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'{{short description|Species of Ebola virus}} {{virusbox | parent = Ebolavirus | species = Reston ebolavirus | synonyms = Reston virus (RESTV) }} '''Reston virus''' (RESTV) is one of six known viruses within the [[genus]] ''[[Ebolavirus]]''. Reston virus causes [[Ebola virus disease]] in non-human primates; unlike the other five ebolaviruses, it is not known to cause disease in humans, but has caused asymptomatic infections.<ref name=Spickler>{{cite web|last1=Spickler|first1=Anna|title=Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections|url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/viral_hemorrhagic_fever_filovirus.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About Ebola Virus Disease|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/about.html|website=CDC|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html | title=Years of Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks &#124; 2014-2016 Outbreak West Africa &#124; History &#124; Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) &#124; CDC| date=2018-11-09}}</ref> Reston virus was first described in 1990 as a new "strain" of [[Ebola virus]] (EBOV).<ref name=Geisbert1990>{{cite journal |last1=Geisbert |first1=T. W. |last2=Jahrling |first2=P. B. |year = 1990 |title = Use of immunoelectron microscopy to show Ebola virus during the 1989 United States epizootic |journal = Journal of Clinical Pathology |volume = 43 |issue = 10 |pages = 813–816 |pmid = 2229429 |pmc = 502829 |doi=10.1136/jcp.43.10.813 }}</ref> It is the single member of the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|species]] ''Reston ebolavirus'', which is included into the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|genus]] ''[[Ebolavirus]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|family]] ''[[Filoviridae]]'', [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|order]] ''[[Mononegavirales]]''.<ref name=KuhnArch>{{cite journal |last1=Kuhn |first1=Jens H. |last2=Becker |first2=Stephan |last3=Ebihara |first3=Hideki |last4=Geisbert |first4=Thomas W. |last5=Johnson |first5=Karl M. |last6=Kawaoka |first6=Yoshihiro |last7=Lipkin |first7=W. Ian |last8=Negredo |first8=Ana I |last9=Netesov |first9=Sergey V. |last10=Nichol |first10=Stuart T. |last11=Palacios |first11=Gustavo |last12=Peters |first12=Clarence J. |last13=Tenorio |first13=Antonio |last14=Volchkov |first14=Viktor E. |last15=Jahrling |first15=Peter B. |year = 2010 |title = Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations |journal = Archives of Virology |volume = 155 |issue = 12 |pages = 2083–103 |doi = 10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x |pmid = 21046175 |pmc=3074192 |display-authors=8 }}</ref> Reston virus is named after [[Reston, Virginia|Reston]], [[Virginia]], US, where the virus was first discovered. RESTV was discovered in [[crab-eating macaque]]s from [[Covance|Hazleton Laboratories]] (now Covance) in 1989. This attracted significant media attention due to the proximity of Reston to the [[Washington, DC]], metro area and the lethality of a closely related Ebola virus. Despite its status as a [[Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4|level-4]] organism, Reston virus is non-[[pathogen]]ic to humans, though hazardous to monkeys;<ref name="KnownCasesCDC">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm|title=Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever|accessdate=2008-08-02|author=Special Pathogens Branch CDC|date=2008-01-14|publisher=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829175928/http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/ebola/ebolatable.htm|archivedate=2008-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|p=300}}</ref> the perception of its lethality was compounded by the monkey's [[coinfection]] with [[Simian hemorrhagic fever virus]] (SHFV).<ref name="L4VH307-309">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=307–309}}</ref> Despite ongoing research, the determinants for lack of human pathogenicity are yet to be discovered.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cantoni|first1=Diego|title=Risks Posed by Reston, the Forgotten Ebolavirus|journal=mSphere|date=December 28, 2016|volume=1|issue=6|doi=10.1128/mSphere.00322-16|pmid=28066813|pmc=5196033}}</ref> ==Nomenclature== According to the rules for taxon naming established by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV), the name Reston virus is always to be [[Capitalization|capitalized]], but is never [[Italic type|italicized]], and may be [[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] (with RESTV being the official abbreviation).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} Reston virus was first introduced as a new "strain" of Ebola virus in 1990.<ref name=Geisbert1990/> In 2000, it received the designation Reston Ebola virus<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Netesov |first1=S. V. |last2=Feldmann |first2=H. |last3=Jahrling |first3=P. B. |last4=Klenk |first4=H. D. |last5=Sanchez |first5=A. |chapter=Family Filoviridae |year=2000 |editor-last=van Regenmortel |editor-first=M. H. V. |editor2-last=Fauquet |editor2-first=C. M. |editor3-last=Bishop |editor3-first=D. H. L. |editor4-last=Carstens |editor4-first=E. B. |editor5-last=Estes |editor5-first=M. K. |editor6-last=Lemon |editor6-first=S. M. |editor7-last=Maniloff |editor7-first=J. |editor8-last=Mayo |editor8-first=M. A. |editor9-last=McGeoch |editor9-first=D. J. |editor10-last=Pringle |editor10-first=C. R. |editor11-last=Wickner |editor11-first=R. B. |title=Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |pages=539–48 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Diego, USA |isbn=978-0-12-370200-5 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125; }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pringle |first1=C. R. |year = 1998 |title = Virus taxonomy-San Diego 1998 |journal = Archives of Virology |volume = 143 |issue = 7 |pages = 1449–59 |pmid = 9742051 |doi=10.1007/s007050050389 }}</ref> and in 2002, the name was changed to Reston ebolavirus.<ref name=Feldmann2005>{{Cite book|last1=Feldmann |first1=H. |last2=Geisbert |first2=T. W. |last3=Jahrling |first3=P. B. |last4=Klenk |first4=H.-D. |last5=Netesov |first5=S. V. |last6=Peters |first6=C. J. |last7=Sanchez |first7=A. |last8=Swanepoel |first8=R. |last9=Volchkov |first9=V. E. |chapter=Family Filoviridae |year=2005 |editor-last=Fauquet |editor-first=C. M. |editor2-last=Mayo |editor2-first=M. A. |editor3-last=Maniloff |editor3-first=J. |editor4-last=Desselberger |editor4-first=U. |editor5-last=Ball |editor5-first=L. A. |title=Virus Taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |pages=645–653 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |location=San Diego, USA |isbn=978-0-12-370200-5 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->&#123;&#123;inconsistent citations&#125;&#125; }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayo |first1=M. A. |year = 2002 |title = ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot |journal = Archives of Virology |volume = 147 |issue = 11 |pages = 2254–60 |doi=10.1007/s007050200052 }}</ref> Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-R (for Ebola virus Reston) and most recently REBOV (for Reston Ebola virus or Reston ebolavirus). The virus received its current designation in 2010, when it was renamed Reston virus (RESTV).<ref name=KuhnArch/> A virus of the species ''Reston ebolavirus'' is a Reston virus (RESTV) if it has the properties of [[Reston ebolavirus]]es and if its [[genome]] diverges from that of the prototype Reston virus. For example, there exists Reston virus variant Pennsylvania (RESTV/Pen), differing by less than 10% at the [[nucleotide]] level.<ref name=KuhnArch/> ==History== ===Discovery=== While investigating an outbreak of [[Simian hemorrhagic fever virus|Simian hemorrhagic fever]] (SHFV) in November 1989, an [[Electron microscope|electron microscopist]] from [[United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases|USAMRIID]] named Thomas W. Geisbert discovered filoviruses similar in appearance to [[Ebola virus]] in tissue samples taken from a [[crab-eating macaque]] imported from the [[Philippines]] to [[Covance|Hazleton Laboratories]] in Reston, Virginia. The filovirus was further isolated by Dr. [[Peter Jahrling]], and over the period of three months over a third of the monkeys died—at a rate of two or three a day.<ref name= 277-279>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=277–279}}</ref> Blood samples were taken from 178 animal handlers during the incident.<ref name="WatermanTaraReston" >{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/filo/ebor.html|title=Ebola Reston Outbreak Stanford Honors Thesis|accessdate=2008-08-02|last=Waterman|first=Tara|year=1999|publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> Of them, six eventually [[seroconversion|seroconverted]], testing positive using [[ELISA]]. They remained, however, asymptomatic. In January 1990, an animal handler at Hazelton cut himself while performing a [[necropsy]] on the liver of an infected [[Cynomolgus]]. Under the direction of the [[Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC), the animal handler was placed under surveillance for the duration of the [[incubation period]]. When the animal handler failed to become ill, it was concluded that the virus had a low [[pathogen]]icity in humans.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=298–299}}</ref> ===Investigation=== [[File:Macaca fascicularis in Lopburi.JPG|thumb|[[Crab-eating macaque]]s, imported from the Philippines, were found to be carrying the filovirus.]] Following the discovery of a [[filovirus]] in crab-eating macaques, an investigation tracing the infection was conducted by the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]. The monkeys were imported from the [[Philippines]], which had no previous record of SHFV or ebolavirus infections. It was suspected that the monkeys contracted both diseases while in transit aboard [[KLM|KLM airlines]] before reaching Reston. Shipments were tracked to [[New York City]], [[Texas]], and [[Mexico City]], none of which produced cases of infection.<ref name="L4VH286-289">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=286–289}}</ref> By January 1990, Hazelton Laboratories recovered from its previous losses and began importing monkeys again from the same establishment in [[Manila]] that had provided the original animals. The imported monkeys became infected and were euthanized.<ref name="WatermanTaraReston" /> In early February the CDC received reports of the disease in Alice, Texas. In March the Division of Quarantine at the CDC secured a temporary ban on the [[import]]ation of monkeys into the United States from anywhere in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=294–295}}</ref> Following the announcement of the filovirus disease outbreak in Reston, Virginia, a [[serosurvey]] was conducted to assess the prevalence of the infection. Of the several hundred serums received by the CDC, approximately ten percent showed some reaction to ebolavirus antigen—though usually at low levels. Counterintuitively, the majority of the monkeys found positive were from [[Indonesia]].<ref name="L4VH302-303">{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=302–303}}</ref> In May 1990, an investigation led by Susan Fisher-Hoch, Steve Ostroff, and Jerry Jennings was sent to Indonesia. During the investigation, it was [[Hypothesis|hypothesized]] that there could be a [[Coinfection|cross infection]] since monkeys suspected of illness were typically placed in gang cages containing up to twenty to thirty other monkeys suspected of illness. Upon arrival they were told that most of the monkeys were imported from the island of [[Sumatra]]. The investigation team found no trace of the virus in either case.<ref>{{harvnb|McCormick|Fisher-Hoch|1999|pp=304–305}}</ref> Following the investigation in Indonesia, an experiment was conducted in the [[Biosafety level#Biosafety level 4|level-4]] lab at the CDC campus in [[DeKalb County, Georgia|DeKalb County]], Georgia with thirty-two monkeys: sixteen [[green monkey]]s (''Cercopithecus aethiops'') and sixteen crab-eating macaques. Half of the sixteen green monkeys and crab-eating macaques were infected with Reston virus and the other half with Ebola virus. Ebola virus infection was lethal to nearly all monkeys. However, most of the monkeys infected with Reston virus recovered in a month. The surviving monkeys were kept for two years to detect any trace of the virus - none was found. However, the monkeys continued to possess a high level of [[antibody]].<ref name="L4VH307-309" /> ===Post-Reston=== Following the test at the CDC campus in DeKalb County, two of the monkeys who had survived Reston virus infection were infected with a very large dose of the Ebola virus in an effort to produce an [[Ebola virus disease#Vaccine|Ebola vaccine]]. One of the two monkeys remained resistant; the second died.<ref name="L4VH307-309" /> The physical building in which the outbreak occurred was demolished on 30 May 1995 and a daycare center was constructed in its place.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.kindercare.com/our-centers/center-details/303031/ | title=Isaac Newton Metro KinderCare &#124; Daycare, Preschool & Early Education in Reston, VA &#124; KinderCare}}</ref> ===Outbreaks and cases=== {{see also|List of Ebola outbreaks}} * 1989&nbsp;–1990 Philippines – High mortality among [[crab-eating macaque]]s in a primate facility responsible for exporting animals in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 1621890 | year = 1992 | last1 = Hayes | first1 = C. G. | last2 = Burans | first2 = J. P. | last3 = Ksiazek | first3 = T. G. | last4 = Del Rosario | first4 = R. A. | last5 = Miranda | first5 = M. E. | last6 = Manaloto | first6 = C. R. | last7 = Barrientos | first7 = A. B. | last8 = Robles | first8 = C. G. | last9 = Dayrit | first9 = M. M. | last10 = Peters | first10 = C. J. | title = Outbreak of fatal illness among captive macaques in the Philippines caused by an Ebola-related filovirus | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 664–671 | journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.1992.46.664 }}</ref> Three workers in the facility developed antibodies but did not get sick.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 1671441 | year = 1991 | last1 = Miranda | first1 = M. E. | last2 = White | first2 = M. E. | last3 = Dayrit | first3 = M. M. | last4 = Hayes | first4 = C. G. | last5 = Ksiazek | first5 = T. G. | last6 = Burans | first6 = J. P. | title = Seroepidemiological study of filovirus related to Ebola in the Philippines | volume = 337 | issue = 8738 | pages = 425–426 | journal = Lancet | doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91199-5 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1258311 }}</ref> * 1989 Reston, Virginia, United States &mdash;RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Pennsylvania by monkeys imported from the Philippines.<ref name= 277-279/> * 1990 Reston, Virginia, United States – RESTV was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. Four humans developed antibodies but did not get sick.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} * 1996 Alice, Texas, United States &mdash; An outbreak occurred at the [[Texas Primate Center]] that imported monkeys from the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-23/news/mn-61751_1_texas-ebola-scare |title= MEDICINE : Texas Ebola Scare Is Over, but Coast Isn't Completely Clear |date= 23 April 1996 |author= Lianne Hart |work= Los Angeles Times }}</ref> * 2008 Manila, Philippines &mdash; On 11 December 2008, pigs from farms slightly north of [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] tested positive for the virus. The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] and the [[World Health Organization]] are investigating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=az0NujnC7Tiw&refer=asia|title=Pig Ebola May Lead Scientists to 'Elusive Reservoir' of Virus|accessdate=2008-12-22|last=Gale|first=Jason|date=2008-12-11|publisher=Bloomberg L.P|location=New York City}}</ref> On 23 January 2009, Philippine health officials announced that a hog farm worker had been infected with the virus. Although the man was asymptomatic and the source of the infection is uncertain, this could represent the first case of pig-to-human transmission of Reston virus&nbsp;-&nbsp;a fact that could cause concern, as pigs may be able to transmit more deadly diseases to humans. The situation was investigated.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/24/health/24ebola.html |title=Pig-to-Human Ebola Case Suspected in Philippines |accessdate=2009-01-26 |date=2009-01-24 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Donald G. |last=McNeil Jr}}</ref> Eventually six workers were found to test sero-positive for antibodies to ''Reston ebolavirus''. None developed any noticeable symptoms of illness.<ref name="BarretteMetwally2009">{{cite journal|last1=Barrette|first1=R. W.|last2=Metwally|first2=S. A.|last3=Rowland|first3=J. M.|last4=Xu|first4=L.|last5=Zaki|first5=S. R.|last6=Nichol|first6=S. T.|last7=Rollin|first7=P. E.|last8=Towner|first8=J. S.|last9=Shieh|first9=W.-J.|last10=Batten|first10=B.|last11=Sealy|first11=T. K.|last12=Carrillo|first12=C.|last13=Moran|first13=K. E.|last14=Bracht|first14=A. J.|last15=Mayr|first15=G. A.|last16=Sirios-Cruz|first16=M.|last17=Catbagan|first17=D. P.|last18=Lautner|first18=E. A.|last19=Ksiazek|first19=T. G.|last20=White|first20=W. R.|last21=McIntosh|first21=M. T.|title=Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston ebolavirus|journal=Science|volume=325|issue=5937|year=2009|pages=204–206|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.1172705|pmid=19590002|bibcode=2009Sci...325..204B|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1159&context=zoonoticspub|doi-access=free}}</ref> * 2015 Manila, Philippines &mdash; On 6 September the department of health reported an outbreak of the Reston Ebola virus in a research breeding facility under primates. Twenty five workers were tested for the virus. All of the workers tested negative for the disease.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.news24.com/Green/News/Philippine-monkeys-infected-with-Ebola-not-lethal-to-humans-20150905-2 |title= Philippine monkeys infected with Ebola not lethal to humans |date= 23 April 1996 |publisher=News 24 |accessdate= 6 September 2014 }}</ref> ==In popular culture== * [[Richard Preston]]'s 1994 [[best-selling]] book, ''[[The Hot Zone]]'', dramatized the ebolavirus outbreak in Reston, Virginia.<ref>(1) {{cite book |last=Preston|first=Richard|author-link=Richard Preston|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6BKpf2tSkoC|title=The Hot Zone, A Terrifying True Story|year=1995|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=978-0-385-47956-1|oclc=32052009}} At [[Google Books]].<br/>(2) {{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E3DA1E39F937A35755C0A963958260|title=Best Sellers: June 4, 1995|accessdate=2014-09-10|work=The New York Times Book Review| publisher=The New York Times|location=New York|date=1995-06-04}}<br/>(3) {{cite web|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/features/richardpreston/bookshelf/hz.html|title=About The Hot Zone|publisher=Random House|accessdate=2014-09-10}}</ref> In 2019 [[National Geographic]] aired a six-episode miniseries, also titled ''[[The Hot Zone (miniseries)|The Hot Zone]]''. ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last1=McCormick|first1=Joseph|last2=Fisher-Hoch|first2=Susan|others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan|title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Level+4:+Virus+Hunters+of+the+CDC|origyear=1996|date=June 1999|accessdate=2008-08-02|edition="Updated edition" 3rd|publisher=Barnes & Noble|isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5|ref=harv}} *Preston, Richard (1997). [[The Hot Zone]]. Anchor Books (June 15, 1999). {{ISBN|978-0385495226}} {{Refend}} {{Ebola}} {{Zoonotic viral diseases}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q7316190}} [[Category:Animal viral diseases]] [[Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Biological weapons]] [[Category:Hemorrhagic fevers]] [[Category:Ebolaviruses]] [[Category:Tropical diseases]] [[Category:Primate diseases]] [[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]] [[Category:Zoonoses]]'