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'{{More citations needed|date=October 2013}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Romani people in Spain | native_name = {{lang|es|Gitanos}} | total = Estimated 720,000-1,500,000 | total_ref = <ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS">{{cite web|url=http://www.msc.es/ssi/familiasInfancia/inclusionSocial/poblacionGitana/docs/diagnosticosocial_autores.pdf |title=Diagnóstico social de la comunidad gitana en España |website=Msc.es |accessdate=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/sinti-rom/img/n7a.jpg |format=JPG |title=Estimations |website=Gfbv.it |accessdate=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|title=The Situation of Roma in Spain|publisher=Open Society Institute|year=2002|quote=The Spanish government estimates the number of ''Gitanos'' at a maximum of 650,000.|accessdate=15 September 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172552/http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf|archivedate=1 December 2007}}</ref><ref name=immigration>[http://www.osce.org/hcnm/78034?download=true Recent Migration of Roma in Europe, A study by Mr. Claude Cahn and Professor Elspeth Guild], page 87-8 (09.2010 figures)</ref> | popplace = {{flagcountry|Spain}} | region1 = {{flag|Andalusia}} | pop1 = | ref1 = | region2 = {{flag|Valencia}} | pop2 = | ref2 = | region3 = {{flag|Madrid}} | pop3 = | ref3 = | region4 = {{flag|Catalonia}} | pop4 = | ref4 = | langs = {{hlist|[[Caló language|Caló]]|[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|[[Catalan language|Catalan]]|[[Basque language|Basque]] ([[Erromintxela]])|[[Galician language|Galician]]|[[Asturian language|Asturian]]|[[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]|[[Romani language|Roma]]|[[Occitan language|Occitan]] ([[Aranese]])}} | rels = '''Predominantly'''<br/>[[Evangelicalism]], [[Roman Catholicism]] | related = Other [[Gypsies]] }} {{Romani people}} The '''[[Gypsies]] in Spain''', generally known as '''''gitanos''''' ({{IPA-es|xiˈtanos}}), belong to the [[Iberian Kale|Iberian Cale]] [[Romani people#Population and subgroups|group]], with smaller populations in [[Portugal]] (known as ''[[Romani people in Portugal|ciganos]]'') and in southern [[France]]. Their sense of identity and cohesion stems from their shared value system, expressed among the gitanos as the ''leyes gitanas'' (Gypsy laws).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=‘We don’t know our descent’: how the Gitanos of Jarana manage the past |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=20 December 2002 |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/1467-9655.00081}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=Agata's story: singular lives and the reach of the ‘Gitano law’ |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 2011 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=445–461 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2011.01701.x }}</ref> Traditionally, they maintain their social circles strictly within their [[Endogamy|patrigroups]], as interaction between patrigroups increases the risk of feuding, which may result in fatalities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=The Politics of Evangelism: Hierarchy, Masculinity and Religious Conversion Among Gitanos. |journal=Romani Studies |date=2000 |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=4 }}</ref> The emergence of [[Pentecostalism]] has impacted this practice, as the lifestyle of Pentecostal gitanos involves frequent contact with gitanos from outside their own patrigroups during church services and meetings. To varying degrees, they identify with [[Andalusia]]n culture and music due to the large and culturally significant ''gitano'' population present in that region. Data on ethnicity is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million.<ref name="Diagnostico Social de la Comunidad Gitana en Espana - CIS"/> ==Name== The term ''gitano'' evolved from the word ''egiptano''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dirae.es/palabras/egiptano|title=egiptano - Diccionario Dirae.|website=Dirae.es|accessdate=23 December 2017}}</ref> ("Egyptian"), which was the [[Old Spanish]] demonym for someone from ''Egipto'' (Egypt). "Egiptano" was the regular Spanish language [[adjective]] for someone from Egypt, however, in Middle and Modern Spanish the irregular adjective ''egipcio''" supplanted ''egiptano'' to mean Egyptian, while ''gitano'' went on to refer specifically to Romanis in Spain. The etymological meaning of the term ''gitano'', therefore, was originally "Egyptian".<ref name="buscon1">{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/drae/?type=3&val=gitano&val_aux=&origen=REDRAE |title=Diccionario de la lengua española - Vigésima segunda edición |publisher=Buscon.rae.es |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> The use of the Spanish word meaning "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis in Spain evolved in the same way that the English word "[[Gypsy (term)|Gypsy]]" also evolved from the English adjective "Egyptian" to refer to Romanis. Both terms are due to some Romanis, a people originating in the northern regions of the [[Indian Subcontinent]], upon their first arrivals to Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries, claiming to be Egyptians for a more favourable treatment by local Europeans, or being mistaken as [[Egyptians]] by local Europeans. While it is now widely known that Romanis are ultimately of northwestern [[Hindustan]]i origin (an area today shared between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]), many Romanis did enter Europe via a generations-long migration which included [[Egypt]] as one of their last stops before their arrival into Europe. It is for this same reason that in the [[Albanian language]] variations of the Albanian term for "Egyptian" are still used to refer to a Romani people of Albania, which in English are also still ambiguously referred to as [[Balkan Egyptians]]. This group of Romanis in Albania are likewise of northwestern Hindustani origin, and are not related to the [[Egyptians|people of Egypt]]. ==Identity== {{main|Romani society and culture}} ''Gitano'' identity is particularly complex in Spain for a variety of reasons which are examined below. Nevertheless, it can be safely said that both from the perspective of ''gitano'' and non-''gitano'' (''payo'') Spaniards, individuals generally considered to belong to this ethnicity are those of full or near-full ''gitano'' descent and who also self-identify. A confusing element is the thorough hybridization of Andalusian and Roma culture (and some would say identity) at a popular level. This has occurred to the point where Spaniards from other regions of Spain can commonly mistake elements of one for the other. The clearest example of this is [[flamenco]] music and [[Sevillanas]], art forms that are Andalusian rather than ''gitano'' in origin but, having been strongly marked by ''gitanos'' in interpretative style, is now commonly associated to this ethnicity by many Spaniards. The fact that the largest population of ''gitanos'' is concentrated in Southern Spain has even led to a confusion between ''gitano'' accents and those typical of Southern Spain even though many ''Kale'' populations in the northern half of Spain (such as Galicia) do not speak Andalusian Spanish. Indeed, the boundaries among ''gitano'' and non-''gitano'' ethnicities are so blurred by intermarriage and common cultural traits in the south of the country, that self-identification is on occasion the only real marker for ethnicity. Few Spaniards are aware, for example, that Andalusian singer and ''gitano'' popular icon [[Lola Flores]] was, in fact, not of ''gitano'' ethnicity and did not consider herself as such.<ref name="Ayer fue enterrada Lola Flores - El Tiempo">{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-328321 |title=Lola Flores Obituary |publisher=El Tiempo |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> The mistake can be commonly attributed to her being a Flamenco singer of humble origin, with vaguely South Asian physical traits and a strong Andalusian accent, as well as to her having married into a Gitano family. The term "''gitano''" has also acquired among many a negative socio-economic connotation referring to the lowest strata of society, sometimes linking it to crime and marginality and even being used as a term of abuse. In this, one can be Gitano "by degree" according to how much one fits into pre-conceived stereotypes or social stigmas. On the other hand, the exaltation of Roma culture and heritage is a large element of wider Andalusian folklore and Spanish identity. Gitanos, rather than being considered a "foreign" or "alien" minority within the country are perceived as "deep" or "real Spain", as is expressed by the term "''España Cañí''" which means both "Gypsy Spain" and "Traditional" or "Folkloric Spain". This is largely the result of the period of romantic nationalism which followed the Spanish war of independence, during which the values of the Enlightenment arriving from Western Europe were rejected and Gypsies became the symbol of Spanish traditionalism, independence and racial consciousness. Evidently, all this results in a strong distinction between ''gitanos'' and Rom immigrants from Eastern Europe, who are commonly identified by the wider population according to their country of origin (normally Romanians or Bulgarians) rather than by their actual Rom ethnicity. ===Origin=== {{main|Romani people}} The Romani people originate from northwestern [[Hindustan]],{{sfn|Hancock|2002 |p= [https://books.google.com/?id=MG0ahVw-kdwC&lpg=PP1&pg=PR20 xx] | ps =: ‘While a nine century removal from India has diluted Indian biological connection to the extent that for some Romanian groups, it may be hardly representative today, Sarren (1976:72) concluded that we still remain together, genetically, Asian rather than European’}}<ref name="IsabelMendizabal">{{cite journal|url= | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.039|first=Isabel|last=Mendizabal|title=Reconstructing the Population History of European Romani from Genome-wide Data|journal=Current Biology|date=6 December 2012|volume=22| issue = 24|pages=2342–2349|pmid=23219723}}</ref><ref name="Comas">{{cite news|author=Sindya N. Bhanoo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/11/science/genomic-study-traces-roma-to-northern-india.html?_r=0|title=Genomic Study Traces Roma to Northern India|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Current Biology''.</ref><ref name="books.google.ca">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=AS61CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab#v=snippet&q=Roma%20Rajasthan%20Punjab&f=false |title=Flamenco on the Global Stage: Historical, Critical and Theoretical Perspectives |author1=K. Meira Goldberg |author2=Ninotchka Devorah Bennahum |author3=Michelle Heffner Hayes |page=50 |accessdate=2016-05-21|isbn=9780786494705 |date=2015-09-28 }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA147&dq=Roma+Rajastan+Penjab#v=onepage&q=Roma%20Rajastan%20Penjab&f=false |title=World Music: Africa, Europe and the Middle East |author1=Simon Broughton |author2=Mark Ellingham |author3=Richard Trillo |page=147 |accessdate=2016-05-21|isbn=9781858286358 |year=1999 }}</ref> presumably from the northwestern Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]<ref name="books.google.ca"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the [[Punjab]] region shared between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="books.google.ca"/> The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in the [[Indian subcontinent]]: the language has grammatical characteristics of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] and shares with them a big part of the basic lexicon, for example, body parts, daily routines<ref name="mluvnice">{{Citation | last1 = Šebková | first1 = Hana | last2 = Žlnayová | first2 = Edita | year = 1998 | url = http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | title = Nástin mluvnice slovenské romštiny (pro pedagogické účely) | place = Ústí nad Labem | publisher = Pedagogická fakulta Univerzity J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem | page = 4 | isbn = 978-80-7044-205-0 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024041/http://rss.archives.ceu.hu/archive/00001112/01/118.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-04 }}</ref> and numerals. More exactly, Romani shares the basic lexicon with [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]. It shares many phonetic features with [[Marwari (language)|Marwari]], while its grammar is closest to [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal|first=Milena|last=Hübschmannová|title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku|journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury|issue=4/1995|year= 1995 |publisher= Muzeum romské kultury|place=Brno|quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref> Linguistic evaluation carried out in the nineteenth century by Pott (1845) and Miklosich (1882–1888) showed that the [[Romani language]] is to be classed as a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA), not a Middle Indo-Aryan (MIA), establishing that the ancestors of the Romani could not have left the Indian subcontinent significantly earlier than AD 1000, then finally reaching Europe several hundred years later. Genetic findings in 2012 suggest the Romani originated in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent and migrated as a group.<ref name="IsabelMendizabal"/><ref name="Comas"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.livescience.com/40652-facts-about-roma-romani-gypsies.html|title=5 Intriguing Facts About the Roma|work=Live Science}}</ref> According to a genetic study in 2012, the ancestors of present scheduled tribes and scheduled caste populations of [[North India|northern]] [[India]], traditionally referred to collectively as the "[[Ḍoma]]", are the likely ancestral populations of modern "Roma" in Europe.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rai | first1 = N | last2 = Chaubey | first2 = G | last3 = Tamang | first3 = R | last4 = Pathak | first4 = AK | last5 = Singh | first5 = VK | year = 2012 | title = The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | number = 11 | page = e48477 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0048477 | pmid=23209554 | pmc=3509117| bibcode = 2012PLoSO...748477R }}</ref> ===Migration to Spain=== How and when the gypsies arrived in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] from [[North India|Northern]] [[India]] is a question whose consensus is far from being reached. A popular theory, although without any documentation, claims they come from North Africa, from where they would have crossed the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] to meet again in France with the northern migratory route.<ref>http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=1110754&orden=33593&info=link</ref> It would be the [[Tingitana Peninsula|Tingitanis]] (in its deformed pronunciation, ''gitanos'', that is, from Tingis, today [[Tangier]]). Another, more consistent theory, and well documented, is that they entered the Iberian Peninsula from France. Although, there is controversy of the date of the first arrival, since there is evidence of a safe conduct granted in [[Perpignan]] in 1415 by the infante Alfonso of Aragon to one Tomás, son of Bartolomé de Sanno, who is said to be "Indie Majoris".<ref>{{citation | url = =http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | title = Pèlerins d'Espagne a la fin de Moten âge | author = Jeanne VIELLIEARD | access-date = 2018-05-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160820031222/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005430031.pdf | archive-date = 2016-08-20 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Or instead, could be the so-called Juan de Egipto Menor, who entered through France, who in 1425 [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]] granted him a letter of insurance, which is mostly accepted as the first gypsy to reach the peninsula. {{Quote |... As our beloved and devoted Don Juan de Egipto Menor ... understands that he must pass through some parts of our kingdoms and lands, and we want him to be well treated and welcomed ... under pain of our wrath and indignation ... the mentioned Don Juan de Egipto and those who will go with him and accompany him, with all their horses, clothes, goods, gold, silver, saddlebags and whatever else they bring with them, let them go, stay and go through any city, town, place and other parts of our lordship safe and secure ... and giving those safe passage and being driven when the aforementioned don Juan requires it through this present safe conduct ... Delivered in Zaragoza with our seal on January 12 of the year of birth of our Lord 1425. [[Alfonso V of Aragon|King Alfonso]].<ref>[http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm Unión Romaní] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509124051/http://www.unionromani.org/docgit.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}.</ref>}} In 1435 they were seen in [[Santiago de Compostela]], Gitanos were recorded in [[Barcelona]] and [[Zaragoza]] by 1447{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}}, and in 1462 they were received with honors in [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]. Years later, to the gitanos, the ''[[Greeks|grecianos]]'', pilgrims who penetrated the Mediterranean shore in the 1480s, were added to them, probably because of the [[fall of Constantinople]]. Both of them continued to wander throughout the peninsula, being well received at least until 1493, year in which a group of ''gitanos'' arrived at [[Madrid]], where the Council agreed to "''... give alms to the ''gitanos'' because at the request of the City passed ahead, ten reales, to avoid the damages that could be done by three hundred people who came ... "''. In those years safe conducts were granted to supposedly noble gypsy pilgrims. The follow-up of these safe-conducts throughout Spain has provided some data to historians according to Teresa San Román: * The number of gypsies that entered or inhabited the Peninsula in the 15th-century is estimated at approximately 3,000 individuals. * The gypsies traveled in variable groups, of 80-150 people, led by a man. * Each autonomous group maintained relations at a distance with one of the others, there being perhaps relations of kinship among them (something common in today among Spanish gypsies). * The separation between each group was variable and sometimes some followed the others at close range and by the same routes. * The most common survival strategy was to present as Christian pilgrims to seek the protection of a noble. * The way of life was nomadic and dedicated to divination and performance (spectacle). In 1492, gipsy auxiliaries helped the army of the [[Kingdom of Castile and León]] in the Reconquista in [[Granada]] ending the reign of muslims in Spain.<ref name="dhier">{{Citation | page = 53 | url = https://hera.ugr.es/tesisugr/16795015.pdf | title = La condición social y jurídica de los gitanos en la legislación histórica española | place = Universidad de Granada | author = Alejandro Martínez Dhier }}</ref> ''Gitanos'' have a low and little politically committed role, with some particular exceptions, in Andalusian nationalism and identity, which is strongly based on a belief in the oriental basis of Andalusi heritage acted as a bridge between occidental-western and oriental-eastern Andalusian culture at a popular level. The father of such a movement, [[Blas Infante]], in his book ''Orígenes de lo flamenco y secreto del cante jondo'', [[Etymology|etymologically]], went as far as alleging that the word ''flamenco'' derives from [[Andalusian Arabic]] ''fellah mengu'', supposedly meaning "escapee peasant". Infante believed that numerous Muslim Andalusians became [[Moriscos]], who were obliged to convert, dispersed and eventually ordered to leave Spain stayed and mixed with the Romani newcomers instead of abandoning their land. These claims have been rejected by many historians{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} and genetic research papers.<ref name="gusmao">{{Citation | pmid = 18205888 | title = A perspective on the history of the Iberian gypsies provided by phylogeographic analysis of Y-chromosome lineages | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 72 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 215–27 | place = Annals of Human Genetics | publisher = Wiley Publishing | year = 2008 | last1 = Gusmão | first1 = A. | last2 = Gusmão | first2 = L. | last3 = Gomes | first3 = V. | last4 = Alves | first4 = C. | last5 = Calafell | first5 = F. | last6 = Amorim | first6 = A. | last7 = Prata | first7 = M. J. | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00421.x }}</ref> [[File:Sorokin-Spanish Romani people.jpg|thumb|240px|Spanish Romani people. [[Yevgraf Sorokin]], 1853.]] [[File:Alfred Dehodencq A Gypsy Dance in the Gardens of the Alcázar.jpg|thumb|240px|A Gypsy dance in the gardens of the [[Alcázar of Seville]].]] For about 300 years, Romanies were subject to a number of laws and policies designed to eliminate them from Spain as an identifiable group: Romani settlements were broken up and the residents dispersed; sometimes, Romanies were required to marry non-Roma; they were prohibited from using their language and rituals, and were excluded from public office and from guild membership.<ref name=loc>{{cite book |author1=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |title=Spain: A Country Study |date=December 1988 |page=99 |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006127/ |chapter=The Gypsies}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> In 1749 A major effort to get rid of the gypsy population in Spain was carried out through a [[Great Gypsy Round-up|raid]] organized by the government.{{fact}} It arrested all gypsies (Romani) in the realm, and imprisoned them in jails, eventually releasing them due to the widespread discontent that the measure caused.{{fact}} During the [[Spanish Civil War]], ''gitanos'' were not persecuted for their ethnicity by either side.{{fact}} Under the [[Francoist Spain|regime]] of [[Francisco Franco]], Gitanos were often harassed or simply ignored, although their children were educated, sometimes forcibly, much as all Spaniards are nowadays.{{fact}} On the other hand, Andalusian and ''gitano'' culture was instrumentalized in the country's tourist promotion strategy which focused on the south to exalt the uniqueness of Spanish culture.{{fact}} However, the country's industrialization negatively affected ''gitanos'' as the migration of rural Spaniards to major cities led to the growth of shanty towns around urban areas with a consequent explosion in birth rates and a drastic fall in the quality of living and an abandonment of traditional professions.{{fact}} Traditional Gitano neighbourhoods such as [[Triana, Seville|Triana]] in Seville became gentrified and ''gitanos'' were slowly pushed out to the periphery and these new shanty towns.{{fact}} In the post-Franco era, Spanish government policy has been much more sympathetic, especially in the area of social welfare and social services.<ref name=loc/> In 1977, the last anti-Romani laws were repealed, an action promoted by [[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], the first Romani deputy.<ref name=loc/> Beginning in 1983, the government operated a special program of [[Compensatory Education]] to promote educational rights for the disadvantaged, including those in Romani communities.<ref name=loc/> During the heroin epidemic that afflicted Spain in the 80s and 90s, Gitano shanty towns became central to the drug trade, a problem which afflicts Spain to this day.{{fact}} Although the size of shanty towns has been vastly reduced in Madrid, they remain significant in other major cities such as Seville, Huelva and Almería.{{fact}} Nevertheless, Spain is still considered a model for integration of ''gitano'' communities when compared to other countries with Romani populations in Eastern Europe.{{fact}} ==Language== {{main|Caló language}} Historically, gitanos spoke Caló fluently, often alongside the language spoken in the region they inhabited. Caló is a type of para-Romani, combining the phonology and grammar of the Catalan or Castilian, with a lexicon derived from Romani. The para-Romani resulting from the combination of Basque and Romani is called Erromintxela. Very few gitanos maintain a comprehensive and functional knowledge of Caló. A study on the actual usage patterns of Caló among a group of mainly Andalusian gitanos concluded that the language currently consists of between 350 and 400 terms, the knowledge of which varies considerably among gitanos. According to the authors of the study, the majority of gitanos acknowledge that the language is in a terminal state, with many asserting that the language is totally lost.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F |last2=Fernández |first2=Cayetano |last3=Nieto |first3=Magdalena |last4=Adiego |first4=Ignasi-Xavier |title=La agonía de una lengua. Lo que queda del caló en el habla de los gitanos. Parte I. Métodos, fuentes y resultados generales |url=http://www.ugr.es/~pwlac/G27_39Juan_Gamella-y-otros.html |website=Gazeta de Antropologia |publisher=Universidad de Granada |accessdate=13 February 2020 |language=es |date=December 2011}}</ref> ==Religion== In Spain, ''gitanos'' were traditionally [[Roman Catholic]]s who participated in four of the Church's sacraments (baptism, [[marriage]], [[confirmation]], and [[extreme unction]]). They are not regular churchgoers{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} but follow traditions such as the cult of the [[Virgin of El Rocío]]. In 1997, [[Pope John Paul II]] beatified the Catholic gitano [[martyr]] [[Ceferino Giménez Malla]], in a ceremony reportedly attended by some 3000 roma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bohlen |first1=Celestine |title=Spanish Martyr Is First Gypsy Beatified by Catholic Church |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/05/world/spanish-martyr-is-first-gypsy-beatified-by-catholic-church.html |website=The New York Times |date=5 May 1997}}</ref> [[Saint Sarah|Sara-la-Kali]] is the [[patron saint]] of Romani people. They rarely go to folk healers{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}, and they participate fully in Spain's state-supported medical system. Gitanos have a special involvement with recently dead kin and visit their graves frequently. They spend more money than non-Gitanos of equivalent economic classes in adorning grave sites.{{Citation needed|reason=Mar 2010|date=March 2010}}<ref>[[Google books]] is a good source.</ref> The Spanish [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Federation (mostly composed by members of the [[Assemblies of God]] and [[Pentecostal]]) claims that 150,000 Gitanos have joined their faith in Spain.<ref>[http://www.ferede.org/general.php?pag=vernoticia&cod=1086 "Evangelics fish faithful in catholic crisis"]; FEREDE, October 2008 {{in lang|es}}</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=this seems to be a conjecture.|date=November 2009}} The Romani Evangelical Assembly is the only religious institution entirely led and composed by Roma. The gitano Evangelical church (Iglesia de Filadelfia) asserts the gitano people originate from a group of [[Jews]] who got lost during [[Moses|Moses']] lifetime and eventually became the gitanos.<ref>Gay y Blasco 2002 p. 634</ref> ==Marriage== The traditional Spanish Romani place a high value on the extended family. [[Virginity]] is essential in unmarried women. Both men and women often marry young. A traditional ''gitano'' wedding requires a ''pedimiento'' (similar to an engagement party) followed by the ''casamiento'' (wedding ceremony), where ''[[el yeli]]'' must be sung to the bride to celebrate the virginity and ''honour'' of the bride (proven by the ritual of the ''pañuelo''). In the pañuelo ritual, a group consisting of an ''ajuntaora'' (a professional who is skilled in performing the ritual and is paid by the family), along with the married women of the family, take the bride into a separate room during the wedding and examine her to ascertain that she is a virgin. The ajuntaora is the one who performs the ritual on the bride, as the other women watch to be witnesses that the bride is virgin. The ajuntaora wraps a white, decoratively embroidered cloth (the ''pañuelo'') around her index finger and inserts it shallowly into the vaginal canal of the bride.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mujeres Gitanas Documental |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmk4Gry6Xfw&t=2968s |language=en}}</ref> During this process, the [[Bartholin's gland]]s are depressed, causing them to secrete a liquid that stains the cloth. This action is repeated with three different sections of the cloth to produce three stains, known as "rosas". This process is conceived by the women as the retrieval of the bride's "honra", her ''honour'', contained within a "grape" inside her genitals which is popped during the examination, and the spillage collected onto the pañuelo.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |title=A 'Different' Body? Desire and Virginity Among Gitanos |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |date=September 1997 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=517 |doi=10.2307/3034765}}</ref> When finished with the exam, the women come out of the room and sing ''el yeli'' to the couple. During this, the men at the wedding rip their shirts and lift the wife onto their shoulders and do the same with the husband, as they sing "el yeli" to them. Weddings can last very long; up to three days is usual in the Gitano culture. At weddings, "gitanos" invite everyone and anyone that they know of (especially other ''gitanos''). On some occasions, ''payos'' (''gadjos'') may attend as well, although this is not common. Through the night, many ''bulerías'' are danced and especially sung. Today, ''rumba gitana'' or ''rumba flamenca'' are a usual party music fixture. Gitanos may also marry by [[elopement]], an event that garners less approval than a wedding ceremony.<ref>Gay y Blasco 1997, p. 528</ref> ==Crime issues== According to the website of the ''Fundación Secretariado Gitano'' ("Gitano Secretariat Foundation"), in the Spanish prison system the Spanish Romani women represent 25% of the incarcerated feminine population, while Spanish Romani people represent 1.4% of the total Spanish population. 64% of the detentions of gitano people are drug trafficking-related. 93.2% of women inmates for drug trafficking are ''gitanas''. 13.2% of the total drug trafficking-related inmates are of gitano ethnicity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gitanos.org/sastipen/healt01/sastipen/isirs-es.htm |title=''Informe sobre el Sistema de Información "Red Sastipen"'' |publisher=Gitanos.org |date= |accessdate=2013-08-15}}</ref> ==Marginalisation== The 2016 [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]] poll found that 49% of Spaniards held unfavorable views of Roma.<ref>"[http://www.pewglobal.org/2016/07/11/europeans-fear-wave-of-refugees-will-mean-more-terrorism-fewer-jobs/lede-chart-2/ Negative opinions about Roma, Muslims in several European nations]". Pew Research Center. 11 July 2016.</ref> Gitanos continue to experience discrimination on an interpersonal level, such as by being refused entry to bars and clubs or losing their jobs if their ethnicity is made known to their employer. Marginalisation occurs on an institutional level; Gitano children are regularly segregated from their non-gitano peers and have poorer academic outcomes as a result. As of 1978, 68% of adult gitanos were illiterate.<ref name=exp>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDEfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT93 Experiencias y trayectorias de éxito escolar de gitanas y gitanos en España, p. 100].</ref> Literacy has greatly improved over time, and approximately 10% of gitanos were illiterate as of 2006-2007 (with older gitanos much more likely than younger gitanos to be illiterate).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tiUbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 Historias de éxito: Modelos para reducir el abandono escolar de la adolescencia gitana, p. 120].</ref> 98% of gitanos live below the poverty line.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gay y Blasco |first1=Paloma |last2=Hernández |first2=Liria |title=Writing Friendship: a reciprocal ethnography |date=24 November 2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-26542-7 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SO6_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP5&dq=978-3-030-26542-7&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwis-ozEs87nAhXHR30KHTYGAA4Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=978-3-030-26542-7&f=false}}</ref> In Portugal, some businesses display toad figurines in their entrances to dissuade ciganos from entering.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Silva |first1=Claudia Carvalho |title=Minipreço retira sapo de loiça usado para afastar ciganos e pede desculpa |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/06/28/sociedade/noticia/minipreco-retira-sapo-loica-usado-afastar-ciganos-pede-desculpa-1878021 |accessdate=13 February 2020 |work=PÚBLICO |date=28 June 2019 |language=pt}}</ref> ==In literature== The Gitanos in Spanish society have inspired several authors: *[[Federico García Lorca]], a great Spanish poet of the 20th century, wrote ''[[Romancero Gitano]]'' ("Gypsy Ballad Book") {{cita|The Roma is the most basic, most profound, the most aristocratic of my country, as representative of their way and whoever keeps the flame, blood, and the alphabet of the universal Andalusian truth.|Federico García Lorca}} *''Candela'', the female protagonist of the story ''[[El Amor Brujo]]'', by [[Manuel de Falla]] is Romani. *[[Prosper Mérimée]]'s ''[[Carmen (novella)|Carmen]]'' (1845) features the protagonist as a ''[[femme fatale]]'', ready to lie, or attack and degrade men's lives. His work was adapted for [[George Bizet|Georges Bizet's]] [[opera]] of the same name. *The beauty of a dark-haired Gitana has inspired artists such as [[Julio Romero de Torres]]. *La Gitanilla ("The little Gypsy girl"), short story by [[Miguel de Cervantes]] and part of his [[Novelas ejemplares|Exemplary Novels]] *Rocio Eva Granada, the escort in the novel Digital Fortress by Dan Brown ==Notable ''gitanos''== [[File:Paquita -Carlotta Grisi -1844.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ballet dancer [[Carlotta Grisi]] as the Romani ''[[Paquita]]'' (1844).]] {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2015}} Following are notable Spanish people of gypsy (''gitano'') ethnicity: === Leaders and politicians === *[[Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia]], [[Spanish Socialist Workers' Party]] [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] === Philosophers and theologians === === Historians, philologists and writers === *[[:es:Joaquín Albacicín|Joaquín Albaicín]], writer, lecturer and columnist for the artistic life *[[Matéo Maximoff]], French writer born in Barcelona === Military commanders === === Poets, novelists and playwrights === *[[:es:José Heredia Maya|José Heredia Maya]], poet and dramaturge *[[:es:Luis Heredia Amaya|Luis Heredia Amaya]], sculptor *[[:es:Antonio Maya Cortés|Antonio Maya Cortés]], artist painter and sculptor *[[:es:Fabian de Castro|Fabian de Castro]], artist painter === Catholic saints and martyrs === *[[Ceferino Giménez Malla]], blessed === Explorers, navigators and missionaries === === Scientists and physicians === === Classical composers and opera singers === === Painters and sculptors === *[[Lita Cabellut]], artist painter. *[[Helios Gómez]], artist, writer and poet. *[[:es:Juan Vargas|Juan Vargas]], sculptor. === Artisans === === Bullfighters === *[[:es:Francisco Rivera Ordóñez|Francisco Rivera Ordóñez]], bullfighter. *[[Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez]], bullfighter. === Actors, comedians and entertainers === *[[:es:Jesús Castro (actor)|Jesús Castro]], actor. *[[:es:Rogelio Durán|Rogelio Durán]], actor theatre and father of Swedish actress [[Noomi Rapace]]. *[[Elena Furiase]], actress. *[[:es:Alba Flores|Alba Flores]], actress. *[[:es:Pastora Vega|Pastora Vega]], actress. === Film directors === === Journalists === * [[Iker Jiménez]], journalist. === Footballers and football coaches === *[[José Rodríguez Martínez]], footballer, currently plays for [[Galatasaray S.K. (football)|Galatasaray]] *[[Jesús Seba]], footballer, ex-[[Real Zaragoza]] *[[Diego Rodríguez Fernández|Diego]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]. *[[Carlos Muñoz Cobo|Carlos Muñoz]], former footballer, with [[Real Oviedo]]. *[[Carlos Aranda]], former footballer, with [[Sevilla FC]]. *[[Iván Amaya]], football player, ex-[[Atlético Madrid]]. *[[Antonio Amaya]], football player, currently plays for [[Rayo Vallecano]]. *[[Marcos Márquez]], football player, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]. *[[López Ramos]], football player, ex-[[UD Las Palmas]]. *[[José Antonio Reyes|Jose Antonio Reyes]], footballer *[[Jesús Navas]] footballer, playing for [[Sevilla FC]]. === Other athletes === *[[Rafael Soto]], equestrian and Olympic medalist. *[[Faustino Reyes]], boxer. *[[:es:José Antonio Jiménez|José Antonio Jiménez]], boxer. *[[:es:Patxi Ruiz|Patxi Ruiz Giménez]], Basque pelota champion. === Singers and musicians === *[[Carmen Amaya]], Flamenco dancer. *[[Isabel Pantoja]], singer, partially gypsy *[[Los Chunguitos]], singers, brother duo. *[[Azúcar Moreno]], singers, sister duo. *[[Manolo Caracol]], Flamenco singer. *[[:es: El Pescaílla|El Pescaílla]], singer and composer, husband of Lola Flores. *[[Lolita Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores. *[[Antonio Flores]], singer and actor, son of Lola Flores. *[[Rosario Flores]], singer and actress, daughter of Lola Flores. *[[Vicente Escudero]], dancer and choreographer of Spanish Flamenco; occasionally painter, writer, cinematographic actor and flamenco singer. *[[Gipsy Kings]], French group of ''[[Flamenco Rumba]]''. *[[Nicolas Reyes]], lead vocalist of the Gipsy Kings. *[[Camarón de la Isla]], Flamenco singer. *[[:es:Farruquito|Farruquito]], Flamenco dancer. *[[Los Niños de Sara]], French fusion musicians *[[Ketama]], fusion musicians. *[[Kendji Girac]], French singer. *[[Diego El Cigala|Diego "El Cigala"]], Flamenco singer. *[[Joaquín Cortés]], star flamenco dancer. *[[Abraham Mateo]], reggaeton singer. *[[Beatriz Luengo]], singer and actress. *[[Natalia Jiménez]], singer and vocalist of [[La quinta estacion]]. *[[Jorge González (singer)|Jorge González]], singer. *[[Miguel Bosé]], singer. *[[Mala Rodríguez]], Latin Grammy Award-winning hip hop rapper. * [[Manitas de Plata]], guitar musician. ===Gitano surnames=== Due to [[endogamy]], several [[Spanish surname]]s are more frequent among the Gitanos,<ref name="DEspasa">''Diccionario de apellidos españoles'', Roberto Faure, María Asunción Ribes, Antonio García, Editorial [[Espasa]], Madrid 2001. {{ISBN|84-239-2289-8}}. Section III.3.8 page XXXIX.</ref> <ref>{{cite web |last1=Gamella |first1=Juan F. |last2=Gómez Alfaro |first2=Antonio |last3=Pérez Pérez |first3=Juan |title=Los apellidos de los gitanos españoles en los censos de 1783-85 - Artículos - Revista de Humanidades |url=http://www.revistadehumanidades.com/articulos/29-los-apellidos-de-losgitanos-espanoles-en-los-censos-de-1783-85 |website=www.revistadehumanidades.com |accessdate=3 February 2020 |language=es}}</ref>though they are not exclusive to them: *[[Altamira (surname)|Altamira]] or Altamirano *[[Amaya (surname)|Amaya]] *[[Antunes(surname)|Antunes]] or Antunez / Antuñez *[[Cortés (surname)|Cortés]] *[[Fernández]] * Flores *[[Guiterez (surname)|Guiterez]] *[[Heredia (surname)|Heredia]] *[[Jiménez (surname)|Jiménez]] or Giménez *[[Malla (surname)|Malla]] or Maya *[[Molina (surname)|Molina]] *[[Montoya]] *[[Monge (surname)|Monge]] or Monje *[[Moreno (surname)|Moreno]] *[[Morgade]] * Pereiro or [[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]] *[[Ravelino]] or [[Rabellino]] *[[Reyes (name)|Reyes]] *[[Salazar (surname)|Salazar]] * Santi *[[Santiago (surname)|Santiago]] *[[Vargas (surname)|Vargas]] LP *[[Villar (surname)|Villar]] or Vilar ==See also== {{Commons category|Gitanos}} *[[Triana, Seville]], a neighbourhood traditionally linked to Gitano history. *[[Sacromonte]], the traditional Gitano quarter of [[Granada]]. *[[George Borrow]], an English missionary and traveller who studied the Gypsies of Spain and other parts of Europe. * [[Quinqui]], a nomad community of Spain with a similar lifestyle, but of unrelated origin. ==References== ===Sources=== *[http://www.eumap.org/reports/2002/eu/international/sections/spain/2002_m_spain.pdf The Situation of Roma in Spain]. The Open Society Institute, 2002 ([[PDF]]). *Worth, Susannah and Sibley, Lucy R. "Maja [[Dress]] and the Andalusian Image of [[Spain]]." ''[[Clothing]] and Textiles Research Journal,'' Summer 1994, Vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;51–60. ===Footnotes=== {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.unionromani.org/pueblo_in.htm Romani union] {{in lang|es}} *[http://www.patrimonioculturalgitano.org/web/castellano/coo_01.htm Romani/Gypsy presence in European Music] {{in lang|es}} *[http://www.dromesqere.net/index.php?lang=1 Teacher's telematic formation on gypsy culture] {{in lang|es}} {{Romani diaspora}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Romani People In Spain}} [[Category:Romani groups|Spain]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Spain]] [[Category:Spanish Romani people| ]] [[Category:Romani in Spain]] {{italic title}}'