoles</a>, are spoken in the easternmost part of the Indonesian archipelago and include: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a>.
</p><p>The differences among both groups are quite observable. For example, the word 'kita' means "we, us" in western, but means "I, me" in Manado, whereas "we, us" in Manado is 'torang' and Ambon 'katong' (originally abbreviated from Malay 'kita orang' (means "we people"). Another difference is the lack of possessive pronouns (and suffixes) in eastern dialects. Manado uses the verb 'pe' and Ambon 'pu' (from Malay 'punya', meaning "to have") to mark possession. So "my name" and "our house" are translated in western Malay as 'namaku' and 'rumah kita' but 'kita pe nama' and 'torang pe rumah' in Manado and 'beta pu nama', 'katong pu rumah' in Ambon dialect.
</p><p>The pronunciation may vary in western dialects, especially the pronunciation of words ending in the vowel 'a'. For example, Malaysian pronounce 'kita' (inclusive we, us, our) as /kitə/, Kelantan and Southern Thailand as /kitɔ/, Riau as /kita/, Palembang as /kito/, Betawi and Perak as /kitɛ/.
</p><p>Batavian and eastern dialects are sometimes regarded as Malay creole, because the speakers are not ethnically Malay.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h2>
<p>All Malay speakers should be able to understand either of the translations below, which differ mostly in their choice of wording. The words for 'article', <i>pasal</i> and <i>perkara</i>, and for 'declaration', <i>pernyataan</i> and <i>perisytiharan</i>, are specific to the Indonesian and Malaysian standards, respectively, but otherwise all the words are found in both (and even those words may be found with slightly different meanings).
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Article 1 of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th>English</th>
<th>Indonesian</th>
<th>Malaysian<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Universal Declaration of Human Rights</b></td>
<td><b>Pernyataan Umum tentang Hak Asasi Manusia</b><br />(General Declaration about Human Rights)</td>
<td><b>Perisytiharan Hak Asasi Manusia sejagat</b><br />(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b>Article 1</b></td>
<td><b>Pasal 1</b></td>
<td><b>Perkara 1</b>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i>
</td>
<td><i>Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.</i> <br />
<p>(All people are born independent and have the same dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should get along with each other in a spirit of brotherhood.)
</p>
</td>
<td><i>Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan sama rata dari segi maruah dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bergaul dengan semangat persaudaraan.</i> <br />
<p>(All human beings are born free and are equal in dignity and rights. They have thoughts and feelings and should get along with a spirit of brotherhood.)
</p>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jawi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a>, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic alphabet</a> for Malay</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian" title="Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian">Comparison of standard Malaysian and Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Malay_origin" title="List of English words of Malay origin">List of English words of Malay origin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malajoe_Batawi" title="Malajoe Batawi">Malajoe Batawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian English</a>, the English used formally in Malaysia.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_language" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian language</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Adelaar, K. Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/11343/122869/1/3089-5554-1-PB.pdf">"Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>160</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003733">10.1163/22134379-90003733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Where+does+Malay+come+from%3F+Twenty+years+of+discussions+about+homeland%2C+migrations+and+classifications&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003733&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerva-access.unimelb.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F11343%2F122869%2F1%2F3089-5554-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r935243608">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Andaya, Leonard Y. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf">"The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (3): 315–330. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000169">10.1017/S0022463401000169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+the+%27Origins%27+of+Melayu&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-330&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463401000169&rft.aulast=Andaya&rft.aufirst=Leonard+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsabrizain.org%2Fmalaya%2Flibrary%2Fsearch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Wurm" title="Stephen Wurm">Wurm, Stephen</a>; <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Peter_M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Mühlhäusler (page does not exist)">Mühlhäusler, Peter</a>; <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Darrell_T._Tryon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Darrell T. Tryon (page does not exist)">Tryon, Darrell T.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 677. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4"><bdi>978-3-11-081972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pages=677&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081972-4&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html">"Bahasa Melayu Kuno"</a>. Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com. 15 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahasa+Melayu+Kuno&rft.pub=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com%2Fbahasa-melayu-kuno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Surakhman, M. Ali (23 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/">"Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia"</a>. <i>kemdikbud.go.id</i> (in Indonesian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kemdikbud.go.id&rft.atitle=Undang-Undang+Tanjung+Tanah%3A+Naskah+Melayu+Tertua+di+Dunia&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft.aulast=Surakhman&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fbpnbkepri%2Fundang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. UNSW Press. p. 70. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8"><bdi>978-0-86840-598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-598-8&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-sneddon-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sneddon_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sneddon, James N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62"><i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i></a>. UNSW Press. p. 62. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-598-8"><bdi>978-0-86840-598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-598-8&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA9UjLYD9jVEC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> 16 classifies them as distinct languages, ISO3 <i>kxd</i> and <i>meo</i>, but states that they "are so closely related that they may one day be included as dialects of Malay".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malay.htm">"Malay (Bahasa Melayu)"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Malay+%28Bahasa+Melayu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fmalay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brudirect.com/index.php/2010102331853/Local-News/malay-can-be-language-of-asean.html">"Malay Can Be 'Language Of Asean<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. Brudirect.com. 24 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malay+Can+Be+%27Language+Of+Asean%27&rft.pub=Brudirect.com&rft.date=2010-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brudirect.com%2Findex.php%2F2010102331853%2FLocal-News%2Fmalay-can-be-language-of-asean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Introduction-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Introduction_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Haji_Salleh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Haji Salleh (page does not exist)">Salleh, Haji</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTKtgVCUZ48C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>An introduction to modern Malaysian literature</i></a>. Kuala Lumpur: Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. pp. xvi. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-068-307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-068-307-2"><bdi>978-983-068-307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+modern+Malaysian+literature&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Institut+Terjemahan+Negara+Malaysia+Berhad&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-983-068-307-2&rft.aulast=Salleh&rft.aufirst=Haji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTKtgVCUZ48C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm">"East Timor Languages"</a>. <i>www.easttimorgovernment.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.easttimorgovernment.com&rft.atitle=East+Timor+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easttimorgovernment.com%2Flanguages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-On-line_Version-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-On-line_Version_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On-line_Version_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clynes, Adrian; Deterding, David (12 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015203321/http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/FASS/research/malay/index.html">"Standard Malay (Brunei)"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>41</b> (02): 259–268. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002510031100017X">10.1017/S002510031100017X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubd.edu.bn/academic/faculty/FASS/research/malay/index.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Standard+Malay+%28Brunei%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=02&rft.pages=259-268&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002510031100017X&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Deterding%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubd.edu.bn%2Facademic%2Ffaculty%2FFASS%2Fresearch%2Fmalay%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/indonesian/AE405481B94A4E0B7234A8BBE9C6F5FD">"Indonesian"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 209–213. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100308003320">10.1017/S0025100308003320</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502">1475-3502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Indonesian&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-213&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100308003320&rft.issn=1475-3502&rft.aulast=Soderberg&rft.aufirst=Craig+D.&rft.au=Olson%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Findonesian%2FAE405481B94A4E0B7234A8BBE9C6F5FD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Asmah Haji, Omar (1985). <i>Susur galur bahasa Melayu</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Susur+galur+bahasa+Melayu&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Asmah+Haji&rft.aufirst=Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ahmad, Zaharani (1993). <i>Fonologi generatif: teori dan penerapan</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonologi+generatif%3A+teori+dan+penerapan&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pub=Dewan+Bahasa+dan+Pustaka&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Zaharani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Clynes, Adrian (1997). "On the Proto-Austronesian "Diphthongs<span class="cs1-kern-right">"</span>". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 347–361. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622989">10.2307/3622989</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3622989">3622989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Proto-Austronesian+%22Diphthongs%22&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=347-361&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622989&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622989&rft.aulast=Clynes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adelaar, K. A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/pl/pdf/PL-C119.pdf"><i>Proto Malayic: the reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2Fpl-c119">10.15144/pl-c119</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0858834081" title="Special:BookSources/0858834081"><bdi>0858834081</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/26845189">26845189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+Malayic%3A+the+reconstruction+of+its+phonology+and+parts+of+its+lexicon+and+morphology&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26845189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2Fpl-c119&rft.isbn=0858834081&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Farchives%2Fpl%2Fpdf%2FPL-C119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ethnologue</i> 16 also lists Col, Haji, Kaur, Kerinci, Kubu, Lubu'.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/udhr/pages/Language.aspx?LangID=mli">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Bahasa Melayu (Malay))"</a>. <i>United Nations Human Rights</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%28Bahasa+Melayu+%28Malay%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fudhr%2Fpages%2FLanguage.aspx%3FLangID%3Dmli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<ul><li>Adelaar, K., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijdragen_tot_de_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde" title="Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde">Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</a></i> 160 (2004), no: 1, Leiden, 1-30</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/607205">Edwards, E. D., and C. O. Blagden. 1931. "A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 6 (3).</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, School of Oriental and African Studies: 715–49.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/607921">C. O. B. 1939. "Corrigenda and Addenda: A Chinese Vocabulary of Malacca Malay Words and Phrases Collected Between A. D. 1403 and 1511 (?)".</a> Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 10 (1). Cambridge University Press.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Vladimir Braginsky (18 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dxwiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366"><i>Classical Civilizations of South-East Asia</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 366–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84879-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84879-7"><bdi>978-1-136-84879-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Civilizations+of+South-East+Asia&rft.pages=366-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84879-7&rft.au=Vladimir+Braginsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxwiAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Wilkinson, Richard James (1901–1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/genpub/AEG2034.0001.001?rgn=main;view=toc"><i>A Malay-English dictionary</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>: Kelly & Walsh limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Malay-English+dictionary&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Kelly+%26+Walsh+limited&rft.date=1901%2F1903&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Richard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fg%2Fgenpub%2FAEG2034.0001.001%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: date format (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_format" title="Category:CS1 maint: date format">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r935243608"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ms:"> Malay edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="id:"> Indonesian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</td></tr>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malay_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malay language"><span style="">Malay language</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Malay_phrasebook#Q9237" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Malay phrasebook">Malay</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv/article/viewFile/3089/3850">Adelaar, K., "Where does Malay come from? Twenty years of discussions about homeland, migrations and classifications", <i></i></a><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bijdragen_tot_de_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde" title="Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde">Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</a></i> 160 (2004), no: 1, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, 1-30</li>
<li>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Malay_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Malay language">list of Malay words</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Malay_derivations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Malay derivations">list of words of Malay origin</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary and Wikipedia's sibling project</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Malay_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Malay Swadesh list">Swadesh list of Malay words</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealang.net/malay/dictionary.htm">Digital version of Wilkinson's 1926 Malay-English Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prpm.dbp.gov.my">Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu</a>, online Malay language database provided by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dewan_Bahasa_dan_Pustaka" title="Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111224121004/http://bahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/kbbi/">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia dalam jaringan</a> (Online Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language published by Pusat Bahasa, in Indonesian only)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbp.gov.my">Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka</a> (Institute of Language and Literature Malaysia, in Malay only)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706054017/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j11/malay.php">The Malay Spelling Reform</a>, Asmah Haji Omar, (Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society, 1989-2 pp. 9–13 later designated J11)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekamus.info">Malay Chinese Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20140816074940/http://hablaa.com/english-malay/">Malay English Dictionary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.malaytranslate.com">Malay English Translation</a></li></ul>
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<ul><li><b><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span></b>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahasa_Binan" title="Bahasa Binan">Bahasa Binan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Slang</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Loncong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berau_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Berau Malay">Berau</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col/Lembak</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Jaring Halus</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutai_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Malay">Kutai</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larantuka_Malay" title="Larantuka Malay">Larantuka</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Palembang</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantenese_language" title="Bantenese language">Bantenese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pancana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" title="Batak Angkola language">Batak Angkola</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" title="Batak Dairi language">Batak Dairi</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Batak Karo</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" title="Mandailing language">Batak Mandailing</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Batak Simalungun</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Batak Toba</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikule_language" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemolang_language" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tae%E2%80%99_language" title="Tae’ language">Tae’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talondo%E2%80%99_language" title="Talondo’ language">Talondo’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taman_language" title="Taman language">Taman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toraja-Sa%E2%80%99dan_language" title="Toraja-Sa’dan language">Toraja-Sa’dan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulumanda%E2%80%99_language" title="Ulumanda’ language">Ulumanda’</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ot_Danum_language" title="Ot Danum language">Ot Danum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Ot Siang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paku_language_(Indonesia)" title="Paku language (Indonesia)">Pakau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan Merah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakati%E2%80%99_language" title="Bakati’ language">Bakati’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lara%CA%BC_language" title="Laraʼ language">Laraʼ</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyadu%E2%80%99_language" title="Nyadu’ language">Nyadu’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejangese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyah_languages" title="Kenyah languages">Kenyah</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murut</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Tubu_language" title="Punan Tubu language">Punan Tubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajau_Basap_language" title="Sajau Basap language">Sajau</a></li>
<li>Tidung
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontaloan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangirese_language" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central-Eastern_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central-Eastern languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola-Kompane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alune_language" title="Alune language">Alune</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buru_language" title="Buru language">Buru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hulung_language" title="Hulung language">Hulung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Larike-Wakasihu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liana-Seti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liana-Seti language">Liana-Seti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisabata-Nuniali_language" title="Lisabata-Nuniali language">Lisabata-Nuniali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loun_language" title="Loun language">Loun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naka%27ela_language" title="Naka'ela language">Naka'ela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saleman_language" title="Saleman language">Saleman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepa-Teluti_language" title="Sepa-Teluti language">Sepa-Teluti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sika_language" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Lembata language">West Lembata</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">Halmahera-<br />Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arguni_language" title="Arguni language">Arguni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bedoanas_language" title="Bedoanas language">Bedoanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busami_language" title="Busami language">Busami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erokwanas_language" title="Erokwanas language">Erokwanas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irarutu_language" title="Irarutu language">Irarutu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iresim_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iresim language">Iresim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuri_language_(Austronesian)" title="Kuri language (Austronesian)">Kuri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mor_language_(Austronesian)" title="Mor language (Austronesian)">Mor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">Pom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wandamen_language" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woi_language" title="Woi language">Woi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yeretuar_language" title="Yeretuar language">Yeretuar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%A9o_language" title="Kéo language">Kéo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li%27o_language" title="Li'o language">Li'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manggarainese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manggarainese language">Manggarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palu%27e_language" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kepo%27_language" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor%E2%80%93Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor–Babar languages">Timor–Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uab_Meto_language" title="Uab Meto language">Uab Meto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baikeno_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikeno language">Baikeno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Damar_language" title="East Damar language">East Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kisar_language" title="Kisar language">Kisar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nila_language" title="Nila language">Nila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romang_language" title="Romang language">Romang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serua_language" title="Serua language">Serua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Te%27un_language" title="Te'un language">Te'un</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetarese_language" title="Wetarese language">Wetar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Papuan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">Papuan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abui_language" title="Abui language">Abui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adang_language" title="Adang language">Adang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aghu_language" title="Aghu language">Aghu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airoran_language" title="Airoran language">Airoran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asmat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmat language">Asmat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auye_language" title="Auye language">Auye</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bagusa_language" title="Bagusa language">Bagusa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baham_language" title="Baham language">Baham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baropasi_language" title="Baropasi language">Baropasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bauzi_language" title="Bauzi language">Bauzi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayono-Awbono_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayono-Awbono language">Bayono-Awbono</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berik_language" title="Berik language">Berik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betaf_language" title="Betaf language">Betaf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bimin_language" title="Bimin language">Bimin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blagar_language" title="Blagar language">Blagar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerif_language" title="Bonerif language">Bonerif</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunak_language" title="Bunak language">Bunak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burate_language" title="Burate language">Burate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burumakok_language" title="Burumakok language">Burumakok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buruwai_language" title="Buruwai language">Buruwai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citak_language" title="Citak language">Citak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dabe_language" title="Dabe language">Dabe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dao_language" title="Dao language">Dao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demisa_language" title="Demisa language">Demisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demta_language" title="Demta language">Demta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dineor_language" title="Dineor language">Dineor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ekari_language" title="Ekari language">Ekari</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faiwol_language" title="Faiwol language">Faiwol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galela_language" title="Galela language">Galela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamkonora_language" title="Gamkonora language">Gamkonora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani_language" title="Grand Valley Dani language">Grand Valley Dani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hattam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattam language">Hattam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hupla_language" title="Hupla language">Hupla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Iha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itik_language" title="Itik language">Itik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwur_language" title="Iwur language">Iwur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jofotek-Bromnya_language" title="Jofotek-Bromnya language">Jofotek-Bromnya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaera_language" title="Kaera language">Kaera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kafoa_language" title="Kafoa language">Kafoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabra_language" title="Kalabra language">Kalabra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamang language">Kamang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamberau_language" title="Kamberau language">Kamberau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamoro_language" title="Kamoro language">Kamoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanum language">Kanum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karas_language" title="Karas language">Karas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kauwera_language" title="Kauwera language">Kauwera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kehu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kehu language">Kehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keijar_language" title="Keijar language">Keijar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klon_language" title="Klon language">Klon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kofei_language" title="Kofei language">Kofei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kombai_language" title="Kombai language">Kombai–Wanggom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komyandaret_language" title="Komyandaret language">Komyandaret</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koneraw_language" title="Koneraw language">Koneraw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kopka_language" title="Kopka language">Kopkaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korowai_language" title="Korowai language">Korowai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kui_language_(Indonesia)" title="Kui language (Indonesia)">Kui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kula_language" title="Kula language">Kula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwani_language" title="Kuwani language">Kuwani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerba_Mamberamo_language" title="Kwerba Mamberamo language">Kwerba Mamberamo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwerba_language" title="Kwerba language">Kwerba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwesten_language" title="Kwesten language">Kwesten</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwinsu_language" title="Kwinsu language">Kwinsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loloda_language" title="Loloda language">Loloda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maklew_language" title="Maklew language">Maklew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mander_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mander language">Mander</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandobo_language" title="Mandobo language">Mandobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meax_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meax language">Meax</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meninggo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meninggo language">Meninggo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mian_language" title="Mian language">Mian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modole_language" title="Modole language">Modole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moi_Bird%27s_Head_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moi Bird's Head language">Moi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mombum_language" title="Mombum language">Mombum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momina language">Momina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momuna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Momuna language">Momuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moni_language" title="Moni language">Moni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moraid_language" title="Moraid language">Moraid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muyu_language" title="Muyu language">Muyu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nafri_language" title="Nafri language">Nafri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nakai_language" title="Nakai language">Nakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nduga_language" title="Nduga language">Nduga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nedebang_language" title="Nedebang language">Nedebang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngalum_language" title="Ngalum language">Ngalum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nggem_language" title="Nggem language">Nggem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ninggerum_language" title="Ninggerum language">Ninggerum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nisa-Anasi_language" title="Nisa-Anasi language">Nisa-Anasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oksapmin_language" title="Oksapmin language">Oksapmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orya_language" title="Orya language">Orya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pagu_language" title="Pagu language">Pagu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pisa_language" title="Pisa language">Pisa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Retta_language" title="Retta language">Retta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahu_language" title="Sahu language">Sahu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samarokena_language" title="Samarokena language">Samarokena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saponi_language" title="Saponi language">Saponi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sauri_language" title="Sauri language">Sauri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sause_language" title="Sause language">Sause</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saweru_language" title="Saweru language">Saweru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawuy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawuy language">Sawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sawila_language" title="Sawila language">Sawila</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seget_language" title="Seget language">Seget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sempan_language" title="Sempan language">Sempan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sentani_language" title="Sentani language">Sentani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Setaman_language" title="Setaman language">Setaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shiaxa_language" title="Shiaxa language">Shiaxa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silimo_language" title="Silimo language">Silimo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skou_language" title="Skou language">Skou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sougb_language" title="Sougb language">Sougb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suganga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suganga language">Suganga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabaru_language" title="Tabaru language">Tabaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tabla_language" title="Tabla language">Tabla</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangko_language" title="Tangko language">Tangko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tefaro_language" title="Tefaro language">Tefaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tehit_language" title="Tehit language">Tehit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teiwa_language" title="Teiwa language">Teiwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telefol_language" title="Telefol language">Telefol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ternate_language" title="Ternate language">Ternate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidore_language" title="Tidore language">Tidore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tifal_language" title="Tifal language">Tifal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tobelo_language" title="Tobelo language">Tobelo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trimuris_language" title="Trimuris language">Trimuris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsaukambo_language" title="Tsaukambo language">Tsaukambo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunggare_language" title="Tunggare language">Tunggare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urapmin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urapmin language">Urapmin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vitou_language" title="Vitou language">Vitou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waioli_language" title="Waioli language">Waioli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walak_language" title="Walak language">Walak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wambon_language" title="Wambon language">Wambon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wano_language" title="Wano language">Wano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wares_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wares language">Wares</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wersing_language" title="Wersing language">Wersing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Makian_language" title="West Makian language">West Makian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Dani_language" title="Western Dani language">Western Dani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Pantar_language" title="Western Pantar language">Western Pantar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolani_language" title="Wolani language">Wolani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woria_language" title="Woria language">Woria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yali_language" title="Yali language">Yali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yawa_language" title="Yawa language">Yawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yelmek_language" title="Yelmek language">Yelmek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yonggom_language" title="Yonggom language">Yonggom</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pidgin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin language">Pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Malay-based_creoles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Malay-based creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambonese_Malay" title="Ambonese Malay">Ambonese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bandanese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandanese Malay">Bandanese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bacanese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacanese Malay">Bacanese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese Malay">Balinese Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorap language">Gorap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kupang_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupang Malay">Kupang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manado_Malay" title="Manado Malay">Manado Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassar_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassar Malay">Makassar Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Moluccan_Malay" title="North Moluccan Malay">North Moluccan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papuan_Malay" title="Papuan Malay">Papuan Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other creoles and pidgins</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Javindo language">Javindo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petjo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Petjo language">Petjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mardijker_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardijker language">Mardijker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iha_language" title="Iha language">Pidgin Iha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Pidgin Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugis_language" title="Portugis language">Portugis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bidau_Creole_Portuguese" title="Bidau Creole Portuguese">Bidau Creole Portuguese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riau_Hokkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Riau Hokkien">Riau</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> (historical)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Languages of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Malaysia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_language" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">English</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_and_Malaysian_English_differences" title="British and Malaysian English differences">comparison with British English</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significant<br />minority</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysian Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian Mandarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Malaysian Tamil</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Families</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages#North_Bornean" title="Greater North Borneo languages">North Bornean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Tai-Kadai</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Other Malay trade and creole languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_language" title="First language">Natives</a> &<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chetty Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%E2%80%99_language" title="Duano’ language">Duano’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Mos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)#Dialect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balau language">Balau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Bruneian/Kedayan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_dialect" title="Coastal Kadazan dialect">Coastal Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_Malay" title="Cocos Malay">Cocos Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gana%E2%80%99_language" title="Gana’ language">Gana’</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ida%27an_language" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanowit_language" title="Kanowit language">Kanowit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan_language_(Borneo)" title="Kayan language (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Kenyah_language" title="Mainstream Kenyah language">Mainstream Kenyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Momogun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Bah-Biau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Punan Bah-Biau language">Punan Bah-Biau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabah_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Malay">Sabah Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama_language" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebop_language" title="Sebop language">Sebop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebuyau_language" title="Sebuyau language">Sebuyau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Suluk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a><sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma%E2%80%99_Lasan_language" title="Uma’ Lasan language">Uma’ Lasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed & Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak" title="Bahasa Rojak">Rojak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esperanto_in_Malaysia" title="Esperanto in Malaysia">Esperanto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigrants</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Filipino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Malay_and_Indonesian" title="Comparison of Standard Malay and Indonesian">comparison with Malaysian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Korea">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laotian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By states</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor Sign Language</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><sup>1</sup> Extinct languages</li>
<li><sup>2</sup> Nearly extinct languages</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Languages of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Singapore&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2880" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">English</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baba_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Malay">Baba Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaccan_Creole_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Creole Malay">Chitty Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristang_language" title="Kristang language">Kristang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singlish" title="Singlish">Singlish</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teochew_dialect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_languages_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian languages in Singapore">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Baweanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Johor-Riau Malay</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singaporean Sign Language</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_South_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Pan_South_African_Language_Board_*_Commission_for_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Community_Rights_*_Department_of_Arts_and_Culture">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotho-Tswana_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotho-Tswana languages">Sotho-Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho <i>(Sesotho sa Leboa)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho <i>(Sesotho)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana <i>(Setswana)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele <i>(isiNdebele)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi <i>(siSwati)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa <i>(isiXhosa)</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu <i>(isiZulu)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tswa-Ronga_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tswa-Ronga languages">Tswa-Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga <i>(Xitsonga)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda <i>(Tshivenḓa)</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised<br />unofficial languages<br />mentioned in the<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi languages">Khoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/San_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="San languages">San</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a> (historical)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_slang" title="LGBT slang">LGBT slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Brunei" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Brunei" title="Template:Languages of Brunei"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Brunei" title="Template talk:Languages of Brunei"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Brunei&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Brunei" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Languages</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">English</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penan-Nibong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Penan-Nibong language">Penan-Nibong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Thailand" title="Template talk:Languages of Thailand"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Languages_of_Thailand&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Languages_of_Thailand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Languages</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Chong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Chung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Malay</a>
<ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangkok_Malay" title="Bangkok Malay">Bangkok Malay</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pattani_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Malay">Pattani Malay</a></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satun_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Satun Malay">Satun Malay</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moklen_language" title="Moklen language">Moklen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urak Lawoi’ language">Urak Lawoi’</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Pwo_language" title="Eastern Pwo language">Eastern Pwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Pwo_language" title="Northern Pwo language">Northern Pwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phrae_Pwo_language" title="Phrae Pwo language">Phrae Pwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Karen_language" title="Red Karen language">Red Karen (Eastern Kayah)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_language" title="S'gaw Karen language">S'gaw Karen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugong language">Ugong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isan_language" title="Isan language">Isan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kh%C3%BCn_language" title="Khün language">Khün</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phuan_language" title="Phuan language">Phuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Thai_language" title="Southern Thai language">Southern Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Song_language" title="Thai Song language">Thai Song</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Austronesian_languages&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Formosan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanakanabu_language" title="Kanakanabu language">Kanakanabu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal">Northwest Formosan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ketagalan_language" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Malayo-Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #e6e6ff;"><div id="Western_branches_of_Malayo-Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Western branches of Malayo-Polynesian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #f1f1ff;"><div id="Philippine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Philippine_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Philippine languages">Northern<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic (Bashiic)</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilokano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano language">Ilokano</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cagayan_Aeta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cagayan Aeta language">Cagayan Aeta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Itneg_language" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bontok_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bontok language">Bontok-Finallig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilongot_language" title="Ilongot language">Ilongot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dicamay_Agta_language" title="Dicamay Agta language">Dicamay Agta</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mag-antsi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mag-antsi language">Mag-antsi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mag-indi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mag-indi language">Mag-indi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sambali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambali language">Sambali</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remontado_Agta_language" title="Remontado Agta language">Remontado Agta (Sinauna)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater<br />Central<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages" title="Southern Mindoro languages">Southern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanuno%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuno'o language">Hanuno'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waray-Waray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waray-Waray language">Waray</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asi language">Asi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baybayanon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baybayanon language">Baybayanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boholano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boholano language">Boholano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuyunon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuyunon language">Cuyunon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinabalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinabalian language">Kinabalian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masbatenyo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Masbatenyo language">Masbatenyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sorsoganon_language" title="Sorsoganon language">South Sorsogon (Gubat)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sorsoganon_language" title="Sorsoganon language">Central Sorsogon (Masbate)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Central Bikol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isarog_Agta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Isarog Agta language">Isarog Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davawenyo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Davawenyo language">Davawenyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palawan_languages" title="Palawan languages">Palawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palawan_Batak_language" title="Palawan Batak language">Palawan Batak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mindanao_languages" title="Mindanao languages">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binukid_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Binukid language">Binukid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinamigin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinamigin language">Kinamigin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subanen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Subanen language">Subanen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_language" title="Western Bukidnon language">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo-Mongondow_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo-Mongondow languages">Gorontalo-<br />Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalamian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">Bilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">B'laan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giangan_language" title="Giangan language">Giangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiruray_language" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangirese_language" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Manide-Inagta</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #f1f1ff;"><div id="Other_western_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other western branches</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Bornean</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ida%27an_language" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonggi_language" title="Bonggi language">Bonggi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Bisaya_language" title="Brunei Bisaya language">Brunei Bisaya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tatana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatana language">Tatana (Sabah Bisaya)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lotud_language" title="Lotud language">Lotud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuijau_language" title="Kuijau language">Kuijau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Kadazan_language" title="Eastern Kadazan language">Eastern Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gana%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana' language">Gana'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kota_Marudu_Talantang_language" title="Kota Marudu Talantang language">Kota Marudu Talantang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Momogun_language" title="Momogun language">Kinamaragang (Momogun)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klias_River_Kadazan_language" title="Klias River Kadazan language">Klias River Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Coastal Kadazan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kinabatangan_language" title="Kinabatangan language">Kinabatangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sungai_language" title="Sungai language">Sungai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keningau_Murut_language" title="Keningau Murut language">Keningau Murut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Okolod_language" title="Okolod language">Okolod</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagol_language" title="Tagol language">Tagol</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paluan_language" title="Paluan language">Paluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selungai_Murut_language" title="Selungai Murut language">Selungai Murut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timugon_language" title="Timugon language">Timugon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bookan_language" title="Bookan language">Bookan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abai_language" title="Abai language">Abai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Papar_language" title="Papar language">Papar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalabakan_language" title="Kalabakan language">Kalabakan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sembakung_language" title="Sembakung language">Sembakung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serudung_language" title="Serudung language">Serudung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonukan_Tidong_language" title="Nonukan Tidong language">Nonukan Tidong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dumpas_language" title="Dumpas language">Dumpas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah (Bakung)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebob_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebob language">Sebob</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutoh_language" title="Tutoh language">Tutoh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma%27_Lasan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uma' Lasan language">Uma' Lasan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language" title="Wahau Kenyah language">Wahau Kenyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penan_language" title="Penan language">Penan</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lengilu_language" title="Lengilu language">Lengilu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lundayeh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lundayeh language">Lundayeh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sa%27ban_language" title="Sa'ban language">Sa'ban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tring_language" title="Tring language">Tring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belait_language" title="Belait language">Belait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Narom_language" title="Narom language">Narom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tutong_language" title="Tutong language">Tutong</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau-Kajang_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanau-Kajang languages">Melanau-Kajang</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kajaman_language" title="Kajaman language">Kajaman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lahanan_language" title="Lahanan language">Lahanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekapan_language" title="Sekapan language">Sekapan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daro-Matu_language" title="Daro-Matu language">Daro-Matu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kanowit-Tanjong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanowit-Tanjong language">Kanowit-Tanjong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukitan_language" title="Bukitan language">Bukitan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Batu_language" title="Punan Batu language">Punan Batu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sian_language" title="Sian language">Sian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukit_language" title="Ukit language">Ukit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burusu_language" title="Burusu language">Burusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bah-Biau_Punan_language" title="Bah-Biau Punan language">Bah-Biau Punan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sajau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sajau language">Sajau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merap_language" title="Punan Merap language">Punan Merap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukat_language" title="Bukat language">Bukat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seru_language" title="Seru language">Seru</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lelak_language" title="Lelak language">Lelak</a> †</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan-Murik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Kayan</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahau_language" title="Bahau language">Bahau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hovongan_language" title="Hovongan language">Hovongan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aoheng_language" title="Aoheng language">Aoheng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aput_language" title="Aput language">Aput</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punan_Merah_language" title="Punan Merah language">Punan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krio_Dayak_language" title="Krio Dayak language">Krio Dayak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekati%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekati' language">Bekati'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Bakati%27_language" title="Sara Bakati' language">Sara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lara%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lara' language">Lara'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bukar_Sadong_language" title="Bukar Sadong language">Bukar Sadong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rejang_language_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang language (Indonesia)">Rejang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biatah_language" title="Biatah language">Biatah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tringgus_language" title="Tringgus language">Tringgus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jagoi_language" title="Jagoi language">Jagoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jangkang_language" title="Jangkang language">Jangkang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kembayan_language" title="Kembayan language">Kembayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semandang_language" title="Semandang language">Semandang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ribun_language" title="Ribun language">Ribun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benyadu%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Benyadu' language">Benyadu'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sanggau_language" title="Sanggau language">Sanggau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language"><b>Malagasy</b></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Bushi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deyah_language" title="Deyah language">Deyah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Malang_language" title="Dusun Malang language">Malang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dusun_Witu_language" title="Dusun Witu language">Witu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ma%27anyan_language" title="Ma'anyan language">Ma'anyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paku language">Paku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Lawangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kohin_language" title="Kohin language">Kohin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dohoi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohoi language">Dihoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siang_language" title="Siang language">Siang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bakumpai_language" title="Bakumpai language">Bakumpai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ampanang_language" title="Ampanang language">Ampanang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunjung_language" title="Tunjung language">Tunjung</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sama-Bajaw_?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama-Bajaw_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajaw languages">Sama-Bajaw</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bajaw_language" title="Bajaw language">Bajaw</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sama_language" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages" title="Malayo-Sumbawan languages">Malayo-Sumbawan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Sundanese</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baduy_language" title="Baduy language">Baduy</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Madurese</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangean_language" title="Kangean language">Kangean</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Malayo-Chamic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aceh%E2%80%93Chamic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceh–Chamic languages">Aceh–Chamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> (Utsat)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bamayo_language" title="Bamayo language">Bamayo</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banjar_language" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei_Malay" title="Brunei Malay">Brunei/Kedayan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berau_Malay_language" title="Berau Malay language">Berau Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangka_Malay" title="Bangka Malay">Bangka Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balau language">Balau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengkulu_language" title="Bengkulu language">Bengkulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Col_language" title="Col language">Col</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duano%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duano' language">Duano'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haji_language" title="Haji language">Haji</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jambi_Malay" title="Jambi Malay">Jambi Malay</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jakun_language" title="Jakun language">Jakun</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kutai_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutai Malay">Kutai Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaur_language" title="Kaur language">Kaur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</a> (Yawi)</b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kendayan_language" title="Kendayan language">Kendayan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keninjal_language" title="Keninjal language">Keninjal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kubu_language" title="Kubu language">Kubu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loncong_language" title="Loncong language">Orang Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lubu_language" title="Lubu language">Lubu</a></li>
<li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Johore-Riau Malay</a></b> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysian_language" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></b> & <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></b>)</li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musi_language" title="Musi language">Musi</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mualang_language" title="Mualang language">Mualang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay">Negeri Sembilan Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Kanaq_language" title="Orang Kanaq language">Orang Kanaq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orang_Seletar_language" title="Orang Seletar language">Orang Seletar</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pahang_Malay" title="Pahang Malay">Pahang Malay</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pekal_language" title="Pekal language">Pekal</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remun_language" title="Remun language">Remun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seberuang_language" title="Seberuang language">Seberuang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sebuyau_language" title="Sebuyau language">Sebuyau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urak_Lawoi%27_language" title="Urak Lawoi' language">Urak Lawoi'</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bali–Sasak languages">Bali–Sasak</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumbawa_language" title="Sumbawa language">Sumbawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–<br />Barrier Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enggano_language" title="Enggano language">Enggano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayo_language" title="Gayo language">Gayo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mentawai_language" title="Mentawai language">Mentawai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sikule_language" title="Sikule language">Sikule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alas_language" title="Alas language">Alas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Angkola_language" title="Batak Angkola language">Batak Angkola</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Dairi_language" title="Batak Dairi language">Batak Dairi</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Karo_language" title="Batak Karo language">Batak Karo</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batak_Simalungun_language" title="Batak Simalungun language">Batak Simalungun</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Batak Toba</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandailing_language" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungic</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Lampung Nyo</li>
<li>Lampung Api</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andio_language" title="Andio language">Andio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bada_language" title="Bada language">Bada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahonsuai_language" title="Bahonsuai language">Bahonsuai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balantak_language" title="Balantak language">Balantak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batui_language" title="Batui language">Batui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behoa_language" title="Behoa language">Behoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Boano language (Sulawesi)">Boano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobongko_language" title="Bobongko language">Bobongko</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonerate_language" title="Bonerate language">Bonerate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bungku_language" title="Bungku language">Bungku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busoa_language" title="Busoa language">Busoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dampelas_language" title="Dampelas language">Dampelas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dondo_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dondo language (Austronesian)">Dondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalao_language" title="Kalao language">Kalao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaili_language" title="Kaili language">Kaili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaimbulawa_language" title="Kaimbulawa language">Kaimbulawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamaru_language" title="Kamaru language">Kamaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodeoha_language" title="Kodeoha language">Kodeoha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kulisusu_language" title="Kulisusu language">Kulisusu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kumbewaha_language" title="Kumbewaha language">Kumbewaha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lasalimu_language" title="Lasalimu language">Lasalimu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laiyolo_language" title="Laiyolo language">Laiyolo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lauje_language" title="Lauje language">Lauje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liabuku_language" title="Liabuku language">Liabuku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mbelala_language" title="Mbelala language">Mbelala</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moronene_language" title="Moronene language">Moronene</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Bawah_language" title="Mori Bawah language">Mori Bawah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mori_Atas_language" title="Mori Atas language">Mori Atas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moma_language" title="Moma language">Moma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napu_language" title="Napu language">Napu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padoe_language" title="Padoe language">Padoe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pancana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancana language">Pancana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendau_language" title="Pendau language">Pendau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahambuu_language" title="Rahambuu language">Rahambuu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rampi_language" title="Rampi language">Rampi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saluan_language" title="Saluan language">Saluan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sarudu_language" title="Sarudu language">Sarudu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sedoa_language" title="Sedoa language">Sedoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pamona_language" title="Pamona language">Pamona</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taje_language" title="Taje language">Taje</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajio_language" title="Tajio language">Tajio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukang_Besi_language" title="Tukang Besi language">Tukang Besi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolaki_language" title="Tolaki language">Tolaki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomadino_language" title="Tomadino language">Tomadino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topoiyo_language" title="Topoiyo language">Topoiyo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tomini_language" title="Tomini language">Tomini</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totoli_language" title="Totoli language">Totoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waru_language" title="Waru language">Waru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wawonii_language" title="Wawonii language">Wawonii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wotu_language" title="Wotu language">Wotu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aralle-Tabulahan_language" title="Aralle-Tabulahan language">Aralle-Tabulahan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bambam_language" title="Bambam language">Bambam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bentong_language" title="Bentong language">Bentong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budong-Budong_language" title="Budong-Budong language">Budong-Budong</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campalagian_language" title="Campalagian language">Campalagian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Konjo_language" title="Coastal Konjo language">Coastal Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakka_language" title="Dakka language">Dakka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duri_language" title="Duri language">Duri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Embaloh_language" title="Embaloh language">Embaloh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrekang_language" title="Enrekang language">Enrekang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Highland_Konjo_language" title="Highland Konjo language">Highland Konjo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalumpang_language" title="Kalumpang language">Kalumpang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tae%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae' language">Lawa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lemolang_language" title="Lemolang language">Lemolang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maiwa_language_(Sulawesi)" title="Maiwa language (Sulawesi)">Maiwa (Sulawesi)</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malimpung_language" title="Malimpung language">Malimpung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamasa_language" title="Mamasa language">Mamasa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamuju_language" title="Mamuju language">Mamuju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandar_language" title="Mandar language">Mandar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panasuan_language" title="Panasuan language">Panasuan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pannei_language" title="Pannei language">Pannei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selayar_language" title="Selayar language">Selayar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Padang_language" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seko_Tengah_language" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tae%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae' language">Tae'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talondo%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Talondo' language">Talondo'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taman_language" title="Taman language">Taman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toraja-Sa%27dan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja-Sa'dan language">Toraja-Sa'dan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulumanda%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulumanda' language">Ulumanda'</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moken</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken dialects</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Arekan_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arekan dialect (page does not exist)">Arekan</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banyumasan_dialect" title="Banyumasan dialect">Banyumasan</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mataraman_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mataraman dialect (page does not exist)">Mataraman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kawi_language" title="Kawi language">Kawi</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Javanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Kedu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedu dialect (page does not exist)">Kedu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osing_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Osing dialect">Osing</a></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenggerese_dialect" title="Tenggerese dialect">Tenggerese</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hukumina_language" title="Hukumina language">Hukumina</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #e6e6ff;"><div id="Central-Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central-Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #f6f6f6;"><div id="Central_Malayo-Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central Malayo-Polynesian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Sumba-Manggarai</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Hawu_languages" title="Sumba–Hawu languages">Sumba–Hawu</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dhao_language" title="Dhao language">Dhao</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mamboru_language" title="Mamboru language">Mamboru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anakalangu_language" title="Anakalangu language">Anakalangu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wanukaka_language" title="Wanukaka language">Wanukaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pondok_language" title="Pondok language">Pondok</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baliledo_language" title="Baliledo language">Baliledo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wejewa_language" title="Wejewa language">Wejewa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamboya_language" title="Lamboya language">Lamboya</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kodi_language" title="Kodi language">Kodi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaura language">Gaura</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Ende-Manggarai</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komodo_language" title="Komodo language">Komodo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riung_language" title="Riung language">Riung</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rajong_language" title="Rajong language">Rajong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kepo%27_language" title="Kepo' language">Kepo'</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wae_Rana_language" title="Wae Rana language">Wae Rana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Palu%27e_language" title="Palu'e language">Palu'e</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ende_language_(Indonesia)" title="Ende language (Indonesia)">Ende</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Li%27o_language" title="Li'o language">Li'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nage_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage language">Nage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ke%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ke'o language">Ke'o</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngad%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngad'a language">Ngad'a</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rongga_language" title="Rongga language">Rongga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/So%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="So'a language">So'a</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flores-Lembata_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Flores-Lembata languages">Flores-Lembata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kedang_language" title="Kedang language">Kedang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Sika-Lamaholot</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sika_language" title="Sika language">Sika</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Lamaholotic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamatuka_language" title="Lamatuka language">Lamatuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewo_Eleng_language" title="Lewo Eleng language">Lewo Eleng</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levuka_language" title="Levuka language">Levuka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Lembata_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Lembata language">South Lembata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alorese_language" title="Alorese language">Alorese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamalera_language" title="Lamalera language">Lamalera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewotobi_language" title="Lewotobi language">Lewotobi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adonara_language" title="Adonara language">Adonara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ile_Ape_language" title="Ile Ape language">Ile Ape</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mingar_language" title="Mingar language">Mingar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seluwasan_language" title="Seluwasan language">Seluwasan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei-Tanimbar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kei-Tanimbar languages">Kei-Tanimbar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordata_language" title="Fordata language">Fordata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yamdena_language" title="Yamdena language">Yamdena</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onin_language" title="Onin language">Onin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sekar_language" title="Sekar language">Sekar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruangnirin_language" title="Uruangnirin language">Uruangnirin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barakai_language" title="Barakai language">Barakai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batuley_language" title="Batuley language">Batuley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dobel_language" title="Dobel language">Dobel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karey_language" title="Karey language">Karey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koba_language" title="Koba language">Koba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lola_language" title="Lola language">Lola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorang_language" title="Lorang language">Lorang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manombai_language" title="Manombai language">Manombai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mariri_language" title="Mariri language">Mariri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tarangan_language" title="Tarangan language">Tarangan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujir_language" title="Ujir language">Ujir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timor-Babar_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Babar languages">Timor-Babar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Timoric ?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kemak_language" title="Kemak language">Kemak</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tukudede_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukudede language">Tukudede</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mambai_language_(Timor)" title="Mambai language (Timor)">Mambai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idalaka_language" title="Idalaka language">Idalaka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawan language">Dawan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amarasi_language" title="Amarasi language">Amarasi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helong_language" title="Helong language">Helong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bilba_language" title="Bilba language">Bilba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dengka_language" title="Dengka language">Dengka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lole_language" title="Lole language">Lole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ringgou_language" title="Ringgou language">Ringgou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dela-Oenale_language" title="Dela-Oenale language">Dela-Oenale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Termanu_language" title="Termanu language">Termanu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tii_language" title="Tii language">Tii</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bekais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekais language">Bekais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wetar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetar language">Wetar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galoli_language" title="Galoli language">Galoli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luang_language" title="Luang language">Luang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makuva_language" title="Makuva language">Makuva</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Babar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Damar_language" title="West Damar language">West Damar</a> ?</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawera-Daweloor_language" title="Dawera-Daweloor language">Dawera-Daweloor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Babar_language" title="North Babar language">North Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dai_language_(Austronesian)" title="Dai language (Austronesian)">Dai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masela_language" title="Masela language">Masela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serili_language" title="Serili language">Serili</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeast_Babar_language" title="Southeast Babar language">Southeast Babar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emplawas_language" title="Emplawas language">Emplawas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imroing_language" title="Imroing language">Imroing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tela%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tela'a language">Tela'a</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naueti_language" title="Naueti language">Naueti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kairui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kairui language">Kairui</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waimoa_language" title="Waimoa language">Waimoa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midiki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Midiki language">Midiki</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kowiai</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teor-Kur_language" title="Teor-Kur language">Teor-Kur</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">West Central Maluku</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ambelau_language" title="Ambelau language">Ambelau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buruese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buruese language">Buru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisela_language" title="Lisela language">Lisela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moksela_language" title="Moksela language">Moksela</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sula_language" title="Sula language">Sula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangole_language" title="Mangole language">Mangole</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliabo_language" title="Taliabo language">Taliabo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;">East Central Maluku</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banda_language_(Maluku)" title="Banda language (Maluku)">Banda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bati_language_(Indonesia)" title="Bati language (Indonesia)">Bati</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geser_language" title="Geser language">Geser</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bobot_language" title="Bobot language">Bobot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masiwang_language" title="Masiwang language">Masiwang</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hoti_language" title="Hoti language">Hoti</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benggoi_language" title="Benggoi language">Benggoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salas_language" title="Salas language">Salas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liana_language" title="Liana language">Liana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunusaku_languages" title="Nunusaku languages">Nunusaku</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kayeli_language" title="Kayeli language">Kayeli</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuaulu_language" title="Nuaulu language">Nuaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huaulu_language" title="Huaulu language">Huaulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manusela_language" title="Manusela language">Manusela</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wemale_language" title="Wemale language">Wemale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yalahatan_language" title="Yalahatan language">Yalahatan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piru_Bay_languages" title="Piru Bay languages">Piru Bay</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luhu_language" title="Luhu language">Luhu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manipa_language" title="Manipa language">Manipa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wakasihu_language" title="Wakasihu language">Wakasihu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boano_language_(Maluku)" title="Boano language (Maluku)">Boano (Moluccas)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sepa_language_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepa language (Indonesia)">Sepa-Teluti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaibobo_language" title="Kaibobo language">Kaibobo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hitu_language" title="Hitu language">Hitu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulehu_language" title="Tulehu language">Tulehu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laha_language_(Indonesia)" title="Laha language (Indonesia)">Laha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seit-Kaitetu_language" title="Seit-Kaitetu language">Seit-Kaitetu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kamarian_language" title="Kamarian language">Kamarian</a> †</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haruku_language" title="Haruku language">Haruku</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amahai_language" title="Amahai language">Amahai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nusa_Laut_language" title="Nusa Laut language">Nusa Laut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saparua_language" title="Saparua language">Saparua</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latu_language" title="Latu language">Latu</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";background: #f6f6f6;"><div id="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><b>Bold</b> indicates languages with more than 1 million speakers</li><li>? indicates classification dispute</li><li>† indicates <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9237" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037194-3">4037194-3</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567478">00567478</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1585856447 |
