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'@@ -1,23 +1,20 @@ -[[Benin]] is a coastal country located in Western Africa. As a coastal nation along the [[Gulf of Guinea]]—a resource rich area in Western Africa—Benin has numerous energy sources including: solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, fossil resources, and mineral resources. While power plants and other energy facilities were built in the 1950s and 1960s, the lack of investment has led to deterioration over time. Similarly, its location in the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea has led to an attempt of oil production starting in the late 1980s. However, due to unprofitable operations, oil production halted in 1998. - -== Energy Resources == -Energy resources in Benin and most Western African countries are not evenly distributed. Thus, in 1975 the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), consisting 15 nations, was formed. The goal of this organization was not only to promote economic growth, development, and cooperation, but also to link the power networks to ensure power security. Under ECOWAS, the [[West African Power Pool]] (WAPP) was created with the goal of furthering the goal of combining each nations power system into a regional source to provide more reliable energy services. Out of the 15 nations that are part of ECOWAS, 14 joined WAPP. +[[Benin]] is a coastal country located in the [[Gulf of Guinea]] in Western Africa, which is a resource rich region. '''Energy in Benin''' has a diverse [[energy mix]] and takes several forms including: solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, fossil resources, and mineral resources. While power plants and other energy facilities were built in the 1950s and 1960s, the lack of investment has led to deterioration over time. Similarly, its location in the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea has led to an attempt of oil production starting in the late 1980s. However, due to unprofitable operations, oil production halted in 1998. == Oil == - -In recent years, there has been an attempt to revive the oil production and industry in Benin. In September 2019, Niger and China launched the construction of the Niger-Benin Oil Pipeline. This pipeline, roughly 1980 kilometers (1230 miles), will run from the [[Diffa Region]] in the Southeast of Niger to the Port Seme Terminal in Benin. The projected pipeline is to have two thirds run through Niger and one third through Benin. Previously, Niger exported its oil through Chad in order to reach a Cameroon port; however, there has been much instability in the [[Sahel]] region. The Niger-Benin Oil Pipeline project is projected to take about two and a half years. It is estimated that this pipeline will increase Niger's oil export as well as create economic traffic for Benin. +In recent years, there has been an attempt to revive the oil production and industry in Benin. In September 2019, Niger and China launched the construction of the Niger-Benin Oil Pipeline. This pipeline, roughly 1980 kilometers (1230 miles), will run from the [[Diffa Region]] in the Southeast of Niger to the Port Seme Terminal in Benin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger's oil export hopes advance as Benin pipeline works start {{!}} S&P Global Platts|url=https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/091819-nigers-oil-export-hopes-advance-as-benin-pipeline-works-start|date=2019-09-18|website=www.spglobal.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> The projected pipeline is to have two thirds run through Niger and one third through Benin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger seeks to step up oil production with pipeline to coast|url=https://wtop.com/africa/2019/09/niger-begins-building-largest-pipeline-project-to-benin/|date=2019-09-18|website=WTOP|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Previously, Niger exported its oil through Chad in order to reach a Cameroon port; however, there has been much instability in the [[Sahel]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger, China Launch Oil Pipeline Project Crossing Benin {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/niger-china-launch-oil-pipeline-project-crossing-benin|website=www.voanews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> The Niger-Benin Oil Pipeline project is projected to take about two and a half years. It is estimated that this pipeline will increase Niger's oil export as well as create economic traffic for Benin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger-Benin Crude Pipeline, Niger and Benin, Africa|url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/niger-benin-crude-pipeline/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> == Access to Electricity == -There is a disparity of access between urban and rural citizens. In 2010, around 34.2% of the population had access to electricity. The urban population had greater access at 65.4% and the rural population had about 13.9%. The government attempted to mitigate the gap by implementing a rural electrification program that seeks to increase levels of electrification in rural areas to 36% by 2015. As of 2020, approximately 32% of Benin's population has access to electricity, leaving approximately 1.5 million citizens without access. On average, 56% of the urban population has access to electricity, while only about 11% has access in rural areas. Additionally, the country's statistics show that there is a discrepancy between renewable energy consumption and renewable electricity output. In 2014, renewable energy consumption was 48.6%, while the renewable electricity output was 0.5%. While Benin has many energy resources, it lacks the infrastructure both to convert these resources into electricity and to transport the electricity throughout the country. +There is a disparity of access between urban and rural citizens. In 2010, around 34.2% of the population had access to electricity. The urban population had significantly greater access at 65.4% while the only 13.9% of the rural population had access.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Benin|url=https://www.se4all-africa.org/seforall-in-africa/country-data/benin/|website=SEforALL Africa Hub|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> The government attempted to bridge the gap by implementing a rural electrification program that seeks to increase levels of electrification in rural areas to 36% by 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vulnerability, Adaptation and Resilience (VAR) - HELIO International|url=http://helio-international.org/vulnerability-adaptation-and-resilience-var/|website=helio-international.org|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> As of 2020, approximately 32% of Benin's population has access to electricity, leaving approximately 1.5 million citizens without access. On average, 56% of the urban population has access to electricity, while only about 11% has access in rural areas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Power Africa in Benin {{!}} Power Africa {{!}} U.S. Agency for International Development|url=https://www.usaid.gov/powerafrica/benin|date=2020-04-16|website=www.usaid.gov|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> While the urban population has proportionally more access to electricity, they also face issues such as electricity shortage and outages. In 2016, it was reported that on average there are 28 electrical outages in Benin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Power outages in firms in a typical month (number) - Benin {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IC.ELC.OUTG?end=2016&locations=BJ&start=2009|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Accessibility to electricity is interconnected with the performance of the economy, and around 60% of firms state that electricity is their major constraint.<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the country's statistics show that there is a discrepancy between renewable energy consumption and renewable electricity output. In 2014, renewable energy consumption was 48.6%, while the renewable electricity output was 0.5%.<ref name=":0" /> While Benin has many energy resources, it lacks the infrastructure both to convert these resources into electricity and to transport the electricity throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benin : Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: Growth Strategy for Poverty Reduction|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/Benin-Poverty-Reduction-Strategy-Paper-Growth-Strategy-for-Poverty-Reduction-21867|website=IMF|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Benin is dependent on energy imports from Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire. -<br /> -==== West African Electricity ==== -Ivorian grid supplies majority of West African countries. +=== Addressing Energy Resource Accessibility Challenges === +Energy resources in Benin and most Western African countries are not evenly distributed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Medewou|first=M. Mawuena|last2=Chetangny|first2=P.|last3=Houndedako|first3=S.|last4=Vianou|first4=Antoine|last5=Chamagne|first5=D.|last6=Barbier|first6=G.|date=2019-08-01|title=Stability study of the interconnection of electricity networks of WAPP countries - case of control zone II (Ghana, Togo & Benin)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338199791_Stability_study_of_the_interconnection_of_electricity_networks_of_WAPP_countries_-_case_of_control_zone_II_Ghana_Togo_Benin|pages=563–568|doi=10.1109/PowerAfrica.2019.8928660}}</ref> Yet, energy services and accessibility are important factors towards economic and industrial development. Thus, in 1975 the [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), consisting 15 nations, was formed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) {{!}} .|url=https://www.ecowas.int/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> The goal of this organization was not only to promote economic growth, development, and cooperation, but also to link the power networks to ensure power security.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UC Berkeley Library Proxy Login|url=https://login.libproxy.berkeley.edu/login?url=https://ucelinks.cdlib.org/sfx_local?ID=doi:10.1109/PowerAfrica.2019.8928660&genre=book&atitle=&title=Stability%20study%20of%20the%20interconnection%20of%20electricity%20networks%20of%20WAPP%20countries%20-%20case%20of%20control%20zone%20II%20(Ghana,%20Togo%20&%20Benin)&issn=edseee.IEEEConferenc&isbn=9781728110103&volume=&issue=&date=20190801&aulast=Medewou,%20M.&spage=563&pages=563-568&sid=EBSCO:IEEE%20Xplore%20Digital%20Library:edseee.8928660|website=login.libproxy.berkeley.edu|doi=10.1109/powerafrica.2019.8928660&genre=book&atitle=&title=stability study of the interconnection of electricity networks of wapp countries - case of control zone ii (ghana, togo & benin)&issn=edseee.ieeeconferenc&isbn=9781728110103&volume=&issue=&date=20190801&aulast=medewou, m.&spage=563&pages=563-568&sid=ebsco:ieee xplore digital library:edseee.8928660|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Under ECOWAS, the [[West African Power Pool]] (WAPP) was created with the goal of furthering the goal of combining each nations power system into a regional source to provide more reliable energy services.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Creation of the WAPP|url=http://www.ecowapp.org/en/content/creation-wapp|date=2017-01-05|website=ECOWAPP|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Out of the 15 nations that are part of ECOWAS, 14 joined WAPP.<ref name=":5" /> + +==== International Support ==== +[[Power Africa]] is an organization launched in 2013 by [[Barack Obama]] through the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) that brings together experts, private sector investors, and government institutions to help people gain accessibility to power.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Power Africa Initiative|url=https://www.afdb.org/en/topics-and-sectors/initiatives-partnerships/power-africa-initiative|last=Bank|first=African Development|date=2019-04-18|website=African Development Bank - Building today, a better Africa tomorrow|language=en|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> The organization's goal is to invest and develop in renewable and sustainable energy and promote greater access. The current partnership is between United States and six other African countries—Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Ghana—as well as banks in Africa such as the [[African Development Bank|African Development Bank Group]] (AfDB). -=== Power Africa === -Power Africa is an organization launched in 2013 by Barack Obama through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) that brings together experts, private sector investors, and government institutions to help people gain accessibility to power. The organization's goal is to invest and develop in renewable and sustainable energy and promote greater access. The current partnership is between United States and six other African countries-- Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Ghana-- as well as banks in Africa such as the African Development Bank Group (AfDB). +Based on the [[Human Development Index]] report of 2018, Benin ranks 163 out of 189 countries as about 66.8% of the population faces poverty.<ref>{{Cite web|title={{!}} Human Development Reports|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BEN|website=hdr.undp.org|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> Many people still have limited access to electricity and maintenance and development of utilities and services requires financial support. Power Africa has provided partnership of the Benin's government with the [[Millennium Challenge Corporation]] (MCC), which will assist in reinforcing the power sector in Benin.<ref name=":2" /> The $375 million grant towards this project will assist in designing and construction of a more reliable power system as well as strengthening the infrastructure.<ref name=":2" /> == Natural Gas == @@ -26,6 +23,3 @@ <br /> -== Renewable Energy == - -=== Climate Change === <br /><br />{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}} '