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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|State in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox Australia state or territory
| state = wa
| flag = Flag of Western Australia.svg
| flag_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Western Australian Coat of Arms.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| nickname = The Wildflower State; The Golden State
| map = Western Australia in Australia.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|26|S|121|E|type:adm1st_region:AU-WA|display=inline,title}}
| capital_city = Perth
| demonym = Western Australian, West Australian, Sandgroper (colloquial)
| viceroy = [[Kim Beazley]]
| chief = [[Mark McGowan]]
| chief_party = [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| established_event1 = Established <small>(as the [[Swan River Colony]])</small>
| established_date1 = {{date|2 May 1829}}
| established_event2 = Responsible government
| established_date2 = {{date|21 October 1890}}
| established_event3 = [[Federation of Australia|Federation]]
| established_date3 = {{date|1 January 1901}}
| established_event4 = ''[[Australia Act 1986|Australia Act]]''
| established_date4 = {{date|3 March 1986}}
| total_area = 2645615
| area_rank = 1st
| land_area = 2529875
| water_area = 115740
| percent_water = 4.37
| population_year = December 2019
| population_ref = <ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features3Dec%202019?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202019&num=&view=|title = Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2019|date=18 June 2020|accessdate=18 June 2020}} Estimated Resident Population – 31 December 2019</ref>
| population = 2639080
| population_rank = 4th
| density = 1.04
| density_rank = 7th
| highest_point = Mount Meharry
| highest_elev = 1249
| highest_elev_ref =
| GSP_year = 2018–19
| GSP = 183919
| GSP_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/5220.0Main+Features12018-19?OpenDocument |title=5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2018–19 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=15 November 2019 |accessdate=20 November 2019}}</ref>
| GSP_rank = 4th
| GSP_per_capita = 98997
| GSP_per_capita_rank = 2nd
| timezone = [[UTC+08:00]] ([[Australian Western Standard Time|AWST]]) [[UTC+08:45]] ([[Eucla, Western Australia#TimeZone|ACWST]])
| house_seats = 16
| senate_seats = [[List of Senators from Western Australia|12]]
| floral_emblem = [[Anigozanthos manglesii|Red-and-green or Mangles kangaroo paw]]<br /><small>(''Anigozanthos manglesii'')</small>
| animal_emblem = [[Numbat]]<br /><small>(''Myrmecobius fasciatus'')</small>
| bird_emblem = [[Black swan]]<br /><small>(''Cygnus atratus'')</small>
| marine_emblem = [[Whale shark]]
| mineral_emblem =
| fossil_emblem = [[Mcnamaraspis kaprios|Gogo fish]]<br /><small>(''Mcnamaraspis kaprios'')</small>
| colours = Black and gold
| website = www.wa.gov.au
| footnotes =
}}
'''Western Australia'''{{ref label|Note1|a|a}} (abbreviated as '''WA''') is a [[States and territories of Australia|state]] occupying the entire western third of [[Australia]]. It is bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] to the north and west, and the [[Southern Ocean]] to the south,{{ref label|Note1|b|b}} the [[Northern Territory]] to the north-east, and [[South Australia]] to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the [[List of country subdivisions by area|second-largest country subdivision]] in the world, surpassed only by [[Russia]]'s [[Sakha|Sakha Republic]]. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants {{ndash}} around 11 percent of the national total {{ndash}} of whom the vast majority (92 percent) live in the [[South-West Land Division|south-west corner]], 79 percent of the population living in the [[Perth]] area,<ref name=ABSCapitalPop/> leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer [[Dirk Hartog]], who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major [[Edmund Lockyer]] on {{date|26 December 1826}} of an expedition on behalf of the [[New South Wales]] colonial government.<ref name="Western Australia Foundation">{{cite web |url=https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/king-georges-sound-settlement |title=King George's Sound Settlement |publisher=[[State Records Authority of New South Wales]] |accessdate={{date|30 August 2016}}}}</ref> He established a convict-supported military garrison at [[King George Sound|King George III Sound]], at present-day [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], and on {{date|21 January 1827}}<ref name="Western Australia Foundation"/> formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the [[Swan River Colony]] in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, [[Perth]].
[[York, Western Australia|York]] was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated {{convert|97|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} east of Perth, it was settled on {{date|16 September 1831}}.<ref name=knibbs>{{cite book | last1 = Knibbs | first1 = G.H. | authorlink1 = George Handley Knibbs | title = Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia | chapter = The Creation of the Several Colonies | volume = 4 | publisher = Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics | year = 1911 | location = Melbourne | page = 16 }}</ref>
Western Australia achieved [[responsible government]] in 1890 and [[Federation of Australia|federated]] with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today, its [[Economy of Western Australia|economy]] mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 per cent of Australia's exports.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news | first = Enda | last = Curran | title = Western Australia Plans Sovereign Wealth Fund | date = 21 February 2012 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203358704577236780148058626 | work = The Wall Street Journal | accessdate = 15 March 2012}}</ref> Western Australia is the largest [[iron ore]] producer in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/mcs-2015-feore.pdf|title=US Geological Survey|last=|first=|date=2014|website=Minerals.usgs.gov|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Western Australia}}
[[File:John Forrest 1898.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[John Forrest]] was the first Premier of Western Australia.]]
[[File:Ngaanyatjarra kids.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ngaanyatjarra]] children, from the desert regions of Western Australia]]
The first inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These [[Indigenous Australians]] were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.
The first European to visit Western Australia was a Dutch explorer, [[Dirk Hartog]], who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, [[Dirk Hartog Island]]. For the rest of the 17th century, other Dutch and British navigators encountered the coast, usually unintentionally, as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the [[Brouwer Route]] (because of poor navigation and storms).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=J.N. |date=1977 |title=Australia's oldest wreck: The Loss of the Trial, 1622 |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/sites/default/files/no._278_trial_bar_1977_0.pdf |journal=British Archaeological Reports, Supplementary Series 27 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Two hundred years passed before Europeans believed that the great southern continent actually existed. By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast.
The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer<ref name="Western Australia Foundation"/> of a convict-supported settlement from [[New South Wales]] at [[King George Sound|King George III Sound]]. The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the [[Union Jack]] be raised and a [[feu de joie]] fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia.<ref name="Western Australia Foundation"/> On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony,<ref name=knibbs/> and named [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] in 1832.
In 1829 the [[Swan River Colony]] was established on the Swan River by Captain [[James Stirling (Australian governor)|James Stirling]]. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of [[Fremantle]] and the state's capital, Perth. [[York, Western Australia|York]] was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated {{convert|97|km}} east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.
Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around [[Kalgoorlie]].
In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance of European Australians and in 1890, the act granting [[self-governing colony|self-government]] to the colony was passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. [[John Forrest]] became the first [[Premier of Western Australia]].
In 1896, the [[Western Australian Parliament]] authorised the raising of a loan to construct a [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] to transport {{convert|5|e6impgal|ML|order=flip|abbr=off}} of water per day to the Goldfields of Western Australia. The pipeline, known as the [[Goldfields Water Supply Scheme]], was completed in 1903. [[C.Y. O'Connor]], Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water {{convert|530|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Perth to [[Kalgoorlie]], and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110059b.htm |title=''O'Connor, Charles Yelverton (1843–1902)'' |author=Tauman, Merab Harris |publisher=[[Melbourne University Press|MUP]] |year=1988 |pages=51–54 |accessdate=12 July 2008}}</ref>
Following a campaign led by Forrest, residents of the colony of Western Australia (still informally called the Swan River Colony) voted in favour of [[Federation of Australia|federation]], resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.
==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Western Australia}}
Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129°E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the [[Northern Territory]], and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) designates the [[Australia and the Southern Ocean|body of water south of the continent]] as part of the Indian Ocean; in Australia it is officially gazetted as the [[Southern Ocean]].{{ref label|Note1|b|b}}<ref name="SouthernOcean">{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.shom.fr/publicat/free/files/S23_1953.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007114205/http://www.iho.shom.fr/publicat/free/files/S23_1953.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2009|title=Wayback Machine|date=7 October 2009|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/canberra-all-at-sea-over-position-of-southern-ocean-20031222-gdwzeb.html|title=Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean|date=22 December 2003|newspaper=[[The Age]]|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
The total length of the [[Border of Western Australia|state's eastern border]] is {{convert|1862|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/borders.htm|title=State And Territory Borders|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=11 September 2007|accessdate=25 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128113204/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/borders.htm |archivedate = 28 November 2007}}</ref> There are {{convert|20781|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|7892|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/coastline-lengths.html |title=Coastline Lengths |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=18 November 2010 |accessdate=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122025201/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/coastline-lengths.html |archivedate=22 January 2011 }}</ref> The total land area occupied by the state is {{convert|2.5|e6km2|e3mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/areadime.htm|title=Area of States and Territories|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=31 August 2005|accessdate=25 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730134442/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/areadime.htm |archivedate = 30 July 2008}}</ref>
===Geology===
The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old [[Yilgarn craton]] and [[Pilbara craton]] which merged with the [[Deccan Plateau]] of India, [[Madagascar]] and the [[Karoo]] and [[Zimbabwe]] cratons of Southern Africa, in the [[Archean]] Eon to form [[Ur (continent)|Ur]], one of the oldest [[supercontinent]]s on Earth (3 – 3.2 billion years ago). In May 2017, evidence of the [[Earliest known life forms|earliest known life]] [[Evolutionary history of life#Colonization of land|on land]] may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old [[geyserite]] and other related mineral deposits (often found around [[hot spring]]s and [[geyser]]s) uncovered in the Pilbara craton.<ref name="PO-20170509">{{cite news |author=|title=Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |date=9 May 2017 |website=[[Phys.org]] |accessdate=13 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name="NC-20170509">{{cite journal |last1=Djokic |first1=Tara |last2=Van Kranendonk |first2=Martin J. |last3=Campbell |first3=Kathleen A. |last4=Walter |first4=Malcolm R. |last5=Ward |first5=Colin R. |title=Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits |date=9 May 2017 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=8 |pages=15263 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15263 |pmid=28486437 |pmc=5436104 }}</ref>
Because the only [[orogeny|mountain-building]] since then has been of the [[Stirling Range]] with the rifting from [[Antarctica]], the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) [[Australian Height Datum|AHD]] (at [[Mount Meharry]] in the [[Hamersley Range]] of the [[Pilbara]] region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no [[surface runoff]]. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/[[Darling Scarp]] near Perth).
[[File:WAHighways.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Western Australian cities, towns, settlements and [[List of highways in Western Australia|road network]].]]
The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently [[laterite|laterised]]. Even soils derived from [[granite|granitic]] [[bedrock]] contain an order of magnitude less available [[phosphorus]] and only half as much [[nitrogen]] as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or [[ironstone]] are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in [[zinc]], copper, [[molybdenum]] and sometimes [[potassium]] and [[calcium]].
The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilisers. These have resulted in damage to [[invertebrate]] and bacterial populations.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in [[soil compaction|compaction of soils]] and great damage to the fragile soils.
Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the [[Southwest Australia|South West region]] of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with [[Soil salinity control|dryland salinity]] and the loss of fresh water.
===Climate===
[[File:Western Australia Köppen.svg|left|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] in Western Australia]]
The [[Southwest corner of Western Australia|southwest coastal area]] has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of [[karri]], one of the [[List of tallest trees|tallest trees]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title = Climate of Western Australia | publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.htm | accessdate =6 December 2009|archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.html|archivedate=17 March 2009}} {{Dead link |date=December 2016}}</ref> This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of [[endemic species]] than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore [[Leeuwin Current]], the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly [[coral reef]]s in the world.
Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the [[Wheatbelt (Western Australia)|Wheatbelt]] region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near [[Northcliffe, Western Australia|Northcliffe]], but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.
The central two-thirds of the state is [[arid]] and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/rainfall/index.jsp |title=Average annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology |date=26 October 2011 |accessdate=1 June 2014 }}</ref>
An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's [[runoff (water)|runoff]] occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the [[Ord River]].
[[File:Black Swans.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|The [[black swan]] is the state bird of Western Australia]]
Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the [[Stirling Range]] near [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby [[Porongurup National Park|Porongurup Range]]. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the [[Perth Hills]], as far north as [[Wongan Hills, Western Australia|Wongan Hills]] and as far east as [[Salmon Gums, Western Australia|Salmon Gums]]. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} and rarely settle for more than one day.<ref>[http://www.feargod.net/wa-snow1.php Snow in Western Australia: About Snow in WA]. Retrieved 4 February 2007.</ref>
The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) was recorded at [[Mardie Station]] on 19 February 1998. The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at [[Eyre Bird Observatory]] on 17 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf|title=Rainfall and Temperature Records: National|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Western Australia
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 49.8
|Feb record high C = 50.5
|Mar record high C = 48.1
|Apr record high C = 45.0
|May record high C = 40.6
|Jun record high C = 37.8
|Jul record high C = 38.3
|Aug record high C = 40.0
|Sep record high C = 43.1
|Oct record high C = 46.9
|Nov record high C = 48.0
|Dec record high C = 49.4
|year record high C = 50.5
|Jan record low C = 0.9
|Feb record low C = 0.5
|Mar record low C = -0.8
|Apr record low C = -2.2
|May record low C = -5.6
|Jun record low C = -6.0
|Jul record low C = -6.7
|Aug record low C = -7.2
|Sep record low C = -4.6
|Oct record low C = -5.0
|Nov record low C = -2.1
|Dec record low C = 0.0
|year record low C = -7.2
|source 1 = Bureau of Meteorology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=tas&year=2013&mon=1&day=11|title=Official records for Australia in January|date=1 July 2017|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref>
|date=March 2012
}}
===Flora and fauna===
[[File:Freshwater crocodile at Lake Argyle, Western Australia.jpg|thumb|right|Crocodile at [[Lake Argyle]]]]
Western Australia is home to around [[List of Western Australian birds|540 species of birds]] (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are [[endemic species|endemic]] to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
The [[Flora of Western Australia]] comprises 10,162 published native [[vascular plant]] species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543 [[genus|genera]] from 211 [[Family (biology)|families]]; there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or invasive plant species, more commonly known as weeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/statistics/|title=2016 Vascular Flora Statistics|publisher=Flora Base|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/articles/sequence/sequence|title=New linear systematic sequence for vascular plants|publisher=Flora Base|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref> In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world. Western Australia's [[ecoregion]]s include the sandstone gorges of [[Kimberley tropical savanna|The Kimberley]] on the northern coast, and below that the drier [[Victoria Plains tropical savanna]] inland, and the semi-desert [[Pilbara shrublands]], [[Carnarvon xeric shrublands]], and [[Western Australian mulga shrublands]] to the southwest. Southwards along the coast are the [[Southwest Australia savanna]] and the [[Swan Coastal Plain]] around Perth, with the [[Warren (biogeographic region)|Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands]] on the southwest corner of the coast around the [[Margaret River]] wine-growing area.
Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the [[Goldfields-Esperance]] region, including the [[Esperance mallee]] and the [[Coolgardie (biogeographic region)|Coolgardie woodlands]] inland around town of [[Coolgardie]]. Deserts occupy the interior, including the [[Great Sandy-Tanami desert]], [[Gibson Desert]], [[Great Victoria Desert]], and [[Nullarbor Plain]].
In 1831 Scottish botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] produced a scientific paper, ''[[General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River]]''. It discusses the vegetation of the [[Swan River Colony]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Diels, Ludwig; Carr, D. J. (translator) | year = 1981 | chapter = Extra-tropical Western Australia | pages = 47–78 | editor = Carr, D. J.; Carr, S. G. M. | title = People and plants in Australia | publisher = Academic Press Australia | isbn = 978-0-12-160720-3}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{See also|Demographics of Australia}}
[[File:Perth Skyline from Kings Park.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Western Australia's capital and largest city, [[Perth]], from [[Kings Park, Western Australia|Kings Park]]. Its metropolitan area is home to 75% of the state's population.]]
[[File:Western Australia population T.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|left|WA population growth 1829–2010]]
[[File:WApopDist2006.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Distribution of the Western Australian population]]
Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the [[Swan River Colony]] in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested [[Convictism in Australia|convict]] labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the [[Goldfields-Esperance|Goldfields region]], resulted in a sharp population increase.
Western Australia did not receive significant flows of [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the [[British Empire]] until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects—such as the [[Group Settlement Scheme]] of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.
Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After [[World War II]], both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of [[Italian Australian|Italians]], [[Croatian Australian|Croatians]] and [[Macedonian Australians|Macedonians]]. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.<ref name=abs_2011>{{cite web|title=Country of Birth|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3105.0.65.0012014?OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=27 October 2014|format=xls|date=1 October 2014}}</ref>
Perth's metropolitan area (including [[Mandurah]]) had an estimated population of 2,043,138<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=13 October 2018}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> in June 2017 (79% of the state). Other significant population centres include [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]] (73,989),<ref name=ABSSUA>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2007 to 2017|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016-17|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=12 October 2018}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> [[Geraldton]] (37,961),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Kalgoorlie-Boulder]] (30,420),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] (33,998),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Karratha]] (16,446),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] (14,501)<ref name=ABSSUA/> and [[Port Hedland, Western Australia|Port Hedland]] (14,285).<ref name=ABSSUA/>
===Ancestry and immigration===
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
!colspan="2"|Country of birth (2016)<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{cite web |title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Western Australia |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/5?opendocument |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au}}</ref><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{cite web |title=2016 - Census Output |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~5/$File/GCP_5.zip?OpenElement |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/}}</ref>
|-
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately}} || Population
|-
| [[Australia]] ||1,492,842
|-
| [[England]] ||194,163 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[New Zealand]] ||79,221
|-
| [[India]] ||49,385
|-
| [[South Africa]] ||41,008
|-
| [[Philippines]] ||30,835
|-
| [[Malaysia]] ||29,126
|-
| [[Mainland China]] ||27,126 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Italy]] ||19,210
|-
| [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] ||18,036
|-
| [[Vietnam]] ||15,845
|}
At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:{{refn|group="N"|As a percentage of 2,286,107 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.}}<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. Do not use the QuickStats data from ABS for ancestries. Use the full ancestry data series (eg from ABS Community Profiles series) as the QuickStats data shows each ancestry as a percentage of all ancestry responses (where each person can list up to two, thus a far greater number than the total population) while the full data series in the ABS Community Profiles show the percentage of people nominating a given ancestry as a percentage of the population who nominated an ancestry -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (40.7%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (33.2%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref>}}
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (9.8%)
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (9.4%)
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (5.4%)
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (4.5%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (3.2%)
* [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] (3.1%){{refn|group="N"|Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as [[Aboriginal Australians]] or [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (3%)
* [[Dutch Australians|Dutch]] (2.1%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (1.6%)
* [[New Zealand Australians|New Zealander]] (1.4%)
* [[South African Australians|South African]] (1.3%)
* [[Māori Australians|Maori]] (1.2%)
}}
3.1% of the population, or 75,978 people, identified as [[Indigenous Australians]] ([[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]]) in 2016.{{refn|group="N"|Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as [[Aboriginal Australians]] or [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>
===Language===
At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (1.9%), [[Italian language|Italian]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (0.8%), [[Cantonese]] (0.8%) and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (0.6%).<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>
===Religion===
At the {{CensusAU|2016}}, 55.5% of respondents identified as [[Christianity|Christian]] and 32.5% as having [[irreligion|no religion]]. 10.3% chose not to state a religion. The most commonly nominated responses were [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]] (21.4%) and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglicanism]] (14.3%).<ref name="quickstats">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=5 |name=Western Australia |accessdate=26 June 2019 |quick=on}}</ref><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>
==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Western Australia|Economy of Australia}}
[[File:Aerial view of Fremantle.JPG|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Fremantle Harbour]], a major port in WA]]
[[File:2007 Resource production WA-svg.svg|thumb|right|Western Australia's resource commodity mix, 2007]]
[[File:Major West Australian Commodities 2008-2009 ($ million).png|thumb|right|Major commodity mix, 2008–2009]]
Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:
* Western Australia contributes an estimated 58% of Australia's Mineral and Energy Exports,<ref name="Department of Mines and Petroleum">{{cite web|url=http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/7846.aspx|title=Department of Mines and Petroleum|publisher=WA Department of Mines and Petroleum|date=9 November 2011<!-- 2011-->|accessdate=9 November 2011}}</ref> potentially earning up to 4.64% of Australia's total GDP.<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Chapter18012009%E2%80%9310|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=WA Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=9 November 2011<!-- 2011-->|accessdate=9 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Gross state product]] per person ($97,940 in 2017–18) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($73,267).<ref name="ABS Nat Accts">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/5220.0|title=Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2017–18|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=16 November 2018|accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>
* Diversification (i.e. a greater ''range'' of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
* Finance, insurance and property services and construction have grown steadily and have increased their share of economic output.<ref name="Structure2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf |title=Structure of the WA Economy |publisher=WA Department of Treasury and Finance |date=24 January 2006<!-- 2008--> |accessdate=10 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001203306/http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf |archivedate=1 October 2008 }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2011}} {{Dead link |date=December 2016}}</ref>
* Recent growth in global demand for minerals and petroleum, especially in China (iron-ore) and Japan (for LNG), has ensured economic growth above the national average.
In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total.<ref name=wsj/><ref name="austEcIndicators">{{cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/34CE7FFF9776F3F1CA2574B30017CFB2/$File/13500_sep%202008.pdf|title=Australian Economic Indicators|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|year=2008|accessdate=11 September 2008}}</ref> The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold, [[alumina]], nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and [[mineral sands]].<ref name=profile>{{cite web |title=Western Australia Economic Profile |url=https://www.jtsi.wa.gov.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/wa-economic-profile-0320.pdf?sfvrsn=9bb8711c_4 |publisher=Government of Western Australia, Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation |accessdate=17 April 2020 |location=Perth, WA |page=8 |date=March 2020}}</ref>
Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (32% of the world's total), and extracts 67% (6% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Diamonds are extracted at the world's largest [[Argyle diamond mine|diamond mine]] in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at [[Collie, Western Australia|Collie]] is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.<ref name=profile/><ref name=usgs>{{cite book |last1=Tuck |first1=Christopher A.|title=Mineral commodity summaries 2020 |date=20 January 2020 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |location=Reston, Virginia |isbn=978-1-4113-4362-7 |pages=88–89 |chapter-url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020.pdf |accessdate=28 February 2020 |chapter=Iron ore}}</ref>
Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. Although tending to be highly seasonal, in the period 2010–2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2–3 billion in export income.<ref name="cropreport">{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Ian |title=Western Australian wheat industry |url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/grains-research-development/western-australian-wheat-industry |publisher=Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food division |accessdate=17 April 2020 |location=South Perth, WA |date=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="WAatAglance">{{cite web |url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/EFF65DC1D23D314FCA25741D000DC292/$File/13065_2008_reissue.pdf|title=WA at a Glance 2008|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=2 April 2008|accessdate=10 September 2008}}</ref>
Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses.<ref name="cropreport"/> There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where cultural and religious traditions and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.<ref name="LivestockReport">{{cite web|url=http://abare.gov.au/publications_html/livestock/livestock_08/LiveExports.pdf |title=2008 Live Exports |publisher=ABARE |date=31 March 2008 |accessdate=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719182756/http://abare.gov.au/publications_html/livestock/livestock_08/LiveExports.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2008 }}</ref>
Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gowestnow.com|title=Go West Now|publisher=Government of Western Australia|year=2008|accessdate=16 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121040603/http://www.gowestnow.com/|archive-date=21 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the 2006 census,<ref name="2006CensusQuickStats">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=401&tabname=Summary&areacode=5&issue=2006&producttype=QuickStats&textversion=true&navmapdisplayed=true&&breadcrumb=PLD& |title=2006 Census QuickStats: Western Australia, October 2007 |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref> the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007. Perth property prices are still the second highest in Australia behind Sydney, and high rental prices continue to be a problem.
Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of [[City of Kwinana|Kwinana]] has the [[Kwinana Oil Refinery|nation's largest oil refinery]] with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Refining |url=http://www.bp.com/en_au/australia/about-us/what-we-do/refining.html|website=Bp.com|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McKinnon|first1=Stuart|title=BP sticks by Kwinana despite Qld closure|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/wa/a/22323082/bp-sticks-by-kwinana-despite-qld-closure/#page1|accessdate=27 October 2014|newspaper=[[The West Australian]]|date=3 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aip.com.au/pdf/Downstream_Petroleum_2007_Report.pdf|title=Downstream_Petroleum 2007 Report|publisher=Australian Institute of Petroleum|date=15 July 2008|accessdate=12 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001041851/http://www.aip.com.au/pdf/Downstream_Petroleum_2007_Report.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. [[Austal Ships]]) and associated support industries are found at nearby [[Henderson, Western Australia|Henderson]], just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.
Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include [[western rock lobster]]s, prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast. Whaling was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.
===Tourism===
In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%).<ref name="WAatAglance" /> Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.
Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%) and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research%20and%20reports/Fast%20Facts%20YE%20March%202015.pdf|title=Tourism Western Australia : Fast Facts Year Ending March 2015|website=Tourism.wa.gov.au|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref> The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research%20and%20reports/TSA%202013-14%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|title=Tourism Satellite Account : Western Australia 2013 – 2014 : Fact Sheet|website=Tourism.wa.gov.au|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/|title=Tourism Western Australia|website=Tourism.wa.gov.au|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref>
==Government==
{{Main|Government of Western Australia}}
[[File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop gobeirne.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|[[Government House, Perth|Government House, Western Australia]]]]
Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/ProclamationDay.aspx|title=Proclamation Day|publisher=Government of Western Australia|date=11 June 2015|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029211952/https://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/ProclamationDay.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a bicameral [[Parliament of Western Australia|Parliament]] located in Perth, consisting of the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] (or ''lower house''), which has 59 members; and the [[Western Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] (or ''upper house''), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's [[Federation|federal]] structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State, however over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through increasing control of taxation and financial distribution.
Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is the Queen of Australia ([[Elizabeth II]]), and executive power nominally vested in her State representative the [[Governor of Western Australia|Governor]] (currently [[Kim Beazley]]), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. [[Mark McGowan (politician)|Mark McGowan]] is the Premier, having defeated [[Colin Barnett]] at the [[2017 Western Australian state election|state election on 11 March 2017]].
===Secession===
{{Main|Secessionism in Western Australia}}
Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the [[Federation of Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]].<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/2000/40.html Review Essay, New Federation History, Melbourne University Law Review] www.austlii.edu.au</ref> Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name [[Auralia]] was considered.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster]], but the British Government refused to intervene and therefore no action was taken to implement this decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30087998|title=25 May 1935 – W. A. Secession Petition Disallowed Committee's ...|website=Nla.gov.au|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref>
===Local government===
Western Australia is divided into 139 [[Local Government Areas of Western Australia|Local Government Areas]], including [[Shire of Christmas Island|Christmas Island]] and the [[Shire of Cocos|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]. Their mandate and operations are governed by the [[Local Government Act 1995]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/lga1995182/|title= Local Government Act 1995 |website=Austlii.edu.au|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref>
==Education==
Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://det.wa.edu.au/schoolsandyou/detcms/schoolsandyou/schools-and-you/pre-primary-and-year-7/year-7.en?cat-id=12742035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717005600/http://det.wa.edu.au/schoolsandyou/detcms/schoolsandyou/schools-and-you/pre-primary-and-year-7/year-7.en?cat-id=12742035|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2014|title=Year 7 students move to secondary school – School education – The Department of Education|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref> At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.education.wa.edu.au/enrolling-in-school|title=Enrolling in school – The Department of Education|website=Education.wa.edu.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref> Students have the option to study at a [[Technical and further education|TAFE]] college after Year 10,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/TAFE%20Admissions%20guide%20for%20entry%20to%20full-time%20courses%20FINAL.pdf|title=TAFE Admissions guide for entry to full time courses|last=|first=|date=|website=Northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au|access-date=}}</ref> or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scsa.wa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/438192/WACE-Manual-2018-January-2018.pdf|title=Western Australian Certificate of Education: WACE Manual: General information for senior secondary schooling 2018|last=|first=|date=31 May 2018|publisher=School Curriculum and Standards Authority|access-date=}}</ref>
There are five universities in Western Australia. They consist of four [[Perth]]-based [[public university|public universities]]; the [[University of Western Australia]], [[Curtin University]], [[Edith Cowan University]] and [[Murdoch University]]; and one [[Fremantle]]-based [[private university|private Roman Catholic university]], the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]]. The [[University of Notre Dame Australia|University of Notre Dame]] is also one of only two [[private university|private universities]] in Australia, along with [[Bond University]], a not-for-profit private education provider based in [[Gold Coast, Queensland]].
==Media==
===Print===
{{Main|List of newspapers in Western Australia}}
Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the [[Seven West Media]]-owned tabloid ''[[The West Australian]]'' and ''[[The Kalgoorlie Miner]]''. Also published is one weekend paper, ''The Weekend West'', and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]'s ''[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]]''. There are also 17 weekly ''[[Community paper|Community Newspapers]]'' with distribution from [[Yanchep]] in the north to [[Mandurah]] in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state, ''Countryman'' and the [[Rural Press]]-owned ''Farm Weekly''. The interstate broadsheet publication ''[[The Australian]]'' is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states.
===Television===
[[File:ABC Perth gnangarra.JPG|thumb|ABC studios in [[East Perth, Western Australia|East Perth]]]]
Metropolitan Perth has six broadcast television stations;
* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC TV]] WA. (Callsign: [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]] – Channel 12 Digital)
* [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] WA (Callsign: [[SBS-28|SBS]] – Channel 29 Digital)
* [[Seven Network]] Perth. (Callsign: [[TVW]] – Channel 6 Digital)
* [[Nine Network]] Perth. (Callsign: [[STW]] – Channel 8 Digital)
* [[Network Ten]] Perth. (Callsign: [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] – Channel 11 Digital)
* [[West TV]]. A free-to-air community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010. It replaced [[Access 31]], which ceased broadcasting in August 2008.
Regional WA has a similar availability of stations, with the exception of West TV. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.
* [[Golden West Network|Golden West Network (GWN7)]]. Affiliated with Seven. (Callsigns: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW remote areas)
* [[WIN Television WA]]. Affiliated with Ten (Callsign: WOW)
* [[West Digital Television]]. Affiliated with Nine. (Callsigns: SDW South West, VDW Goldfields/Esperance, GDW Central West, WDW remote areas)
* [[Westlink (Australian TV channel)|Westlink]]. An open-narrowcast community-based television channel. (Satellite only)
In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:
* [[ABC HD (Australian TV channel)|ABC HD]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[ABC2]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[ABC Me]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[ABC News (TV channel)|ABC News]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[SBS HD]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[SBS Viceland]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[Food Network (Australia)|Food Network]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[7HD]] (Carried by [[TVW]])
* [[7TWO]] (Carried by [[TVW]] and affiliates)
* [[7mate]] (Carried by [[TVW]] and affiliates)
* [[7flix]] (Carried by [[TVW]])
* [[Racing.com]] (Carried by [[TVW]] and affiliates)
* [[9HD]] (Carried by [[STW]])
* [[9Gem (Australian TV channel)|9Gem]] (Carried by [[STW]] and affiliates)
* [[9Go! (Australian TV channel)|9Go!]] (Carried by [[STW]] and affiliates)
* [[9Life]] (Carried by [[STW]])
* [[Extra (Australian TV channel)]] (Carried by [[STW]])
* [[One (Australian TV channel)|One]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[Eleven (TV channel)|Eleven]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[Ten HD]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[TVSN]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[Spree TV]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]])
Pay TV services are provided by [[Foxtel]], which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent [[Galaxy (Australian television)|Galaxy Television]] satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
===Radio===
Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include [[ABC NewsRadio]] ([[6PB]] 585 am), [[720 ABC Perth]] ([[6WF]] 720 am), [[ABC Radio National]] ([[6RN]] 810 am), [[ABC Classic FM]] (6ABC 97.7FM) and [[Triple J]] ([[6JJJ]] 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are: FM 92.9 ([[6PPM]]), Nova 93.7 ([[6PER]]), Mix 94.5 ([[6MIX]]), 96fm ([[6NOW]]), and AM 882 ([[6PR]]), AM 1080 ([[6IX]]) and AM 1116 ([[6MM]])
The leading [[community radio]] stations are [[Curtin FM]] 100.1, [[RTRFM|6RTR]] FM 92.1, Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON) and [[91.3 SportFM]] (6WSM).
==Culture==
===Wine===
{{Main|Western Australian wine}}
Winemaking regions are concentrated in the cooler climate of the [[West Australian wine#South Western Australia|south-western portion]] of the state. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, but in quality terms is considered to be very much near the top.<ref>{{cite book|title= The World Atlas of Wine; 6th Revised edition |publisher=Mitchell Beazley| year=2007|isbn=978-1-84533-414-7|author=Hugh Johnson & Jancis Robinson}}</ref><ref name="Sotheby">T. Stevenson ''"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"'' pg 589 Dorling Kindersley 2005 {{ISBN|0-7566-1324-8}}</ref><ref name="western australian wine">{{cite web|url=http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179|title=Wine Australia|website=Wineaustralia.com|accessdate=16 September 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722023419/http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179|archivedate=22 July 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=ocw-wa>winepros.com.au, ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'' pg 765 [https://web.archive.org/web/20010507220252/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=3564 Western Australia]</ref> Major wine producing regions include: [[Margaret River (wine region)|Margaret River]], [[Great Southern Wine Region|The Great Southern]], [[Swan Valley (Western Australia)|Swan Valley]] as well as smaller districts including [[Blackwood Valley]], [[Manjimup, Western Australia|Manjimup]], [[Pemberton, Western Australia|Pemberton]], [[Peel (Western Australia)|Peel]], Chittering Valley, [[Perth Hills]], and [[Geographe Bay|Geographe]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179 |title=Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation – Western Australian Wine |website=Wineaustralia.com |accessdate=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722023419/http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179 |archivedate=22 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in Western Australia}}
[[File:AFL WCE VS COLLINGWOOD.JPG|thumb|right|2014 AFL premiership match between [[West Coast Eagles]] and [[Collingwood Football Club|Collingwood]] being played at [[Patersons Stadium]], Subiaco]]
A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:
* [[Australian rules football]]: The [[West Coast Eagles]] and the [[Fremantle Dockers]] compete in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL). The Fremantle Dockers also have a women's team of the same name playing in the [[AFL Women's]] league, founded in September 2016. The West Coast Eagles are scheduled to get an AFLW team in 2020. The [[West Australian Football League]] (WAFL) is the main local football competition, but other [[Australian rules football in Western Australia|local and amateur football leagues]] exist across the state.
* Baseball: The [[Perth Heat]] compete in the [[Australian Baseball League]].
* Basketball: The [[Perth Wildcats]] (men) and [[Perth Lynx]] (women) compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australasia)|National Basketball League]] and [[Women's National Basketball League]], respectively.
* [[Cricket]]: [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]] represent the state in [[first-class cricket|first-class]] and [[List A cricket|List A]] domestic cricket, with the [[Perth Scorchers]] competing in the [[Twenty20]] [[Big Bash League]].
* [[Field hockey]]: The [[WA Thundersticks|Thundersticks]] (men) and Diamonds (women) compete in the [[Australian Hockey League]].
* [[Netball]]: The [[West Coast Fever]] compete in the [[ANZ Championship]].
* [[Rugby league]]: The [[West Coast Pirates]] compete in the [[S. G. Ball Cup]].
* [[Rugby union]]: The [[Western Force]] competes in the [[Super Rugby]] and the [[Perth Spirit]] in the [[National Rugby Championship]].
* Soccer: [[Perth Glory]] field [[Perth Glory FC|men's]] and [[Perth Glory FC W-League|women's]] teams in the [[A-League]] and [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]], respectively.
* Tennis: The [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] [[Hopman Cup]], an annual international team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament.
* [[Water Polo]]: The [[UWA Torpedoes]] water polo club competes in the [[Australian National Water Polo League|National Water Polo League (NWPL)]].
International sporting events hosted in the past in Western Australia include the [[Tom Hoad Cup]] (water polo), the [[Perth International]] (golf), the 2006 [[Gravity Games]] ([[extreme sports]]), the 2002 [[Women's Hockey World Cup]], the 1991 [[FINA World Aquatics Championships]] and the [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]].
===The arts===
Western Australia is home to one of the country's leading performance training institutions, the acclaimed [[Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts]] (WAAPA), as well as a burgeoning theatrical and musical scene. Notable musicians and bands to have been born in or lived in Western Australia include [[Adam Brand (musician)|Adam Brand]], [[Karnivool]], [[Birds of Tokyo]], [[Bon Scott]], [[Eskimo Joe]], [[Johnny Young]], [[Gyroscope (band)|Gyroscope]], the [[John Butler Trio]], [[Tame Impala]], [[Kevin Mitchell (musician)|Kevin Mitchell]], [[Tim Minchin]], [[The Kill Devil Hills]], [[Pendulum (drum and bass band)|Pendulum]], [[The Pigram Brothers]], [[Rolf Harris]] and [[The Triffids]]. The [[West Australian Music Industry Awards]] (WAMis) have been awarded every year to the leading musicians and performers in WA since 2001.
Notable actors and television personalities from Western Australia include [[Heath Ledger]], [[Sam Worthington]], [[Ernie Dingo]], [[Jessica Marais]], [[Megan Gale]], [[Rove McManus]], [[Isla Fisher]], and [[Melissa George]]. Films and television series filmed or partly filmed in Western Australia include ''[[These Final Hours]]'', ''[[Cloudstreet]]'', ''[[Australia (movie)|Australia]]'', ''[[Bran Nue Dae (film)|Bran Nu Dae]]'', ''[[ABBA: the Movie]]'' and ''[[Last Train to Freo]]''.
Noted Western Australian indigenous painters and artisans include [[Jack Dale Mengenen]], [[Paddy Bedford]], [[Queenie McKenzie]], and siblings [[Nyuju Stumpy Brown]] and [[Rover Thomas]].<ref name=abc>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Lee|title='Grand old man of the Kimberley' dies |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-12/27grand-old-man-of-the-kimberley27-dies/4514018/?site=Indigenous&topic=latest |work= [[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=12 February 2013 |accessdate=2 March 2013}}</ref>
The [[West Australian Symphony Orchestra]] (WASO) is based at the [[Perth Concert Hall, Western Australia|Perth Concert Hall]]. Other concert, performance and indoor sporting venues in Western Australia include [[His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia|His Majesty's Theatre]], the now demolished [[Perth Entertainment Centre]], the [[Crown Perth|Burswood Dome and Theatre]] and the [[Perth Arena]], which opened in 2012.
Australian novelist [[Tim Winton]] was born in Perth and many of his novels are set in Western Australia.
== Sister states ==
Western Australia has four sister states:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/DevelopingArtsandCulture/international/inter-government-networks/|title=Sister State Relationships ~ DCA|first=Department of Culture and|last=Arts|website=Dca.wa.gov.au|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
* [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Hyōgo Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
* [[Tuscany|Tuscany Region]], [[Italy]]
* [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]], [[China]]
In 1981, a [[sister city|sister state]] agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] in [[Japan]] that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyogo.com.au/about-hyogo/hyogo-wa-sister-state-relationship/ |title=Hyogo-WA Sister State Relationship |publisher=Hyogo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=Hyogo>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajapan.net/014_OurSisterStateRelationship_E |title=WA-Hyogo Sister State |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date= 14 April 2016}}</ref> To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hyōgo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyogo.com.au/about-the-centre/ |title=About the centre |publisher=Hyogo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in [[Kobe]], the largest city in Hyōgo, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.<ref name=Hyogo/><ref name=garden>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajapan.net/news_e/889 |title=Japanese garden a tribute to Sister State relationship with Hyogo prefecture |publisher=Government of Western Australia |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>
Following the [[Great Hanshin earthquake]] that devastated southern Hyōgo in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hyōgo to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajswa.com.au/about-the-ajswa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409085909/http://www.ajswa.com.au/about-the-ajswa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=About Us |publisher= Australia Japan Society of WA |access-date= 14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/newsroom/featured-news/memorial-service-pays-tribute-japanese-earthquake-victims |title=Memorial service pays tribute to Japanese earthquake victims |publisher=City of Perth |date=January 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508145208/http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/newsroom/featured-news/memorial-service-pays-tribute-japanese-earthquake-victims |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/c02fad1ff7f00ecbc82572e4002d0af9/8137df1a3b82a563482565ff001aa60f?OpenDocument |title=Hansard, Western Australian Legislative Assembly |date=21 October 1997 |publisher=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422141344/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/c02fad1ff7f00ecbc82572e4002d0af9/8137df1a3b82a563482565ff001aa60f?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The two governments signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.<ref name=Hyogo/>
Further to the sister state relationship, the [[City of Rockingham]] in Western Australia and the [[Akō, Hyōgo|City of Akō]] in Hyōgo signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajapan.net/015_OurSisterCityRelationships_E |title=WA-Japan Sister City Relationships |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date= 14 April 2016}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Oceania|Australia|Western Australia}}
{{Wikipedia books|Australia}}
* [[Outline of Australia]]
* [[Index of Australia-related articles]]
* <!-- [[Bibliography of Australia]] -->
* [[Government of Western Australia]]
* [[Mining in Western Australia]]
* [[Petroleum in Western Australia]]
* [[Western Australian shark cull]]
===Lists===
* [[List of Western Australian towns]]
* [[List of statues in Western Australia]]
* [[Local Government Areas of Western Australia]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group="N"}}
[[File:2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg|thumb|"West Australia" on a 1902 stamp]]
{{note label|Note1|a|a}} "West Australia" and its related demonym "West Australian" are occasionally used, including in the names of the main daily newspaper, ''[[The West Australian]]'', and the state-based [[West Australian Football League]], but are rarely used in an official sense. The terms "[[Westralia (disambiguation)|Westralia]]" and "Westralian" were regularly used in the 19th and 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=westralia&searchscope=2&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109143420/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=westralia&searchscope=2&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2011 |title=SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta |website=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au |accessdate=2 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=westralia|title=Search results for 'westralia' – Trove|website=Trove.nla.gov.au|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref> The terms are still found in the names of certain companies and buildings, e.g. Westralia House in Perth and Westralia Airports Corporation, which operates [[Perth Airport]], as well as in the names of several ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2140613~S2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109135900/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2140613~S2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2011 |title=SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta |website=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au |accessdate=2 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1791098~S2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109141500/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1791098~S2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2011 |title=SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta |website=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au |accessdate=2 November 2012 }}</ref> <br />
{{note label|Note1|b|b}} In Australia, the [[Southern Ocean|body of water south of the continent]] is officially gazetted as the [[Southern Ocean]], whereas the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) designates it as part of the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202030545/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/21/1071941610556.html |title=Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean |website=Theage.com.au |date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Western Australia}}
{{wikivoyage}}
* {{osmrelation|2316598}}
* [http://www.westernaustralia.com/au/Pages/Welcome_to_Western_Australia.aspx Welcome to Western Australia], a tourist website run by [[Tourism Western Australia]], the [[statutory authority]] responsible for promoting Western Australia as a tourist destination
* [http://www.wa.gov.au/ Western Australia government's website]
* [http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/05/15/west-australian-time-capsule/ Watch historical footage of Western Australia] from the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's collection.
* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Western%20Australia/ Watch audiovisual material relating to Western Australia] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]]'s [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online''].
{{Western Australia}}
{{States and territories of Australia}}
{{Australia topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Western Australia| ]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1829]]
[[Category:1829 establishments in Australia]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|State in Australia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox Australia state or territory
| state = wa
| flag = Flag of Western Australia.svg
| flag_alt =
| coat_of_arms = Western Australian Coat of Arms.svg
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| nickname = The Wildflower State; The Golden State
| map = Western Australia in Australia.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|26|S|121|E|type:adm1st_region:AU-WA|display=inline,title}}
| capital_city = Perth
| demonym = Western Australian, West Australian, Sandgroper (colloquial)
| viceroy = [[Kim Beazley]]
| chief = [[Mark McGowan]]
| chief_party = [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]]
| established_event1 = Established <small>(as the [[Swan River Colony]])</small>
| established_date1 = {{date|2 May 1829}}
| established_event2 = Responsible government
| established_date2 = {{date|21 October 1890}}
| established_event3 = [[Federation of Australia|Federation]]
| established_date3 = {{date|1 January 1901}}
| established_event4 = ''[[Australia Act 1986|Australia Act]]''
| established_date4 = {{date|3 March 1986}}
| total_area = 2645615
| area_rank = 1st
| land_area = 2529875
| water_area = 115740
| percent_water = 4.37
| population_year = December 2019
| population_ref = <ref name=ABSPop>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3101.0Main%20Features3Dec%202019?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3101.0&issue=Dec%202019&num=&view=|title = Australian Demographic Statistics, Dec 2019|date=18 June 2020|accessdate=18 June 2020}} Estimated Resident Population – 31 December 2019</ref>
| population = 2639080
| population_rank = 4th
| density = 1.04
| density_rank = 7th
| highest_point = Mount Meharry
| highest_elev = 1249
| highest_elev_ref =
| GSP_year = 2018–19
| GSP = 183919
| GSP_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/5220.0Main+Features12018-19?OpenDocument |title=5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2018–19 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |date=15 November 2019 |accessdate=20 November 2019}}</ref>
| GSP_rank = 4th
| GSP_per_capita = 98997
| GSP_per_capita_rank = 2nd
| timezone = [[UTC+08:00]] ([[Australian Western Standard Time|AWST]]) [[UTC+08:45]] ([[Eucla, Western Australia#TimeZone|ACWST]])
| house_seats = 16
| senate_seats = [[List of Senators from Western Australia|12]]
| floral_emblem = [[Anigozanthos manglesii|Red-and-green or Mangles kangaroo paw]]<br /><small>(''Anigozanthos manglesii'')</small>
| animal_emblem = [[Numbat]]<br /><small>(''Myrmecobius fasciatus'')</small>
| bird_emblem = [[Black swan]]<br /><small>(''Cygnus atratus'')</small>
| marine_emblem = [[Whale shark]]
| mineral_emblem =
| fossil_emblem = [[Mcnamaraspis kaprios|Gogo fish]]<br /><small>(''Mcnamaraspis kaprios'')</small>
| colours = Black and gold
| website = www.wa.gov.au
| footnotes =
}}
'''Western Australia'''{{ref label|Note1|a|a}} (abbreviated as '''WA''') is a [[States and territories of Australia|state]] occupying the entire western third of [[Australia]]. It is bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]] to the north and west, and the [[Southern Ocean]] to the south,{{ref label|Note1|b|b}} the [[Northern Territory]] to the north-east, and [[South Australia]] to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the [[List of country subdivisions by area|second-largest country subdivision]] in the world, surpassed only by [[Russia]]'s [[Sakha|Sakha Republic]]. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants {{ndash}} around 11 percent of the national total {{ndash}} of whom the vast majority (92 percent) live in the [[South-West Land Division|south-west corner]], 79 percent of the population living in the [[Perth]] area,<ref name=ABSCapitalPop/> leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer [[Dirk Hartog]], who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major [[Edmund Lockyer]] on {{date|26 December 1826}} of an expedition on behalf of the [[New South Wales]] colonial government.<ref name="Western Australia Foundation">{{cite web |url=https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/king-georges-sound-settlement |title=King George's Sound Settlement |publisher=[[State Records Authority of New South Wales]] |accessdate={{date|30 August 2016}}}}</ref> He established a convict-supported military garrison at [[King George Sound|King George III Sound]], at present-day [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], and on {{date|21 January 1827}}<ref name="Western Australia Foundation"/> formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the [[Swan River Colony]] in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, [[Perth]].
[[York, Western Australia|York]] was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated {{convert|97|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} east of Perth, it was settled on {{date|16 September 1831}}.<ref name=knibbs>{{cite book | last1 = Knibbs | first1 = G.H. | authorlink1 = George Handley Knibbs | title = Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia | chapter = The Creation of the Several Colonies | volume = 4 | publisher = Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics | year = 1911 | location = Melbourne | page = 16 }}</ref>
Western Australia achieved [[responsible government]] in 1890 and [[Federation of Australia|federated]] with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today, its [[Economy of Western Australia|economy]] mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 per cent of Australia's exports.<ref name=wsj>{{cite news | first = Enda | last = Curran | title = Western Australia Plans Sovereign Wealth Fund | date = 21 February 2012 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203358704577236780148058626 | work = The Wall Street Journal | accessdate = 15 March 2012}}</ref> Western Australia is the largest [[iron ore]] producer in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/mcs-2015-feore.pdf|title=US Geological Survey|last=|first=|date=2014|website=Minerals.usgs.gov|access-date=11 June 2016}}</ref>
==History==
{{Main|History of Western Australia}}
[[File:John Forrest 1898.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[John Forrest]] was the first Premier of Western Australia.]]
[[File:Ngaanyatjarra kids.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ngaanyatjarra]] children, from the desert regions of Western Australia]]
The first inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These [[Indigenous Australians]] were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.
The first European to visit Western Australia was a Dutch explorer, [[Dirk Hartog]], who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, [[Dirk Hartog Island]]. For the rest of the 17th century, other Dutch and British navigators encountered the coast, usually unintentionally, as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the [[Brouwer Route]] (because of poor navigation and storms).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Green |first=J.N. |date=1977 |title=Australia's oldest wreck: The Loss of the Trial, 1622 |url=http://museum.wa.gov.au/maritime-archaeology-db/sites/default/files/no._278_trial_bar_1977_0.pdf |journal=British Archaeological Reports, Supplementary Series 27 |location=Oxford}}</ref> Two hundred years passed before Europeans believed that the great southern continent actually existed. By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast.
The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer<ref name="Western Australia Foundation"/> of a convict-supported settlement from [[New South Wales]] at [[King George Sound|King George III Sound]]. The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the [[Union Jack]] be raised and a [[feu de joie]] fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia.<ref name="Western Australia Foundation"/> On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony,<ref name=knibbs/> and named [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] in 1832.
In 1829 the [[Swan River Colony]] was established on the Swan River by Captain [[James Stirling (Australian governor)|James Stirling]]. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of [[Fremantle]] and the state's capital, Perth. [[York, Western Australia|York]] was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated {{convert|97|km}} east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.
Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around [[Kalgoorlie]].
In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance of European Australians and in 1890, the act granting [[self-governing colony|self-government]] to the colony was passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]. [[John Forrest]] became the first [[Premier of Western Australia]].
In 1896, the [[Western Australian Parliament]] authorised the raising of a loan to construct a [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] to transport {{convert|5|e6impgal|ML|order=flip|abbr=off}} of water per day to the Goldfields of Western Australia. The pipeline, known as the [[Goldfields Water Supply Scheme]], was completed in 1903. [[C.Y. O'Connor]], Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water {{convert|530|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Perth to [[Kalgoorlie]], and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A110059b.htm |title=''O'Connor, Charles Yelverton (1843–1902)'' |author=Tauman, Merab Harris |publisher=[[Melbourne University Press|MUP]] |year=1988 |pages=51–54 |accessdate=12 July 2008}}</ref>
Following a campaign led by Forrest, residents of the colony of Western Australia (still informally called the Swan River Colony) voted in favour of [[Federation of Australia|federation]], resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.
==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Western Australia}}
Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129°E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the [[Northern Territory]], and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) designates the [[Australia and the Southern Ocean|body of water south of the continent]] as part of the Indian Ocean; in Australia it is officially gazetted as the [[Southern Ocean]].{{ref label|Note1|b|b}}<ref name="SouthernOcean">{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.shom.fr/publicat/free/files/S23_1953.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007114205/http://www.iho.shom.fr/publicat/free/files/S23_1953.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 October 2009|title=Wayback Machine|date=7 October 2009|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/canberra-all-at-sea-over-position-of-southern-ocean-20031222-gdwzeb.html|title=Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean|date=22 December 2003|newspaper=[[The Age]]|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
The total length of the [[Border of Western Australia|state's eastern border]] is {{convert|1862|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/borders.htm|title=State And Territory Borders|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=11 September 2007|accessdate=25 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128113204/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/borders.htm |archivedate = 28 November 2007}}</ref> There are {{convert|20781|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|7892|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/coastline-lengths.html |title=Coastline Lengths |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=18 November 2010 |accessdate=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122025201/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/coastline-lengths.html |archivedate=22 January 2011 }}</ref> The total land area occupied by the state is {{convert|2.5|e6km2|e3mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/areadime.htm|title=Area of States and Territories|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=31 August 2005|accessdate=25 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730134442/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/areadime.htm |archivedate = 30 July 2008}}</ref>
===Climate===
[[File:Western Australia Köppen.svg|left|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] in Western Australia]]
The [[Southwest corner of Western Australia|southwest coastal area]] has a [[Mediterranean climate]]. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of [[karri]], one of the [[List of tallest trees|tallest trees]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web | title = Climate of Western Australia | publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.htm | accessdate =6 December 2009|archiveurl=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ausclim/ausclimwa.html|archivedate=17 March 2009}} {{Dead link |date=December 2016}}</ref> This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of [[endemic species]] than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore [[Leeuwin Current]], the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly [[coral reef]]s in the world.
Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the [[Wheatbelt (Western Australia)|Wheatbelt]] region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near [[Northcliffe, Western Australia|Northcliffe]], but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.
The central two-thirds of the state is [[arid]] and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/climate_averages/rainfall/index.jsp |title=Average annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology |date=26 October 2011 |accessdate=1 June 2014 }}</ref>
An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's [[runoff (water)|runoff]] occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the [[Ord River]].
[[File:Black Swans.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|The [[black swan]] is the state bird of Western Australia]]
Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the [[Stirling Range]] near [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]], as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby [[Porongurup National Park|Porongurup Range]]. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the [[Perth Hills]], as far north as [[Wongan Hills, Western Australia|Wongan Hills]] and as far east as [[Salmon Gums, Western Australia|Salmon Gums]]. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed {{convert|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} and rarely settle for more than one day.<ref>[http://www.feargod.net/wa-snow1.php Snow in Western Australia: About Snow in WA]. Retrieved 4 February 2007.</ref>
The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) was recorded at [[Mardie Station]] on 19 February 1998. The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at [[Eyre Bird Observatory]] on 17 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf|title=Rainfall and Temperature Records: National|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=14 November 2009}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Western Australia
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 49.8
|Feb record high C = 50.5
|Mar record high C = 48.1
|Apr record high C = 45.0
|May record high C = 40.6
|Jun record high C = 37.8
|Jul record high C = 38.3
|Aug record high C = 40.0
|Sep record high C = 43.1
|Oct record high C = 46.9
|Nov record high C = 48.0
|Dec record high C = 49.4
|year record high C = 50.5
|Jan record low C = 0.9
|Feb record low C = 0.5
|Mar record low C = -0.8
|Apr record low C = -2.2
|May record low C = -5.6
|Jun record low C = -6.0
|Jul record low C = -6.7
|Aug record low C = -7.2
|Sep record low C = -4.6
|Oct record low C = -5.0
|Nov record low C = -2.1
|Dec record low C = 0.0
|year record low C = -7.2
|source 1 = Bureau of Meteorology<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/climate/extremes/daily_extremes.cgi?period=%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclimate%2Fextremes%2Fdaily_extremes.cgi&climtab=tmax_high&area=tas&year=2013&mon=1&day=11|title=Official records for Australia in January|date=1 July 2017|publisher=Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref>
|date=March 2012
}}
===Flora and fauna===
[[File:Freshwater crocodile at Lake Argyle, Western Australia.jpg|thumb|right|Crocodile at [[Lake Argyle]]]]
Western Australia is home to around [[List of Western Australian birds|540 species of birds]] (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are [[endemic species|endemic]] to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
The [[Flora of Western Australia]] comprises 10,162 published native [[vascular plant]] species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543 [[genus|genera]] from 211 [[Family (biology)|families]]; there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or invasive plant species, more commonly known as weeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/statistics/|title=2016 Vascular Flora Statistics|publisher=Flora Base|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/articles/sequence/sequence|title=New linear systematic sequence for vascular plants|publisher=Flora Base|accessdate=3 June 2017}}</ref> In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world. Western Australia's [[ecoregion]]s include the sandstone gorges of [[Kimberley tropical savanna|The Kimberley]] on the northern coast, and below that the drier [[Victoria Plains tropical savanna]] inland, and the semi-desert [[Pilbara shrublands]], [[Carnarvon xeric shrublands]], and [[Western Australian mulga shrublands]] to the southwest. Southwards along the coast are the [[Southwest Australia savanna]] and the [[Swan Coastal Plain]] around Perth, with the [[Warren (biogeographic region)|Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands]] on the southwest corner of the coast around the [[Margaret River]] wine-growing area.
Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the [[Goldfields-Esperance]] region, including the [[Esperance mallee]] and the [[Coolgardie (biogeographic region)|Coolgardie woodlands]] inland around town of [[Coolgardie]]. Deserts occupy the interior, including the [[Great Sandy-Tanami desert]], [[Gibson Desert]], [[Great Victoria Desert]], and [[Nullarbor Plain]].
In 1831 Scottish botanist [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] produced a scientific paper, ''[[General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River]]''. It discusses the vegetation of the [[Swan River Colony]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Diels, Ludwig; Carr, D. J. (translator) | year = 1981 | chapter = Extra-tropical Western Australia | pages = 47–78 | editor = Carr, D. J.; Carr, S. G. M. | title = People and plants in Australia | publisher = Academic Press Australia | isbn = 978-0-12-160720-3}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{See also|Demographics of Australia}}
[[File:Perth Skyline from Kings Park.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Western Australia's capital and largest city, [[Perth]], from [[Kings Park, Western Australia|Kings Park]]. Its metropolitan area is home to 75% of the state's population.]]
[[File:Western Australia population T.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|left|WA population growth 1829–2010]]
[[File:WApopDist2006.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Distribution of the Western Australian population]]
Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the [[Swan River Colony]] in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested [[Convictism in Australia|convict]] labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the [[Goldfields-Esperance|Goldfields region]], resulted in a sharp population increase.
Western Australia did not receive significant flows of [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the [[British Empire]] until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects—such as the [[Group Settlement Scheme]] of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.
Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After [[World War II]], both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of [[Italian Australian|Italians]], [[Croatian Australian|Croatians]] and [[Macedonian Australians|Macedonians]]. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.<ref name=abs_2011>{{cite web|title=Country of Birth|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3105.0.65.0012014?OpenDocument|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=27 October 2014|format=xls|date=1 October 2014}}</ref>
Perth's metropolitan area (including [[Mandurah]]) had an estimated population of 2,043,138<ref name=ABSCapitalPop>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=13 October 2018}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> in June 2017 (79% of the state). Other significant population centres include [[Bunbury, Western Australia|Bunbury]] (73,989),<ref name=ABSSUA>{{cite web|title=3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2007 to 2017|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016-17|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=24 April 2018|accessdate=12 October 2018}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</ref> [[Geraldton]] (37,961),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Kalgoorlie-Boulder]] (30,420),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] (33,998),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Karratha]] (16,446),<ref name=ABSSUA/> [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] (14,501)<ref name=ABSSUA/> and [[Port Hedland, Western Australia|Port Hedland]] (14,285).<ref name=ABSSUA/>
===Ancestry and immigration===
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
!colspan="2"|Country of birth (2016)<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{cite web |title=2016 Census Community Profiles: Western Australia |url=https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/5?opendocument |website=quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au}}</ref><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{cite web |title=2016 - Census Output |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub2016.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2016~Community%20Profile~5/$File/GCP_5.zip?OpenElement |website=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/}}</ref>
|-
! Birthplace{{refn|group="N"|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, [[England]], [[Scotland]], [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] are listed separately}} || Population
|-
| [[Australia]] ||1,492,842
|-
| [[England]] ||194,163 <!-- England and Scotland are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[New Zealand]] ||79,221
|-
| [[India]] ||49,385
|-
| [[South Africa]] ||41,008
|-
| [[Philippines]] ||30,835
|-
| [[Malaysia]] ||29,126
|-
| [[Mainland China]] ||27,126 <!-- Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau SARs are listed separately as per the source. Do not combine -->
|-
| [[Italy]] ||19,210
|-
| [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] ||18,036
|-
| [[Vietnam]] ||15,845
|}
At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:{{refn|group="N"|As a percentage of 2,286,107 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.}}<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/> <!-- Only ancestries with >1% are listed. Do not use the QuickStats data from ABS for ancestries. Use the full ancestry data series (eg from ABS Community Profiles series) as the QuickStats data shows each ancestry as a percentage of all ancestry responses (where each person can list up to two, thus a far greater number than the total population) while the full data series in the ABS Community Profiles show the percentage of people nominating a given ancestry as a percentage of the population who nominated an ancestry -->
{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (40.7%)
* [[Australians|Australian]] (33.2%){{refn|group="N"|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title=Feature Article - Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)|first=c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of|last=Statistics|website=www.abs.gov.au}}</ref>}}
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (9.8%)
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (9.4%)
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (5.4%)
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (4.5%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (3.2%)
* [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] (3.1%){{refn|group="N"|Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as [[Aboriginal Australians]] or [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (3%)
* [[Dutch Australians|Dutch]] (2.1%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (1.6%)
* [[New Zealand Australians|New Zealander]] (1.4%)
* [[South African Australians|South African]] (1.3%)
* [[Māori Australians|Maori]] (1.2%)
}}
3.1% of the population, or 75,978 people, identified as [[Indigenous Australians]] ([[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]]) in 2016.{{refn|group="N"|Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as [[Aboriginal Australians]] or [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>
===Language===
At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] (1.9%), [[Italian language|Italian]] (1.2%), [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] (0.8%), [[Cantonese]] (0.8%) and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (0.6%).<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au"/><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>
===Religion===
At the {{CensusAU|2016}}, 55.5% of respondents identified as [[Christianity|Christian]] and 32.5% as having [[irreligion|no religion]]. 10.3% chose not to state a religion. The most commonly nominated responses were [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]] (21.4%) and [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglicanism]] (14.3%).<ref name="quickstats">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=5 |name=Western Australia |accessdate=26 June 2019 |quick=on}}</ref><ref name="censusdata.abs.gov.au"/>
==Economy==
{{See also|Economy of Western Australia|Economy of Australia}}
[[File:Aerial view of Fremantle.JPG|thumb|right|Aerial view of [[Fremantle Harbour]], a major port in WA]]
[[File:2007 Resource production WA-svg.svg|thumb|right|Western Australia's resource commodity mix, 2007]]
[[File:Major West Australian Commodities 2008-2009 ($ million).png|thumb|right|Major commodity mix, 2008–2009]]
Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:
* Western Australia contributes an estimated 58% of Australia's Mineral and Energy Exports,<ref name="Department of Mines and Petroleum">{{cite web|url=http://www.dmp.wa.gov.au/7846.aspx|title=Department of Mines and Petroleum|publisher=WA Department of Mines and Petroleum|date=9 November 2011<!-- 2011-->|accessdate=9 November 2011}}</ref> potentially earning up to 4.64% of Australia's total GDP.<ref name="Australian Bureau of Statistics">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Chapter18012009%E2%80%9310|title=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=WA Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=9 November 2011<!-- 2011-->|accessdate=9 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Gross state product]] per person ($97,940 in 2017–18) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($73,267).<ref name="ABS Nat Accts">{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mf/5220.0|title=Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2017–18|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=16 November 2018|accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref>
* Diversification (i.e. a greater ''range'' of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
* Finance, insurance and property services and construction have grown steadily and have increased their share of economic output.<ref name="Structure2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf |title=Structure of the WA Economy |publisher=WA Department of Treasury and Finance |date=24 January 2006<!-- 2008--> |accessdate=10 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001203306/http://www.dtf.wa.gov.au/cms/uploadedFiles/structure_wa_economy_2005.pdf |archivedate=1 October 2008 }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2011}} {{Dead link |date=December 2016}}</ref>
* Recent growth in global demand for minerals and petroleum, especially in China (iron-ore) and Japan (for LNG), has ensured economic growth above the national average.
In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total.<ref name=wsj/><ref name="austEcIndicators">{{cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/34CE7FFF9776F3F1CA2574B30017CFB2/$File/13500_sep%202008.pdf|title=Australian Economic Indicators|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|year=2008|accessdate=11 September 2008}}</ref> The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold, [[alumina]], nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and [[mineral sands]].<ref name=profile>{{cite web |title=Western Australia Economic Profile |url=https://www.jtsi.wa.gov.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/wa-economic-profile-0320.pdf?sfvrsn=9bb8711c_4 |publisher=Government of Western Australia, Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation |accessdate=17 April 2020 |location=Perth, WA |page=8 |date=March 2020}}</ref>
Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (32% of the world's total), and extracts 67% (6% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Diamonds are extracted at the world's largest [[Argyle diamond mine|diamond mine]] in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at [[Collie, Western Australia|Collie]] is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.<ref name=profile/><ref name=usgs>{{cite book |last1=Tuck |first1=Christopher A.|title=Mineral commodity summaries 2020 |date=20 January 2020 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |location=Reston, Virginia |isbn=978-1-4113-4362-7 |pages=88–89 |chapter-url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020.pdf |accessdate=28 February 2020 |chapter=Iron ore}}</ref>
Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. Although tending to be highly seasonal, in the period 2010–2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2–3 billion in export income.<ref name="cropreport">{{cite web |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Ian |title=Western Australian wheat industry |url=https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/grains-research-development/western-australian-wheat-industry |publisher=Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food division |accessdate=17 April 2020 |location=South Perth, WA |date=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="WAatAglance">{{cite web |url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/EFF65DC1D23D314FCA25741D000DC292/$File/13065_2008_reissue.pdf|title=WA at a Glance 2008|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=2 April 2008|accessdate=10 September 2008}}</ref>
Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses.<ref name="cropreport"/> There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where cultural and religious traditions and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.<ref name="LivestockReport">{{cite web|url=http://abare.gov.au/publications_html/livestock/livestock_08/LiveExports.pdf |title=2008 Live Exports |publisher=ABARE |date=31 March 2008 |accessdate=15 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719182756/http://abare.gov.au/publications_html/livestock/livestock_08/LiveExports.pdf |archivedate=19 July 2008 }}</ref>
Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gowestnow.com|title=Go West Now|publisher=Government of Western Australia|year=2008|accessdate=16 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121040603/http://www.gowestnow.com/|archive-date=21 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the 2006 census,<ref name="2006CensusQuickStats">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=401&tabname=Summary&areacode=5&issue=2006&producttype=QuickStats&textversion=true&navmapdisplayed=true&&breadcrumb=PLD& |title=2006 Census QuickStats: Western Australia, October 2007 |website=Censusdata.abs.gov.au |accessdate=14 June 2010}}</ref> the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007. Perth property prices are still the second highest in Australia behind Sydney, and high rental prices continue to be a problem.
Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of [[City of Kwinana|Kwinana]] has the [[Kwinana Oil Refinery|nation's largest oil refinery]] with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Refining |url=http://www.bp.com/en_au/australia/about-us/what-we-do/refining.html|website=Bp.com|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McKinnon|first1=Stuart|title=BP sticks by Kwinana despite Qld closure|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/wa/a/22323082/bp-sticks-by-kwinana-despite-qld-closure/#page1|accessdate=27 October 2014|newspaper=[[The West Australian]]|date=3 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aip.com.au/pdf/Downstream_Petroleum_2007_Report.pdf|title=Downstream_Petroleum 2007 Report|publisher=Australian Institute of Petroleum|date=15 July 2008|accessdate=12 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001041851/http://www.aip.com.au/pdf/Downstream_Petroleum_2007_Report.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. [[Austal Ships]]) and associated support industries are found at nearby [[Henderson, Western Australia|Henderson]], just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.
Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include [[western rock lobster]]s, prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast. Whaling was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.
===Tourism===
In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%).<ref name="WAatAglance" /> Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.
Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%) and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research%20and%20reports/Fast%20Facts%20YE%20March%202015.pdf|title=Tourism Western Australia : Fast Facts Year Ending March 2015|website=Tourism.wa.gov.au|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref> The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/Publications%20Library/Research%20and%20reports/TSA%202013-14%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf|title=Tourism Satellite Account : Western Australia 2013 – 2014 : Fact Sheet|website=Tourism.wa.gov.au|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.wa.gov.au/|title=Tourism Western Australia|website=Tourism.wa.gov.au|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref>
==Government==
{{Main|Government of Western Australia}}
[[File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop gobeirne.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|[[Government House, Perth|Government House, Western Australia]]]]
Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/ProclamationDay.aspx|title=Proclamation Day|publisher=Government of Western Australia|date=11 June 2015|access-date=21 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029211952/https://www.constitutionalcentre.wa.gov.au/ResearchAndSeminarPapers/LaunchingTheShip/Pages/ProclamationDay.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a bicameral [[Parliament of Western Australia|Parliament]] located in Perth, consisting of the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] (or ''lower house''), which has 59 members; and the [[Western Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] (or ''upper house''), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's [[Federation|federal]] structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State, however over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through increasing control of taxation and financial distribution.
Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is the Queen of Australia ([[Elizabeth II]]), and executive power nominally vested in her State representative the [[Governor of Western Australia|Governor]] (currently [[Kim Beazley]]), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. [[Mark McGowan (politician)|Mark McGowan]] is the Premier, having defeated [[Colin Barnett]] at the [[2017 Western Australian state election|state election on 11 March 2017]].
===Secession===
{{Main|Secessionism in Western Australia}}
Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the [[Federation of Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]].<ref>[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MULR/2000/40.html Review Essay, New Federation History, Melbourne University Law Review] www.austlii.edu.au</ref> Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name [[Auralia]] was considered.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster]], but the British Government refused to intervene and therefore no action was taken to implement this decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article30087998|title=25 May 1935 – W. A. Secession Petition Disallowed Committee's ...|website=Nla.gov.au|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref>
===Local government===
Western Australia is divided into 139 [[Local Government Areas of Western Australia|Local Government Areas]], including [[Shire of Christmas Island|Christmas Island]] and the [[Shire of Cocos|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]. Their mandate and operations are governed by the [[Local Government Act 1995]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_act/lga1995182/|title= Local Government Act 1995 |website=Austlii.edu.au|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref>
==Education==
Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://det.wa.edu.au/schoolsandyou/detcms/schoolsandyou/schools-and-you/pre-primary-and-year-7/year-7.en?cat-id=12742035|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717005600/http://det.wa.edu.au/schoolsandyou/detcms/schoolsandyou/schools-and-you/pre-primary-and-year-7/year-7.en?cat-id=12742035|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2014|title=Year 7 students move to secondary school – School education – The Department of Education|date=17 July 2014|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref> At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.education.wa.edu.au/enrolling-in-school|title=Enrolling in school – The Department of Education|website=Education.wa.edu.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2018-05-31}}</ref> Students have the option to study at a [[Technical and further education|TAFE]] college after Year 10,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/TAFE%20Admissions%20guide%20for%20entry%20to%20full-time%20courses%20FINAL.pdf|title=TAFE Admissions guide for entry to full time courses|last=|first=|date=|website=Northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au|access-date=}}</ref> or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scsa.wa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/438192/WACE-Manual-2018-January-2018.pdf|title=Western Australian Certificate of Education: WACE Manual: General information for senior secondary schooling 2018|last=|first=|date=31 May 2018|publisher=School Curriculum and Standards Authority|access-date=}}</ref>
There are five universities in Western Australia. They consist of four [[Perth]]-based [[public university|public universities]]; the [[University of Western Australia]], [[Curtin University]], [[Edith Cowan University]] and [[Murdoch University]]; and one [[Fremantle]]-based [[private university|private Roman Catholic university]], the [[University of Notre Dame Australia]]. The [[University of Notre Dame Australia|University of Notre Dame]] is also one of only two [[private university|private universities]] in Australia, along with [[Bond University]], a not-for-profit private education provider based in [[Gold Coast, Queensland]].
==Media==
===Print===
{{Main|List of newspapers in Western Australia}}
Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the [[Seven West Media]]-owned tabloid ''[[The West Australian]]'' and ''[[The Kalgoorlie Miner]]''. Also published is one weekend paper, ''The Weekend West'', and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from [[News Corporation (1980–2013)|News Corporation]]'s ''[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|The Sunday Times]]''. There are also 17 weekly ''[[Community paper|Community Newspapers]]'' with distribution from [[Yanchep]] in the north to [[Mandurah]] in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state, ''Countryman'' and the [[Rural Press]]-owned ''Farm Weekly''. The interstate broadsheet publication ''[[The Australian]]'' is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states.
===Television===
[[File:ABC Perth gnangarra.JPG|thumb|ABC studios in [[East Perth, Western Australia|East Perth]]]]
Metropolitan Perth has six broadcast television stations;
* [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC TV]] WA. (Callsign: [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]] – Channel 12 Digital)
* [[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]] WA (Callsign: [[SBS-28|SBS]] – Channel 29 Digital)
* [[Seven Network]] Perth. (Callsign: [[TVW]] – Channel 6 Digital)
* [[Nine Network]] Perth. (Callsign: [[STW]] – Channel 8 Digital)
* [[Network Ten]] Perth. (Callsign: [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] – Channel 11 Digital)
* [[West TV]]. A free-to-air community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010. It replaced [[Access 31]], which ceased broadcasting in August 2008.
Regional WA has a similar availability of stations, with the exception of West TV. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.
* [[Golden West Network|Golden West Network (GWN7)]]. Affiliated with Seven. (Callsigns: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW remote areas)
* [[WIN Television WA]]. Affiliated with Ten (Callsign: WOW)
* [[West Digital Television]]. Affiliated with Nine. (Callsigns: SDW South West, VDW Goldfields/Esperance, GDW Central West, WDW remote areas)
* [[Westlink (Australian TV channel)|Westlink]]. An open-narrowcast community-based television channel. (Satellite only)
In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:
* [[ABC HD (Australian TV channel)|ABC HD]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[ABC2]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[ABC Me]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[ABC News (TV channel)|ABC News]] (Carried by [[ABW (TV station)|ABW]])
* [[SBS HD]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[SBS Viceland]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[Food Network (Australia)|Food Network]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]] (Carried by [[SBS-28|SBS]])
* [[7HD]] (Carried by [[TVW]])
* [[7TWO]] (Carried by [[TVW]] and affiliates)
* [[7mate]] (Carried by [[TVW]] and affiliates)
* [[7flix]] (Carried by [[TVW]])
* [[Racing.com]] (Carried by [[TVW]] and affiliates)
* [[9HD]] (Carried by [[STW]])
* [[9Gem (Australian TV channel)|9Gem]] (Carried by [[STW]] and affiliates)
* [[9Go! (Australian TV channel)|9Go!]] (Carried by [[STW]] and affiliates)
* [[9Life]] (Carried by [[STW]])
* [[Extra (Australian TV channel)]] (Carried by [[STW]])
* [[One (Australian TV channel)|One]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[Eleven (TV channel)|Eleven]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[Ten HD]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[TVSN]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]] and affiliate)
* [[Spree TV]] (Carried by [[NEW (TV station)|NEW]])
Pay TV services are provided by [[Foxtel]], which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent [[Galaxy (Australian television)|Galaxy Television]] satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
===Radio===
Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include [[ABC NewsRadio]] ([[6PB]] 585 am), [[720 ABC Perth]] ([[6WF]] 720 am), [[ABC Radio National]] ([[6RN]] 810 am), [[ABC Classic FM]] (6ABC 97.7FM) and [[Triple J]] ([[6JJJ]] 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are: FM 92.9 ([[6PPM]]), Nova 93.7 ([[6PER]]), Mix 94.5 ([[6MIX]]), 96fm ([[6NOW]]), and AM 882 ([[6PR]]), AM 1080 ([[6IX]]) and AM 1116 ([[6MM]])
The leading [[community radio]] stations are [[Curtin FM]] 100.1, [[RTRFM|6RTR]] FM 92.1, Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON) and [[91.3 SportFM]] (6WSM).
==Culture==
===Wine===
{{Main|Western Australian wine}}
Winemaking regions are concentrated in the cooler climate of the [[West Australian wine#South Western Australia|south-western portion]] of the state. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, but in quality terms is considered to be very much near the top.<ref>{{cite book|title= The World Atlas of Wine; 6th Revised edition |publisher=Mitchell Beazley| year=2007|isbn=978-1-84533-414-7|author=Hugh Johnson & Jancis Robinson}}</ref><ref name="Sotheby">T. Stevenson ''"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"'' pg 589 Dorling Kindersley 2005 {{ISBN|0-7566-1324-8}}</ref><ref name="western australian wine">{{cite web|url=http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179|title=Wine Australia|website=Wineaustralia.com|accessdate=16 September 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722023419/http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179|archivedate=22 July 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=ocw-wa>winepros.com.au, ''The Oxford Companion to Wine'' pg 765 [https://web.archive.org/web/20010507220252/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=3564 Western Australia]</ref> Major wine producing regions include: [[Margaret River (wine region)|Margaret River]], [[Great Southern Wine Region|The Great Southern]], [[Swan Valley (Western Australia)|Swan Valley]] as well as smaller districts including [[Blackwood Valley]], [[Manjimup, Western Australia|Manjimup]], [[Pemberton, Western Australia|Pemberton]], [[Peel (Western Australia)|Peel]], Chittering Valley, [[Perth Hills]], and [[Geographe Bay|Geographe]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179 |title=Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation – Western Australian Wine |website=Wineaustralia.com |accessdate=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722023419/http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179 |archivedate=22 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
===Sport===
{{Main|Sport in Western Australia}}
[[File:AFL WCE VS COLLINGWOOD.JPG|thumb|right|2014 AFL premiership match between [[West Coast Eagles]] and [[Collingwood Football Club|Collingwood]] being played at [[Patersons Stadium]], Subiaco]]
A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:
* [[Australian rules football]]: The [[West Coast Eagles]] and the [[Fremantle Dockers]] compete in the [[Australian Football League]] (AFL). The Fremantle Dockers also have a women's team of the same name playing in the [[AFL Women's]] league, founded in September 2016. The West Coast Eagles are scheduled to get an AFLW team in 2020. The [[West Australian Football League]] (WAFL) is the main local football competition, but other [[Australian rules football in Western Australia|local and amateur football leagues]] exist across the state.
* Baseball: The [[Perth Heat]] compete in the [[Australian Baseball League]].
* Basketball: The [[Perth Wildcats]] (men) and [[Perth Lynx]] (women) compete in the [[National Basketball League (Australasia)|National Basketball League]] and [[Women's National Basketball League]], respectively.
* [[Cricket]]: [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]] represent the state in [[first-class cricket|first-class]] and [[List A cricket|List A]] domestic cricket, with the [[Perth Scorchers]] competing in the [[Twenty20]] [[Big Bash League]].
* [[Field hockey]]: The [[WA Thundersticks|Thundersticks]] (men) and Diamonds (women) compete in the [[Australian Hockey League]].
* [[Netball]]: The [[West Coast Fever]] compete in the [[ANZ Championship]].
* [[Rugby league]]: The [[West Coast Pirates]] compete in the [[S. G. Ball Cup]].
* [[Rugby union]]: The [[Western Force]] competes in the [[Super Rugby]] and the [[Perth Spirit]] in the [[National Rugby Championship]].
* Soccer: [[Perth Glory]] field [[Perth Glory FC|men's]] and [[Perth Glory FC W-League|women's]] teams in the [[A-League]] and [[W-League (Australia)|W-League]], respectively.
* Tennis: The [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] [[Hopman Cup]], an annual international team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament.
* [[Water Polo]]: The [[UWA Torpedoes]] water polo club competes in the [[Australian National Water Polo League|National Water Polo League (NWPL)]].
International sporting events hosted in the past in Western Australia include the [[Tom Hoad Cup]] (water polo), the [[Perth International]] (golf), the 2006 [[Gravity Games]] ([[extreme sports]]), the 2002 [[Women's Hockey World Cup]], the 1991 [[FINA World Aquatics Championships]] and the [[1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]].
===The arts===
Western Australia is home to one of the country's leading performance training institutions, the acclaimed [[Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts]] (WAAPA), as well as a burgeoning theatrical and musical scene. Notable musicians and bands to have been born in or lived in Western Australia include [[Adam Brand (musician)|Adam Brand]], [[Karnivool]], [[Birds of Tokyo]], [[Bon Scott]], [[Eskimo Joe]], [[Johnny Young]], [[Gyroscope (band)|Gyroscope]], the [[John Butler Trio]], [[Tame Impala]], [[Kevin Mitchell (musician)|Kevin Mitchell]], [[Tim Minchin]], [[The Kill Devil Hills]], [[Pendulum (drum and bass band)|Pendulum]], [[The Pigram Brothers]], [[Rolf Harris]] and [[The Triffids]]. The [[West Australian Music Industry Awards]] (WAMis) have been awarded every year to the leading musicians and performers in WA since 2001.
Notable actors and television personalities from Western Australia include [[Heath Ledger]], [[Sam Worthington]], [[Ernie Dingo]], [[Jessica Marais]], [[Megan Gale]], [[Rove McManus]], [[Isla Fisher]], and [[Melissa George]]. Films and television series filmed or partly filmed in Western Australia include ''[[These Final Hours]]'', ''[[Cloudstreet]]'', ''[[Australia (movie)|Australia]]'', ''[[Bran Nue Dae (film)|Bran Nu Dae]]'', ''[[ABBA: the Movie]]'' and ''[[Last Train to Freo]]''.
Noted Western Australian indigenous painters and artisans include [[Jack Dale Mengenen]], [[Paddy Bedford]], [[Queenie McKenzie]], and siblings [[Nyuju Stumpy Brown]] and [[Rover Thomas]].<ref name=abc>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Lee|title='Grand old man of the Kimberley' dies |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-12/27grand-old-man-of-the-kimberley27-dies/4514018/?site=Indigenous&topic=latest |work= [[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=12 February 2013 |accessdate=2 March 2013}}</ref>
The [[West Australian Symphony Orchestra]] (WASO) is based at the [[Perth Concert Hall, Western Australia|Perth Concert Hall]]. Other concert, performance and indoor sporting venues in Western Australia include [[His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia|His Majesty's Theatre]], the now demolished [[Perth Entertainment Centre]], the [[Crown Perth|Burswood Dome and Theatre]] and the [[Perth Arena]], which opened in 2012.
Australian novelist [[Tim Winton]] was born in Perth and many of his novels are set in Western Australia.
== Sister states ==
Western Australia has four sister states:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dca.wa.gov.au/DevelopingArtsandCulture/international/inter-government-networks/|title=Sister State Relationships ~ DCA|first=Department of Culture and|last=Arts|website=Dca.wa.gov.au|accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref>
* [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]]
* [[Hyōgo Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
* [[Tuscany|Tuscany Region]], [[Italy]]
* [[Zhejiang|Zhejiang Province]], [[China]]
In 1981, a [[sister city|sister state]] agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and [[Hyōgo Prefecture]] in [[Japan]] that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyogo.com.au/about-hyogo/hyogo-wa-sister-state-relationship/ |title=Hyogo-WA Sister State Relationship |publisher=Hyogo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre |date=10 April 2015 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=Hyogo>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajapan.net/014_OurSisterStateRelationship_E |title=WA-Hyogo Sister State |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date= 14 April 2016}}</ref> To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hyōgo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyogo.com.au/about-the-centre/ |title=About the centre |publisher=Hyogo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in [[Kobe]], the largest city in Hyōgo, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.<ref name=Hyogo/><ref name=garden>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajapan.net/news_e/889 |title=Japanese garden a tribute to Sister State relationship with Hyogo prefecture |publisher=Government of Western Australia |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>
Following the [[Great Hanshin earthquake]] that devastated southern Hyōgo in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hyōgo to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajswa.com.au/about-the-ajswa.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409085909/http://www.ajswa.com.au/about-the-ajswa.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2013 |title=About Us |publisher= Australia Japan Society of WA |access-date= 14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/newsroom/featured-news/memorial-service-pays-tribute-japanese-earthquake-victims |title=Memorial service pays tribute to Japanese earthquake victims |publisher=City of Perth |date=January 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508145208/http://www.perth.wa.gov.au/newsroom/featured-news/memorial-service-pays-tribute-japanese-earthquake-victims |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/c02fad1ff7f00ecbc82572e4002d0af9/8137df1a3b82a563482565ff001aa60f?OpenDocument |title=Hansard, Western Australian Legislative Assembly |date=21 October 1997 |publisher=Parliament of Western Australia |access-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422141344/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/c02fad1ff7f00ecbc82572e4002d0af9/8137df1a3b82a563482565ff001aa60f?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The two governments signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.<ref name=Hyogo/>
Further to the sister state relationship, the [[City of Rockingham]] in Western Australia and the [[Akō, Hyōgo|City of Akō]] in Hyōgo signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wajapan.net/015_OurSisterCityRelationships_E |title=WA-Japan Sister City Relationships |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date= 14 April 2016}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Geography|Oceania|Australia|Western Australia}}
{{Wikipedia books|Australia}}
* [[Outline of Australia]]
* [[Index of Australia-related articles]]
* <!-- [[Bibliography of Australia]] -->
* [[Government of Western Australia]]
* [[Mining in Western Australia]]
* [[Petroleum in Western Australia]]
* [[Western Australian shark cull]]
===Lists===
* [[List of Western Australian towns]]
* [[List of statues in Western Australia]]
* [[Local Government Areas of Western Australia]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|group="N"}}
[[File:2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg|thumb|"West Australia" on a 1902 stamp]]
{{note label|Note1|a|a}} "West Australia" and its related demonym "West Australian" are occasionally used, including in the names of the main daily newspaper, ''[[The West Australian]]'', and the state-based [[West Australian Football League]], but are rarely used in an official sense. The terms "[[Westralia (disambiguation)|Westralia]]" and "Westralian" were regularly used in the 19th and 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=westralia&searchscope=2&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109143420/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=westralia&searchscope=2&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2011 |title=SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta |website=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au |accessdate=2 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=westralia|title=Search results for 'westralia' – Trove|website=Trove.nla.gov.au|accessdate=16 September 2015}}</ref> The terms are still found in the names of certain companies and buildings, e.g. Westralia House in Perth and Westralia Airports Corporation, which operates [[Perth Airport]], as well as in the names of several ships.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2140613~S2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109135900/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2140613~S2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2011 |title=SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta |website=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au |accessdate=2 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1791098~S2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109141500/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1791098~S2 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2011 |title=SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta |website=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au |accessdate=2 November 2012 }}</ref> <br />
{{note label|Note1|b|b}} In Australia, the [[Southern Ocean|body of water south of the continent]] is officially gazetted as the [[Southern Ocean]], whereas the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) designates it as part of the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202030545/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|date=2 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/21/1071941610556.html |title=Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean |website=Theage.com.au |date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>
{{-}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Western Australia}}
{{wikivoyage}}
* {{osmrelation|2316598}}
* [http://www.westernaustralia.com/au/Pages/Welcome_to_Western_Australia.aspx Welcome to Western Australia], a tourist website run by [[Tourism Western Australia]], the [[statutory authority]] responsible for promoting Western Australia as a tourist destination
* [http://www.wa.gov.au/ Western Australia government's website]
* [http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/05/15/west-australian-time-capsule/ Watch historical footage of Western Australia] from the [[National Film and Sound Archive]] of Australia's collection.
* [http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Western%20Australia/ Watch audiovisual material relating to Western Australia] on the [[National Film and Sound Archive]]'s [http://aso.gov.au/ ''australianscreen online''].
{{Western Australia}}
{{States and territories of Australia}}
{{Australia topics}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Western Australia| ]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1829]]
[[Category:1829 establishments in Australia]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -91,17 +91,4 @@
The total length of the [[Border of Western Australia|state's eastern border]] is {{convert|1862|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/borders.htm|title=State And Territory Borders|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=11 September 2007|accessdate=25 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128113204/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/borders.htm |archivedate = 28 November 2007}}</ref> There are {{convert|20781|km|0|abbr=on}} of coastline, including {{convert|7892|km|0|abbr=on}} of island coastline.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/coastline-lengths.html |title=Coastline Lengths |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=18 November 2010 |accessdate=21 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122025201/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/geoscience-basics/dimensions/coastline-lengths.html |archivedate=22 January 2011 }}</ref> The total land area occupied by the state is {{convert|2.5|e6km2|e3mi2|abbr=unit}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/areadime.htm|title=Area of States and Territories|publisher=Geoscience Australia|date=31 August 2005|accessdate=25 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730134442/http://www.ga.gov.au/education/facts/dimensions/areadime.htm |archivedate = 30 July 2008}}</ref>
-
-===Geology===
-The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old [[Yilgarn craton]] and [[Pilbara craton]] which merged with the [[Deccan Plateau]] of India, [[Madagascar]] and the [[Karoo]] and [[Zimbabwe]] cratons of Southern Africa, in the [[Archean]] Eon to form [[Ur (continent)|Ur]], one of the oldest [[supercontinent]]s on Earth (3 – 3.2 billion years ago). In May 2017, evidence of the [[Earliest known life forms|earliest known life]] [[Evolutionary history of life#Colonization of land|on land]] may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old [[geyserite]] and other related mineral deposits (often found around [[hot spring]]s and [[geyser]]s) uncovered in the Pilbara craton.<ref name="PO-20170509">{{cite news |author=|title=Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |date=9 May 2017 |website=[[Phys.org]] |accessdate=13 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name="NC-20170509">{{cite journal |last1=Djokic |first1=Tara |last2=Van Kranendonk |first2=Martin J. |last3=Campbell |first3=Kathleen A. |last4=Walter |first4=Malcolm R. |last5=Ward |first5=Colin R. |title=Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits |date=9 May 2017 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=8 |pages=15263 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15263 |pmid=28486437 |pmc=5436104 }}</ref>
-
-Because the only [[orogeny|mountain-building]] since then has been of the [[Stirling Range]] with the rifting from [[Antarctica]], the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) [[Australian Height Datum|AHD]] (at [[Mount Meharry]] in the [[Hamersley Range]] of the [[Pilbara]] region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no [[surface runoff]]. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/[[Darling Scarp]] near Perth).
-
-[[File:WAHighways.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Western Australian cities, towns, settlements and [[List of highways in Western Australia|road network]].]]
-
-The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently [[laterite|laterised]]. Even soils derived from [[granite|granitic]] [[bedrock]] contain an order of magnitude less available [[phosphorus]] and only half as much [[nitrogen]] as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or [[ironstone]] are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in [[zinc]], copper, [[molybdenum]] and sometimes [[potassium]] and [[calcium]].
-
-The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilisers. These have resulted in damage to [[invertebrate]] and bacterial populations.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in [[soil compaction|compaction of soils]] and great damage to the fragile soils.
-
-Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the [[Southwest Australia|South West region]] of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with [[Soil salinity control|dryland salinity]] and the loss of fresh water.
===Climate===
' |
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0 => '',
1 => '===Geology===',
2 => 'The bulk of Western Australia consists of the extremely old [[Yilgarn craton]] and [[Pilbara craton]] which merged with the [[Deccan Plateau]] of India, [[Madagascar]] and the [[Karoo]] and [[Zimbabwe]] cratons of Southern Africa, in the [[Archean]] Eon to form [[Ur (continent)|Ur]], one of the oldest [[supercontinent]]s on Earth (3 – 3.2 billion years ago). In May 2017, evidence of the [[Earliest known life forms|earliest known life]] [[Evolutionary history of life#Colonization of land|on land]] may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old [[geyserite]] and other related mineral deposits (often found around [[hot spring]]s and [[geyser]]s) uncovered in the Pilbara craton.<ref name="PO-20170509">{{cite news |author=|title=Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48-billion-year-old Australian rocks |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-oldest-evidence-life-billion-year-old-australian.html |date=9 May 2017 |website=[[Phys.org]] |accessdate=13 May 2017 }}</ref><ref name="NC-20170509">{{cite journal |last1=Djokic |first1=Tara |last2=Van Kranendonk |first2=Martin J. |last3=Campbell |first3=Kathleen A. |last4=Walter |first4=Malcolm R. |last5=Ward |first5=Colin R. |title=Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits |date=9 May 2017 |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |volume=8 |pages=15263 |doi=10.1038/ncomms15263 |pmid=28486437 |pmc=5436104 }}</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => 'Because the only [[orogeny|mountain-building]] since then has been of the [[Stirling Range]] with the rifting from [[Antarctica]], the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,245 metres (4,085 ft) [[Australian Height Datum|AHD]] (at [[Mount Meharry]] in the [[Hamersley Range]] of the [[Pilbara]] region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no [[surface runoff]]. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/[[Darling Scarp]] near Perth).',
5 => '',
6 => '[[File:WAHighways.png|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Western Australian cities, towns, settlements and [[List of highways in Western Australia|road network]].]]',
7 => '',
8 => 'The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently [[laterite|laterised]]. Even soils derived from [[granite|granitic]] [[bedrock]] contain an order of magnitude less available [[phosphorus]] and only half as much [[nitrogen]] as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or [[ironstone]] are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in [[zinc]], copper, [[molybdenum]] and sometimes [[potassium]] and [[calcium]].',
9 => '',
10 => 'The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilisers. These have resulted in damage to [[invertebrate]] and bacterial populations.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in [[soil compaction|compaction of soils]] and great damage to the fragile soils.',
11 => '',
12 => 'Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the [[Southwest Australia|South West region]] of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with [[Soil salinity control|dryland salinity]] and the loss of fresh water.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Australia</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width:300px; font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 120%; line-height: 1.3em;">Western Australia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><table style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Western Australia.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td>
<td style="width: 50%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of arms of Western Australia.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="642" /></a></td>
</tr><tr style="font-size: 83%;">
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Western_Australia" title="Flag of Western Australia">Flag</a></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Western_Australia" title="Coat of arms of Western Australia">Coat of arms</a></td>
</tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Slogan or nickname</th><td><span class="nickname"><i>The Wildflower State; The Golden State</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg" class="image" title="Map of Australia with Western Australia highlighted"><img alt="Map of Australia with Western Australia highlighted" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg/250px-Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="225" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg/375px-Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg/500px-Western_Australia_in_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="1846" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Location relative to other Australian states and territories</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td><span class="nowrap"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Australia&params=26_S_121_E_type:adm1st_region:AU-WA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°S</span> <span class="longitude">121°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°S 121°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-26; 121</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Australia&params=26_S_121_E_type:adm1st_region:AU-WA"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°S</span> <span class="longitude">121°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26°S 121°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-26; 121</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Capital city</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td>Western Australian, West Australian, Sandgroper (colloquial)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia" title="Premier of Western Australia">Premier</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_McGowan" title="Mark McGowan">Mark McGowan</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian state</a></th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Established <small>(as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a>)</small></th><td>2 May 1829</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Responsible government</th><td>21 October 1890</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></th><td>1 January 1901</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act</a></i></th><td>3 March 1986</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Area</th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Total</th><td>2,645,615 km² (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranked_list_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia#By_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked list of states and territories of Australia">1st</a>)<br />1,021,478 sq mi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Land</th><td>2,529,875 km²<br />976,790 sq mi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Water</th><td>115,740 km² (4.37%)<br />44,687 sq mi</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Population <br />(December 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-ABSPop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSPop-1">[1]</a></sup></th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Population</th><td>2,639,080 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranked_list_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia#By_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked list of states and territories of Australia">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Density</th><td>1.04/km² (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranked_list_of_states_and_territories_of_Australia#By_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked list of states and territories of Australia">7th</a>)<br />2.7 /sq mi</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Elevation</th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Highest point</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Meharry" title="Mount Meharry">Mount Meharry</a><br />1,249 m (4,098 ft)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gross state product <br />(2018–19)</th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Product ($m)</th><td>$183,919<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Product per capita</th><td>$98,997 (2nd)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Time zone(s)</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTC%2B08:00" title="UTC+08:00">UTC+08:00</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Western_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Western Standard Time">AWST</a>) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UTC%2B08:45" title="UTC+08:45">UTC+08:45</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eucla,_Western_Australia#TimeZone" title="Eucla, Western Australia">ACWST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Federal representation</a></th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Australia)" title="House of Representatives (Australia)">House seats</a></th><td>16/151</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate seats</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Senators_from_Western_Australia" title="List of Senators from Western Australia">12</a>/76</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Abbreviations</th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Postal</th><td>WA</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th><td>AU-WA</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Emblems</th><td>  </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_floral_emblems" title="List of Australian floral emblems">Floral</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anigozanthos_manglesii" title="Anigozanthos manglesii">Red-and-green or Mangles kangaroo paw</a><br /><small>(<i>Anigozanthos manglesii</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_mammal_emblems" title="List of Australian mammal emblems">Animal</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Numbat" title="Numbat">Numbat</a><br /><small>(<i>Myrmecobius fasciatus</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_bird_emblems" title="List of Australian bird emblems">Bird</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">Black swan</a><br /><small>(<i>Cygnus atratus</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Fish</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">Whale shark</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Fossil</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mcnamaraspis_kaprios" title="Mcnamaraspis kaprios">Gogo fish</a><br /><small>(<i>Mcnamaraspis kaprios</i>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_state_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian state colours">Colours</a></th><td>Black and gold</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Website</th><td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wa.gov.au">www<wbr />.wa<wbr />.gov<wbr />.au</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Western Australia</b><sup class="reference" id="ref_Note1a"><a href="#endnote_Note1a">[a]</a></sup> (abbreviated as <b>WA</b>) is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">state</a> occupying the entire western third of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It is bounded by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> to the north and west, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> to the south,<sup class="reference" id="ref_Note1b"><a href="#endnote_Note1b">[b]</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> to the north-east, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> to the south-east. Western Australia is Australia's largest state, with a total land area of 2,529,875 square kilometres (976,790 sq mi), and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_area" title="List of country subdivisions by area">second-largest country subdivision</a> in the world, surpassed only by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sakha" title="Sakha">Sakha Republic</a>. The state has about 2.6 million inhabitants – around 11 percent of the national total – of whom the vast majority (92 percent) live in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South-West_Land_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Land Division">south-west corner</a>, 79 percent of the population living in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> area,<sup id="cite_ref-ABSCapitalPop_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSCapitalPop-3">[3]</a></sup> leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
</p><p>The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirk_Hartog" title="Dirk Hartog">Dirk Hartog</a>, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Lockyer" title="Edmund Lockyer">Edmund Lockyer</a> on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Australia_Foundation-4">[4]</a></sup> He established a convict-supported military garrison at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_George_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Sound">King George III Sound</a>, at present-day <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>, and on 21 January 1827<sup id="cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Australia_Foundation-4">[4]</a></sup> formally took possession of the western third of the continent for the British Crown. This was followed by the establishment of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/York,_Western_Australia" title="York, Western Australia">York</a> was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres (60 miles) east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-knibbs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knibbs-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Western Australia achieved <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in 1890 and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federated</a> with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today, its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">economy</a> mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 per cent of Australia's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-6">[6]</a></sup> Western Australia is the largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> producer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ancestry_and_immigration"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry and immigration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Language"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Language</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Tourism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tourism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Secession"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Secession</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Local_government"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Local government</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Print"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Print</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Radio"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Radio</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Wine"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sport"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sport</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#The_arts"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">The arts</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sister_states"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Sister states</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Lists"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lists</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">History of Western Australia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:John_Forrest_1898.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/John_Forrest_1898.jpg/170px-John_Forrest_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/John_Forrest_1898.jpg/255px-John_Forrest_1898.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/John_Forrest_1898.jpg/340px-John_Forrest_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:John_Forrest_1898.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">John Forrest</a> was the first Premier of Western Australia.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg/220px-Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg/330px-Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg/440px-Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="754" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ngaanyatjarra_kids.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra</a> children, from the desert regions of Western Australia</div></div></div>
<p>The first inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago. Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.
</p><p>The first European to visit Western Australia was a Dutch explorer, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirk_Hartog" title="Dirk Hartog">Dirk Hartog</a>, who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dirk_Hartog_Island" title="Dirk Hartog Island">Dirk Hartog Island</a>. For the rest of the 17th century, other Dutch and British navigators encountered the coast, usually unintentionally, as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brouwer_Route" title="Brouwer Route">Brouwer Route</a> (because of poor navigation and storms).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Two hundred years passed before Europeans believed that the great southern continent actually existed. By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast.
</p><p>The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer<sup id="cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Australia_Foundation-4">[4]</a></sup> of a convict-supported settlement from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_George_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="King George Sound">King George III Sound</a>. The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> be raised and a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feu_de_joie" title="Feu de joie">feu de joie</a> fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Western_Australia_Foundation-4">[4]</a></sup> On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony,<sup id="cite_ref-knibbs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knibbs-5">[5]</a></sup> and named <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a> in 1832.
</p><p>In 1829 the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> was established on the Swan River by Captain <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Stirling_(Australian_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Stirling (Australian governor)">James Stirling</a>. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia. The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> and the state's capital, Perth. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/York,_Western_Australia" title="York, Western Australia">York</a> was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated 97 kilometres (60 mi) east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.
</p><p>Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>.
</p><p>In 1887, a new constitution was drafted, providing for the right of self-governance of European Australians and in 1890, the act granting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-government</a> to the colony was passed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Forrest" title="John Forrest">John Forrest</a> became the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia" title="Premier of Western Australia">Premier of Western Australia</a>.
</p><p>In 1896, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian Parliament">Western Australian Parliament</a> authorised the raising of a loan to construct a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> to transport 23 megalitres (5 million imperial gallons) of water per day to the Goldfields of Western Australia. The pipeline, known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldfields_Water_Supply_Scheme" title="Goldfields Water Supply Scheme">Goldfields Water Supply Scheme</a>, was completed in 1903. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C.Y._O%27Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="C.Y. O'Connor">C.Y. O'Connor</a>, Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water 530 km (330 mi) from Perth to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>, and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following a campaign led by Forrest, residents of the colony of Western Australia (still informally called the Swan River Colony) voted in favour of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">federation</a>, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Australia" title="Geography of Western Australia">Geography of Western Australia</a></div>
<p>Western Australia is bounded to the east by longitude 129°E, the meridian 129 degrees east of Greenwich, which defines the border with South Australia and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, and bounded by the Indian Ocean to the west and north. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) designates the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_and_the_Southern_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia and the Southern Ocean">body of water south of the continent</a> as part of the Indian Ocean; in Australia it is officially gazetted as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>.<sup class="reference" id="ref_Note1b"><a href="#endnote_Note1b">[b]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SouthernOcean_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthernOcean-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The total length of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Border_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Border of Western Australia">state's eastern border</a> is 1,862 km (1,157 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> There are 20,781 km (12,913 mi) of coastline, including 7,892 km (4,904 mi) of island coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> The total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km<sup>2</sup> (970 thousand sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="406" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1413" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Western_Australia_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> in Western Australia</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwest_corner_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest corner of Western Australia">southwest coastal area</a> has a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karri" class="mw-redirect" title="Karri">karri</a>, one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_tallest_trees" title="List of tallest trees">tallest trees</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic species</a> than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin Current</a>, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> in the world.
</p><p>Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a> region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northcliffe,_Western_Australia" title="Northcliffe, Western Australia">Northcliffe</a>, but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.
</p><p>The central two-thirds of the state is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arid" title="Arid">arid</a> and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">runoff</a> occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ord_River" title="Ord River">Ord River</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Black_Swans.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Black_Swans.jpg/150px-Black_Swans.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="131" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Black_Swans.jpg/225px-Black_Swans.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Black_Swans.jpg/300px-Black_Swans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Black_Swans.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">black swan</a> is the state bird of Western Australia</div></div></div>
<p>Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stirling_Range" title="Stirling Range">Stirling Range</a> near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a>, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Porongurup_National_Park" title="Porongurup National Park">Porongurup Range</a>. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Hills" title="Perth Hills">Perth Hills</a>, as far north as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wongan_Hills,_Western_Australia" title="Wongan Hills, Western Australia">Wongan Hills</a> and as far east as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salmon_Gums,_Western_Australia" title="Salmon Gums, Western Australia">Salmon Gums</a>. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The highest observed maximum temperature of 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) was recorded at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mardie_Station" title="Mardie Station">Mardie Station</a> on 19 February 1998. The lowest minimum temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eyre_Bird_Observatory" title="Eyre Bird Observatory">Eyre Bird Observatory</a> on 17 August 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p>
<div>
<table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height: 1.2em; margin:auto;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="14">Climate data for Western Australia
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row">Month
</th>
<th scope="col">Jan
</th>
<th scope="col">Feb
</th>
<th scope="col">Mar
</th>
<th scope="col">Apr
</th>
<th scope="col">May
</th>
<th scope="col">Jun
</th>
<th scope="col">Jul
</th>
<th scope="col">Aug
</th>
<th scope="col">Sep
</th>
<th scope="col">Oct
</th>
<th scope="col">Nov
</th>
<th scope="col">Dec
</th>
<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #8C0000; color:#FFFFFF;">49.8<br />(121.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #820000; color:#FFFFFF;">50.5<br />(122.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #A40000; color:#FFFFFF;">48.1<br />(118.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;">45.0<br />(113.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;">40.6<br />(105.1)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;">37.8<br />(100.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;">38.3<br />(100.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;">40.0<br />(104.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #E80000; color:#FFFFFF;">43.1<br />(109.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #B40000; color:#FFFFFF;">46.9<br />(116.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;">48.0<br />(118.4)
</td>
<td style="background: #920000; color:#FFFFFF;">49.4<br />(120.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #820000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium">50.5<br />(122.9)
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;">
<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)
</th>
<td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;">0.9<br />(33.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;">0.5<br />(32.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;">−0.8<br />(30.6)
</td>
<td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;">−2.2<br />(28.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;">−5.6<br />(21.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;">−6.0<br />(21.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;">−6.7<br />(19.9)
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;">−7.2<br />(19.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;">−4.6<br />(23.7)
</td>
<td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;">−5.0<br />(23.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;">−2.1<br />(28.2)
</td>
<td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;">0.0<br />(32.0)
</td>
<td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium">−7.2<br />(19.0)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Bureau of Meteorology<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle,_Western_Australia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/220px-Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/330px-Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg/440px-Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle%2C_Western_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5022" data-file-height="2825" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Freshwater_crocodile_at_Lake_Argyle,_Western_Australia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Crocodile at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lake_Argyle" title="Lake Argyle">Lake Argyle</a></div></div></div>
<p>Western Australia is home to around <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Western_Australian_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Western Australian birds">540 species of birds</a> (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic</a> to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Western_Australia" title="Flora of Western Australia">Flora of Western Australia</a> comprises 10,162 published native <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> from 211 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>; there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or invasive plant species, more commonly known as weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world. Western Australia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> include the sandstone gorges of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimberley_tropical_savanna" title="Kimberley tropical savanna">The Kimberley</a> on the northern coast, and below that the drier <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_Plains_tropical_savanna" title="Victoria Plains tropical savanna">Victoria Plains tropical savanna</a> inland, and the semi-desert <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilbara_shrublands" title="Pilbara shrublands">Pilbara shrublands</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnarvon_xeric_shrublands" title="Carnarvon xeric shrublands">Carnarvon xeric shrublands</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_mulga_shrublands" title="Western Australian mulga shrublands">Western Australian mulga shrublands</a> to the southwest. Southwards along the coast are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southwest_Australia_savanna" title="Southwest Australia savanna">Southwest Australia savanna</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_Coastal_Plain" title="Swan Coastal Plain">Swan Coastal Plain</a> around Perth, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warren_(biogeographic_region)" title="Warren (biogeographic region)">Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands</a> on the southwest corner of the coast around the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_River" title="Margaret River">Margaret River</a> wine-growing area.
Going east along the Southern Ocean coast is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldfields-Esperance" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldfields-Esperance">Goldfields-Esperance</a> region, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esperance_mallee" title="Esperance mallee">Esperance mallee</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coolgardie_(biogeographic_region)" title="Coolgardie (biogeographic region)">Coolgardie woodlands</a> inland around town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coolgardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolgardie">Coolgardie</a>. Deserts occupy the interior, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Sandy-Tanami_desert" title="Great Sandy-Tanami desert">Great Sandy-Tanami desert</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson Desert</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria Desert</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a>.
</p><p>In 1831 Scottish botanist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)" title="Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)">Robert Brown</a> produced a scientific paper, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/General_view_of_the_botany_of_the_vicinity_of_Swan_River" title="General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River">General view of the botany of the vicinity of Swan River</a></i>. It discusses the vegetation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics of Australia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg/250px-Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="121" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg/375px-Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg/500px-Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="521" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Perth_Skyline_from_Kings_Park.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Western Australia's capital and largest city, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kings_Park,_Western_Australia" title="Kings Park, Western Australia">Kings Park</a>. Its metropolitan area is home to 75% of the state's population.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Western_Australia_population_T.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Western_Australia_population_T.svg/250px-Western_Australia_population_T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Western_Australia_population_T.svg/375px-Western_Australia_population_T.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Western_Australia_population_T.svg/500px-Western_Australia_population_T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="878" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Western_Australia_population_T.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>WA population growth 1829–2010</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WApopDist2006.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/WApopDist2006.png/180px-WApopDist2006.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/WApopDist2006.png/270px-WApopDist2006.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/WApopDist2006.png/360px-WApopDist2006.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="983" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WApopDist2006.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Distribution of the Western Australian population</div></div></div>
<p>Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a> was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River Colony</a> in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convictism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Convictism in Australia">convict</a> labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldfields-Esperance" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldfields-Esperance">Goldfields region</a>, resulted in a sharp population increase.
</p><p>Western Australia did not receive significant flows of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">immigrants</a> from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects—such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Group_Settlement_Scheme" title="Group Settlement Scheme">Group Settlement Scheme</a> of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.
</p><p>Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Italians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Australian">Croatians</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macedonian_Australians" title="Macedonian Australians">Macedonians</a>. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-abs_2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs_2011-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Perth's metropolitan area (including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a>) had an estimated population of 2,043,138<sup id="cite_ref-ABSCapitalPop_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSCapitalPop-3">[3]</a></sup> in June 2017 (79% of the state). Other significant population centres include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a> (73,989),<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a> (37,961),<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalgoorlie-Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalgoorlie-Boulder">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a> (30,420),<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a> (33,998),<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karratha" class="mw-redirect" title="Karratha">Karratha</a> (16,446),<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a> (14,501)<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Hedland,_Western_Australia" title="Port Hedland, Western Australia">Port Hedland</a> (14,285).<sup id="cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABSSUA-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestry_and_immigration">Ancestry and immigration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancestry and immigration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="infobox" style="float:right;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2">Country of birth (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-26">[26]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Birthplace<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[N 1]</a></sup></th>
<th>Population
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td>
<td>1,492,842
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td>
<td>194,163
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></td>
<td>79,221
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td>
<td>49,385
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td>
<td>41,008
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td>
<td>30,835
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td>
<td>29,126
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a></td>
<td>27,126
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td>
<td>19,210
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td>
<td>18,036
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td>
<td>15,845
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>At the 2016 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[N 2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 13em; -webkit-column-width: 13em; column-width: 13em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English</a> (40.7%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> (33.2%)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[N 3]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish</a> (9.8%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scottish_Australians" title="Scottish Australians">Scottish</a> (9.4%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian</a> (5.4%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Australians" title="Chinese Australians">Chinese</a> (4.5%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">German</a> (3.2%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a> (3.1%)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[N 4]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indian_Australians" title="Indian Australians">Indian</a> (3%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Australians" title="Dutch Australians">Dutch</a> (2.1%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filipino_Australians" title="Filipino Australians">Filipino</a> (1.6%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand_Australians" title="New Zealand Australians">New Zealander</a> (1.4%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Australians" title="South African Australians">South African</a> (1.3%)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Australians" title="Māori Australians">Maori</a> (1.2%)</li></ul>
</div>
<p>3.1% of the population, or 75,978 people, identified as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>) in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[N 5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Language">Language</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (1.9%), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> (1.2%), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (0.8%), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> (0.8%) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (0.6%).<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au-25">[25]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>At the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Census_in_Australia#2016" title="Census in Australia">2016 census</a>, 55.5% of respondents identified as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> and 32.5% as having <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>. 10.3% chose not to state a religion. The most commonly nominated responses were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholicism</a> (21.4%) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglicanism</a> (14.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats-33">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusdata.abs.gov.au_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusdata.abs.gov.au-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Economy of Western Australia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy of Australia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG/220px-Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG/330px-Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG/440px-Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Fremantle.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Aerial view of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fremantle_Harbour" title="Fremantle Harbour">Fremantle Harbour</a>, a major port in WA</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg/220px-2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg/330px-2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg/440px-2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="800" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2007_Resource_production_WA-svg.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Western Australia's resource commodity mix, 2007</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_($_million).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_%28%24_million%29.png/220px-Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_%28%24_million%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_%28%24_million%29.png/330px-Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_%28%24_million%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_%28%24_million%29.png/440px-Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_%28%24_million%29.png 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="534" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Major_West_Australian_Commodities_2008-2009_($_million).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Major commodity mix, 2008–2009</div></div></div>
<p>Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:
</p>
<ul><li>Western Australia contributes an estimated 58% of Australia's Mineral and Energy Exports,<sup id="cite_ref-Department_of_Mines_and_Petroleum_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Mines_and_Petroleum-34">[29]</a></sup> potentially earning up to 4.64% of Australia's total GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics-35">[30]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">Gross state product</a> per person ($97,940 in 2017–18) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($73,267).<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Nat_Accts_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Nat_Accts-36">[31]</a></sup></li>
<li>Diversification (i.e. a greater <i>range</i> of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
<li>Finance, insurance and property services and construction have grown steadily and have increased their share of economic output.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure2005_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure2005-37">[32]</a></sup></li>
<li>Recent growth in global demand for minerals and petroleum, especially in China (iron-ore) and Japan (for LNG), has ensured economic growth above the national average.</li></ul>
<p>In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-austEcIndicators_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austEcIndicators-38">[33]</a></sup> The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mineral_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral sands">mineral sands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-39">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (32% of the world's total), and extracts 67% (6% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Diamonds are extracted at the world's largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argyle_diamond_mine" title="Argyle diamond mine">diamond mine</a> in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collie,_Western_Australia" title="Collie, Western Australia">Collie</a> is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-profile_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-profile-39">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usgs_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-40">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. Although tending to be highly seasonal, in the period 2010–2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2–3 billion in export income.<sup id="cite_ref-cropreport_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropreport-41">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WAatAglance_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAatAglance-42">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses.<sup id="cite_ref-cropreport_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cropreport-41">[36]</a></sup> There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where cultural and religious traditions and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-LivestockReport_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivestockReport-43">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a></sup> According to the 2006 census,<sup id="cite_ref-2006CensusQuickStats_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006CensusQuickStats-45">[40]</a></sup> the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007. Perth property prices are still the second highest in Australia behind Sydney, and high rental prices continue to be a problem.
</p><p>Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_Kwinana" title="City of Kwinana">Kwinana</a> has the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwinana_Oil_Refinery" title="Kwinana Oil Refinery">nation's largest oil refinery</a> with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a></sup> Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austal_Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Austal Ships">Austal Ships</a>) and associated support industries are found at nearby <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henderson,_Western_Australia" title="Henderson, Western Australia">Henderson</a>, just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.
</p><p>Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_rock_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Western rock lobster">western rock lobsters</a>, prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a> region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast. Whaling was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tourism">Tourism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%).<sup id="cite_ref-WAatAglance_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAatAglance-42">[37]</a></sup> Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.
</p><p>Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%) and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a></sup> The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/300px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/450px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG/600px-WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1431" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:WAGovernmentHouse1crop_gobeirne.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_House,_Perth" title="Government House, Perth">Government House, Western Australia</a></div></div></div>
<p>Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a></sup> with a bicameral <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia" title="Parliament of Western Australia">Parliament</a> located in Perth, consisting of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Western Australian Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> (or <i>lower house</i>), which has 59 members; and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="Western Australian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> (or <i>upper house</i>), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.
</p><p>With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State, however over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through increasing control of taxation and financial distribution.
</p><p>Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is the Queen of Australia (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>), and executive power nominally vested in her State representative the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor</a> (currently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a>), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_McGowan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark McGowan (politician)">Mark McGowan</a> is the Premier, having defeated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colin_Barnett" title="Colin Barnett">Colin Barnett</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017_Western_Australian_state_election" title="2017 Western Australian state election">state election on 11 March 2017</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Secession">Secession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secession">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia" title="Secessionism in Western Australia">Secessionism in Western Australia</a></div>
<p>Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a></sup> Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auralia" title="Auralia">Auralia</a> was considered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a>, but the British Government refused to intervene and therefore no action was taken to implement this decision.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_government">Local government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Western Australia is divided into 139 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas of Western Australia">Local Government Areas</a>, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Christmas_Island" title="Shire of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shire_of_Cocos" title="Shire of Cocos">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a>. Their mandate and operations are governed by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1995" title="Local Government Act 1995">Local Government Act 1995</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a></sup> At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a></sup> Students have the option to study at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technical_and_further_education" title="Technical and further education">TAFE</a> college after Year 10,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a></sup> or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a></sup>
</p><p>There are five universities in Western Australia. They consist of four <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>-based <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public universities</a>; the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University" title="Edith Cowan University">Edith Cowan University</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murdoch_University" title="Murdoch University">Murdoch University</a>; and one <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>-based <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private Roman Catholic university</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame Australia</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame</a> is also one of only two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private universities</a> in Australia, along with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bond_University" title="Bond University">Bond University</a>, a not-for-profit private education provider based in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Queensland</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Print">Print</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Print">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Western_Australia" title="List of newspapers in Western Australia">List of newspapers in Western Australia</a></div>
<p>Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_West_Media" title="Seven West Media">Seven West Media</a>-owned tabloid <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Kalgoorlie_Miner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kalgoorlie Miner">The Kalgoorlie Miner</a></i>. Also published is one weekend paper, <i>The Weekend West</i>, and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(Western_Australia)" title="The Sunday Times (Western Australia)">The Sunday Times</a></i>. There are also 17 weekly <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_paper" title="Community paper">Community Newspapers</a></i> with distribution from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanchep" title="Yanchep">Yanchep</a> in the north to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a> in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state, <i>Countryman</i> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural_Press" title="Rural Press">Rural Press</a>-owned <i>Farm Weekly</i>. The interstate broadsheet publication <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i> is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG/220px-ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG/330px-ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG/440px-ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="3396" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ABC_Perth_gnangarra.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>ABC studios in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Perth,_Western_Australia" title="East Perth, Western Australia">East Perth</a></div></div></div>
<p>Metropolitan Perth has six broadcast television stations;
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">ABC TV</a> WA. (Callsign: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABW</a> – Channel 12 Digital)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> WA (Callsign: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS-28" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS-28">SBS</a> – Channel 29 Digital)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> Perth. (Callsign: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">TVW</a> – Channel 6 Digital)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a> Perth. (Callsign: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/STW" title="STW">STW</a> – Channel 8 Digital)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Network_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Ten">Network Ten</a> Perth. (Callsign: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">NEW</a> – Channel 11 Digital)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_TV" title="West TV">West TV</a>. A free-to-air community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010. It replaced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Access_31" title="Access 31">Access 31</a>, which ceased broadcasting in August 2008.</li></ul>
<p>Regional WA has a similar availability of stations, with the exception of West TV. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_West_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden West Network">Golden West Network (GWN7)</a>. Affiliated with Seven. (Callsigns: SSW South West, VEW Goldfields/Esperance, GTW Central West, WAW remote areas)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WIN_Television_WA" class="mw-redirect" title="WIN Television WA">WIN Television WA</a>. Affiliated with Ten (Callsign: WOW)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Digital_Television" title="West Digital Television">West Digital Television</a>. Affiliated with Nine. (Callsigns: SDW South West, VDW Goldfields/Esperance, GDW Central West, WDW remote areas)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westlink_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Westlink (Australian TV channel)">Westlink</a>. An open-narrowcast community-based television channel. (Satellite only)</li></ul>
<p>In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_HD_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="ABC HD (Australian TV channel)">ABC HD</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC2" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC2">ABC2</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_Me" title="ABC Me">ABC Me</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC News (TV channel)">ABC News</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABW_(TV_station)" title="ABW (TV station)">ABW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS HD">SBS HD</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS-28" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS-28">SBS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS_Viceland" title="SBS Viceland">SBS Viceland</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS-28" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS-28">SBS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_Network_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food Network (Australia)">Food Network</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS-28" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS-28">SBS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Indigenous_Television" title="National Indigenous Television">NITV</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SBS-28" class="mw-redirect" title="SBS-28">SBS</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/7HD" title="7HD">7HD</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">TVW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/7TWO" class="mw-redirect" title="7TWO">7TWO</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">TVW</a> and affiliates)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/7mate" title="7mate">7mate</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">TVW</a> and affiliates)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/7flix" title="7flix">7flix</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">TVW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racing.com" title="Racing.com">Racing.com</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVW" title="TVW">TVW</a> and affiliates)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9HD" title="9HD">9HD</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/STW" title="STW">STW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9Gem_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="9Gem (Australian TV channel)">9Gem</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/STW" title="STW">STW</a> and affiliates)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9Go!_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="9Go! (Australian TV channel)">9Go!</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/STW" title="STW">STW</a> and affiliates)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/9Life" title="9Life">9Life</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/STW" title="STW">STW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extra_(Australian_TV_channel)" title="Extra (Australian TV channel)">Extra (Australian TV channel)</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/STW" title="STW">STW</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_(Australian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="One (Australian TV channel)">One</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">NEW</a> and affiliate)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eleven_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven (TV channel)">Eleven</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">NEW</a> and affiliate)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ten_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten HD">Ten HD</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">NEW</a> and affiliate)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVSN" title="TVSN">TVSN</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">NEW</a> and affiliate)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spree_TV" title="Spree TV">Spree TV</a> (Carried by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NEW_(TV_station)" title="NEW (TV station)">NEW</a>)</li></ul>
<p>Pay TV services are provided by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foxtel" title="Foxtel">Foxtel</a>, which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galaxy_(Australian_television)" title="Galaxy (Australian television)">Galaxy Television</a> satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Radio">Radio</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Radio">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Perth has many radio stations on both AM and FM frequencies. ABC stations include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_NewsRadio" title="ABC NewsRadio">ABC NewsRadio</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6PB" class="mw-redirect" title="6PB">6PB</a> 585 am), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/720_ABC_Perth" class="mw-redirect" title="720 ABC Perth">720 ABC Perth</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6WF" class="mw-redirect" title="6WF">6WF</a> 720 am), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6RN" class="mw-redirect" title="6RN">6RN</a> 810 am), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_Classic_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Classic FM">ABC Classic FM</a> (6ABC 97.7FM) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triple_J" title="Triple J">Triple J</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6JJJ" class="mw-redirect" title="6JJJ">6JJJ</a> 99.3FM). The six commercial stations are: FM 92.9 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6PPM" class="mw-redirect" title="6PPM">6PPM</a>), Nova 93.7 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6PER" class="mw-redirect" title="6PER">6PER</a>), Mix 94.5 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6MIX" class="mw-redirect" title="6MIX">6MIX</a>), 96fm (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6NOW" class="mw-redirect" title="6NOW">6NOW</a>), and AM 882 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6PR" title="6PR">6PR</a>), AM 1080 (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/6IX" class="mw-redirect" title="6IX">6IX</a>) and AM 1116 (<a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=6MM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6MM (page does not exist)">6MM</a>)
</p><p>The leading <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> stations are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curtin_FM" title="Curtin FM">Curtin FM</a> 100.1, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/RTRFM" title="RTRFM">6RTR</a> FM 92.1, Sonshine FM 98.5 (6SON) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/91.3_SportFM" title="91.3 SportFM">91.3 SportFM</a> (6WSM).
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wine">Wine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_wine" title="Western Australian wine">Western Australian wine</a></div>
<p>Winemaking regions are concentrated in the cooler climate of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Australian_wine#South_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="West Australian wine">south-western portion</a> of the state. Western Australia produces less than 5% of the country's wine output, but in quality terms is considered to be very much near the top.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sotheby_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sotheby-61">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-western_australian_wine_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-western_australian_wine-62">[57]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ocw-wa_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocw-wa-63">[58]</a></sup> Major wine producing regions include: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_River_(wine_region)" title="Margaret River (wine region)">Margaret River</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Southern_Wine_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Southern Wine Region">The Great Southern</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swan_Valley_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan Valley (Western Australia)">Swan Valley</a> as well as smaller districts including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blackwood_Valley" title="Blackwood Valley">Blackwood Valley</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manjimup,_Western_Australia" title="Manjimup, Western Australia">Manjimup</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pemberton,_Western_Australia" title="Pemberton, Western Australia">Pemberton</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel</a>, Chittering Valley, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Hills" title="Perth Hills">Perth Hills</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographe_Bay" title="Geographe Bay">Geographe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-64">[59]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sport">Sport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Western_Australia" title="Sport in Western Australia">Sport in Western Australia</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG/220px-AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG/330px-AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG/440px-AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2398" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AFL_WCE_VS_COLLINGWOOD.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>2014 AFL premiership match between <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles" title="West Coast Eagles">West Coast Eagles</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club" title="Collingwood Football Club">Collingwood</a> being played at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patersons_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Patersons Stadium">Patersons Stadium</a>, Subiaco</div></div></div>
<p>A number of national or international sporting teams and events are based in the state, including:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Coast_Eagles" title="West Coast Eagles">West Coast Eagles</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fremantle_Dockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremantle Dockers">Fremantle Dockers</a> compete in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL). The Fremantle Dockers also have a women's team of the same name playing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFL_Women%27s" title="AFL Women's">AFL Women's</a> league, founded in September 2016. The West Coast Eagles are scheduled to get an AFLW team in 2020. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League" title="West Australian Football League">West Australian Football League</a> (WAFL) is the main local football competition, but other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Western_Australia" title="Australian rules football in Western Australia">local and amateur football leagues</a> exist across the state.</li>
<li>Baseball: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Heat" title="Perth Heat">Perth Heat</a> compete in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Baseball_League" title="Australian Baseball League">Australian Baseball League</a>.</li>
<li>Basketball: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Wildcats" title="Perth Wildcats">Perth Wildcats</a> (men) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Lynx" title="Perth Lynx">Perth Lynx</a> (women) compete in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(Australasia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball League (Australasia)">National Basketball League</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_League" title="Women's National Basketball League">Women's National Basketball League</a>, respectively.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australia_cricket_team" title="Western Australia cricket team">Western Australia</a> represent the state in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_A_cricket" title="List A cricket">List A</a> domestic cricket, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Scorchers" title="Perth Scorchers">Perth Scorchers</a> competing in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Twenty20</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Bash_League" title="Big Bash League">Big Bash League</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a>: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WA_Thundersticks" title="WA Thundersticks">Thundersticks</a> (men) and Diamonds (women) compete in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Hockey_League" title="Australian Hockey League">Australian Hockey League</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a>: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Coast_Fever" title="West Coast Fever">West Coast Fever</a> compete in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ANZ_Championship" title="ANZ Championship">ANZ Championship</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a>: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Coast_Pirates" title="West Coast Pirates">West Coast Pirates</a> compete in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S._G._Ball_Cup" title="S. G. Ball Cup">S. G. Ball Cup</a>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a>: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Force" title="Western Force">Western Force</a> competes in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Spirit" title="Perth Spirit">Perth Spirit</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rugby_Championship" title="National Rugby Championship">National Rugby Championship</a>.</li>
<li>Soccer: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Glory" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Glory">Perth Glory</a> field <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC" title="Perth Glory FC">men's</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC_W-League" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Glory FC W-League">women's</a> teams in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-League" title="A-League">A-League</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W-League_(Australia)" title="W-League (Australia)">W-League</a>, respectively.</li>
<li>Tennis: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">ITF</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a>, an annual international team indoor hardcourt tennis tournament.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_Polo" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Polo">Water Polo</a>: The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UWA_Torpedoes" title="UWA Torpedoes">UWA Torpedoes</a> water polo club competes in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_National_Water_Polo_League" title="Australian National Water Polo League">National Water Polo League (NWPL)</a>.</li></ul>
<p>International sporting events hosted in the past in Western Australia include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Hoad_Cup" title="Tom Hoad Cup">Tom Hoad Cup</a> (water polo), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_International" title="Perth International">Perth International</a> (golf), the 2006 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity_Games" title="Gravity Games">Gravity Games</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extreme_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme sports">extreme sports</a>), the 2002 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_Hockey_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Hockey World Cup">Women's Hockey World Cup</a>, the 1991 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships" title="FINA World Aquatics Championships">FINA World Aquatics Championships</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_arts">The arts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Western Australia is home to one of the country's leading performance training institutions, the acclaimed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_Academy_of_Performing_Arts" title="Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts">Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts</a> (WAAPA), as well as a burgeoning theatrical and musical scene. Notable musicians and bands to have been born in or lived in Western Australia include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Brand_(musician)" title="Adam Brand (musician)">Adam Brand</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karnivool" title="Karnivool">Karnivool</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birds_of_Tokyo" title="Birds of Tokyo">Birds of Tokyo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bon_Scott" title="Bon Scott">Bon Scott</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eskimo_Joe" title="Eskimo Joe">Eskimo Joe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Young" title="Johnny Young">Johnny Young</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gyroscope_(band)" title="Gyroscope (band)">Gyroscope</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Butler_Trio" title="John Butler Trio">John Butler Trio</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tame_Impala" title="Tame Impala">Tame Impala</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kevin_Mitchell_(musician)" title="Kevin Mitchell (musician)">Kevin Mitchell</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Minchin" title="Tim Minchin">Tim Minchin</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Kill_Devil_Hills" title="The Kill Devil Hills">The Kill Devil Hills</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pendulum_(drum_and_bass_band)" title="Pendulum (drum and bass band)">Pendulum</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pigram_Brothers" title="The Pigram Brothers">The Pigram Brothers</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolf_Harris" title="Rolf Harris">Rolf Harris</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Triffids" title="The Triffids">The Triffids</a>. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Australian_Music_Industry_Awards" title="West Australian Music Industry Awards">West Australian Music Industry Awards</a> (WAMis) have been awarded every year to the leading musicians and performers in WA since 2001.
</p><p>Notable actors and television personalities from Western Australia include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heath_Ledger" title="Heath Ledger">Heath Ledger</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sam_Worthington" title="Sam Worthington">Sam Worthington</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernie_Dingo" title="Ernie Dingo">Ernie Dingo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jessica_Marais" title="Jessica Marais">Jessica Marais</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megan_Gale" title="Megan Gale">Megan Gale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rove_McManus" title="Rove McManus">Rove McManus</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isla_Fisher" title="Isla Fisher">Isla Fisher</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melissa_George" title="Melissa George">Melissa George</a>. Films and television series filmed or partly filmed in Western Australia include <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/These_Final_Hours" title="These Final Hours">These Final Hours</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cloudstreet" title="Cloudstreet">Cloudstreet</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_(movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia (movie)">Australia</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bran_Nue_Dae_(film)" title="Bran Nue Dae (film)">Bran Nu Dae</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABBA:_the_Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="ABBA: the Movie">ABBA: the Movie</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Train_to_Freo" title="Last Train to Freo">Last Train to Freo</a></i>.
</p><p>Noted Western Australian indigenous painters and artisans include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Dale_Mengenen" title="Jack Dale Mengenen">Jack Dale Mengenen</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paddy_Bedford" title="Paddy Bedford">Paddy Bedford</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queenie_McKenzie" title="Queenie McKenzie">Queenie McKenzie</a>, and siblings <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nyuju_Stumpy_Brown" title="Nyuju Stumpy Brown">Nyuju Stumpy Brown</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rover_Thomas" title="Rover Thomas">Rover Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-65">[60]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Australian_Symphony_Orchestra" title="West Australian Symphony Orchestra">West Australian Symphony Orchestra</a> (WASO) is based at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Concert_Hall,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth Concert Hall, Western Australia">Perth Concert Hall</a>. Other concert, performance and indoor sporting venues in Western Australia include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Theatre,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Theatre, Western Australia">His Majesty's Theatre</a>, the now demolished <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Entertainment_Centre" title="Perth Entertainment Centre">Perth Entertainment Centre</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crown_Perth" title="Crown Perth">Burswood Dome and Theatre</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Arena" title="Perth Arena">Perth Arena</a>, which opened in 2012.
</p><p>Australian novelist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tim_Winton" title="Tim Winton">Tim Winton</a> was born in Perth and many of his novels are set in Western Australia.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sister_states">Sister states</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sister states">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Western Australia has four sister states:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany Region</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang Province</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li></ul>
<p>In 1981, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister state</a> agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyogo_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyogo-68">[63]</a></sup> To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hyōgo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a></sup> Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, the largest city in Hyōgo, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyogo_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyogo-68">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garden_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garden-70">[65]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a> that devastated southern Hyōgo in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hyōgo to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a></sup> The two governments signed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyogo_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyogo-68">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>Further to the sister state relationship, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/City_of_Rockingham" title="City of Rockingham">City of Rockingham</a> in Western Australia and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ak%C5%8D,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akō, Hyōgo">City of Akō</a> in Hyōgo signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul>
<li><span><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="599" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline of Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index of Australia-related articles</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government of Western Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mining_in_Western_Australia" title="Mining in Western Australia">Mining in Western Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Western Australia">Petroleum in Western Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australian_shark_cull" title="Western Australian shark cull">Western Australian shark cull</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Lists">Lists</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Lists">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Western_Australian_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Western Australian towns">List of Western Australian towns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_statues_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statues in Western Australia">List of statues in Western Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_Government_Areas_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Areas of Western Australia">Local Government Areas of Western Australia</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and the Special Administrative Regions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> are listed separately</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a percentage of 2,286,107 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Celtic Australian">Anglo-Celtic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg/220px-2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg/330px-2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/1/16/2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="450" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:2shillingsWestAustralia.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"West Australia" on a 1902 stamp</div></div></div>
<p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Note1a"><a href="#ref_Note1a"><b><sup>a</sup></b></a></span> "West Australia" and its related demonym "West Australian" are occasionally used, including in the names of the main daily newspaper, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a></i>, and the state-based <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Australian_Football_League" title="West Australian Football League">West Australian Football League</a>, but are rarely used in an official sense. The terms "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Westralia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Westralia (disambiguation)">Westralia</a>" and "Westralian" were regularly used in the 19th and 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a></sup> The terms are still found in the names of certain companies and buildings, e.g. Westralia House in Perth and Westralia Airports Corporation, which operates <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth_Airport" title="Perth Airport">Perth Airport</a>, as well as in the names of several ships.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a></sup> <br />
<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Note1b"><a href="#ref_Note1b"><b><sup>b</sup></b></a></span> In Australia, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">body of water south of the continent</a> is officially gazetted as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, whereas the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) designates it as part of the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a></sup>
</p>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/5220.0Main+Features12018-19?OpenDocument">"5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2018–19"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5220.0+%E2%80%93+Australian+National+Accounts%3A+State+Accounts%2C+2018%E2%80%9319&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2F5220.0Main%2BFeatures12018-19%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ABSCapitalPop-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABSCapitalPop_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSCapitalPop_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016-17">"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Main Features"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3218.0+%E2%80%93+Regional+Population+Growth%2C+Australia%2C+2016%E2%80%9317%3A+Main+Features&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2F3218.0Main%2BFeatures12016-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Western_Australia_Foundation-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Western_Australia_Foundation_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/king-georges-sound-settlement">"King George's Sound Settlement"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_Records_Authority_of_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="State Records Authority of New South Wales">State Records Authority of New South Wales</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+George%27s+Sound+Settlement&rft.pub=State+Records+Authority+of+New+South+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.records.nsw.gov.au%2Fagency%2Fking-georges-sound-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-knibbs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knibbs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knibbs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnibbs1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Handley_Knibbs" title="George Handley Knibbs">Knibbs, G.H.</a> (1911). "The Creation of the Several Colonies". <i>Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia</i>. <b>4</b>. Melbourne: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Creation+of+the+Several+Colonies&rft.btitle=Official+Year+Book+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Bureau+of+Census+and+Statistics&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Knibbs&rft.aufirst=G.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/statistics/">"2016 Vascular Flora Statistics"</a>. Flora Base<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Vascular+Flora+Statistics&rft.pub=Flora+Base&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflorabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDiels,_Ludwig;_Carr,_D._J._(translator)1981" class="citation book cs1">Diels, Ludwig; Carr, D. J. (translator) (1981). "Extra-tropical Western Australia". In Carr, D. J.; Carr, S. G. M. (ed.). <i>People and plants in Australia</i>. Academic Press Australia. pp. 47–78. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-160720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-160720-3"><bdi>978-0-12-160720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Extra-tropical+Western+Australia&rft.btitle=People+and+plants+in+Australia&rft.pages=47-78&rft.pub=Academic+Press+Australia&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-12-160720-3&rft.au=Diels%2C+Ludwig%3B+Carr%2C+D.+J.+%28translator%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ABSSUA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABSSUA_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016-17">"3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2016–17: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2007 to 2017"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3218.0+%E2%80%93+Regional+Population+Growth%2C+Australia%2C+2016%E2%80%9317%3A+Population+Estimates+by+Significant+Urban+Area%2C+2007+to+2017&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2FAUSSTATS%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FDetailsPage%2F3218.02016-17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> Estimated resident population, 30 June 2017.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-quickstats-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quickstats_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_Bureau_of_Statistics2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (27 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/5">"Western Australia"</a>. <i>2016 Census QuickStats</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2016+Census+QuickStats&rft.atitle=Western+Australia&rft.date=2017-06-27&rft.au=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus_services%2Fgetproduct%2Fcensus%2F2016%2Fquickstat%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3206#P4093" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/TAFE%20Admissions%20guide%20for%20entry%20to%20full-time%20courses%20FINAL.pdf">"TAFE Admissions guide for entry to full time courses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au&rft.atitle=TAFE+Admissions+guide+for+entry+to+full+time+courses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northmetrotafe.wa.edu.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2FTAFE%2520Admissions%2520guide%2520for%2520entry%2520to%2520full-time%2520courses%2520FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sotheby-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sotheby_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Stevenson <i>"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia"</i> pg 589 Dorling Kindersley 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7566-1324-8">0-7566-1324-8</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-western_australian_wine-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-western_australian_wine_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722023419/http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179">"Wine Australia"</a>. <i>Wineaustralia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wineaustralia.com/Australia/Default.aspx?tabid=179">the original</a> on 22 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wineaustralia.com&rft.atitle=Wine+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wineaustralia.com%2FAustralia%2FDefault.aspx%3Ftabid%3D179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ocw-wa-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ocw-wa_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">winepros.com.au, <i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i> pg 765 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010507220252/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=3564">Western Australia</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-abc-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abc_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLee2013" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Tim (12 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-12/27grand-old-man-of-the-kimberley27-dies/4514018/?site=Indigenous&topic=latest">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Grand old man of the Kimberley' dies"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News (Australia)</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News+%28Australia%29&rft.atitle=%27Grand+old+man+of+the+Kimberley%27+dies&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-02-12%2F27grand-old-man-of-the-kimberley27-dies%2F4514018%2F%3Fsite%3DIndigenous%26topic%3Dlatest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hyogo-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyogo_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyogo_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyogo_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wajapan.net/014_OurSisterStateRelationship_E">"WA-Hyogo Sister State"</a>. Government of Western Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WA-Hyogo+Sister+State&rft.pub=Government+of+Western+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wajapan.net%2F014_OurSisterStateRelationship_E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109143420/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=westralia&searchscope=2&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit">"SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta"</a>. <i>Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/search/?searchtype=X&SORT=D&searcharg=westralia&searchscope=2&submit.x=0&submit.y=0&submit=Submit">the original</a> on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au&rft.atitle=SLWA+Online+Catalogue+%2FEntire+Sta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhenrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au%2Fsearch%2F%3Fsearchtype%3DX%26SORT%3DD%26searcharg%3Dwestralia%26searchscope%3D2%26submit.x%3D0%26submit.y%3D0%26submit%3DSubmit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/result?q=westralia">"Search results for 'westralia' – Trove"</a>. <i>Trove.nla.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trove.nla.gov.au&rft.atitle=Search+results+for+%27westralia%27+%E2%80%93+Trove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fresult%3Fq%3Dwestralia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109135900/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2140613~S2">"SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta"</a>. <i>Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b2140613~S2">the original</a> on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au&rft.atitle=SLWA+Online+Catalogue+%2FEntire+Sta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhenrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au%2Frecord%3Db2140613~S2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109141500/http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1791098~S2">"SLWA Online Catalogue /Entire Sta"</a>. <i>Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au/record=b1791098~S2">the original</a> on 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au&rft.atitle=SLWA+Online+Catalogue+%2FEntire+Sta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhenrietta.liswa.wa.gov.au%2Frecord%3Db1791098~S2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202030545/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf">Archived</a> 2 December 2012 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/21/1071941610556.html">"Canberra all at sea over position of Southern Ocean"</a>. <i>Theage.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theage.com.au&rft.atitle=Canberra+all+at+sea+over+position+of+Southern+Ocean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F12%2F21%2F1071941610556.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Australia" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Western_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Western_Australia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Western Australia"><span style="">Western Australia</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Western_Australia#Q3206" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Western Australia">Western Australia</a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2316598">Western Australia</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westernaustralia.com/au/Pages/Welcome_to_Western_Australia.aspx">Welcome to Western Australia</a>, a tourist website run by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_Western_Australia" title="Tourism Western Australia">Tourism Western Australia</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statutory_authority" title="Statutory authority">statutory authority</a> responsible for promoting Western Australia as a tourist destination</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wa.gov.au/">Western Australia government's website</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfsa.gov.au/blog/2012/05/15/west-australian-time-capsule/">Watch historical footage of Western Australia</a> from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a> of Australia's collection.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/tags/Western%20Australia/">Watch audiovisual material relating to Western Australia</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/"><i>australianscreen online</i></a>.</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Western_Australia" title="Template:Western Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Australia" title="Template talk:Western Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Western_Australia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Australia" title="Economy of Western Australia">Economy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Western_Australia" title="Flag of Western Australia">Flag</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Australia" title="Geography of Western Australia">Geography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of Western Australia">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Western_Australia" title="History of Western Australia">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">Local government <span style="font-size:90%;">(LGAs)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Western_Australia" title="Parliament of Western Australia">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:People_from_Western_Australia" title="Category:People from Western Australia">People</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Australia_Police" title="Western Australia Police">Police</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Australia" title="Politics of Western Australia">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Western_Australia" title="Rail transport in Western Australia">Rail transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia" title="Regions of Western Australia">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Western_Australia" title="Sport in Western Australia">Sport</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg" class="image" title="Western Australia"><img alt="Western Australia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/160px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Western_Australia" title="Regions of Western Australia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gascoyne" title="Gascoyne">Gascoyne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldfields%E2%80%93Esperance" title="Goldfields–Esperance">Goldfields–Esperance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Southern_(Western_Australia)" title="Great Southern (Western Australia)">Great Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kimberley_(Western_Australia)" title="Kimberley (Western Australia)">Kimberley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mid_West_(Western_Australia)" title="Mid West (Western Australia)">Mid West</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peel_(Western_Australia)" title="Peel (Western Australia)">Peel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pilbara" title="Pilbara">Pilbara</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_West_(Western_Australia)" title="South West (Western Australia)">South West</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wheatbelt_(Western_Australia)" title="Wheatbelt (Western Australia)">Wheatbelt</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia#Western_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a> and towns</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albany,_Western_Australia" title="Albany, Western Australia">Albany</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia" title="Broome, Western Australia">Broome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bunbury,_Western_Australia" title="Bunbury, Western Australia">Bunbury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Busselton" title="Busselton">Busselton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esperance,_Western_Australia" title="Esperance, Western Australia">Esperance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geraldton" title="Geraldton">Geraldton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kalgoorlie" title="Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie-Boulder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karratha,_Western_Australia" title="Karratha, Western Australia">Karratha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandurah" title="Mandurah">Mandurah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northam,_Western_Australia" title="Northam, Western Australia">Northam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Port_Hedland,_Western_Australia" title="Port Hedland, Western Australia">Port Hedland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_territories_of_Australia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="Template talk:States and territories of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:States_and_territories_of_Australia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_territories_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Australia</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg" class="image"><img alt="Australia states and territories labelled.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/130px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/195px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg/260px-Australia_states_and_territories_labelled.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jervis_Bay_Territory" title="Jervis Bay Territory">Jervis Bay Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a><br /><b>Defunct</b>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Australia_(territory)" title="Central Australia (territory)">Central Australia</a> (1927–31)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Australia#Territory_(1927–1931)" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> (1927–31)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a><sup>1</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a><br /><b>Defunct</b>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Nauru#World_War_I_to_World_War_II" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> (1920–68)<sup>2</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">New Guinea</a> (1920–49)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> (1902–49)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Papua and New Guinea</a> (1949–75)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Indian Ocean Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(<b>1</b>) Sovereignty recognised only by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. (<b>2</b>) Co-mandate with New Zealand and United Kingdom.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Australia_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_archaeology" title="Australian archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European Exploration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Australia_since_1945" title="History of Australia since 1945">Since 1945</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBT rights in Australia">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Australia" title="Law of Australia">Law</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Media_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Australia">Media</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australian_society" title="Category:Australian society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dementia_and_Alzheimer%27s_disease_in_Australia" title="Dementia and Alzheimer's disease in Australia">Dementia and Alzheimer's disease</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demography_of_Australia" title="Demography of Australia">Demographics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Health care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079207-9">4079207-9</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79089339">n79089339</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1b1a6c07-d9bd-47d8-b1ee-772f53ec6e79">1b1a6c07-d9bd-47d8-b1ee-772f53ec6e79</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131475&CON_LNG=ENG">ge131475</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000976368&local_base=nlx10">000976368</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154702212">154702212</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79089339">lccn-n79089339</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1595844140 |
