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'[[File:005 Agriculture along Tone River in Omigawa, Japan.JPG|thumb|right|Fields of Chiba prefecture]] [[File:TawaramotoRiceField.png|thumb|right|Rice fields]] '''Agriculture, farming, and fishing''' form the [[primary sector of industry]] of the [[Economy of Japan|Japanese economy]] together with the [[Japanese mining industry]], but together they account for only 1.3% of gross national product. Only 20% of Japan's land is suitable for [[Tillage|cultivation]], and the agricultural economy is highly subsidized. [[Agriculture]], [[forestry]], and [[fishing]] dominated the [[Economy of Japan|Japanese economy]] until the 1940s, but thereafter declined into relative unimportance (see [[Agriculture in the Empire of Japan]]). In the late 19th century ([[Meiji period]]), these sectors had accounted for more than 80% of employment. Employment in agriculture declined in the prewar period, but the sector was still the largest employer (about 50% of the [[work force]]) by the end of [[World War II]]. It was further declined to 23.5% in 1965, 11.9% in 1977, and to 7.2% in 1988. The importance of agriculture in the national economy later continued its rapid decline, with the share of net agricultural production in GNP finally reduced between 1975 and 1989 from 4.1% to 3% In the late 1980s, 85.5% of Japan's farmers were also engaged in occupations outside farming, and most of these part-time farmers earned most of their income from nonfarming activities. Japan's economic boom that began in the 1950s left farmers far behind in both income and agricultural technology. They were attracted to the government's food control policy under which high rice prices were guaranteed and farmers were encouraged to increase the output of any crops of their own choice. Farmers became mass producers of rice, even turning their own vegetable gardens into rice fields. Their output swelled to over 14 million [[metric ton]]s in the late 1960s, a direct result of greater cultivated area and increased yield per unit area, owing to improved cultivation techniques. Three types of farm households developed: those engaging exclusively in agriculture (14.5% of the 4.2 million farm households in 1988, down from 21.5% in 1965); those deriving more than half their income from the farm (14.2% down from 36.7% in 1965); and those mainly engaged in jobs other than farming (71.3% up from 41.8% in 1965). As more and more farm families turned to nonfarming activities, the farm population declined (down from 4.9 million in 1975 to 4.8 million in 1988). The rate of decrease slowed in the late 1970s and 1980s, but the average age of farmers rose to 51 years by 1980, twelve years older than the average industrial employee. Historically and today, women farmers outnumber male farmers.{{Sfn|Iijima|2015|p=1}} Government data from 2011 showed women heading more than three-quarters of new [[agribusiness]] ventures.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/06/agriculture-leans-on-japanese-women/|title=Agriculture Leans on Japanese Women|last=Kakuchi|first=Suvendrini|date=26 June 2013|work=Inter Press Service|access-date=9 November 2016|via=}}</ref> ==Land shortage== The most striking feature of Japanese agriculture is the shortage of farmland. The {{convert|49000|km2}} under cultivation constituted just 13.2% of the total land area in 1988. However, the land is intensively cultivated. [[Paddy field|Rice paddies]] occupy most of the countryside, whether on the alluvial plains, the terraced slopes, or wetlands and coastal bays. Non-paddy farmland share the terraces and lower slopes and are planted with [[wheat]] and [[barley]] in the autumn and with [[sweet potato]]es, vegetables, and dry rice in the summer. [[Intercropping]] is common: such crops are alternated with [[bean]]s and [[pea]]s. Japanese agriculture has been characterized as a "sick" sector because it must contend with a variety of constraints, such as the rapidly diminishing availability of arable land and falling agricultural incomes. The problem of surplus rice was further aggravated by extensive changes in the diets of many Japanese in the 1970s and 1980s. Even a major rice crop failure did not reduce the accumulated stocks by more than 25% of the reserve. In 1990, Japan was 67% self-sufficient in agricultural products and provided for around 30% of its cereal and fodder needs. As an attempt to consolidate farmland and increase productivity, "Farmland Intermediary Management Organizations (nōchi chūkan kanri kikō)," also known as Farmland Banks, were introduced as part of a reform package in 2014, which also included the reform of local Agricultural Committees. As Jentzsch notes, "The reform package is supposed to rationalize farmland consolidation into the hands of ninaite [bearer] farms, including corporations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jentzsch|first=Hanno|date=2017|title=Abandoned land, corporate farming, and farmland banks: a local perspective on the process of deregulating and redistributing farmland in Japan|journal=Contemporary Japan|volume=29 |issue=1|pages=31–46|doi=10.1080/18692729.2017.1256977}}</ref> ==Livestock== Livestock raising is a minor activity. Demand for [[beef]] rose in the 1900s, and farmers often shifted from dairy farming to production of high-quality (and high-cost) beef, such as Kobe beef. Throughout the 1980s, domestic beef production met over 2% of demand. In 1991, as a result of heavy pressure from the United States, Japan ended import quotas on potatoes as well as [[citrus fruit]]. Milk [[cow]]s are numerous in Hokkaido, where 25% of farmers run dairies, but milk cows are also raised in [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]], in [[Tōhoku region|Tōhoku]], and near [[Tokyo]] and [[Kobe]]. [[Beef cattle]] are mostly concentrated in western [[Honshu]], and on [[Kyushu]]. [[Hog (swine)|Hog]]s, the oldest domesticated animals raised for food, are found everywhere. [[Pork]] is the most popular meat. Most of the imported beef comes from [[Australia]], since beef from the [[United States|USA]] and [[Canada]] was banned after the first cases of [[Bovine spongiform encephalopathy|BSE]] in those countries. Those bans were lifted in 2006. ==Forestry== Two thirds of land of Japan is forest. 40% of the forests in Japan are planted forests, such as [[Cedrus|cedar]] and [[cypress]]. They are mainly planted after the [[Pacific War]], in attempt to produce construction material, but after Japan had experienced rapid economic growth, they switched construction material from wood to [[reinforced concrete]]. Moreover, cheaper import wood became more attractive, compared to domestic wood which is produced in steep mountain and high costs of labour. Nowadays, many planted forests are too dense and need [[thinning]]. In 2015, Japanese forestry industry produced 20.05 million m³ volume of wood and 436.3 billion yen of production, half of it is mushroom production. Forestry composes 0.04% of Japan's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rinya.maff.go.jp/j/kikaku/hakusyo/28hakusyo/attach/pdf/index-1.pdf|title=Annual Report on Forest and Forestry in Japan|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> ==Fisheries== {{See also|Whaling in Japan}} After the [[1973 oil crisis|1973 energy crisis]], deep-sea fishing in Japan declined, with the annual catch in the 1980s averaging 2 million tons. Offshore fisheries accounted for an average of 50% of the nation's total fish catches in the late 1980s although they experienced repeated ups and downs during that period. Coastal fisheries had smaller catches than northern sea fisheries in 1986 and 1987. As a whole, Japan's fish catches registered a slower growth in the late 1980s. By contrast, Japan's import of marine products increased greatly in the 1980s, and was nearly 2 million tons in 1989. The Japanese fishing industry, both domestic and overseas, has long been centered on the [[Tsukiji fish market]], in Tokyo, which is one of the world's largest wholesale markets for fresh, frozen, and processed seafood. Japan also has greatly advanced the techniques of [[aquaculture]] or sea farming. In this system, artificial insemination and hatching techniques are used to breed fish and [[shellfish]], which are then released into rivers or seas. These fish and shellfish are caught after they grow bigger. [[Salmon]] is raised this way. Japan has more than 2,000 fishing ports, including Nagasaki, in southwest Kyūshū; Otaru, Kushiro, and Abashiri in Hokkaidō. Major fishing ports on the Pacific coast of Honshū include, Hachinohe, Kesennuma, and Ishinomaki along the Sanriku coast, as well as Choshi, Yaizu, Shimizu, and Misaki to the east and south of Tokyo. Japan is also one of the world's few whaling nations. As a member of the [[International Whaling Commission]], the government pledged that its fleets would restrict their catch to international quotas, but it attracted international opprobrium for its failure to sign an agreement placing a moratorium on catching sperm whales. Currently Japan conducts "research whaling" for minke whales in the oceans surrounding Antarctica. Two of the largest fishing companies in Japan are [[Nippon Suisan Kaisha]] and [[Maruha Nichiro]]; each employs more than 10,000 people and owns subsidiaries around the world. ===Government position=== The [[Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)|Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries]] is the government agency responsible for the fishing industry. The Japanese Fisheries Agency states that the Basic Fisheries Plan was developed by the Japanese government in 2007, and claims that the government is working to establish long-standing, strong fisheries and fishery practices by promoting the overall restoration of the fishery industry. This can be accomplished by promoting surveys and research into fishery resources, the promotion of international [[resource management]] in international waters, promoting international cooperation within the international fishing grounds, and improving the living [[Natural environment|environments]] for all [[aquatic life]] in inland waters, while at the same time promoting [[aquaculture]]. This restoration consists of many different phases to include the restoration and management of high-level fishery resources. Other priorities of the Japanese government include continuing to develop new technologies to improve fishery operations, whether incorporating new workplace needed technologies, or creating and exploiting intellectual properties. Also, at the top of the list is the reorganization of the fish-labor industry organizations from the top down. The government provides support to the fishery operators groups by helping to acquire the equipment necessary to reduce fuel consumption, through the introduction of energy-saving operating systems. In order to maintain a strong work force in the fishery industry, the government has programs to encourage college students to look into the industry as a possible career path. This includes supporting activities that provide the opportunity to experience stationary net fishing and aquaculture. The government also provides the prospective employees with job information from fisheries worldwide while holding job seminars with well recognized companies in the Japanese fishery business. There is also a government sponsored on-site training program for individuals planning to make a career in the fishery industry. The fisheries in Japan are governed by the Japanese Fisheries Agency. The Fisheries Agency is organized into four departments: Fisheries Policy Planning Department, Resources Management Department, Resources Development Department, and Fishing Port Department. The Fisheries Policy Planning Department is in charge of the planning of policies concerning the fisheries, and all administrative matters that go along with the organization. The Resources Management Department plans the continuous development of Japan's fisheries. The Resources Development Department is in charge of the scientific research and development in the field of fisheries. The Fishing Port Department is the base for fishery production activities and also the basis for the distribution and processing of the marine products. ===Techniques=== *[[Ayu fishing]] *[[Tenkara fishing]], a type of [[roach fishing]] *[[Factory ship]] *[[Artificial reef in Japan|Artificial reefs]] are used to increase the sustainable fishing activities on the coastline. *[[Dolphin drive hunting]] ===In literature=== In 2008, [[Takiji Kobayashi]]'s ''[[Kanikōsen|A Crab Canning Boat]]'', a 1929 Marxist novel about a crab boat crew determined to stand up to a cruel captain under harsh conditions, became a surprise bestseller, thanks to an advertising campaign linking the novel to the [[working poor]].<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/08/12/us-japan-novel-idUST31778020080812?feedType=RSS&sp=true Japan economy angst boosts sales of Marxist novel], Reuters, Aug. 11, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1874054 KOBAYASHI, T. (1933). The cannery boat. New York, International publishers.]</ref> ==See also== *[[Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Japan)]] *[[Agricultural Protectionism in Japan]] *[[Women in agriculture in Japan]] *[[Radiation effects from Fukushima I nuclear accidents]] *[[Marine biology]] ==References== === Citations === {{Reflist}} === Sources === * {{Cite report|url=http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Japanese%20Women%20in%20Agriculture%20-%20Overview_Tokyo_Japan_2-26-2015.pdf|title=Japanese Women in Agriculture - Overview|last=Iijima|first=Midori|date=26 February 2015|publisher=USDA Foreign Agricultural Service|issue=|doi=|volume=|pmid=|access-date=9 November 2016|ref=harv}} * {{loc}} - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html Japan] *Comitini, S. (1966). MARINE RESOURCES EXPLOITATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF JAPAN. Economic Development & Cultural Change, 14(4), 414. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database. *Fisheries Agency. (2009). Fisheries Policy for FY2009 (Executive Summary). Retrieved from http://www.jfa.maff.go.jp/e/annual_report?2008/pdf/data3.pdf{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *Adrianto, L.,Yoshiaki, M., Yoshiaki, S. (1995). Assessing local sustainability of fisheries system: a multi-criteriea participatory approach with the case of Yoron Island, Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. Marine Policy, 29(1),19-23. Retrieved from Science Direct database. ==External links== *[http://www.maff.go.jp/e/index.html MAFF website] {{Asia topic|Agriculture in}} {{forestry by country}} {{Forestry}} [[Category:Agriculture in Japan]] [[Category:Fishing industry in Japan|Fishing industry in Japan]] [[Category:Forestry in Japan]]'