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'Following is an incomplete list of [[Judaism|Jewish]] rabbinical schools, organized by [[Jewish_religious_movements|denomination]]. For general discussion of Rabbinic [[ordination]], see [[Semikhah #Concept]] and [[Rabbi #Ordination]]; for an overview of the differing emphases between denominations re ordination-training, see [[Yeshiva #Curriculum]]. ==Orthodox== :''See: [[Yeshiva #Contemporary Orthodox yeshivas]]; [[Rabbi #Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism]].'' [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[yeshivas]] are institutions of [[Torah study]] generally, and are not focused on the training of rabbis ''per se''. (Their curricula emphasize [[Talmud]] along with the study of ''[[halacha]]'' (Jewish law); if less emphasized, ''[[Tanakh]]'' (bible) and [[Jewish thought]] /[[Musar literature|Musar]] /[[Hasidic philosophy]] are also studied.) Rabbinical training proper, generally takes one of four forms. [1] Many Yeshivot host a specific Rabbinic ''[[kollel]]'', or other program, focusing on ''[[Semikhah]]'' (ordination). These programs build students' ability to ''[[posek|"pasken"]]'', i.e. decide cases in Halacha, extending and relying on the textual skills built over several years of [[Yeshiva #Talmud|Talmud study]]; this, in parallel, includes preparation of the specific sections of ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' required for certification-testing; <ref name="RCA">[http://www.rabbis.org/pdfs/SemichaGuidelines22Dec2015.pdf ''Semicha Standards''], [[Rabbinical Council of America]] Executive Committee, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://www.gov.il/he/departments/general/meida_rabanut מידע לנבחנים - רבנות ("Information re testing for ''Rabbanut'', the [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] Semikhah Certification")], www.gov.il</ref><ref name="Rabbinical College of America">[http://rca.edu/media/pdf/1120/NbJg11207139.pdf ''CATALOG''], [[Rabbinical College of America]]</ref><ref name="RIETS">[https://www.yu.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/semikhah_requirements_final.pdf ''Semikhah Requirements''], [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary]]</ref> see [[Yeshiva #Jewish law]]. These programs span 2 years on average, depending on the topics covered. Alongside their Rabbinic studies, students here typically participate in the Yeshiva's senior Talmud ''[[shiur]]''. [2] Some institutions specifically focus on rabbinic training. These typically extend their curriculum to include other relevant areas of Jewish law (e.g. laws of the [[synagogue]] and [[Jewish prayer]]), and discussion of contemporary issues, or "''[[hashkafa]]''"; as well as offering some elements of "practical Rabbinics" (e.g. public speaking, life-cycle events, pastoral care), always secondary however. These programs are usually 3 or 4 years. [3] Outside of these, it is common also for a student to prepare material independently, so as to be tested by a well known ''[[Rosh Yeshiva]]'' or ''[[posek]]'' (so called "private semicha" <ref name="RCA"/>); many from the late R. [[Zalman Nechemia Goldberg]]. This Semikhah solely certifies the holder's ability, and thus right, to ''pasken''; see, again, [[Semikhah #Concept]]. [4] Recently, several institutions are established around semicha-testing (as opposed to Rabbinical training); these provide syllabi / material, within a structured learning program, often via [[online training]], <ref> Dvora Lakein, 2010. [https://www.lubavitch.com/chabad-rabbi-launches-online-training-program-for-rabbis/ Chabad Rabbi Launches Online Training Program for Rabbis]</ref> and are then a hybrid of Yeshiva and private. In some cases, the program is completed in 1 year; but, as for the others, assumes a level of scholarship typically acquired over several years in Yeshiva. (Although sometimes referred to (derisively) as "online-semicha", their syllabi and testing are standard, and their role is, in fact, conceptualized as providing structured learning in Halacha.<ref name="Pirchei"/><ref name ="Iyun Halacha"/>) Institutions well known for their Rabbinic training: * Israel-based programs preparing Rabbis for Diaspora communities: The [[Jerusalem Kollel]], [[Ohr_Somayach,_Jerusalem#Programs|Ohr Somayach's ''Ohr La'Golah'']], [[Aish HaTorah#Jerusalem|Aish HaTorah's semicha program]], The Center for Kehilla Development <ref>[https://www.c4kd.org/]</ref>, Ner Le'Elef <ref>[https://nerleelef.com/ nerleelef.com]</ref>, [[Mizrachi (religious Zionism)|Mizrachi's]] Manhigut-Toranit program<ref>[https://www.manhigut-toranit.org manhigut-toranit.org]</ref> * Most [[Religious Zionist]] Rabbis are trained at [[Mercaz HaRav]] and / or the various [[Hesder]] Yeshivot (well known are [[Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh]], [[Yeshivat Hakotel]], [[Yeshivat Sha'alvim]], and [[Yeshivat Har Etzion]]) typically preparing for the [[Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel#Semikhah|"Semikhah of the ''Rabbanut''"]]; see also the Hebrew Article [[:he:מכון אריאל|''Machon Ariel'']] * Haredi yeshivot in Israel generally do not offer a "semikha program", although if required students may be tested by the [[Rosh Yeshiva]]. Well known [[Ashkenazi]] ([[Yeshiva#Lithuanian_yeshivas|Lithuanian]]) yeshivot are [[Mir Yeshiva (Jerusalem)|Mir]] and [[Ponevezh Yeshiva|Ponevezh]]; the leading [[Sephardi]] yeshiva is [[Porat Yosef Yeshiva|Porat Yosef]]. Students here also, often sit the ''Rabbanut'' exams. * In the US, well known [[Haredi]] ''semachot'' are through [[Hebrew Theological College]], [[Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen]] ("Rabbinical Seminary of America"), and [[Yeshivas Ner Yisroel]] ("Lakewood", [[Beth Medrash Govoha]], as at Israeli Yeshivot, does not commonly ordain); most [[Modern Orthodox]] Rabbis are trained at RIETS, the [[Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary]], many at the Israeli [[Yeshivat HaMivtar]]. *In Europe [[Gateshead Talmudical College]] is probably the best known, but others include the reestablished [[Yeshiva of Aix-les-Bains]], [[Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary]] and [[Judith Lady Montefiore College]] * Various [[Chabad]] institutions are located globally, and include the [[Rabbinical College of America]], [[Yeshivah Gedolah Zal]], [[Rabbinical College of Canada]], [[Rabbinical College of Pretoria]] *Semicha-testing programs: Pirchei Shoshanim <ref name="Pirchei">[https://www.shulchanaruch.com/ Yeshiva Pirchei Shoshanim]</ref>, The Institute For Rabbinical Studies <ref>[http://www.onlinesmicha.com Online Smicha Institute For Rabbinical Studies, onlinesmicha.com]</ref>, Yeshivas Iyun Halacha <ref name ="Iyun Halacha">[https://www.iyunhalacha.org/ Yeshivas Iyun Halacha]</ref>, Machon Smicha; <ref>[https://onlinemachon.com/ Machon Smicha, onlinemachon.com]</ref> [[WebYeshiva]], a fully online Yeshiva, offers semikha culminating a four year program. ==Conservative== :''See: [[Yeshiva #Conservative movement yeshivas]]; [[Rabbi #Conservative Judaism]].'' In addition to knowledge and mastery of the study of Talmud and halakhah, [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] ''semikhah'' also requires that its rabbinical students receive intensive training in Tanakh, classical biblical commentaries, [[biblical criticism]], Midrash, Kabbalah and Hasidut, the historical development of Judaism from antiquity to modernity, Jewish ethics, the halakhic methodology of [[Conservative responsa]], classical and modern works of Jewish theology and philosophy, synagogue administration, pastoral care, chaplaincy, [[Nonprofit_corporation#Religious_corporation|non-profit management]], and navigating the modern world in a Jewish context. Most Conservative seminaries ordain women and openly LGBT people as rabbis and [[Hazzan|cantor]]s. Ordination is granted at: *the [[Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies]] in Los Angeles, *the Rabbinical School of the [[Jewish Theological Seminary of America]] in New York, *the [[Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies]] in Jerusalem (Jerusalem's [[Conservative Yeshiva]] does not grant ordination), *the [[Budapest University of Jewish Studies]], *the Zacharias Frankel College in [[Potsdam]], *and the Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano in [[Buenos Aires]]. ==Reform== :''See [[Rabbi #Reform Judaism]]'' In [[Reform Judaism]], rabbinic studies are mandated in [[pastoral care]], the historical development of Judaism, academic biblical criticism, in addition to the study of traditional rabbinic texts. Rabbinical students also are required to gain practical rabbinic experience by working at a congregation as a rabbinic intern during each year of study from year one onwards. All Reform seminaries ordain women and openly LGBT people as rabbis and cantors. *The seminary of [[Reform Judaism]] in the United States is [[Hebrew Union College|Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion]]. It has campuses in [[Cincinnati]], New York City, Los Angeles, and in [[Jerusalem]]. *In the United Kingdom the [[Reform Judaism (United Kingdom)|Reform]] and [[Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)|Liberal]] movements maintain [[Leo Baeck College]] for the training and ordination of rabbis. *In Germany the [[Progressive Judaism (Germany)|progressive]] [[Abraham Geiger College]] trains and ordains candidates for the rabbinate. *In Latin America, the Reform Movement maintains the Instituto Iberoamericano de Formación Rabinica Reformista (Iberoamerican Institute of Reform Rabbinical Formation), based in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina. The IIFRR serves the Latin American Reform communities and has had online teaching as part of its curriculum, counting as teachers and supporting lecturers rabbis from the Reform communities throughout Latin America, North America, Israel and Europe.<ref>http://www.institutorabinico.org</ref> ==Reconstructionist== The [[Reconstructionist Rabbinical College]] is located in Pennsylvania ; it ordains women as well as men (and openly LGBT people) as rabbis and cantors. In 2015 the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making Reconstructionist Judaism the first type of Judaism to officially allow rabbis in relationships with non-Jewish partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/75811/reconstructionists-give-green-light-to-intermarried-rabbinical-students|title=Reconstructionists give green light to intermarried rabbinical students|publisher=Jweekly|author=Lisa Hostein|date=October 1, 2015|accessdate=17 March 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003090111/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/75811/reconstructionists-give-green-light-to-intermarried-rabbinical-students|archivedate=October 3, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==Other non-Orthodox== * Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary offers a two-year online rabbinical ordination program. It trains men and women. Rabbinic educators are Conservative, Reform and Orthodox rabbis, but the semicha is postdenominational.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishpluralism.org/ |title=Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary |publisher=PRS |date= January 23, 2019 |accessdate=February 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Humanistic Judaism]] has the [[International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism]], which currently has two centers of activity: one in Jerusalem and the other in Farmington Hills, Michigan. Both places ordain women as well as men as rabbis, and do not ordain cantors. Both, ordain openly LGBT people. * [[Jewish Renewal]] has an ordination program, [[Jewish Renewal#Ordination training|ALEPH]], but no central campus. ALEPH ordains women as well as men as rabbis and cantors. It also ordains openly LGBT people. * The [[Academy for Jewish Religion (New York)|Academy for Jewish Religion]], in New York City, since 1956, and the unrelated [[Academy for Jewish Religion (California)|Academy for Jewish Religion]]-California, in Los Angeles, since 2000, have been rabbinic (and cantorial) seminaries unaffiliated with any denomination or movement. [[Hebrew College]], near Boston, includes a similarly unaffiliated rabbinic school, opened in the Fall of 2003. These seminaries are accepted by all non-Orthodox rabbis as valid rabbinical seminaries{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}, and they all ordain women as well as men (and openly LGBT people) as rabbis and cantors. Orthodox Jews do not consider these ordinations valid, because these seminaries do not consider Orthodox ''halacha'' to be binding. * The [[Steven Blane#Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute|Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute]] offers a training program, meets in weekly online classes via the Internet and ordains women as well as men as unaffiliated rabbis to meet the needs of unaffiliated Jews as well as interfaith couples and their families. It subscribes to [[Universalism#Judaism|Jewish Universalism]], promoting religious tolerance and asserting that there are many paths to 'the One.' JSLI ordained its first class of rabbis in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsli.net/ |title=JSLI |publisher=JSLI |date=August 27, 2011 |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429115304/http://www.jsli.net/ |archive-date=April 29, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> It does ordain openly LGBT people. *The [[Rabbinical Seminary International]] is a rabbinical seminary in New York, which ordains women as well as men (and openly LGBT people) as rabbis; it does not ordain cantors. It is a transdenominational rabbinical seminary in the Neo-Hasidic tradition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rabbinicalseminaryint.org/|title=Rabbinical Seminary International|work=rabbinicalseminaryint.org|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923144653/http://www.rabbinicalseminaryint.org/|archivedate=September 23, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> * The [[Union for Traditional Judaism]] (UTJ), an offshoot of the left-wing of Orthodoxy and the right-wing of Conservative Judaism, has a non-denominational seminary in [[New Jersey]];<ref>Ari L. Goldman, [https://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/10/us/religion-notes.html?scp=1&sq=bridge%20seminary&st=cse Religion Notes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131102036/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/03/10/us/religion-notes.html?scp=1&sq=bridge%20seminary&st=cse |date=January 31, 2017 }}, The New York Times, Saturday, March 10, 1990</ref> the seminary is accepted by all non-Orthodox rabbis as a valid, traditional rabbinical seminary. The vast majority of Orthodox Jews do not recognize ordination from UTJ. However, it bridges Conservative and Orthodox Judaism, and [[Modern Orthodox]] synagogues have hired UTJ rabbis. Though the more mainstream body of Modern Orthodox Judaism, such as the Rabbinical Council of America, does not recognize ordination from UTJ. UTJ only ordains men as rabbis and cantors, and does not ordain openly LGBT men. * The Hebrew Seminary of the Deaf is a non-denominational rabbinical seminary in Illinois, which ordains women as well as men (and openly LGBT people) as rabbis, and does not ordain cantors of either sex.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hebrewseminarydeaf.org/testimonials.htm |title=Testimonials |publisher=Hebrewseminarydeaf.org |access-date=May 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204021558/http://www.hebrewseminarydeaf.org/testimonials.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}'