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Audrey Flack is best known for her photo-realist paintings and was one of the first artists to use photographs as the basis for painting.<ref name=":0" /> The genre, taking its cues from Pop Art, incorporates depictions of the real and the regular, from advertisements to cars to cosmetics. Flack's work brings in everyday household items like tubes of lipstick, perfume bottles, Hispanic Madonnas, and fruit.<ref name=":0" /> These inanimate objects often disturb or crowd the pictorial space, which are often composed as table-top still lives. Flack often brings in actual accounts of history into her photorealist paintings, such as ''World War II' (Vanitas)'' and ''Kennedy Motorcade.'' Women were frequently the subject of her photo-realist paintings.<ref name=":0" />
Audrey Flack is best known for her photo-realist paintings and was one of the first artists to use photographs as the basis for painting.<ref name=":0" /> The genre, taking its cues from Pop Art, incorporates depictions of the real and the regular, from advertisements to cars to cosmetics. Flack's work brings in everyday household items like tubes of lipstick, perfume bottles, Hispanic Madonnas, and fruit.<ref name=":0" /> These inanimate objects often disturb or crowd the pictorial space, which are often composed as table-top still lives. Flack often brings in actual accounts of history into her photorealist paintings, such as ''World War II' (Vanitas)'' and ''Kennedy Motorcade.'' Women were frequently the subject of her photo-realist paintings.<ref name=":0" />


NOONE CARES
==Sculpture==
[[File:NOMASculptureGarden3Jan06AudreyFlack.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Sculpture by Audrey Flack in [[New Orleans]].]]
[[File:Lisbon (10206158946).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in Lisbon — scale model for a much larger one planned for [[Borough of Queens|Queens NYC]], never built.]]
Audrey Flack's sculpture is often overlooked in light of her better-known Photorealist paintings. In this [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109159?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents interview], Flack discusses the fact that she is self-taught in sculpture. She incorporates religion and mythology into her sculpture rather than the historical or everyday subjects of her paintings. Her sculptures often demonstrate a connection to the female form, including a series of diverse, heroic women and goddess figures. These depictions of women differ from those of traditional femininity, but rather are athletic, older, and strong. As Flack describes them: "they are real yet idealized... the 'goddesses in everywoman.'"<ref name=":0" />

In the early 1990s, Flack was commissioned by a group called Friends of Queen Catherine to create a monumental bronze statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in whose honor the [[borough of Queens]] is named. The statue, which would have been roughly the height of a nine-story building, was meant to be installed on the East River shore in the Hunters Point area of Long Island City, across from the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/catherine-of-queens.html|title=Catherine of Queens?|last=Fried|first=Joseph P.|date=1992-07-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The project was never fully realized, however, as protestors in the mid-late 1990s objected to Queen Catherine's ties to the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade]]. (Others objected to the statue of a monarch overlooking a Revolutionary War battleground.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/09/nyregion/queen-ethnic-nightmares-cultural-politics-mires-statue-borough-s-namesake.html|title=The Queen of Ethnic Nightmares; Cultural Politics Mires Statue of Borough's Namesake|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=1998-01-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Flack nevertheless remained dedicated to the project, and notes that she endeavored to depict Catherine as biracial, reflecting her Portuguese background and paying homage to the ethnic diversity of the borough of Queens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/nyregion/the-statue-that-never-was.html|title=The Statue That Never Was|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=2017-11-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several preliminary models of the statue are now in public collections, including the [[Butler Institute of American Art]] and the [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]].


==Solo exhibitions==
==Solo exhibitions==

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'{{Short description|American artist}} {{Infobox artist | name = Audrey Flack | image = Audrey Flack.JPG | image_size = | caption = (artist’s signature on [[:c:Category:Statue of Catherine of Braganza in Lisbon|bronze]]) | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1931|05|30}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place= | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality = American | field = Painting, Sculpture | training = [[The High School of Music & Art]]<br /> [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]]<br />[[Yale University]]<br />[[Cooper Union]] | movement = [[Photorealism]] | works = | patrons = | awards = | spouse = | website = http://www.audreyflack.com }} '''Audrey L. Flack''' (born May 30, 1931) is an American artist. Her work pioneered the art genre of [[photorealism]]; her work encompasses painting, sculpture, and photography. Flack has numerous academic degrees, including both a graduate and an [[honorary doctorate degree]] from [[Cooper Union]] in New York City. Additionally she has a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts from [[Yale University]] and attended [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]] where she studied [[art history]]. In May 2015, Flack received an honorary [[Doctor of Fine Arts]] degree from [[Clark University]], where she also gave a commencement address. Flack's work is displayed in several major museums, including the [[Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], and the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]. Flack's photorealistic paintings were the first such paintings to be purchased for the Museum of Modern Art’s permanent collection, and her legacy as a photorealist lives on to influence many American and International artists today. [[J. B. Speed Art Museum]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], organized a retrospective of her work, and Flack’s pioneering efforts into the world of photorealism popularized the genre to the extent that it remains today.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Meisel|first1=Louis|title=Biography of Audrey Flack|url=http://audreyflack.com/af/index.php?name=bio|accessdate=February 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318070027/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|archive-date=2008-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Flack attended New York's [[High School of Music & Art]].<ref>[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-audrey-flack-15653 "Oral history interview with Audrey Flack,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003139/http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-audrey-flack-15653 |date=November 4, 2016 }} Smithsonian Institution Archives of American Art website (2009 Feb. 16).</ref> She studied fine arts in New York from 1948 to 1953, studying under [[Josef Albers]] among others.<ref name=AAA>{{cite web|title=Audrey Flack papers, circa 1952-2008|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/audrey-flack-papers-15666|work=Archives of American Art|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> She earned a graduate degree and received an honorary doctorate from [[Cooper Union]] in New York City, and a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] from [[Yale University]]. She studied art history at the [[Institute of Fine Arts]], [[New York University]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|work=Audrey Flack|publisher=audreyflack.com|accessdate=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801112554/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|archive-date=2012-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1953 New York University Institute of Fine Arts, New York City * 1952 BFA, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut * 1948-51 Cooper Union, New York City<ref name=bio /> ==Career== [[Image:Flack BananaSplitSundae MIA P866211 small.jpg|thumb|250px|Audrey Flack, ''Banana Split Sundae'', 1981. [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]]] Flack's early work in the 1950s was abstract expressionist; one such painting paid tribute to [[Franz Kline]]. The ironic [[kitsch]] themes in her early work influenced [[Jeff Koons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.nmwa.org/2010/05/19/from-nmwas-vault-audrey-flack/|title=From NMWA's Vault: Audrey Flack|last=arts|first=Women in the|date=2010-05-19|website=Broad Strokes: The National Museum of Women in the Arts' Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> But gradually, Flack became a [[Nouveau réalisme|New Realist]] and then evolved into photorealism during the 1960s. Her move to the photorealist style was in part because she wanted her art to communicate to the viewer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Women Artists|last=Gaze|first=Delia|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1997|isbn=1-884964-21-4|location=Chicago, IL|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/526 526]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/526}}</ref> She was the first photorealist painter to be added to the collection of the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in 1966.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web|title=Audrey Flack Biography|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Flack.html|work=Jewish Virtual Library|publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Between 1976 and 1978 she painted her Vanitas series, including the piece [[Marilyn (Vanitas)|Marilyn]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Audrey Flack's Marilyn: Still Life, Vanitas, Trompe l'Oeil| work = The University of Arizona Museum of Art and Archive of Visual Arts| accessdate = 2018-01-11| url = http://artmuseum.arizona.edu/events/event/audrey-flacks-marilyn-still-life-vanitas-trompe-loeil}}</ref> The critic Graham Thompson wrote, "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism, radical realism, or [[Hyperrealism (painting)|hyper-realism]] and painters like [[Richard Estes]], [[Chuck Close]], and Audrey Flack as well, often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."<ref>Thompson, Graham: ''American Culture in the 1980s'' (Twentieth Century American Culture), Edinburgh University Press, 2007</ref> Art critic [[Robert C. Morgan]] writes in ''[[The Brooklyn Rail]]'' about Flack's 2010 exhibition at [[Gary Snyder]] Project Space, ''Audrey Flack Paints a Picture'', "She has taken the signs of indulgence, beauty, and excess and transformed them into deeply moving symbols of desire, futility, and emancipation."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Robert C.|title=Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting|journal=The Brooklyn Rail|date=November 2010|url=http://brooklynrail.org/2010/11/artseen/audrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting}}</ref> In the early 1980s Flack's artistic medium shifted from painting to sculpture.<ref name=":0" /> She describes this shift as a desire for "something solid, real, tangible. Something to hold and to hold on to." <ref name="Flack1986" /> Flack has claimed to have found the photorealist movement too restricting, and now gains much of her inspiration from [[Baroque]] art.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} Flack is currently represented by the Louis K. Meisel Gallery and [[Hollis Taggart Galleries]]. Her work is held in the collections of museums around the world, including the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[The Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], the [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]], and the [[National Gallery of Australia]] in [[Canberra, Australia]]. She was awarded the St. Gaudens Medal from Cooper Union, and the honorary Albert Dome professorship from [[Bridgeport University]]. She is an honorary professor at [[George Washington University]], is currently a visiting professor at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and has taught and lectured extensively both nationally, and internationally.<ref name=bio /> In 1986 Flack published ''Art & Soul: Notes on Creating'', a book expressing some of her thoughts on being an artist.<ref name="Flack1986">{{cite book|author=Flack, Audrey.|title=Art & Soul: Notes on Creating|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2JPAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2013|date=1 October 1986|publisher=Dutton|isbn=978-0-525-24443-1}}</ref> Flack lives and works in New York City and Long Island. ==Photorealism== Audrey Flack is best known for her photo-realist paintings and was one of the first artists to use photographs as the basis for painting.<ref name=":0" /> The genre, taking its cues from Pop Art, incorporates depictions of the real and the regular, from advertisements to cars to cosmetics. Flack's work brings in everyday household items like tubes of lipstick, perfume bottles, Hispanic Madonnas, and fruit.<ref name=":0" /> These inanimate objects often disturb or crowd the pictorial space, which are often composed as table-top still lives. Flack often brings in actual accounts of history into her photorealist paintings, such as ''World War II' (Vanitas)'' and ''Kennedy Motorcade.'' Women were frequently the subject of her photo-realist paintings.<ref name=":0" /> ==Sculpture== [[File:NOMASculptureGarden3Jan06AudreyFlack.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Sculpture by Audrey Flack in [[New Orleans]].]] [[File:Lisbon (10206158946).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in Lisbon — scale model for a much larger one planned for [[Borough of Queens|Queens NYC]], never built.]] Audrey Flack's sculpture is often overlooked in light of her better-known Photorealist paintings. In this [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109159?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents interview], Flack discusses the fact that she is self-taught in sculpture. She incorporates religion and mythology into her sculpture rather than the historical or everyday subjects of her paintings. Her sculptures often demonstrate a connection to the female form, including a series of diverse, heroic women and goddess figures. These depictions of women differ from those of traditional femininity, but rather are athletic, older, and strong. As Flack describes them: "they are real yet idealized... the 'goddesses in everywoman.'"<ref name=":0" /> In the early 1990s, Flack was commissioned by a group called Friends of Queen Catherine to create a monumental bronze statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in whose honor the [[borough of Queens]] is named. The statue, which would have been roughly the height of a nine-story building, was meant to be installed on the East River shore in the Hunters Point area of Long Island City, across from the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/catherine-of-queens.html|title=Catherine of Queens?|last=Fried|first=Joseph P.|date=1992-07-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The project was never fully realized, however, as protestors in the mid-late 1990s objected to Queen Catherine's ties to the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade]]. (Others objected to the statue of a monarch overlooking a Revolutionary War battleground.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/09/nyregion/queen-ethnic-nightmares-cultural-politics-mires-statue-borough-s-namesake.html|title=The Queen of Ethnic Nightmares; Cultural Politics Mires Statue of Borough's Namesake|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=1998-01-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Flack nevertheless remained dedicated to the project, and notes that she endeavored to depict Catherine as biracial, reflecting her Portuguese background and paying homage to the ethnic diversity of the borough of Queens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/nyregion/the-statue-that-never-was.html|title=The Statue That Never Was|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=2017-11-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several preliminary models of the statue are now in public collections, including the [[Butler Institute of American Art]] and the [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]]. ==Solo exhibitions== * 2017 "[http://www.hollistaggart.com/exhibitions/audrey-flack Audrey Flack: Master Drawings from Crivelli]," Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY * 2015-2016 "Heroines: Audrey Flack's Transcendent Drawings and Prints," Williams Center Galleries, Lafayette College, PA; The Hyde Collection Art Museum & Historic House, Glens Falls, NY; The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH * 2015 "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160702035431/http://www.hollistaggart.com/exhibitions/audrey-flack-the-abstract-expressionist-years Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years]," Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY * 2012 "Audrey Flack: Sculpture, 1989-2012," Garth Greenan Gallery, New York, NY * 2010 "Audrey Flack Paints a Picture," Gary Snyder Gallery, New York, NY * 2007 "Daphne Speaks: An Exhibition of Sculpture and Master Workshop Prints," University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND * 2007 "Audrey Flack: Abstract Expressionist," Rider University Art Gallery, Lawrenceville, NJ * 2007 "Plasters and Disasters - Audrey Flack's Recent Sculpture," Kingsborough Community College, NY * 2002 "Drawings, Watercolors and Sculptures - Responses to 9/11," Vered Gallery, East Hampton, New York * 2001 "Plein Air Watercolors and Drawings," Bernaducci-Meisel Gallery, New York, New York * 1999 "Icons of the 20th Century," Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, Georgia * 1998 "Audrey Flack - New Work," Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York, New York * 1996 "Daphne Speaks," Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, New York * 1996 "Amor Vincit Omnia," Art Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia ==Public collections== * Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York * Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York * Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York * St. Louis Museum of Art, St. Louis, Missouri * Dallas Museum of Fine Art, Dallas, Texas * University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona * Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York * Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota * Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, North Carolina * Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts * Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio * Stuart M. Speiser Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC * HHK Foundation for Contemporary Art, Inc., New York, New York * Australian National Gallery, Canberra, Australia * National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia * San Francisco Museum of Fine Art, San Francisco, California * National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC * University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas * Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut * Capricorn Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland * Akron Art Museum, Akron, Ohio * National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC * New York University Collections, New York, New York * Reynolda House Museum, Winston-Salem, North Carolina * Art Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia * Speed Museum of Art, Louisville, Kentucky * Cornell Fine Arts Museum, Winter Park, Florida * Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio * Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, New York * Cameron Art Museum, Wilmington North Carolina * The Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa Florida <ref>{{cite web|last1=Meisel|first1=Louis|title=The Biography of Audrey Flack|url=http://www.audreyflack.com/af/index.php?name=bio|website=Audrey Flack|publisher=Louis Meisel|accessdate=February 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801112554/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|archive-date=2012-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[wikipedia:East Hampton Center for Contemporary Art|East Hampton Center of Contemporary Art]], East Hampton, New York * Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota ==Legacy and honors== * 2007 Honorary [[Ziegfeld Award]], Keynote Speaker, [[National Art Education Association]], New York City * 2004 Honorary Doctorate, [[Lyme Academy of Art]] * 1995-96 U.S. Government [[National Design for Transportation Award]], presented by [[Jane Alexander]], N.E.A. Chairman, and [[Federico Pena]], [[Secretary of Transportation]], awarded for the Rock Hill Gateway project * 1994 Honorary Professor, [[George Washington University]] * 1989-93 Member of the Board of Directors, [[College Art Association of America]] * 1985 Artist of the Year Award, [[New York City Art Teachers Association]] * 1982 [[Saint-Gaudens Medal]], Cooper Union * 1977 Cooper Union Citation and Honorary Doctorate * 1974 [[Butler Institute of Art]] Award of Merit<ref name=bio /> ==Further reading== * Baskind, Samantha, ''Jewish Artists and the Bible in Twentieth-Century America,''Philadelphia, PA, Penn State University Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-0-271-05983-9}} * Flack, Audrey, Thalia Gouma-Peterson, and Patricia Hills. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24431345 ''Breaking the Rules: Audrey Flack, a Retrospective 1950-1990'']. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992. * Mattison, Robert S., ''[http://www.hollistaggart.com/publications/audrey-flack Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years],'' New York, Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-988-91397-4}}. * Flack, Audrey, ''Art & Soul: Notes on Creating'', New York, Dutton, 1986, {{ISBN|0-525-24443-3}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{official|http://www.audreyflack.com}} *[https://archive.is/20050422070443/http://cda.morris.umn.edu/~lamberts/audreyflack/index.html "Audrey Flack: Breaking the Rules"] *[http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artist/flack-audrey-l Audrey Flack in the Indianapolis Museum of Art] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806044339/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/ngv-collection/artist-a-z?sq_content_src=+dXJsPWh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cubmd2LnZpYy5nb3YuYXUlMkZjb2xhcHAlMkZwdWIlMkZhcnRpc3RzJTJGOTYxJTJGZGV0YWlscyZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D Audrey Flack in National Gallery of Victoria] *[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/2867/ Audrey Flack exhibition, the Guggenheim Museum] *[http://blog.aaa.si.edu/2011/03/my-portrait-of-anwar-sadat.html My Portrait of Anwar Sadat] by Audrey Flack, Archives of American Art Blog, Smithsonian Institution *[http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/audrey-flack Audrey Flack Biography: Hollis Taggart Galleries] {{Feminist art movement in the United States}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Flack, Audrey}} [[Category:20th-century American painters]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:Feminist artists]] [[Category:Yale University alumni]] [[Category:New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania staff]] [[Category:Painters from New York (state)]] [[Category:20th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century American women artists]] [[Category:21st-century American women artists]] [[Category:American women printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century American printmakers]] [[Category:American women painters]] [[Category:The High School of Music & Art alumni]] [[Category:Photorealist artists]] [[Category:Sculptors from New York (state)]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext)
'{{Short description|American artist}} {{Infobox artist | name = Audrey Flack | image = Audrey Flack.JPG | image_size = | caption = (artist’s signature on [[:c:Category:Statue of Catherine of Braganza in Lisbon|bronze]]) | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1931|05|30}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place= | resting_place_coordinates = | nationality = American | field = Painting, Sculpture | training = [[The High School of Music & Art]]<br /> [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]]<br />[[Yale University]]<br />[[Cooper Union]] | movement = [[Photorealism]] | works = | patrons = | awards = | spouse = | website = http://www.audreyflack.com }} '''Audrey L. Flack''' (born May 30, 1931) is an American artist. Her work pioneered the art genre of [[photorealism]]; her work encompasses painting, sculpture, and photography. Flack has numerous academic degrees, including both a graduate and an [[honorary doctorate degree]] from [[Cooper Union]] in New York City. Additionally she has a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts from [[Yale University]] and attended [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]] where she studied [[art history]]. In May 2015, Flack received an honorary [[Doctor of Fine Arts]] degree from [[Clark University]], where she also gave a commencement address. Flack's work is displayed in several major museums, including the [[Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], and the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]]. Flack's photorealistic paintings were the first such paintings to be purchased for the Museum of Modern Art’s permanent collection, and her legacy as a photorealist lives on to influence many American and International artists today. [[J. B. Speed Art Museum]] in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], organized a retrospective of her work, and Flack’s pioneering efforts into the world of photorealism popularized the genre to the extent that it remains today.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Meisel|first1=Louis|title=Biography of Audrey Flack|url=http://audreyflack.com/af/index.php?name=bio|accessdate=February 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318070027/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|archive-date=2008-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Early life and education== Flack attended New York's [[High School of Music & Art]].<ref>[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-audrey-flack-15653 "Oral history interview with Audrey Flack,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003139/http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-audrey-flack-15653 |date=November 4, 2016 }} Smithsonian Institution Archives of American Art website (2009 Feb. 16).</ref> She studied fine arts in New York from 1948 to 1953, studying under [[Josef Albers]] among others.<ref name=AAA>{{cite web|title=Audrey Flack papers, circa 1952-2008|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/audrey-flack-papers-15666|work=Archives of American Art|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> She earned a graduate degree and received an honorary doctorate from [[Cooper Union]] in New York City, and a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] from [[Yale University]]. She studied art history at the [[Institute of Fine Arts]], [[New York University]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Biography|url=http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|work=Audrey Flack|publisher=audreyflack.com|accessdate=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801112554/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|archive-date=2012-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1953 New York University Institute of Fine Arts, New York City * 1952 BFA, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut * 1948-51 Cooper Union, New York City<ref name=bio /> ==Career== [[Image:Flack BananaSplitSundae MIA P866211 small.jpg|thumb|250px|Audrey Flack, ''Banana Split Sundae'', 1981. [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]]]] Flack's early work in the 1950s was abstract expressionist; one such painting paid tribute to [[Franz Kline]]. The ironic [[kitsch]] themes in her early work influenced [[Jeff Koons]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.nmwa.org/2010/05/19/from-nmwas-vault-audrey-flack/|title=From NMWA's Vault: Audrey Flack|last=arts|first=Women in the|date=2010-05-19|website=Broad Strokes: The National Museum of Women in the Arts' Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-02}}</ref> But gradually, Flack became a [[Nouveau réalisme|New Realist]] and then evolved into photorealism during the 1960s. Her move to the photorealist style was in part because she wanted her art to communicate to the viewer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Women Artists|last=Gaze|first=Delia|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1997|isbn=1-884964-21-4|location=Chicago, IL|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/526 526]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/526}}</ref> She was the first photorealist painter to be added to the collection of the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in 1966.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web|title=Audrey Flack Biography|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Flack.html|work=Jewish Virtual Library|publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Between 1976 and 1978 she painted her Vanitas series, including the piece [[Marilyn (Vanitas)|Marilyn]].<ref>{{Cite web| title = Audrey Flack's Marilyn: Still Life, Vanitas, Trompe l'Oeil| work = The University of Arizona Museum of Art and Archive of Visual Arts| accessdate = 2018-01-11| url = http://artmuseum.arizona.edu/events/event/audrey-flacks-marilyn-still-life-vanitas-trompe-loeil}}</ref> The critic Graham Thompson wrote, "One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism, radical realism, or [[Hyperrealism (painting)|hyper-realism]] and painters like [[Richard Estes]], [[Chuck Close]], and Audrey Flack as well, often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."<ref>Thompson, Graham: ''American Culture in the 1980s'' (Twentieth Century American Culture), Edinburgh University Press, 2007</ref> Art critic [[Robert C. Morgan]] writes in ''[[The Brooklyn Rail]]'' about Flack's 2010 exhibition at [[Gary Snyder]] Project Space, ''Audrey Flack Paints a Picture'', "She has taken the signs of indulgence, beauty, and excess and transformed them into deeply moving symbols of desire, futility, and emancipation."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Robert C.|title=Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting|journal=The Brooklyn Rail|date=November 2010|url=http://brooklynrail.org/2010/11/artseen/audrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting}}</ref> In the early 1980s Flack's artistic medium shifted from painting to sculpture.<ref name=":0" /> She describes this shift as a desire for "something solid, real, tangible. Something to hold and to hold on to." <ref name="Flack1986" /> Flack has claimed to have found the photorealist movement too restricting, and now gains much of her inspiration from [[Baroque]] art.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} Flack is currently represented by the Louis K. Meisel Gallery and [[Hollis Taggart Galleries]]. Her work is held in the collections of museums around the world, including the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], [[The Museum of Modern Art]], the [[Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum]], the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], the [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]], and the [[National Gallery of Australia]] in [[Canberra, Australia]]. She was awarded the St. Gaudens Medal from Cooper Union, and the honorary Albert Dome professorship from [[Bridgeport University]]. She is an honorary professor at [[George Washington University]], is currently a visiting professor at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and has taught and lectured extensively both nationally, and internationally.<ref name=bio /> In 1986 Flack published ''Art & Soul: Notes on Creating'', a book expressing some of her thoughts on being an artist.<ref name="Flack1986">{{cite book|author=Flack, Audrey.|title=Art & Soul: Notes on Creating|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2JPAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2013|date=1 October 1986|publisher=Dutton|isbn=978-0-525-24443-1}}</ref> Flack lives and works in New York City and Long Island. ==Photorealism== Audrey Flack is best known for her photo-realist paintings and was one of the first artists to use photographs as the basis for painting.<ref name=":0" /> The genre, taking its cues from Pop Art, incorporates depictions of the real and the regular, from advertisements to cars to cosmetics. Flack's work brings in everyday household items like tubes of lipstick, perfume bottles, Hispanic Madonnas, and fruit.<ref name=":0" /> These inanimate objects often disturb or crowd the pictorial space, which are often composed as table-top still lives. Flack often brings in actual accounts of history into her photorealist paintings, such as ''World War II' (Vanitas)'' and ''Kennedy Motorcade.'' Women were frequently the subject of her photo-realist paintings.<ref name=":0" /> NOONE CARES ==Solo exhibitions== * 2017 "[http://www.hollistaggart.com/exhibitions/audrey-flack Audrey Flack: Master Drawings from Crivelli]," Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY * 2015-2016 "Heroines: Audrey Flack's Transcendent Drawings and Prints," Williams Center Galleries, Lafayette College, PA; The Hyde Collection Art Museum & Historic House, Glens Falls, NY; The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH * 2015 "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160702035431/http://www.hollistaggart.com/exhibitions/audrey-flack-the-abstract-expressionist-years Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years]," Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY * 2012 "Audrey Flack: Sculpture, 1989-2012," Garth Greenan Gallery, New York, NY * 2010 "Audrey Flack Paints a Picture," Gary Snyder Gallery, New York, NY * 2007 "Daphne Speaks: An Exhibition of Sculpture and Master Workshop Prints," University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND * 2007 "Audrey Flack: Abstract Expressionist," Rider University Art Gallery, Lawrenceville, NJ * 2007 "Plasters and Disasters - Audrey Flack's Recent Sculpture," Kingsborough Community College, NY * 2002 "Drawings, Watercolors and Sculptures - Responses to 9/11," Vered Gallery, East Hampton, New York * 2001 "Plein Air Watercolors and Drawings," Bernaducci-Meisel Gallery, New York, New York * 1999 "Icons of the 20th Century," Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, Georgia * 1998 "Audrey Flack - New Work," Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York, New York * 1996 "Daphne Speaks," Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, New York * 1996 "Amor Vincit Omnia," Art Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia ==Public collections== * Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York * Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York * Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York * St. Louis Museum of Art, St. Louis, Missouri * Dallas Museum of Fine Art, Dallas, Texas * University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona * Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York * Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota * Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, North Carolina * Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts * Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio * Stuart M. Speiser Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC * HHK Foundation for Contemporary Art, Inc., New York, New York * Australian National Gallery, Canberra, Australia * National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia * San Francisco Museum of Fine Art, San Francisco, California * National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC * University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas * Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut * Capricorn Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland * Akron Art Museum, Akron, Ohio * National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC * New York University Collections, New York, New York * Reynolda House Museum, Winston-Salem, North Carolina * Art Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia * Speed Museum of Art, Louisville, Kentucky * Cornell Fine Arts Museum, Winter Park, Florida * Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio * Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, New York * Cameron Art Museum, Wilmington North Carolina * The Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa Florida <ref>{{cite web|last1=Meisel|first1=Louis|title=The Biography of Audrey Flack|url=http://www.audreyflack.com/af/index.php?name=bio|website=Audrey Flack|publisher=Louis Meisel|accessdate=February 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801112554/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio|archive-date=2012-08-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[wikipedia:East Hampton Center for Contemporary Art|East Hampton Center of Contemporary Art]], East Hampton, New York * Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota ==Legacy and honors== * 2007 Honorary [[Ziegfeld Award]], Keynote Speaker, [[National Art Education Association]], New York City * 2004 Honorary Doctorate, [[Lyme Academy of Art]] * 1995-96 U.S. Government [[National Design for Transportation Award]], presented by [[Jane Alexander]], N.E.A. Chairman, and [[Federico Pena]], [[Secretary of Transportation]], awarded for the Rock Hill Gateway project * 1994 Honorary Professor, [[George Washington University]] * 1989-93 Member of the Board of Directors, [[College Art Association of America]] * 1985 Artist of the Year Award, [[New York City Art Teachers Association]] * 1982 [[Saint-Gaudens Medal]], Cooper Union * 1977 Cooper Union Citation and Honorary Doctorate * 1974 [[Butler Institute of Art]] Award of Merit<ref name=bio /> ==Further reading== * Baskind, Samantha, ''Jewish Artists and the Bible in Twentieth-Century America,''Philadelphia, PA, Penn State University Press, 2014, {{ISBN|978-0-271-05983-9}} * Flack, Audrey, Thalia Gouma-Peterson, and Patricia Hills. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24431345 ''Breaking the Rules: Audrey Flack, a Retrospective 1950-1990'']. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992. * Mattison, Robert S., ''[http://www.hollistaggart.com/publications/audrey-flack Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years],'' New York, Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-988-91397-4}}. * Flack, Audrey, ''Art & Soul: Notes on Creating'', New York, Dutton, 1986, {{ISBN|0-525-24443-3}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * {{official|http://www.audreyflack.com}} *[https://archive.is/20050422070443/http://cda.morris.umn.edu/~lamberts/audreyflack/index.html "Audrey Flack: Breaking the Rules"] *[http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artist/flack-audrey-l Audrey Flack in the Indianapolis Museum of Art] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110806044339/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/ngv-collection/artist-a-z?sq_content_src=+dXJsPWh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cubmd2LnZpYy5nb3YuYXUlMkZjb2xhcHAlMkZwdWIlMkZhcnRpc3RzJTJGOTYxJTJGZGV0YWlscyZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D Audrey Flack in National Gallery of Victoria] *[http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/2867/ Audrey Flack exhibition, the Guggenheim Museum] *[http://blog.aaa.si.edu/2011/03/my-portrait-of-anwar-sadat.html My Portrait of Anwar Sadat] by Audrey Flack, Archives of American Art Blog, Smithsonian Institution *[http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/audrey-flack Audrey Flack Biography: Hollis Taggart Galleries] {{Feminist art movement in the United States}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Flack, Audrey}} [[Category:20th-century American painters]] [[Category:21st-century American painters]] [[Category:Feminist artists]] [[Category:Yale University alumni]] [[Category:New York University Institute of Fine Arts alumni]] [[Category:1931 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:University of Pennsylvania staff]] [[Category:Painters from New York (state)]] [[Category:20th-century American sculptors]] [[Category:20th-century American women artists]] [[Category:21st-century American women artists]] [[Category:American women printmakers]] [[Category:20th-century American printmakers]] [[Category:American women painters]] [[Category:The High School of Music & Art alumni]] [[Category:Photorealist artists]] [[Category:Sculptors from New York (state)]]'
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'@@ -58,10 +58,5 @@ Audrey Flack is best known for her photo-realist paintings and was one of the first artists to use photographs as the basis for painting.<ref name=":0" /> The genre, taking its cues from Pop Art, incorporates depictions of the real and the regular, from advertisements to cars to cosmetics. Flack's work brings in everyday household items like tubes of lipstick, perfume bottles, Hispanic Madonnas, and fruit.<ref name=":0" /> These inanimate objects often disturb or crowd the pictorial space, which are often composed as table-top still lives. Flack often brings in actual accounts of history into her photorealist paintings, such as ''World War II' (Vanitas)'' and ''Kennedy Motorcade.'' Women were frequently the subject of her photo-realist paintings.<ref name=":0" /> -==Sculpture== -[[File:NOMASculptureGarden3Jan06AudreyFlack.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Sculpture by Audrey Flack in [[New Orleans]].]] -[[File:Lisbon (10206158946).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in Lisbon — scale model for a much larger one planned for [[Borough of Queens|Queens NYC]], never built.]] -Audrey Flack's sculpture is often overlooked in light of her better-known Photorealist paintings. In this [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109159?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents interview], Flack discusses the fact that she is self-taught in sculpture. She incorporates religion and mythology into her sculpture rather than the historical or everyday subjects of her paintings. Her sculptures often demonstrate a connection to the female form, including a series of diverse, heroic women and goddess figures. These depictions of women differ from those of traditional femininity, but rather are athletic, older, and strong. As Flack describes them: "they are real yet idealized... the 'goddesses in everywoman.'"<ref name=":0" /> - -In the early 1990s, Flack was commissioned by a group called Friends of Queen Catherine to create a monumental bronze statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in whose honor the [[borough of Queens]] is named. The statue, which would have been roughly the height of a nine-story building, was meant to be installed on the East River shore in the Hunters Point area of Long Island City, across from the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/catherine-of-queens.html|title=Catherine of Queens?|last=Fried|first=Joseph P.|date=1992-07-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The project was never fully realized, however, as protestors in the mid-late 1990s objected to Queen Catherine's ties to the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade]]. (Others objected to the statue of a monarch overlooking a Revolutionary War battleground.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/09/nyregion/queen-ethnic-nightmares-cultural-politics-mires-statue-borough-s-namesake.html|title=The Queen of Ethnic Nightmares; Cultural Politics Mires Statue of Borough's Namesake|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=1998-01-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Flack nevertheless remained dedicated to the project, and notes that she endeavored to depict Catherine as biracial, reflecting her Portuguese background and paying homage to the ethnic diversity of the borough of Queens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/nyregion/the-statue-that-never-was.html|title=The Statue That Never Was|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=2017-11-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several preliminary models of the statue are now in public collections, including the [[Butler Institute of American Art]] and the [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]]. +NOONE CARES ==Solo exhibitions== '
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[ 0 => '==Sculpture==', 1 => '[[File:NOMASculptureGarden3Jan06AudreyFlack.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Sculpture by Audrey Flack in [[New Orleans]].]]', 2 => '[[File:Lisbon (10206158946).jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in Lisbon — scale model for a much larger one planned for [[Borough of Queens|Queens NYC]], never built.]]', 3 => 'Audrey Flack's sculpture is often overlooked in light of her better-known Photorealist paintings. In this [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3109159?seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents interview], Flack discusses the fact that she is self-taught in sculpture. She incorporates religion and mythology into her sculpture rather than the historical or everyday subjects of her paintings. Her sculptures often demonstrate a connection to the female form, including a series of diverse, heroic women and goddess figures. These depictions of women differ from those of traditional femininity, but rather are athletic, older, and strong. As Flack describes them: "they are real yet idealized... the 'goddesses in everywoman.'"<ref name=":0" />', 4 => '', 5 => 'In the early 1990s, Flack was commissioned by a group called Friends of Queen Catherine to create a monumental bronze statue of [[Catherine of Braganza]], in whose honor the [[borough of Queens]] is named. The statue, which would have been roughly the height of a nine-story building, was meant to be installed on the East River shore in the Hunters Point area of Long Island City, across from the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/catherine-of-queens.html|title=Catherine of Queens?|last=Fried|first=Joseph P.|date=1992-07-26|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The project was never fully realized, however, as protestors in the mid-late 1990s objected to Queen Catherine's ties to the [[Transatlantic Slave Trade]]. (Others objected to the statue of a monarch overlooking a Revolutionary War battleground.)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/09/nyregion/queen-ethnic-nightmares-cultural-politics-mires-statue-borough-s-namesake.html|title=The Queen of Ethnic Nightmares; Cultural Politics Mires Statue of Borough's Namesake|last=Bearak|first=Barry|date=1998-01-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Flack nevertheless remained dedicated to the project, and notes that she endeavored to depict Catherine as biracial, reflecting her Portuguese background and paying homage to the ethnic diversity of the borough of Queens.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/09/nyregion/the-statue-that-never-was.html|title=The Statue That Never Was|last=Kilgannon|first=Corey|date=2017-11-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Several preliminary models of the statue are now in public collections, including the [[Butler Institute of American Art]] and the [[Allen Memorial Art Museum]].' ]
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'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American artist</div> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Audrey Flack</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Audrey_Flack.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Audrey Flack.JPG" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Audrey_Flack.JPG/220px-Audrey_Flack.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Audrey_Flack.JPG/330px-Audrey_Flack.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Audrey_Flack.JPG/440px-Audrey_Flack.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><div>(artist’s signature on <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Catherine_of_Braganza_in_Lisbon" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Statue of Catherine of Braganza in Lisbon">bronze</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1931-05-30</span>) </span>30 May 1931<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&#160;89)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nationality</th><td class="category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Education</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_High_School_of_Music_%26_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The High School of Music &amp; Art">The High School of Music &amp; Art</a><br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_University_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="New York University Institute of Fine Arts">New York University Institute of Fine Arts</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Known&#160;for</th><td>Painting, Sculpture</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Movement</th><td class="category"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Website</th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.audreyflack.com">http://www.audreyflack.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Audrey L. Flack</b> (born May 30, 1931) is an American artist. Her work pioneered the art genre of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">photorealism</a>; her work encompasses painting, sculpture, and photography. </p><p>Flack has numerous academic degrees, including both a graduate and an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honorary_doctorate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate degree">honorary doctorate degree</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a> in New York City. Additionally she has a bachelor's degree in Fine Arts from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and attended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_University_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="New York University Institute of Fine Arts">New York University Institute of Fine Arts</a> where she studied <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>. In May 2015, Flack received an honorary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Doctor of Fine Arts">Doctor of Fine Arts</a> degree from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a>, where she also gave a commencement address. </p><p>Flack's work is displayed in several major museums, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>. Flack's photorealistic paintings were the first such paintings to be purchased for the Museum of Modern Art’s permanent collection, and her legacy as a photorealist lives on to influence many American and International artists today. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._B._Speed_Art_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. Speed Art Museum">J. B. Speed Art Museum</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>, organized a retrospective of her work, and Flack’s pioneering efforts into the world of photorealism popularized the genre to the extent that it remains today.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Photorealism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Photorealism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Solo_exhibitions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Solo exhibitions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Public_collections"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Public collections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Legacy_and_honors"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy and honors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Flack attended New York's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_School_of_Music_%26_Art" title="High School of Music &amp; Art">High School of Music &amp; Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> She studied fine arts in New York from 1948 to 1953, studying under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup> She earned a graduate degree and received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a> in New York City, and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">Bachelor of Fine Arts</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. She studied art history at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institute_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Fine Arts">Institute of Fine Arts</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1953 New York University Institute of Fine Arts, New York City</li> <li>1952 BFA, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut</li> <li>1948-51 Cooper Union, New York City<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flack_BananaSplitSundae_MIA_P866211_small.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/af/Flack_BananaSplitSundae_MIA_P866211_small.jpg/250px-Flack_BananaSplitSundae_MIA_P866211_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/a/af/Flack_BananaSplitSundae_MIA_P866211_small.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="245" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flack_BananaSplitSundae_MIA_P866211_small.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Audrey Flack, <i>Banana Split Sundae</i>, 1981. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Art" title="Minneapolis Institute of Art">Minneapolis Institute of Art</a></div></div></div> <p>Flack's early work in the 1950s was abstract expressionist; one such painting paid tribute to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franz_Kline" title="Franz Kline">Franz Kline</a>. The ironic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a> themes in her early work influenced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> But gradually, Flack became a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">New Realist</a> and then evolved into photorealism during the 1960s. Her move to the photorealist style was in part because she wanted her art to communicate to the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> She was the first photorealist painter to be added to the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> Between 1976 and 1978 she painted her Vanitas series, including the piece <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marilyn_(Vanitas)" title="Marilyn (Vanitas)">Marilyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The critic Graham Thompson wrote, </p><p>"One demonstration of the way photography became assimilated into the art world is the success of photorealist painting in the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is also called super-realism, radical realism, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperrealism_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperrealism (painting)">hyper-realism</a> and painters like <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Estes" title="Richard Estes">Richard Estes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_Close" title="Chuck Close">Chuck Close</a>, and Audrey Flack as well, often worked from photographic stills to create paintings that appeared to be photographs."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Art critic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_C._Morgan" title="Robert C. Morgan">Robert C. Morgan</a> writes in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail" title="The Brooklyn Rail">The Brooklyn Rail</a></i> about Flack's 2010 exhibition at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a> Project Space, <i>Audrey Flack Paints a Picture</i>, "She has taken the signs of indulgence, beauty, and excess and transformed them into deeply moving symbols of desire, futility, and emancipation."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> In the early 1980s Flack's artistic medium shifted from painting to sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> She describes this shift as a desire for "something solid, real, tangible. Something to hold and to hold on to." <sup id="cite_ref-Flack1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flack1986-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Flack has claimed to have found the photorealist movement too restricting, and now gains much of her inspiration from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>Flack is currently represented by the Louis K. Meisel Gallery and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hollis_Taggart_Galleries" title="Hollis Taggart Galleries">Hollis Taggart Galleries</a>. Her work is held in the collections of museums around the world, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Museum_of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Modern Art">The Museum of Modern Art</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Museum" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum">Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art" title="Whitney Museum of American Art">Whitney Museum of American Art</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allen_Memorial_Art_Museum" title="Allen Memorial Art Museum">Allen Memorial Art Museum</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canberra,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Canberra, Australia">Canberra, Australia</a>. </p><p>She was awarded the St. Gaudens Medal from Cooper Union, and the honorary Albert Dome professorship from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridgeport_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgeport University">Bridgeport University</a>. She is an honorary professor at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>, is currently a visiting professor at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> and has taught and lectured extensively both nationally, and internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 1986 Flack published <i>Art &amp; Soul: Notes on Creating</i>, a book expressing some of her thoughts on being an artist.<sup id="cite_ref-Flack1986_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flack1986-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Flack lives and works in New York City and Long Island. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Photorealism">Photorealism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Photorealism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Audrey Flack is best known for her photo-realist paintings and was one of the first artists to use photographs as the basis for painting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> The genre, taking its cues from Pop Art, incorporates depictions of the real and the regular, from advertisements to cars to cosmetics. Flack's work brings in everyday household items like tubes of lipstick, perfume bottles, Hispanic Madonnas, and fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> These inanimate objects often disturb or crowd the pictorial space, which are often composed as table-top still lives. Flack often brings in actual accounts of history into her photorealist paintings, such as <i>World War II' (Vanitas)</i> and <i>Kennedy Motorcade.</i> Women were frequently the subject of her photo-realist paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>NOONE CARES </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Solo_exhibitions">Solo exhibitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Solo exhibitions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>2017 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollistaggart.com/exhibitions/audrey-flack">Audrey Flack: Master Drawings from Crivelli</a>," Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY</li> <li>2015-2016 "Heroines: Audrey Flack's Transcendent Drawings and Prints," Williams Center Galleries, Lafayette College, PA; The Hyde Collection Art Museum &amp; Historic House, Glens Falls, NY; The Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, OH</li> <li>2015 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702035431/http://www.hollistaggart.com/exhibitions/audrey-flack-the-abstract-expressionist-years">Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years</a>," Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY</li> <li>2012 "Audrey Flack: Sculpture, 1989-2012," Garth Greenan Gallery, New York, NY</li> <li>2010 "Audrey Flack Paints a Picture," Gary Snyder Gallery, New York, NY</li> <li>2007 "Daphne Speaks: An Exhibition of Sculpture and Master Workshop Prints," University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND</li> <li>2007 "Audrey Flack: Abstract Expressionist," Rider University Art Gallery, Lawrenceville, NJ</li> <li>2007 "Plasters and Disasters - Audrey Flack's Recent Sculpture," Kingsborough Community College, NY</li> <li>2002 "Drawings, Watercolors and Sculptures - Responses to 9/11," Vered Gallery, East Hampton, New York</li> <li>2001 "Plein Air Watercolors and Drawings," Bernaducci-Meisel Gallery, New York, New York</li> <li>1999 "Icons of the 20th Century," Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, Georgia</li> <li>1998 "Audrey Flack - New Work," Louis K. Meisel Gallery, New York, New York</li> <li>1996 "Daphne Speaks," Guild Hall Museum, East Hampton, New York</li> <li>1996 "Amor Vincit Omnia," Art Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_collections">Public collections</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Public collections">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York</li> <li>Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York</li> <li>Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, New York</li> <li>Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York</li> <li>St. Louis Museum of Art, St. Louis, Missouri</li> <li>Dallas Museum of Fine Art, Dallas, Texas</li> <li>University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona</li> <li>Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York</li> <li>Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota</li> <li>Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, North Carolina</li> <li>Rose Art Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts</li> <li>Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio</li> <li>Stuart M. Speiser Collection, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC</li> <li>HHK Foundation for Contemporary Art, Inc., New York, New York</li> <li>Australian National Gallery, Canberra, Australia</li> <li>National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia</li> <li>San Francisco Museum of Fine Art, San Francisco, California</li> <li>National Museum of American Art, Washington, DC</li> <li>University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas</li> <li>Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut</li> <li>Capricorn Gallery, Baltimore, Maryland</li> <li>Akron Art Museum, Akron, Ohio</li> <li>National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, DC</li> <li>New York University Collections, New York, New York</li> <li>Reynolda House Museum, Winston-Salem, North Carolina</li> <li>Art Museum of Western Virginia, Roanoke, Virginia</li> <li>Speed Museum of Art, Louisville, Kentucky</li> <li>Cornell Fine Arts Museum, Winter Park, Florida</li> <li>Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio</li> <li>Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, New York</li> <li>Cameron Art Museum, Wilmington North Carolina</li> <li>The Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa Florida <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:East_Hampton_Center_for_Contemporary_Art&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:East Hampton Center for Contemporary Art (page does not exist)">East Hampton Center of Contemporary Art</a>, East Hampton, New York</li> <li>Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>2007 Honorary <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ziegfeld_Award&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziegfeld Award (page does not exist)">Ziegfeld Award</a>, Keynote Speaker, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Art_Education_Association" title="National Art Education Association">National Art Education Association</a>, New York City</li> <li>2004 Honorary Doctorate, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lyme_Academy_of_Art&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyme Academy of Art (page does not exist)">Lyme Academy of Art</a></li> <li>1995-96 U.S. Government <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=National_Design_for_Transportation_Award&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="National Design for Transportation Award (page does not exist)">National Design for Transportation Award</a>, presented by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jane_Alexander" title="Jane Alexander">Jane Alexander</a>, N.E.A. Chairman, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federico_Pena" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Pena">Federico Pena</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary_of_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a>, awarded for the Rock Hill Gateway project</li> <li>1994 Honorary Professor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li>1989-93 Member of the Board of Directors, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_Art_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="College Art Association of America">College Art Association of America</a></li> <li>1985 Artist of the Year Award, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Art_Teachers_Association&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City Art Teachers Association (page does not exist)">New York City Art Teachers Association</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Saint-Gaudens_Medal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Gaudens Medal (page does not exist)">Saint-Gaudens Medal</a>, Cooper Union</li> <li>1977 Cooper Union Citation and Honorary Doctorate</li> <li>1974 <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Butler_Institute_of_Art&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Butler Institute of Art (page does not exist)">Butler Institute of Art</a> Award of Merit<sup id="cite_ref-bio_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Baskind, Samantha, <i>Jewish Artists and the Bible in Twentieth-Century America,</i>Philadelphia, PA, Penn State University Press, 2014, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-05983-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-05983-9">978-0-271-05983-9</a></li> <li>Flack, Audrey, Thalia Gouma-Peterson, and Patricia Hills. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24431345"><i>Breaking the Rules: Audrey Flack, a Retrospective 1950-1990</i></a>. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1992.</li> <li>Mattison, Robert S., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollistaggart.com/publications/audrey-flack">Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years</a>,</i> New York, Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-988-91397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-988-91397-4">978-0-988-91397-4</a>.</li> <li>Flack, Audrey, <i>Art &amp; Soul: Notes on Creating</i>, New York, Dutton, 1986, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-24443-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-24443-3">0-525-24443-3</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeisel" class="citation web">Meisel, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080318070027/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio">"Biography of Audrey Flack"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audreyflack.com/af/index.php?name=bio">the original</a> on 2008-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Biography+of+Audrey+Flack&amp;rft.aulast=Meisel&amp;rft.aufirst=Louis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faudreyflack.com%2Faf%2Findex.php%3Fname%3Dbio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-audrey-flack-15653">"Oral history interview with Audrey Flack,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003139/http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-audrey-flack-15653">Archived</a> November 4, 2016, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Smithsonian Institution Archives of American Art website (2009 Feb. 16).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAA_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/audrey-flack-papers-15666">"Audrey Flack papers, circa 1952-2008"</a>. <i>Archives of American Art</i>. Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Archives+of+American+Art&amp;rft.atitle=Audrey+Flack+papers%2C+circa+1952-2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaa.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Faudrey-flack-papers-15666&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801112554/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio">"Biography"</a>. <i>Audrey Flack</i>. audreyflack.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio">the original</a> on 2012-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Audrey+Flack&amp;rft.atitle=Biography&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audreyflack.com%2FAF%2Findex.php%3Fname%3Dbio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFarts2010" class="citation web">arts, Women in the (2010-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nmwa.org/2010/05/19/from-nmwas-vault-audrey-flack/">"From NMWA's Vault: Audrey Flack"</a>. <i>Broad Strokes: The National Museum of Women in the Arts' Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Broad+Strokes%3A+The+National+Museum+of+Women+in+the+Arts%27+Blog&amp;rft.atitle=From+NMWA%27s+Vault%3A+Audrey+Flack&amp;rft.date=2010-05-19&amp;rft.aulast=arts&amp;rft.aufirst=Women+in+the&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nmwa.org%2F2010%2F05%2F19%2Ffrom-nmwas-vault-audrey-flack%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGaze1997" class="citation book">Gaze, Delia (1997). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/526"><i>Dictionary of Women Artists</i></a></span>. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofwome01gaze/page/526">526</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-21-4"><bdi>1-884964-21-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Women+Artists&amp;rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&amp;rft.pages=526&amp;rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=1-884964-21-4&amp;rft.aulast=Gaze&amp;rft.aufirst=Delia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofwome01gaze%2Fpage%2F526&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JVL_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Flack.html">"Audrey Flack Biography"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&amp;rft.atitle=Audrey+Flack+Biography&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fbiography%2FFlack.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artmuseum.arizona.edu/events/event/audrey-flacks-marilyn-still-life-vanitas-trompe-loeil">"Audrey Flack's Marilyn: Still Life, Vanitas, Trompe l'Oeil"</a>. <i>The University of Arizona Museum of Art and Archive of Visual Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Arizona+Museum+of+Art+and+Archive+of+Visual+Arts&amp;rft.atitle=Audrey+Flack%27s+Marilyn%3A+Still+Life%2C+Vanitas%2C+Trompe+l%27Oeil&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartmuseum.arizona.edu%2Fevents%2Fevent%2Faudrey-flacks-marilyn-still-life-vanitas-trompe-loeil&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Graham: <i>American Culture in the 1980s</i> (Twentieth Century American Culture), Edinburgh University Press, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2010" class="citation journal">Morgan, Robert C. (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brooklynrail.org/2010/11/artseen/audrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting">"Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting"</a>. <i>The Brooklyn Rail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Rail&amp;rft.atitle=Audrey+Flack+and+the+Revolution+of+Still+Life+Painting&amp;rft.date=2010-11&amp;rft.aulast=Morgan&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrooklynrail.org%2F2010%2F11%2Fartseen%2Faudrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flack1986-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flack1986_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flack1986_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFlack,_Audrey.1986" class="citation book">Flack, Audrey. (1 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2JPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Art &amp; Soul: Notes on Creating</i></a>. Dutton. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-24443-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-24443-1"><bdi>978-0-525-24443-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Art+%26+Soul%3A+Notes+on+Creating&amp;rft.pub=Dutton&amp;rft.date=1986-10-01&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-525-24443-1&amp;rft.au=Flack%2C+Audrey.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2JPAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMeisel" class="citation web">Meisel, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801112554/http://www.audreyflack.com/AF/index.php?name=bio">"The Biography of Audrey Flack"</a>. <i>Audrey Flack</i>. Louis Meisel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audreyflack.com/af/index.php?name=bio">the original</a> on 2012-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Audrey+Flack&amp;rft.atitle=The+Biography+of+Audrey+Flack&amp;rft.aulast=Meisel&amp;rft.aufirst=Louis&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audreyflack.com%2Faf%2Findex.php%3Fname%3Dbio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudrey+Flack" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Audrey_Flack&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audreyflack.com">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20050422070443/http://cda.morris.umn.edu/~lamberts/audreyflack/index.html">"Audrey Flack: Breaking the Rules"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artist/flack-audrey-l">Audrey Flack in the Indianapolis Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806044339/http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/ngv-collection/artist-a-z?sq_content_src=+dXJsPWh0dHAlM0ElMkYlMkZ3d3cubmd2LnZpYy5nb3YuYXUlMkZjb2xhcHAlMkZwdWIlMkZhcnRpc3RzJTJGOTYxJTJGZGV0YWlscyZhbGw9MQ%3D%3D">Audrey Flack in National Gallery of Victoria</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/exhibitions/past/exhibit/2867/">Audrey Flack exhibition, the Guggenheim Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.aaa.si.edu/2011/03/my-portrait-of-anwar-sadat.html">My Portrait of Anwar Sadat</a> by Audrey Flack, Archives of American Art Blog, Smithsonian Institution</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollistaggart.com/artists/audrey-flack">Audrey Flack Biography: Hollis Taggart Galleries</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Feminist art movement in the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Feminist art movement in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">Feminist art movement in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Feminist_art_*_Feminist_art_movement_*_Women_artists"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Feminist art</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Women artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_Artists" title="National Association of Women Artists">National Association of Women Artists</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_School_of_Applied_Design_for_Women" title="New York School of Applied Design for Women">New York School of Applied Design for Women</a> (1892)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues or organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A.I.R._Gallery" title="A.I.R. Gallery">A.I.R. Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Sackler_Center_for_Feminist_Art" title="Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art">Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hera_Gallery" title="Hera Gallery">Hera Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesbian_Art_Project" title="Lesbian Art Project">Lesbian Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Museum_of_Women_in_the_Arts" title="National Museum of Women in the Arts">National Museum of Women in the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_Feminist_Art_Institute" title="New York Feminist Art Institute">New York Feminist Art Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soho20_Chelsea" title="Soho20 Chelsea">SOHO20 Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TART_Collective" title="TART Collective">tArt Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woman%27s_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman&#39;s Building">Woman's Building</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_Art_Resources_of_Minnesota" title="Women&#39;s Art Resources of Minnesota">Women's Art Resources of Minnesota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exhibitions or installations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Womanhouse" title="Womanhouse">Womanhouse</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Weeks_in_May" title="Three Weeks in May">Three Weeks in May</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sister_Chapel" title="Sister Chapel">The Sister Chapel</a></i> (1978-80)</li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WACK!_Art_and_the_Feminist_Revolution" title="WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution">WACK! Art and the Feminist Revolution</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films or documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/!Women_Art_Revolution" title="!Women Art Revolution">!Women Art Revolution</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heresies:_A_Feminist_Publication_on_Art_and_Politics" title="Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics">Heresies: A Feminist Publication on Art and Politics</a></i> (1977–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Feminist_Art_Journal" title="The Feminist Art Journal">The Feminist Art Journal</a></i> (1972–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SubRosa" title="SubRosa">subRosa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_Girls" title="Guerrilla Girls">Guerrilla Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Waitresses_(artists)" title="The Waitresses (artists)">The Waitresses</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_Caucus_for_Art" title="Women&#39;s Caucus for Art">Women's Caucus for Art</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Where_We_At" title="Where We At">Where We At</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lynda_Benglis" title="Lynda Benglis">Lynda Benglis</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elaine_de_Kooning" title="Elaine de Kooning">Elaine de Kooning</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Beth_Edelson" title="Mary Beth Edelson">Mary Beth Edelson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helen_Frankenthaler" title="Helen Frankenthaler">Helen Frankenthaler</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nancy_Graves" title="Nancy Graves">Nancy Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lila_Katzen" title="Lila Katzen">Lila Katzen</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lee_Krasner" title="Lee Krasner">Lee Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O&#39;Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M._C._Richards" title="M. C. Richards">M. C. Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rachel_Rosenthal" title="Rachel Rosenthal">Rachel Rosenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carolee_Schneemann" title="Carolee Schneemann">Carolee Schneemann</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alma_Thomas" title="Alma Thomas">Alma Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/June_Wayne" title="June Wayne">June Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_feminist_artists" title="List of feminist artists">List of feminist artists</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Women in the art history field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Feminist movements and ideologies</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537578&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537578&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537578" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119109255">119109255</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000382711991">0000 0003 8271 1991</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80101150">n80101150</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">NGV</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/961/">961</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072152737">072152737</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23892012" class="extiw" title="d:Q23892012">PIC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/266221">266221</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History#Online_artist_pages" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">RKD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/28209">28209</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nh25b6">w6nh25b6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/071332405">071332405</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">ULAN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500025614">500025614</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265923202">265923202</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80101150">lccn-n80101150</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1590934005
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/26889616"