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{{Infobox magazine
| logo = BillboardLogo2013.svg
| image_file = Billboard Magazine May 25, 2019 issue.jpg
| image_caption = Cover for the issue dated May 25, 2019
| founder = William Donaldson and James Hennegan
| website = {{URL|http://www.billboard.com}}
| publisher = Lynne Segall
| italic title = no
| editor = Hannah Karp
| editor_title =
| previous_editor = Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff
| language = English
| founded = {{start date and age|1894|11|1}} (as ''Billboard Advertising'')
| frequency = Weekly
| category = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]
| total_circulation = 17,000 magazines per week<br/>15.2 million unique visitors per month<ref name="primary">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|title=Media Kit|work=Billboard|accessdate=June 15, 2016}}</ref>
| company = [[MRC (company)|MRC]]
| firstdate =
| country = United States
| based = New York City
| issn = 0006-2510
|title=Billboard}}
'''''Billboard''''', stylized as '''''billboard''''', is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group, a division of [[MRC (company)|MRC]] Media & Info. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events, and style, and is also known for its [[Billboard charts|music charts]], including the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], tracking the most popular songs and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows.
''Billboard'' was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs, and [[burlesque]] shows, and also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. ''Billboard'' began focusing more on the [[music industry]] as the [[jukebox]], [[phonograph]], and [[radio]] became commonplace. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including ''Amusement Business'' in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, ''Billboard'' was passed down to his children and Hennegan's children, until it was sold to private investors in 1985, and has since been owned by various parties.
==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Billboard, November 1, 1894 first issue.png|thumb|left|upright|First issue of ''Billboard'' (1894)]]
The first issue of ''Billboard'' was published in [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]] by William Donaldson and James Hennegan on November 1, 1894.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="Broven 2009 p. 187">{{cite book |last=Broven | first=J. |title=Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers |publisher=University of Illinois Press |series=Music in American life |year=2009 | isbn=978-0-252-03290-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov |url-access=registration | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=[https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/187 187]}}</ref> Initially, it covered the advertising and [[Flyposting|bill posting]] industry, and was known as ''Billboard Advertising''.<ref name="Gussow. 2015">{{cite book|last=Gussow.|first=Don|title=The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press|date=1984|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-165202-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32 32–33]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32}}</ref><ref name="godfrey"/>{{efn|Some sources say it was called ''The Billboard Advertiser''<ref name="LampelLant"/>}} At the time, billboards, posters, and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the primary means of advertising.<ref name="godfrey"/> Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages long.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994">{{cite news | title=Hall of fame. (history's top personalities in the live entertainment and amusement industry) (One hundredth-anniversary collector's edition) |website=Amusement Business| date=November 1, 1994 | url=http://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000221/https://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 24, 2015 |accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref> The paper had columns like "The Bill Room Gossip" and "The Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster".<ref name="LampelLant"/> A department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> The title was changed to ''The Billboard'' in 1897.<ref name="booksdirectory">{{cite book|title=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|volume=98|work=International Directory of Company Histories|first=Ed|last=Dinger|pages=260–265}}</ref>
After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business in 1900 for $500 (equal to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|500|1900|r=-2}}}} today) to save it from bankruptcy.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, [[vaudeville]], and burlesque shows.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of outdoor events in 1901.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> ''Billboard'' also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics, and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows, and a sub-section called "Freaks to order".<ref name="LampelLant"/> According to ''[[The Seattle Times]]'', Donaldson also published news articles "attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting 'good taste' and fighting [[yellow journalism]]".<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
As railroads became more developed, ''Billboard'' set up a mail forwarding system for traveling entertainers. The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, then ''Billboard'' would receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its "Letter-Box" column that it has mail for them.<ref name="LampelLant"/> This service was first introduced in 1904, and became one of ''Billboard''{{'}}s largest sources of profit<ref name="Radel 1994"/> and celebrity connections.<ref name="LampelLant"/> By 1914, there were 42,000 people using the service.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/> It was also used as the official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during [[World War I]].<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|newspaper=Newsweek|date=April 4, 1949|title=New Boss for Billboard|pages=57–58}}</ref> In the 1960s, when it was discontinued, ''Billboard'' was still processing 1,500 letters per week.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
In 1920, Donaldson made a controversial move by hiring African-American journalist James Albert Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to African-American performers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> According to ''The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media'', the column identified discrimination against black performers and helped validate their careers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> Jackson was the first black critic at a national magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a policy against identifying performers by their race.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> Donaldson died in 1925.<ref name="LampelLant"/>
===Focus on music===
''Billboard''{{'}}s editorial changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels of modern technology" such as the [[phonograph]], [[record player]]s, and wireless radios.<ref name="LampelLant"/> It began covering coin-operated entertainment machines in 1899, and created a dedicated section for them called "Amusement Machines" in March 1932.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> ''Billboard'' began covering the motion picture industry in 1907,<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> but ended up focusing on music due to competition from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83">{{cite book | last=Bloom | first=K. | title=Broadway: An Encyclopedia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-95020-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83 | accessdate=November 6, 2015 | page=83}}</ref> It created a radio broadcasting station in the 1920s.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
The jukebox industry continued to grow through the [[Great Depression]], and was advertised heavily in ''Billboard'',<ref name="booksdirectory"/>{{rp|262}} which led to even more editorial focus on music.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> ''Billboard'' published the first [[Billboard charts|music hit parade]] on January 4, 1936,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html | title=Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to ... Sinatra | first=Jonathan | last=Sale | date=January 4, 1996 | work=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=January 3, 2017}}</ref> and introduced a "Record Buying Guide" in January 1939.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> In 1940, it introduced "Chart Line", which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine charts.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> By the 1940s, ''Billboard'' was more of a music industry specialist publication.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> The number of charts it published grew after [[World War II]], due to a growing variety of music interests and genres. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats,<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and 28 charts by 1994.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
By 1943, ''Billboard'' had about 100 employees.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184">{{cite book | author=Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Ohio| title=Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors | publisher=Best Books | year=1943 | isbn=978-1-62376-051-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184 | accessdate=November 7, 2015 | page=184}}</ref> The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio in 1946, then to New York City in 1948.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and coated paper was first used in ''Billboard''{{'}}s print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> Billboard Publications Inc. acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors called ''Vend'', and, in the 1950s, acquired an advertising trade publication called ''Tide''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> By 1969, Billboard Publications Inc. owned eleven trade and consumer publications, a publisher called [[Watson-Guptill]] Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes, and four television franchises. It also acquired ''Photo Weekly'' that year.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Over time, subjects that ''Billboard'' still covered outside of music were spun-off into separate publications: ''Funspot'' magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks, and ''Amusement Business'' was created in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, ''Billboard'' was renamed as ''Billboard Music Week''<ref name="godfrey"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> to emphasize its new exclusive interest in music.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83"/> Two years later, it was renamed to just ''Billboard''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> According to ''The New Business Journalism'', by 1984, Billboard Publications was a "prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and ''Billboard'' had become the "undisputed leader" in music industry news.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> In the early 1990s, ''Billboard'' introduced ''Billboard Airplay Monitors'', a publication for disc jockeys and music programmers.<ref name="godfrey"/> By the end of the 1990s, ''Billboard'' dubbed itself the "bible" of the recording industry.<ref name="godfrey">{{Cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of American Radio |first1=Donald G. |last1=Godfrey |first2=Frederic A. |last2=Leigh |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-29636-9|page=45}}</ref>
===Changes in ownership===
''Billboard'' struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and, within three years, was once again heading towards [[bankruptcy]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took over in 1928 and "nursed the publication back to health".<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="newsweek"/> His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946<ref name="newsweek"/> and inherited the publication in the late 1970s after Roger Littleford's death.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> They sold it to private investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638"/> The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication for the Broadway theatre industry called ''Backstage''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1987, ''Billboard'' was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638">{{cite book | last=Jackson | first=K.T. | last2=Keller | first2=L. | last3=Flood | first3=N. | title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-300-18257-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638 | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=638}}</ref> Billboard Publications Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> As BPI Communications, it acquired ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', ''[[Adweek]]'', ''[[Marketing Week]]'', and ''[[Mediaweek]]'', and also purchased [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Broadcast Data Systems]], a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Private investors from Boston Ventures and BPI executives re-purchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for $100 million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music Group for music-related publications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate [[Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen]] for $220 million.<ref name="The New York Times 1994">{{cite web | title=Dutch Buyer Acquires BPI | website=The New York Times | date=January 15, 1994 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref>{{efn|19 publications according to the ''Chicago Tribune''<ref name="tribunedigital-chicagotribune 1994">{{cite news | title=Dutch Firm To Purchase Billboard, Film Magazine | newspaper=Chicago Tribune | date=January 17, 1994 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref>}} VNU acquired the [[Clio Awards]] in advertising and the National Research Group in 1997, as well as ''[[Editor & Publisher]]'' in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million for the publisher [[Miller Freeman, Inc.|Miller Freeman]]. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially larger, but had a large amount of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7 billion acquisition of [[IMS Health]] in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an $11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
VNU then changed its name to [[Nielsen N.V.|Nielsen]] in 2007, the namesake of a company it acquired for $2.5 billion in 1999.<ref name="WSJ 1999">{{cite news | title=VNU to Buy Nielsen Media In Deal Valued at $2.5 Billion | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=August 17, 1999 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829 | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Deliso 2007">{{cite web | last=Deliso | first=Meredith | title=VNU Changes Name to the Nielsen Co. | website=Advertising Age | date=January 18, 2007 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/ | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref> New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured the organization, and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007; he was subsequently replaced by Greg Farrar.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Nielsen owned ''Billboard'' until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and [[Guggenheim Partners]] for the purpose of the acquisition.<ref name="Ives 2009">{{cite web | last=Ives | first=Nat | title=Adweek Group Among Titles Sold to e5 Global Media Holdings | website=Advertising Age | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/ | accessdate=October 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times 2009">{{cite web | title=Hollywood Reporter, Billboard sold | website=Los Angeles Times | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html | accessdate=October 12, 2015}}</ref> The following year, the new parent company was renamed as [[Prometheus Global Media]].<ref name="Folio: 2010">{{cite web | title=What's in a Name? | website=Folio | date=October 15, 2010 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/ | accessdate=October 11, 2015}}</ref> Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of Prometheus and became the sole owner of ''Billboard''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html|title=Former Yahoo chief moves to Guggenheim|last=Steel|first=Emily|newspaper=Financial Times|date=January 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Numbers 2013">{{cite web | last=Numbers | first=the | title=Yahoo Exec Tapped To Head Prometheus Global Media | website=Folio | date=January 15, 2013 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/ | accessdate=January 11, 2016}}</ref>
In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including ''Billboard'', to its own executive [[Todd Boehly]].<ref name=deadline-guggensell>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Prepares To Sell Hollywood Reporter, Dick Clark Productions To Exec|url=https://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/|website=Deadline.com|accessdate=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name=thewrap-todd>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Media Spins Off Money-Losing Hollywood Reporter, Billboard to Company President Todd Boehly (Exclusive)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/|website=The Wrap|accessdate=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015}}</ref> The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a unit of the holding company [[Eldridge Industries]].<ref name="bloomberg-draftkingsfund">{{cite web|title=Dodgers' Boehly Leads $100 Million DraftKings Investment|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=March 10, 2017}}</ref>
===1990s–present===
[[Timothy White (editor)|Timothy White]] was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position he held until his unexpected death in 2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit", while criticizing music with violent or misogynistic themes,<ref name="latimes 2002">{{cite news | title=Timothy White, 50; Editor Revolutionized Billboard Magazine | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=June 28, 2002 | url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28 | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> and also reworked the publication's music charts.<ref name="latimes 2002"/> Rather than relying on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained from [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,<ref name="Pareles 2002">{{cite web | last=Pareles | first=Jon | title=Timothy White, 50, Billboard Editor in Chief | website=The New York Times | date=July 1, 2002 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> but was replaced by Keith Girard, who was subsequently fired in May 2004. He and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that ''Billboard'' fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004">{{cite news | last=Jurkowitz | first=Mark | title=Lawsuit is latest in list of tough hits for Billboard |newspaper=Boston Globe | date=August 12, 2004 | url=https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> The lawsuit claimed that they experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment, and a financially motivated lack of editorial integrity.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Grinberg 2005"/> Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch minority employees.<ref name="Grinberg 2005">{{cite web | last=Grinberg | first=Emanuella | title=New motion details racial profiling claims against Billboard magazine | publisher=CNN | date=April 6, 2005 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/ | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> The case was settled out-of-court in 2006 for a non-disclosed sum.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015">{{cite web | last=Tsioulcas | first=Anastasia | title=Why Is 'Billboard' Asking Industry Execs If They Believe Kesha? | publisher=NPR | date=August 23, 2015 | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha | accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>
In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from ''Billboard''{{'}}s traditional audience.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Sisario 2014">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Leadership Change May Signal New Start for Billboard Magazine | website=The New York Times | date=January 8, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html | accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less than 17,000 by 2014.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/> The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.<ref name="Grinberg 2005" />
In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at ''Billboard'', and led its first major redesign since the 1960s, by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During her tenure, ''Billboard'' newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22%, and conference registrations rose 76%.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff|publisher = Crain's New York Business|work = 40 Under 40 |title = Tamara Conniff, 33|date = January 2006|last = Flamm|first = Matthew}}</ref> In 2005, ''Billboard'' expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist, Scott McKenzie, was named editorial director across all Billboard properties.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors|archiveurl=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R1Bgw7HvFY4J:https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk&client=firefox-b-d |archivedate = 2 August 2020|title = Billboard Promotes Key Editors |work =Billboard|url-status = live|date = 13 January 2006 }}</ref> Conniff launched the Billboard Women in Music event in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/|work =CBS News|date = September 14, 2007 |title = Reba Named Woman Of The Year|agency = AP}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html|website = PRLOG|title = Top Music Exec joins WorldMusicLink|date= 18 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Billboard chooses Reba McEntire as its first ‘Woman of the Year’ |url = https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/ |date = September 14, 2007 |work = The Orange County Register}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = McEntire Named Billboard's Woman Of The Year|work = Billboard|date = 17 September 2007|url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year}}</ref>
Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,<ref name="one"/> and was followed by [[Janice Min]] in January 2014, also responsible for editorial content at ''The Hollywood Reporter''.<ref name="one">{{cite news|last=Lewis |first=Randy |title=Billboard Shakeup puts Hollywood Reporter's Janice Min in Charge |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story |date=January 9, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The magazine has since been making changes to make it more of a general interest music news source as opposed to solely an industry trade, branching out into covering more celebrity, fashion, and gossip.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/><ref name="Sisario 2014"/><ref name="Sisario 20142"/> Min hired Tony Gervino as the publication's editor, which was unusual, in that he did not have a background in the music industry.<ref name="Sisario 20142">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino as Editor | website=The New York Times | date=April 7, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html | accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Tony Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.<ref name="Steigrad 2014">{{cite web | last=Steigrad | first=Alexandra | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino Editor in Chief | website=Women's Wear Daily | date=April 7, 2014 | url=http://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/ | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> An item on [[National Public Radio|NPR]] covered a leaked version of ''Billboard''{{'}}s annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than prior surveys. For example, it polled readers on a lawsuit that singer [[Kesha]] filed against her producer alleging sexual abuse.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/>
Gervino was let go in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that Senior Vice President of Digital Content Mike Bruno would serve as the head of editorial moving forward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269|title=Billboard EIC Tony Gervino Exits on a High Note|website=www.adweek.com|access-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>
On June 15, 2016, [[Billboard Philippines|BillboardPH]], the first ''Billboard'' chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership |title=Billboard Partners with AlgoRhythm to Launch Billboard Philippines|work=Billboard|date=June 15, 2016|accessdate=June 30, 2017}}</ref> On September 12, 2016, ''Billboard'' expanded into China by launching ''[[Billboard China]]'' in a partnership with Vision Music Ltd.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china|title=Billboard Launches in China|first=Lyndsey|last=Havens|magazine=Billboard|date=September 12, 2016|accessdate=August 10, 2016}}</ref>
==News publishing==
''Billboard'' publishes a news website and weekly [[trade magazine]] that cover music, video and home entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry experts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> It covers news, gossip, opinion,<ref name="LampelLant"/> and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential creation" is the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]].<ref name="godfrey"/> The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most popular songs and albums.<ref name="godfrey"/> The [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958. Since then, the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an indicator of commercial success.<ref name="LampelLant">{{cite book |last=Anand |first=N. | chapter=Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field |editor1-last=Lampel |editor1-first=Joseph |editor2-last=Shamsie |editor2-first=Jamal |editor3-last=Lant |editor3-first=Theresa | title=The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Series in Organization and Management | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-135-60923-8 | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=140}}</ref> ''Billboard'' has also published books in collaboration with [[Watson-Guptill]] and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212">{{cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=Frank | title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-135-94950-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=212}}</ref> A daily ''Billboard Bulletin'' was introduced in February 1997<ref name="godfrey"/> and ''Billboard'' hosts about 20 industry events each year.<ref name="primary"/>
''Billboard'' is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.<ref name="Radel 1994">{{cite news | last=Radel | first=Cliff | title=Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits | newspaper=The Seattle Times | date=November 3, 1994 | url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453 | accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sisario 2014"/> It has a print circulation of 17,000 and an online readership of 1.2 million unique monthly views. The website includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos, and a separate website. It also compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter, and publishes eight different newsletters. The print magazine's regular sections include:<ref name="primary"/>
* Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs that week
* Topline: News from the week
* The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry
* Style: Fashion and accessories
* Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography
* Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs
* Backstage pass: information about events and concerts
* Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts
== Listicles ==
''Billboard'' is known for publishing several annual [[listicle]]s on its website, which recognizes the most influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:
* 21 Under 21<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila|title=21 Under 21 2017: Music's Next Generation|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* 40 Under 40<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list|title=40 Under 40: Music's Top Young Power Players Revealed|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Billboard Women in Music|Women in Music]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=December 12, 2019|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2019 Women In Music Top Executives|work=Billboard Magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Dance 100<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8213443/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement|title=Billboard Launches Inaugural 'Billboard Dance 100' Ranking of Top Dance Music Artists|work=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Power 100<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list|title=Billboard's 2017 Power 100 List Revealed|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* Dance Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257599/dance-power-players-list-2018t|title=Billboard Dance Power Players 2018: The Managers, Live Leaders & Tastemakers Shaping the Genre|work=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
* Digital Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Digital Power Players, Guiding the Future in Music and Tech|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* Hip-Hop Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers|title=Hip-Hop Power Players 2017: The Heat Seekers|work=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* Indie Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Indie Power Players, Led by Big Machine's Scott Borchetta|work=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* Latin Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list|title=Latin Power Players 2017 List Revealed|work=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
*''[[Billboard Argentina]]''
*''[[Billboard Brasil]]''
*''[[Billboard Candid Covers]]''
*''[[Billboard Japan]]''
*''[[Billboard K-Town]]''
*''[[Billboard Mashup Mondays]]''
*[[Billboard Touring Awards|''Billboard'' Touring Awards]]
*''[[Billboard Türkiye]]''
*[[Top Heatseekers]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Billboard (magazine)}}
*{{Official website}}
=== Archives ===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ ''Billboard'' Archive on Google Books]
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Billboard.html?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ 1940–2010] archived online by [[Google Books]]
* [https://www.billboard.com/archive Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008-2016] archived online by Billboard
* [http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Billboard-Magazine.htm 1920–2014] (missing issues), archived by American Radio History (online: {{url|http://www.americanradiohistory.com}}).
{{Music industry}}
{{Billboard}}
{{USNumber1s}}
{{USTop10s}}
{{Top Hot 100 Hits}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Billboard (Magazine)}}
[[Category:Billboard (magazine)| ]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Magazines about the media]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1894]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:Music magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:VNU Business Media publications]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | ' no ONE GIVES A FUCK ABOUT THIS UGLY ASS BILLBOARD
==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Billboard, November 1, 1894 first issue.png|thumb|left|upright|First issue of ''Billboard'' (1894)]]
The first issue of ''Billboard'' was published in [[Cincinnati|Cincinnati, Ohio]] by William Donaldson and James Hennegan on November 1, 1894.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="Broven 2009 p. 187">{{cite book |last=Broven | first=J. |title=Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers |publisher=University of Illinois Press |series=Music in American life |year=2009 | isbn=978-0-252-03290-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov |url-access=registration | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=[https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/187 187]}}</ref> Initially, it covered the advertising and [[Flyposting|bill posting]] industry, and was known as ''Billboard Advertising''.<ref name="Gussow. 2015">{{cite book|last=Gussow.|first=Don|title=The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press|date=1984|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-165202-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32 32–33]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32}}</ref><ref name="godfrey"/>{{efn|Some sources say it was called ''The Billboard Advertiser''<ref name="LampelLant"/>}} At the time, billboards, posters, and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the primary means of advertising.<ref name="godfrey"/> Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages long.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994">{{cite news | title=Hall of fame. (history's top personalities in the live entertainment and amusement industry) (One hundredth-anniversary collector's edition) |website=Amusement Business| date=November 1, 1994 | url=http://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000221/https://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 24, 2015 |accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref> The paper had columns like "The Bill Room Gossip" and "The Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster".<ref name="LampelLant"/> A department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> The title was changed to ''The Billboard'' in 1897.<ref name="booksdirectory">{{cite book|title=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|volume=98|work=International Directory of Company Histories|first=Ed|last=Dinger|pages=260–265}}</ref>
After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business in 1900 for $500 (equal to ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|500|1900|r=-2}}}} today) to save it from bankruptcy.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, [[vaudeville]], and burlesque shows.<ref name="LampelLant"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of outdoor events in 1901.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> ''Billboard'' also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics, and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows, and a sub-section called "Freaks to order".<ref name="LampelLant"/> According to ''[[The Seattle Times]]'', Donaldson also published news articles "attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting 'good taste' and fighting [[yellow journalism]]".<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
As railroads became more developed, ''Billboard'' set up a mail forwarding system for traveling entertainers. The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, then ''Billboard'' would receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its "Letter-Box" column that it has mail for them.<ref name="LampelLant"/> This service was first introduced in 1904, and became one of ''Billboard''{{'}}s largest sources of profit<ref name="Radel 1994"/> and celebrity connections.<ref name="LampelLant"/> By 1914, there were 42,000 people using the service.<ref name="HighBeam Business: Arrive Prepared 1994"/> It was also used as the official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during [[World War I]].<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news|newspaper=Newsweek|date=April 4, 1949|title=New Boss for Billboard|pages=57–58}}</ref> In the 1960s, when it was discontinued, ''Billboard'' was still processing 1,500 letters per week.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
In 1920, Donaldson made a controversial move by hiring African-American journalist James Albert Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to African-American performers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> According to ''The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media'', the column identified discrimination against black performers and helped validate their careers.<ref name="LampelLant"/> Jackson was the first black critic at a national magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a policy against identifying performers by their race.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> Donaldson died in 1925.<ref name="LampelLant"/>
===Focus on music===
''Billboard''{{'}}s editorial changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels of modern technology" such as the [[phonograph]], [[record player]]s, and wireless radios.<ref name="LampelLant"/> It began covering coin-operated entertainment machines in 1899, and created a dedicated section for them called "Amusement Machines" in March 1932.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> ''Billboard'' began covering the motion picture industry in 1907,<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184"/> but ended up focusing on music due to competition from ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83">{{cite book | last=Bloom | first=K. | title=Broadway: An Encyclopedia | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-135-95020-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83 | accessdate=November 6, 2015 | page=83}}</ref> It created a radio broadcasting station in the 1920s.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
The jukebox industry continued to grow through the [[Great Depression]], and was advertised heavily in ''Billboard'',<ref name="booksdirectory"/>{{rp|262}} which led to even more editorial focus on music.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> ''Billboard'' published the first [[Billboard charts|music hit parade]] on January 4, 1936,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html | title=Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to ... Sinatra | first=Jonathan | last=Sale | date=January 4, 1996 | work=[[The Independent]] | accessdate=January 3, 2017}}</ref> and introduced a "Record Buying Guide" in January 1939.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> In 1940, it introduced "Chart Line", which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine charts.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> By the 1940s, ''Billboard'' was more of a music industry specialist publication.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> The number of charts it published grew after [[World War II]], due to a growing variety of music interests and genres. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats,<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> and 28 charts by 1994.<ref name="Radel 1994"/>
By 1943, ''Billboard'' had about 100 employees.<ref name="on Project 1943 p. 184">{{cite book | author=Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Ohio| title=Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors | publisher=Best Books | year=1943 | isbn=978-1-62376-051-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184 | accessdate=November 7, 2015 | page=184}}</ref> The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio in 1946, then to New York City in 1948.<ref name="Radel 1994"/> A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and coated paper was first used in ''Billboard''{{'}}s print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> Billboard Publications Inc. acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors called ''Vend'', and, in the 1950s, acquired an advertising trade publication called ''Tide''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> By 1969, Billboard Publications Inc. owned eleven trade and consumer publications, a publisher called [[Watson-Guptill]] Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes, and four television franchises. It also acquired ''Photo Weekly'' that year.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Over time, subjects that ''Billboard'' still covered outside of music were spun-off into separate publications: ''Funspot'' magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks, and ''Amusement Business'' was created in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, ''Billboard'' was renamed as ''Billboard Music Week''<ref name="godfrey"/><ref name="booksdirectory"/> to emphasize its new exclusive interest in music.<ref name="Bloom 2013 p. 83"/> Two years later, it was renamed to just ''Billboard''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> According to ''The New Business Journalism'', by 1984, Billboard Publications was a "prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and ''Billboard'' had become the "undisputed leader" in music industry news.<ref name="Gussow. 2015"/> In the early 1990s, ''Billboard'' introduced ''Billboard Airplay Monitors'', a publication for disc jockeys and music programmers.<ref name="godfrey"/> By the end of the 1990s, ''Billboard'' dubbed itself the "bible" of the recording industry.<ref name="godfrey">{{Cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of American Radio |first1=Donald G. |last1=Godfrey |first2=Frederic A. |last2=Leigh |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=978-0-313-29636-9|page=45}}</ref>
===Changes in ownership===
''Billboard'' struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and, within three years, was once again heading towards [[bankruptcy]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took over in 1928 and "nursed the publication back to health".<ref name="booksdirectory"/><ref name="newsweek"/> His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946<ref name="newsweek"/> and inherited the publication in the late 1970s after Roger Littleford's death.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> They sold it to private investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638"/> The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication for the Broadway theatre industry called ''Backstage''.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1987, ''Billboard'' was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100 million.<ref name="Jackson Keller Flood 2010 p. 638">{{cite book | last=Jackson | first=K.T. | last2=Keller | first2=L. | last3=Flood | first3=N. | title=The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-300-18257-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638 | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=638}}</ref> Billboard Publications Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> As BPI Communications, it acquired ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'', ''[[Adweek]]'', ''[[Marketing Week]]'', and ''[[Mediaweek]]'', and also purchased [[Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems|Broadcast Data Systems]], a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.<ref name="booksdirectory"/> Private investors from Boston Ventures and BPI executives re-purchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for $100 million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music Group for music-related publications.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate [[Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen]] for $220 million.<ref name="The New York Times 1994">{{cite web | title=Dutch Buyer Acquires BPI | website=The New York Times | date=January 15, 1994 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref>{{efn|19 publications according to the ''Chicago Tribune''<ref name="tribunedigital-chicagotribune 1994">{{cite news | title=Dutch Firm To Purchase Billboard, Film Magazine | newspaper=Chicago Tribune | date=January 17, 1994 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref>}} VNU acquired the [[Clio Awards]] in advertising and the National Research Group in 1997, as well as ''[[Editor & Publisher]]'' in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million for the publisher [[Miller Freeman, Inc.|Miller Freeman]]. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially larger, but had a large amount of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7 billion acquisition of [[IMS Health]] in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an $11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
VNU then changed its name to [[Nielsen N.V.|Nielsen]] in 2007, the namesake of a company it acquired for $2.5 billion in 1999.<ref name="WSJ 1999">{{cite news | title=VNU to Buy Nielsen Media In Deal Valued at $2.5 Billion | newspaper=The Wall Street Journal | date=August 17, 1999 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829 | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Deliso 2007">{{cite web | last=Deliso | first=Meredith | title=VNU Changes Name to the Nielsen Co. | website=Advertising Age | date=January 18, 2007 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/ | accessdate=October 10, 2015}}</ref> New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured the organization, and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007; he was subsequently replaced by Greg Farrar.<ref name="booksdirectory"/>
Nielsen owned ''Billboard'' until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and [[Guggenheim Partners]] for the purpose of the acquisition.<ref name="Ives 2009">{{cite web | last=Ives | first=Nat | title=Adweek Group Among Titles Sold to e5 Global Media Holdings | website=Advertising Age | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/ | accessdate=October 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Los Angeles Times 2009">{{cite web | title=Hollywood Reporter, Billboard sold | website=Los Angeles Times | date=December 10, 2009 | url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html | accessdate=October 12, 2015}}</ref> The following year, the new parent company was renamed as [[Prometheus Global Media]].<ref name="Folio: 2010">{{cite web | title=What's in a Name? | website=Folio | date=October 15, 2010 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/ | accessdate=October 11, 2015}}</ref> Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of Prometheus and became the sole owner of ''Billboard''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html|title=Former Yahoo chief moves to Guggenheim|last=Steel|first=Emily|newspaper=Financial Times|date=January 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Numbers 2013">{{cite web | last=Numbers | first=the | title=Yahoo Exec Tapped To Head Prometheus Global Media | website=Folio | date=January 15, 2013 | url=http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/ | accessdate=January 11, 2016}}</ref>
In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including ''Billboard'', to its own executive [[Todd Boehly]].<ref name=deadline-guggensell>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Prepares To Sell Hollywood Reporter, Dick Clark Productions To Exec|url=https://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/|website=Deadline.com|accessdate=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015}}</ref><ref name=thewrap-todd>{{cite web|title=Guggenheim Media Spins Off Money-Losing Hollywood Reporter, Billboard to Company President Todd Boehly (Exclusive)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/|website=The Wrap|accessdate=December 18, 2015|date=December 17, 2015}}</ref> The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a unit of the holding company [[Eldridge Industries]].<ref name="bloomberg-draftkingsfund">{{cite web|title=Dodgers' Boehly Leads $100 Million DraftKings Investment|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment|website=Bloomberg|accessdate=March 10, 2017}}</ref>
===1990s–present===
[[Timothy White (editor)|Timothy White]] was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position he held until his unexpected death in 2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit", while criticizing music with violent or misogynistic themes,<ref name="latimes 2002">{{cite news | title=Timothy White, 50; Editor Revolutionized Billboard Magazine | newspaper=Los Angeles Times | date=June 28, 2002 | url=https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28 | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> and also reworked the publication's music charts.<ref name="latimes 2002"/> Rather than relying on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained from [[Nielsen SoundScan]].<ref name="booksdirectory"/> White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,<ref name="Pareles 2002">{{cite web | last=Pareles | first=Jon | title=Timothy White, 50, Billboard Editor in Chief | website=The New York Times | date=July 1, 2002 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> but was replaced by Keith Girard, who was subsequently fired in May 2004. He and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that ''Billboard'' fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004">{{cite news | last=Jurkowitz | first=Mark | title=Lawsuit is latest in list of tough hits for Billboard |newspaper=Boston Globe | date=August 12, 2004 | url=https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> The lawsuit claimed that they experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment, and a financially motivated lack of editorial integrity.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Grinberg 2005"/> Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch minority employees.<ref name="Grinberg 2005">{{cite web | last=Grinberg | first=Emanuella | title=New motion details racial profiling claims against Billboard magazine | publisher=CNN | date=April 6, 2005 | url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/ | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> The case was settled out-of-court in 2006 for a non-disclosed sum.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015">{{cite web | last=Tsioulcas | first=Anastasia | title=Why Is 'Billboard' Asking Industry Execs If They Believe Kesha? | publisher=NPR | date=August 23, 2015 | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha | accessdate=November 7, 2015}}</ref>
In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from ''Billboard''{{'}}s traditional audience.<ref name="Jurkowitz 2004"/><ref name="Sisario 2014">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Leadership Change May Signal New Start for Billboard Magazine | website=The New York Times | date=January 8, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html | accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less than 17,000 by 2014.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/> The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.<ref name="Grinberg 2005" />
In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at ''Billboard'', and led its first major redesign since the 1960s, by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During her tenure, ''Billboard'' newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22%, and conference registrations rose 76%.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff|publisher = Crain's New York Business|work = 40 Under 40 |title = Tamara Conniff, 33|date = January 2006|last = Flamm|first = Matthew}}</ref> In 2005, ''Billboard'' expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist, Scott McKenzie, was named editorial director across all Billboard properties.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors|archiveurl=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R1Bgw7HvFY4J:https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk&client=firefox-b-d |archivedate = 2 August 2020|title = Billboard Promotes Key Editors |work =Billboard|url-status = live|date = 13 January 2006 }}</ref> Conniff launched the Billboard Women in Music event in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/|work =CBS News|date = September 14, 2007 |title = Reba Named Woman Of The Year|agency = AP}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url = https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html|website = PRLOG|title = Top Music Exec joins WorldMusicLink|date= 18 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title = Billboard chooses Reba McEntire as its first ‘Woman of the Year’ |url = https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/ |date = September 14, 2007 |work = The Orange County Register}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = McEntire Named Billboard's Woman Of The Year|work = Billboard|date = 17 September 2007|url = https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year}}</ref>
Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,<ref name="one"/> and was followed by [[Janice Min]] in January 2014, also responsible for editorial content at ''The Hollywood Reporter''.<ref name="one">{{cite news|last=Lewis |first=Randy |title=Billboard Shakeup puts Hollywood Reporter's Janice Min in Charge |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story |date=January 9, 2014 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The magazine has since been making changes to make it more of a general interest music news source as opposed to solely an industry trade, branching out into covering more celebrity, fashion, and gossip.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/><ref name="Sisario 2014"/><ref name="Sisario 20142"/> Min hired Tony Gervino as the publication's editor, which was unusual, in that he did not have a background in the music industry.<ref name="Sisario 20142">{{cite web | last=Sisario | first=Ben | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino as Editor | website=The New York Times | date=April 7, 2014 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html | accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref> Tony Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.<ref name="Steigrad 2014">{{cite web | last=Steigrad | first=Alexandra | title=Billboard Names Tony Gervino Editor in Chief | website=Women's Wear Daily | date=April 7, 2014 | url=http://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/ | accessdate=November 5, 2015}}</ref> An item on [[National Public Radio|NPR]] covered a leaked version of ''Billboard''{{'}}s annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than prior surveys. For example, it polled readers on a lawsuit that singer [[Kesha]] filed against her producer alleging sexual abuse.<ref name="Tsioulcas 2015"/>
Gervino was let go in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that Senior Vice President of Digital Content Mike Bruno would serve as the head of editorial moving forward.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269|title=Billboard EIC Tony Gervino Exits on a High Note|website=www.adweek.com|access-date=August 15, 2016}}</ref>
On June 15, 2016, [[Billboard Philippines|BillboardPH]], the first ''Billboard'' chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was announced.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership |title=Billboard Partners with AlgoRhythm to Launch Billboard Philippines|work=Billboard|date=June 15, 2016|accessdate=June 30, 2017}}</ref> On September 12, 2016, ''Billboard'' expanded into China by launching ''[[Billboard China]]'' in a partnership with Vision Music Ltd.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china|title=Billboard Launches in China|first=Lyndsey|last=Havens|magazine=Billboard|date=September 12, 2016|accessdate=August 10, 2016}}</ref>
==News publishing==
''Billboard'' publishes a news website and weekly [[trade magazine]] that cover music, video and home entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry experts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212"/> It covers news, gossip, opinion,<ref name="LampelLant"/> and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential creation" is the [[Billboard charts|''Billboard'' charts]].<ref name="godfrey"/> The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most popular songs and albums.<ref name="godfrey"/> The [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958. Since then, the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an indicator of commercial success.<ref name="LampelLant">{{cite book |last=Anand |first=N. | chapter=Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field |editor1-last=Lampel |editor1-first=Joseph |editor2-last=Shamsie |editor2-first=Jamal |editor3-last=Lant |editor3-first=Theresa | title=The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Series in Organization and Management | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-135-60923-8 | chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=140}}</ref> ''Billboard'' has also published books in collaboration with [[Watson-Guptill]] and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.<ref name="Hoffmann 2004 p. 212">{{cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=Frank | title=Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-135-94950-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 | accessdate=November 5, 2015 | page=212}}</ref> A daily ''Billboard Bulletin'' was introduced in February 1997<ref name="godfrey"/> and ''Billboard'' hosts about 20 industry events each year.<ref name="primary"/>
''Billboard'' is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.<ref name="Radel 1994">{{cite news | last=Radel | first=Cliff | title=Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits | newspaper=The Seattle Times | date=November 3, 1994 | url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453 | accessdate=November 6, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Sisario 2014"/> It has a print circulation of 17,000 and an online readership of 1.2 million unique monthly views. The website includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos, and a separate website. It also compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter, and publishes eight different newsletters. The print magazine's regular sections include:<ref name="primary"/>
* Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs that week
* Topline: News from the week
* The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry
* Style: Fashion and accessories
* Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography
* Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs
* Backstage pass: information about events and concerts
* Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts
== Listicles ==
''Billboard'' is known for publishing several annual [[listicle]]s on its website, which recognizes the most influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:
* 21 Under 21<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila|title=21 Under 21 2017: Music's Next Generation|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* 40 Under 40<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list|title=40 Under 40: Music's Top Young Power Players Revealed|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Billboard Women in Music|Women in Music]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=December 12, 2019|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2019 Women In Music Top Executives|work=Billboard Magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives|url-status=live|access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Dance 100<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8213443/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement|title=Billboard Launches Inaugural 'Billboard Dance 100' Ranking of Top Dance Music Artists|work=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
* ''Billboard'' Power 100<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list|title=Billboard's 2017 Power 100 List Revealed|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* Dance Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257599/dance-power-players-list-2018t|title=Billboard Dance Power Players 2018: The Managers, Live Leaders & Tastemakers Shaping the Genre|work=Billboard|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref>
* Digital Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Digital Power Players, Guiding the Future in Music and Tech|work=Billboard|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* Hip-Hop Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers|title=Hip-Hop Power Players 2017: The Heat Seekers|work=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* Indie Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents|title=Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Indie Power Players, Led by Big Machine's Scott Borchetta|work=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
* Latin Power Players<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list|title=Latin Power Players 2017 List Revealed|work=Billboard|access-date=December 31, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
*''[[Billboard Argentina]]''
*''[[Billboard Brasil]]''
*''[[Billboard Candid Covers]]''
*''[[Billboard Japan]]''
*''[[Billboard K-Town]]''
*''[[Billboard Mashup Mondays]]''
*[[Billboard Touring Awards|''Billboard'' Touring Awards]]
*''[[Billboard Türkiye]]''
*[[Top Heatseekers]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Billboard (magazine)}}
*{{Official website}}
=== Archives ===
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ ''Billboard'' Archive on Google Books]
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Billboard.html?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ 1940–2010] archived online by [[Google Books]]
* [https://www.billboard.com/archive Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008-2016] archived online by Billboard
* [http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Billboard-Magazine.htm 1920–2014] (missing issues), archived by American Radio History (online: {{url|http://www.americanradiohistory.com}}).
{{Music industry}}
{{Billboard}}
{{USNumber1s}}
{{USTop10s}}
{{Top Hot 100 Hits}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Billboard (Magazine)}}
[[Category:Billboard (magazine)| ]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Ohio]]
[[Category:Magazines about the media]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1894]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Magazines published in New York City]]
[[Category:Music magazines published in the United States]]
[[Category:Professional and trade magazines]]
[[Category:VNU Business Media publications]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in the United States]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,31 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|American music magazine}}
-{{good article}}
-{{italic title}}
-{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2018}}
-{{Infobox magazine
-| logo = BillboardLogo2013.svg
-| image_file = Billboard Magazine May 25, 2019 issue.jpg
-| image_caption = Cover for the issue dated May 25, 2019
-| founder = William Donaldson and James Hennegan
-| website = {{URL|http://www.billboard.com}}
-| publisher = Lynne Segall
-| italic title = no
-| editor = Hannah Karp
-| editor_title =
-| previous_editor = Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff
-| language = English
-| founded = {{start date and age|1894|11|1}} (as ''Billboard Advertising'')
-| frequency = Weekly
-| category = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]
-| total_circulation = 17,000 magazines per week<br/>15.2 million unique visitors per month<ref name="primary">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|title=Media Kit|work=Billboard|accessdate=June 15, 2016}}</ref>
-| company = [[MRC (company)|MRC]]
-| firstdate =
-| country = United States
-| based = New York City
-| issn = 0006-2510
-|title=Billboard}}
-'''''Billboard''''', stylized as '''''billboard''''', is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group, a division of [[MRC (company)|MRC]] Media & Info. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events, and style, and is also known for its [[Billboard charts|music charts]], including the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], tracking the most popular songs and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows.
-
-''Billboard'' was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs, and [[burlesque]] shows, and also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. ''Billboard'' began focusing more on the [[music industry]] as the [[jukebox]], [[phonograph]], and [[radio]] became commonplace. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including ''Amusement Business'' in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, ''Billboard'' was passed down to his children and Hennegan's children, until it was sold to private investors in 1985, and has since been owned by various parties.
+ no ONE GIVES A FUCK ABOUT THIS UGLY ASS BILLBOARD
==History==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 34638 |
Old page size (old_size) | 37266 |
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0 => '{{short description|American music magazine}}',
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6 => '| image_file = Billboard Magazine May 25, 2019 issue.jpg',
7 => '| image_caption = Cover for the issue dated May 25, 2019',
8 => '| founder = William Donaldson and James Hennegan',
9 => '| website = {{URL|http://www.billboard.com}}',
10 => '| publisher = Lynne Segall',
11 => '| italic title = no',
12 => '| editor = Hannah Karp',
13 => '| editor_title = ',
14 => '| previous_editor = Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff',
15 => '| language = English',
16 => '| founded = {{start date and age|1894|11|1}} (as ''Billboard Advertising'')',
17 => '| frequency = Weekly',
18 => '| category = [[Entertainment industry|Entertainment]]',
19 => '| total_circulation = 17,000 magazines per week<br/>15.2 million unique visitors per month<ref name="primary">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/files/media/bb_2015mediakit_050115.pdf|title=Media Kit|work=Billboard|accessdate=June 15, 2016}}</ref>',
20 => '| company = [[MRC (company)|MRC]]',
21 => '| firstdate = ',
22 => '| country = United States',
23 => '| based = New York City',
24 => '| issn = 0006-2510',
25 => '|title=Billboard}}',
26 => ''''''Billboard''''', stylized as '''''billboard''''', is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group, a division of [[MRC (company)|MRC]] Media & Info. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events, and style, and is also known for its [[Billboard charts|music charts]], including the [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] and [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], tracking the most popular songs and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows.',
27 => '',
28 => '''Billboard'' was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegan's interest in 1900 for $500. In the early years of the 20th century, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs, and [[burlesque]] shows, and also created a mail service for travelling entertainers. ''Billboard'' began focusing more on the [[music industry]] as the [[jukebox]], [[phonograph]], and [[radio]] became commonplace. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including ''Amusement Business'' in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment, so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, ''Billboard'' was passed down to his children and Hennegan's children, until it was sold to private investors in 1985, and has since been owned by various parties.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
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9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83',
10 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638',
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19 => 'http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html',
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38 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html',
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40 => 'http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269',
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57 => 'https://www.billboard.com/archive',
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59 => 'http://www.americanradiohistory.com'
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45 => 'https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><pre> no ONE GIVES A FUCK ABOUT THIS UGLY ASS BILLBOARD
</pre>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Focus_on_music"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Focus on music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Changes_in_ownership"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Changes in ownership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#1990s–present"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">1990s–present</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#News_publishing"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">News publishing</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Listicles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Listicles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Archives"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Archives</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_history">Early history</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Billboard,_November_1,_1894_first_issue.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png/170px-Billboard%2C_November_1%2C_1894_first_issue.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="357" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Billboard,_November_1,_1894_first_issue.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>First issue of <i>Billboard</i> (1894)</div></div></div>
<p>The first issue of <i>Billboard</i> was published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a> by William Donaldson and James Hennegan on November 1, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broven_2009_p._187_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broven_2009_p._187-2">[2]</a></sup> Initially, it covered the advertising and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">bill posting</a> industry, and was known as <i>Billboard Advertising</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gussow._2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gussow._2015-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a></sup> At the time, billboards, posters, and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the primary means of advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup> Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co., managed magazine production. The first issues were just eight pages long.<sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-6">[5]</a></sup> The paper had columns like "The Bill Room Gossip" and "The Indefatigable and Tireless Industry of the Bill Poster".<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> A department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-7">[6]</a></sup> The title was changed to <i>The Billboard</i> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>After a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegan's interest in the business in 1900 for $500 (equal to $15,400 today) to save it from bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-6">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a weekly paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London, and Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> and also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment such as fairs, carnivals, circuses, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, and burlesque shows.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of outdoor events in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-7">[6]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics, and new shows. It had a "stage gossip" column covering the private lives of entertainers, a "tent show" section covering traveling shows, and a sub-section called "Freaks to order".<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>, Donaldson also published news articles "attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting 'good taste' and fighting <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">yellow journalism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>As railroads became more developed, <i>Billboard</i> set up a mail forwarding system for traveling entertainers. The location of an entertainer was tracked in the paper's Routes Ahead column, then <i>Billboard</i> would receive mail on the star's behalf and publish a notice in its "Letter-Box" column that it has mail for them.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> This service was first introduced in 1904, and became one of <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s largest sources of profit<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup> and celebrity connections.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> By 1914, there were 42,000 people using the service.<sup id="cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-6">[5]</a></sup> It was also used as the official address of traveling entertainers for draft letters during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-11">[10]</a></sup> In the 1960s, when it was discontinued, <i>Billboard</i> was still processing 1,500 letters per week.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1920, Donaldson made a controversial move by hiring African-American journalist James Albert Jackson to write a weekly column devoted to African-American performers.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> According to <i>The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media</i>, the column identified discrimination against black performers and helped validate their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> Jackson was the first black critic at a national magazine with a predominantly white audience. According to his grandson, Donaldson also established a policy against identifying performers by their race.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup> Donaldson died in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Focus_on_music">Focus on music</span></h3>
<p><i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s editorial changed focus as technology in recording and playback developed, covering "marvels of modern technology" such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Record player">record players</a>, and wireless radios.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> It began covering coin-operated entertainment machines in 1899, and created a dedicated section for them called "Amusement Machines" in March 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> began covering the motion picture industry in 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-7">[6]</a></sup> but ended up focusing on music due to competition from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_2013_p._83-12">[11]</a></sup> It created a radio broadcasting station in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>The jukebox industry continued to grow through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and was advertised heavily in <i>Billboard</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>262</span></sup> which led to even more editorial focus on music.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> The proliferation of the phonograph and radio also contributed to its growing music emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> published the first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts">music hit parade</a> on January 4, 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> and introduced a "Record Buying Guide" in January 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> In 1940, it introduced "Chart Line", which tracked the best-selling records, and was followed by a chart for jukebox records in 1944 called Music Box Machine charts.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> By the 1940s, <i>Billboard</i> was more of a music industry specialist publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Gussow._2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gussow._2015-3">[3]</a></sup> The number of charts it published grew after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, due to a growing variety of music interests and genres. It had eight charts by 1987, covering different genres and formats,<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> and 28 charts by 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>By 1943, <i>Billboard</i> had about 100 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-7">[6]</a></sup> The magazine's offices moved to Brighton, Ohio in 1946, then to New York City in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup> A five-column tabloid format was adopted in November 1950 and coated paper was first used in <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s print issues in January 1963, allowing for photojournalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> Billboard Publications Inc. acquired a monthly trade magazine for candy and cigarette machine vendors called <i>Vend</i>, and, in the 1950s, acquired an advertising trade publication called <i>Tide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> By 1969, Billboard Publications Inc. owned eleven trade and consumer publications, a publisher called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a> Publications, a set of self-study cassette tapes, and four television franchises. It also acquired <i>Photo Weekly</i> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Over time, subjects that <i>Billboard</i> still covered outside of music were spun-off into separate publications: <i>Funspot</i> magazine was created in 1957 to cover amusement parks, and <i>Amusement Business</i> was created in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment. In January 1961, <i>Billboard</i> was renamed as <i>Billboard Music Week</i><sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> to emphasize its new exclusive interest in music.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom_2013_p._83-12">[11]</a></sup> Two years later, it was renamed to just <i>Billboard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> According to <i>The New Business Journalism</i>, by 1984, Billboard Publications was a "prosperous" conglomerate of trade magazines, and <i>Billboard</i> had become the "undisputed leader" in music industry news.<sup id="cite_ref-Gussow._2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gussow._2015-3">[3]</a></sup> In the early 1990s, <i>Billboard</i> introduced <i>Billboard Airplay Monitors</i>, a publication for disc jockeys and music programmers.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup> By the end of the 1990s, <i>Billboard</i> dubbed itself the "bible" of the recording industry.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Changes_in_ownership">Changes in ownership</span></h3>
<p><i>Billboard</i> struggled after its founder William Donaldson died in 1925, and, within three years, was once again heading towards <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> Donaldson's son-in-law Roger Littleford took over in 1928 and "nursed the publication back to health".<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-11">[10]</a></sup> His sons Bill and Roger became co-publishers in 1946<sup id="cite_ref-newsweek_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsweek-11">[10]</a></sup> and inherited the publication in the late 1970s after Roger Littleford's death.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> They sold it to private investors in 1985 for an estimated $40 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638-14">[13]</a></sup> The investors cut costs and acquired a trade publication for the Broadway theatre industry called <i>Backstage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1987, <i>Billboard</i> was sold again to Affiliated Publications for $100 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638-14">[13]</a></sup> Billboard Publications Inc. became a subsidiary of Affiliated Publications called BPI Communications.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> As BPI Communications, it acquired <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adweek" title="Adweek">Adweek</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marketing_Week" title="Marketing Week">Marketing Week</a></i>, and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediaweek" title="Mediaweek">Mediaweek</a></i>, and also purchased <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_Broadcast_Data_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems">Broadcast Data Systems</a>, a high-tech firm for tracking music airtime.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> Private investors from Boston Ventures and BPI executives re-purchased a two-thirds interest in Billboard Publications for $100 million, and more acquisitions followed. In 1993, it created a division known as Billboard Music Group for music-related publications.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1994, Billboard Publications was sold to Dutch media conglomerate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Verenigde_Nederlandse_Uitgeverijen" title="Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen">Verenigde Nederlandse Uitgeverijen</a> for $220 million.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1994-15">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[b]</a></sup> VNU acquired the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clio_Awards" title="Clio Awards">Clio Awards</a> in advertising and the National Research Group in 1997, as well as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher" title="Editor & Publisher">Editor & Publisher</a></i> in 1999. In July 2000, it paid $650 million for the publisher <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miller_Freeman,_Inc." title="Miller Freeman, Inc.">Miller Freeman</a>. BPI was combined with other entities in VNU in 2000 to form Bill Communications Inc. By the time CEO Gerald Hobbs retired in 2003, VNU had grown substantially larger, but had a large amount of debt from the acquisitions. An attempted $7 billion acquisition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IMS_Health" title="IMS Health">IMS Health</a> in 2005 prompted protests from shareholders that halted the deal; it eventually agreed to an $11 billion takeover bid from investors in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>VNU then changed its name to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_N.V." class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen N.V.">Nielsen</a> in 2007, the namesake of a company it acquired for $2.5 billion in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_1999-18">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deliso_2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deliso_2007-19">[17]</a></sup> New CEO Robert Krakoff divested some of the previously owned publications, restructured the organization, and planned some acquisitions before dying suddenly in 2007; he was subsequently replaced by Greg Farrar.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>Nielsen owned <i>Billboard</i> until 2009, when it was one of eight publications sold to e5 Global Media Holdings. e5 was formed by investment firms Pluribus Capital Management and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guggenheim_Partners" title="Guggenheim Partners">Guggenheim Partners</a> for the purpose of the acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-Ives_2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ives_2009-20">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2009-21">[19]</a></sup> The following year, the new parent company was renamed as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prometheus_Global_Media" title="Prometheus Global Media">Prometheus Global Media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Folio:_2010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folio:_2010-22">[20]</a></sup> Three years later, Guggenheim Partners acquired Pluribus' share of Prometheus and became the sole owner of <i>Billboard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Numbers_2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Numbers_2013-24">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In December 2015, Guggenheim Digital Media spun out several media brands, including <i>Billboard</i>, to its own executive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Todd_Boehly" title="Todd Boehly">Todd Boehly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deadline-guggensell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadline-guggensell-25">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thewrap-todd_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewrap-todd-26">[24]</a></sup> The assets operate under the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a unit of the holding company <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eldridge_Industries" title="Eldridge Industries">Eldridge Industries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg-draftkingsfund_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-draftkingsfund-27">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span id="1990s.E2.80.93present"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="1990s–present">1990s–present</span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_White_(editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy White (editor)">Timothy White</a> was appointed editor-in-chief in 1991, a position he held until his unexpected death in 2002. White wrote a weekly column promoting music with "artistic merit", while criticizing music with violent or misogynistic themes,<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2002_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes_2002-28">[26]</a></sup> and also reworked the publication's music charts.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_2002_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes_2002-28">[26]</a></sup> Rather than relying on data from music retailers, new charts used data from store checkout scanners obtained from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen SoundScan">Nielsen SoundScan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-booksdirectory-8">[7]</a></sup> White also wrote in-depth profiles on musicians,<sup id="cite_ref-Pareles_2002_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pareles_2002-29">[27]</a></sup> but was replaced by Keith Girard, who was subsequently fired in May 2004. He and a female employee filed a $29 million lawsuit alleging that <i>Billboard</i> fired them unfairly with an intent to damage their reputations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-30">[28]</a></sup> The lawsuit claimed that they experienced sexual harassment, a hostile work environment, and a financially motivated lack of editorial integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-30">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg_2005-31">[29]</a></sup> Email evidence suggested that human resources were given special instructions to watch minority employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg_2005-31">[29]</a></sup> The case was settled out-of-court in 2006 for a non-disclosed sum.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-32">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the 2000s, economic decline in the music industry dramatically reduced readership and advertising from <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s traditional audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-30">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_2014-33">[31]</a></sup> Circulation declined from 40,000 in circulation in the 1990s to less than 17,000 by 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-32">[30]</a></sup> The publication's staff and ownership were also undergoing frequent changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg_2005-31">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2004, Tamara Conniff became the first female and youngest-ever executive editor at <i>Billboard</i>, and led its first major redesign since the 1960s, by Daniel Stark and Stark Design. During her tenure, <i>Billboard</i> newsstand sales jumped 10%, ad pages climbed 22%, and conference registrations rose 76%.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup> In 2005, <i>Billboard</i> expanded its editorial outside the music industry into other areas of digital and mobile entertainment. In 2006, after leading Billboard's radio publication, former ABC News and CNN journalist, Scott McKenzie, was named editorial director across all Billboard properties.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> Conniff launched the Billboard Women in Music event in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Bill Werde was named editorial director in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-one_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-40">[38]</a></sup> and was followed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janice_Min" title="Janice Min">Janice Min</a> in January 2014, also responsible for editorial content at <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-one_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-one-40">[38]</a></sup> The magazine has since been making changes to make it more of a general interest music news source as opposed to solely an industry trade, branching out into covering more celebrity, fashion, and gossip.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-32">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_2014_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_2014-33">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_20142_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_20142-41">[39]</a></sup> Min hired Tony Gervino as the publication's editor, which was unusual, in that he did not have a background in the music industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_20142_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_20142-41">[39]</a></sup> Tony Gervino was appointed editor-in-chief in April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigrad_2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigrad_2014-42">[40]</a></sup> An item on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a> covered a leaked version of <i>Billboard</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s annual survey, which it said had more gossip and focused on less professional topics than prior surveys. For example, it polled readers on a lawsuit that singer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kesha" title="Kesha">Kesha</a> filed against her producer alleging sexual abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-32">[30]</a></sup>
</p><p>Gervino was let go in May 2016. A note from Min to the editorial staff indicated that Senior Vice President of Digital Content Mike Bruno would serve as the head of editorial moving forward.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></sup>
On June 15, 2016, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Philippines" title="Billboard Philippines">BillboardPH</a>, the first <i>Billboard</i> chart company in Southeast Asia, mainly in the Philippines, was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a></sup> On September 12, 2016, <i>Billboard</i> expanded into China by launching <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China" title="Billboard China">Billboard China</a></i> in a partnership with Vision Music Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="News_publishing">News publishing</span></h2>
<p><i>Billboard</i> publishes a news website and weekly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">trade magazine</a> that cover music, video and home entertainment. Most of the articles are written by staff writers, while some are written by industry experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> It covers news, gossip, opinion,<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> and music reviews, but its "most enduring and influential creation" is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts"><i>Billboard</i> charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup> The charts track music sales, radio airtime and other data about the most popular songs and albums.<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> chart of the top-selling songs was introduced in 1958. Since then, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a>, which tracks the top-selling albums, has become more popular as an indicator of commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup> <i>Billboard</i> has also published books in collaboration with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a> and a radio and television series called American Top 40, based on Billboard charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9">[8]</a></sup> A daily <i>Billboard Bulletin</i> was introduced in February 1997<sup id="cite_ref-godfrey_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-godfrey-4">[4]</a></sup> and <i>Billboard</i> hosts about 20 industry events each year.<sup id="cite_ref-primary_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-46">[44]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Billboard</i> is considered one of the most reputable sources of music industry news.<sup id="cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radel_1994-10">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sisario_2014_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sisario_2014-33">[31]</a></sup> It has a print circulation of 17,000 and an online readership of 1.2 million unique monthly views. The website includes the Billboard Charts, news separated by music genre, videos, and a separate website. It also compiles lists, hosts a fashion website called Pret-a-Reporter, and publishes eight different newsletters. The print magazine's regular sections include:<sup id="cite_ref-primary_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-46">[44]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>Hot 100: A chart of the top 100 most popular songs that week</li>
<li>Topline: News from the week</li>
<li>The Beat: Hitmaker interviews, gossip and trends in the music industry</li>
<li>Style: Fashion and accessories</li>
<li>Features: In-depth interviews, profiles and photography</li>
<li>Reviews: Reviews of new albums and songs</li>
<li>Backstage pass: information about events and concerts</li>
<li>Charts and CODA: More information about current and historical Billboard Charts</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Listicles">Listicles</span></h2>
<p><i>Billboard</i> is known for publishing several annual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Listicle" title="Listicle">listicles</a> on its website, which recognizes the most influential executives, artists and companies in the music industry, such as the following:
</p>
<ul><li>21 Under 21<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup></li>
<li>40 Under 40<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Women_in_Music" title="Billboard Women in Music">Women in Music</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Billboard</i> Dance 100<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Billboard</i> Power 100<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li>Dance Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a></sup></li>
<li>Digital Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hip-Hop Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a></sup></li>
<li>Indie Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a></sup></li>
<li>Latin Power Players<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Argentina" title="Billboard Argentina">Billboard Argentina</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Brasil" title="Billboard Brasil">Billboard Brasil</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Candid_Covers" title="Billboard Candid Covers">Billboard Candid Covers</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_K-Town" title="Billboard K-Town">Billboard K-Town</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Mashup_Mondays" title="Billboard Mashup Mondays">Billboard Mashup Mondays</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Touring_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboard Touring Awards"><i>Billboard</i> Touring Awards</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Billboard Türkiye">Billboard Türkiye</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Heatseekers" title="Top Heatseekers">Top Heatseekers</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources say it was called <i>The Billboard Advertiser</i><sup id="cite_ref-LampelLant_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LampelLant-1">[1]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">19 publications according to the <i>Chicago Tribune</i><sup id="cite_ref-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994-16">[15]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-LampelLant-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LampelLant_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2006" class="citation book cs1">Anand, N. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yJ5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">"Charting the Music Business: Magazine and the Development of the Commercial Music Field"</a>. In Lampel, Joseph; Shamsie, Jamal; Lant, Theresa (eds.). <i>The Business of Culture: Strategic Perspectives on Entertainment and Media</i>. Series in Organization and Management. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-60923-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-60923-8"><bdi>978-1-135-60923-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charting+the+Music+Business%3A+Magazine+and+the+Development+of+the+Commercial+Music+Field&rft.btitle=The+Business+of+Culture%3A+Strategic+Perspectives+on+Entertainment+and+Media&rft.series=Series+in+Organization+and+Management&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-60923-8&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yJ5AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Broven_2009_p._187-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broven_2009_p._187_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBroven2009" class="citation book cs1">Broven, J. (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov"><i>Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers</i></a></span>. Music in American life. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recordmakersbrea0000brov/page/187">187</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5"><bdi>978-0-252-03290-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Record+Makers+and+Breakers%3A+Voices+of+the+Independent+Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Pioneers&rft.series=Music+in+American+life&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03290-5&rft.aulast=Broven&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecordmakersbrea0000brov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Gussow._2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gussow._2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gussow._2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gussow._2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGussow.1984" class="citation book cs1">Gussow., Don (1984). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32"><i>The New Business of Journalism: An Insider's Look at the Workings of America's Business Press</i></a></span>. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newbusinessjourn0000guss/page/32">32–33</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-165202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-165202-0"><bdi>978-0-15-165202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Business+of+Journalism%3A+An+Insider%27s+Look+at+the+Workings+of+America%27s+Business+Press&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-15-165202-0&rft.aulast=Gussow.&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewbusinessjourn0000guss%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-godfrey-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-godfrey_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGodfreyLeigh1998" class="citation book cs1">Godfrey, Donald G.; Leigh, Frederic A. (1998). <i>Historical Dictionary of American Radio</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29636-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29636-9"><bdi>978-0-313-29636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+American+Radio&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29636-9&rft.aulast=Godfrey&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Leigh%2C+Frederic+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HighBeam_Business:_Arrive_Prepared_1994_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224000221/https://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame">"Hall of fame. (history's top personalities in the live entertainment and amusement industry) (One hundredth-anniversary collector's edition)"</a>. <i>Amusement Business</i>. November 1, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.highbeam.com/53/article-1G1-15906377/hall-fame">the original</a> on December 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amusement+Business&rft.atitle=Hall+of+fame.+%28history%27s+top+personalities+in+the+live+entertainment+and+amusement+industry%29+%28One+hundredth-anniversary+collector%27s+edition%29&rft.date=1994-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.highbeam.com%2F53%2Farticle-1G1-15906377%2Fhall-fame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-on_Project_1943_p._184-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-on_Project_1943_p._184_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWriters'_Program_of_the_Works_Projects_Administration_in_the_State_of_Ohio1943" class="citation book cs1">Writers' Program of the Works Projects Administration in the State of Ohio (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-52BWC4LoC&pg=PA184"><i>Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors</i></a>. Best Books. p. 184. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62376-051-9"><bdi>978-1-62376-051-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cincinnati%2C+a+Guide+to+the+Queen+City+and+Its+Neighbors&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Best+Books&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=978-1-62376-051-9&rft.au=Writers%27+Program+of+the+Works+Projects+Administration+in+the+State+of+Ohio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdW-52BWC4LoC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-booksdirectory-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-booksdirectory_8-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDinger" class="citation book cs1">Dinger, Ed. <i>Nielsen Business Media, Inc</i>. <i>International Directory of Company Histories</i>. <b>98</b>. pp. 260–265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nielsen+Business+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.pages=260-265&rft.aulast=Dinger&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Hoffmann_2004_p._212-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffmann_2004_p._212_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FOSAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212"><i>Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 212. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94950-1"><bdi>978-1-135-94950-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Recorded+Sound&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94950-1&rft.aulast=Hoffmann&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FOSAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Radel_1994-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radel_1994_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRadel1994" class="citation news cs1">Radel, Cliff (November 3, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941103&slug=1939453">"Entertainment & the Arts: Billboard Celebrates 100 Years Of Hits"</a>. <i>The Seattle Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Entertainment+%26+the+Arts%3A+Billboard+Celebrates+100+Years+Of+Hits&rft.date=1994-11-03&rft.aulast=Radel&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.seattletimes.nwsource.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D19941103%26slug%3D1939453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-newsweek-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsweek_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1">"New Boss for Billboard". <i>Newsweek</i>. April 4, 1949. pp. 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=New+Boss+for+Billboard&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=1949-04-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bloom_2013_p._83-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_2013_p._83_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2013" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib2awFyFUKoC&pg=PT83"><i>Broadway: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 83. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95020-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-95020-0"><bdi>978-1-135-95020-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broadway%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-95020-0&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIb2awFyFUKoC%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSale1996" class="citation news cs1">Sale, Jonathan (January 4, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/sixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html">"Sixty years of hits, from Sinatra to ... Sinatra"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sixty+years+of+hits%2C+from+Sinatra+to+...+Sinatra&rft.date=1996-01-04&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fsixty-years-of-hits-from-sinatra-to-sinatra-1322429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_Keller_Flood_2010_p._638_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonKellerFlood2010" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, K.T.; Keller, L.; Flood, N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5ERUmHf3YC&pg=PT638"><i>The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 638. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18257-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18257-6"><bdi>978-0-300-18257-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18257-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=K.T.&rft.au=Keller%2C+L.&rft.au=Flood%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlI5ERUmHf3YC%26pg%3DPT638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1994-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1994_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/business/company-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html">"Dutch Buyer Acquires BPI"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 15, 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dutch+Buyer+Acquires+BPI&rft.date=1994-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F01%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-dutch-buyer-acquires-bpi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribunedigital-chicagotribune_1994_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1994-01-17/business/9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire">"Dutch Firm To Purchase Billboard, Film Magazine"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. January 17, 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Dutch+Firm+To+Purchase+Billboard%2C+Film+Magazine&rft.date=1994-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F1994-01-17%2Fbusiness%2F9401170084_1_boston-ventures-hollywood-reporter-entertainment-news-wire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-WSJ_1999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_1999_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB934790785976203829">"VNU to Buy Nielsen Media In Deal Valued at $2.5 Billion"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. August 17, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=VNU+to+Buy+Nielsen+Media+In+Deal+Valued+at+%242.5+Billion&rft.date=1999-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB934790785976203829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Deliso_2007-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deliso_2007_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDeliso2007" class="citation web cs1">Deliso, Meredith (January 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adage.com/article/media/vnu-nielsen/114382/">"VNU Changes Name to the Nielsen Co"</a>. <i>Advertising Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=VNU+Changes+Name+to+the+Nielsen+Co.&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.aulast=Deliso&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fmedia%2Fvnu-nielsen%2F114382%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Ives_2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ives_2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIves2009" class="citation web cs1">Ives, Nat (December 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adage.com/article/media/media-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings/140994/">"Adweek Group Among Titles Sold to e5 Global Media Holdings"</a>. <i>Advertising Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advertising+Age&rft.atitle=Adweek+Group+Among+Titles+Sold+to+e5+Global+Media+Holdings&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Nat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadage.com%2Farticle%2Fmedia%2Fmedia-news-adweek-sold-e5-global-media-holdings%2F140994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times_2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/12/hollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html">"Hollywood Reporter, Billboard sold"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. December 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Reporter%2C+Billboard+sold&rft.date=2009-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Fentertainmentnewsbuzz%2F2009%2F12%2Fhollywood-reporter-billboard-sold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Folio:_2010-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Folio:_2010_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foliomag.com/2010/whats-name/">"What's in a Name?"</a>. <i>Folio</i>. October 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folio&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foliomag.com%2F2010%2Fwhats-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteel2013" class="citation news cs1">Steel, Emily (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html">"Former Yahoo chief moves to Guggenheim"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Former+Yahoo+chief+moves+to+Guggenheim&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F3ed4fe46-5f2d-11e2-9f18-00144feab49a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Numbers_2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Numbers_2013_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNumbers2013" class="citation web cs1">Numbers, the (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foliomag.com/2013/yahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media/">"Yahoo Exec Tapped To Head Prometheus Global Media"</a>. <i>Folio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folio&rft.atitle=Yahoo+Exec+Tapped+To+Head+Prometheus+Global+Media&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.aulast=Numbers&rft.aufirst=the&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foliomag.com%2F2013%2Fyahoo-exec-tapped-head-prometheus-global-media%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-deadline-guggensell-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deadline-guggensell_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2015/12/guggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970/">"Guggenheim Prepares To Sell Hollywood Reporter, Dick Clark Productions To Exec"</a>. <i>Deadline.com</i>. December 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline.com&rft.atitle=Guggenheim+Prepares+To+Sell+Hollywood+Reporter%2C+Dick+Clark+Productions+To+Exec&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fguggenheim-partners-sell-hollywood-reporter-dick-clark-productions-todd-boehly-1201668970%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-thewrap-todd-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thewrap-todd_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewrap.com/guggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive/">"Guggenheim Media Spins Off Money-Losing Hollywood Reporter, Billboard to Company President Todd Boehly (Exclusive)"</a>. <i>The Wrap</i>. December 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wrap&rft.atitle=Guggenheim+Media+Spins+Off+Money-Losing+Hollywood+Reporter%2C+Billboard+to+Company+President+Todd+Boehly+%28Exclusive%29&rft.date=2015-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewrap.com%2Fguggenheim-media-spins-off-hollywood-reporter-billboard-to-company-president-todd-boehly-exclusive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-bloomberg-draftkingsfund-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg-draftkingsfund_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/dodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment">"Dodgers' Boehly Leads $100 Million DraftKings Investment"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Dodgers%27+Boehly+Leads+%24100+Million+DraftKings+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2017-03-09%2Fdodgers-boehly-said-to-lead-100-million-draftkings-investment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-latimes_2002-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2002_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_2002_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articles.latimes.com/2002/jun/28/local/me-white28">"Timothy White, 50; Editor Revolutionized Billboard Magazine"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. June 28, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Timothy+White%2C+50%3B+Editor+Revolutionized+Billboard+Magazine&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F2002%2Fjun%2F28%2Flocal%2Fme-white28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pareles_2002-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pareles_2002_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPareles2002" class="citation web cs1">Pareles, Jon (July 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/01/arts/timothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html">"Timothy White, 50, Billboard Editor in Chief"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Timothy+White%2C+50%2C+Billboard+Editor+in+Chief&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.aulast=Pareles&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F07%2F01%2Farts%2Ftimothy-white-50-billboard-editor-in-chief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Jurkowitz_2004-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jurkowitz_2004_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJurkowitz2004" class="citation news cs1">Jurkowitz, Mark (August 12, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2004/08/12/lawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard?pg=full">"Lawsuit is latest in list of tough hits for Billboard"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Lawsuit+is+latest+in+list+of+tough+hits+for+Billboard&rft.date=2004-08-12&rft.aulast=Jurkowitz&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2F2004%2F08%2F12%2Flawsuit_is_latest_in_list_of_tough_hits_for_billboard%3Fpg%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Grinberg_2005-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_2005_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGrinberg2005" class="citation web cs1">Grinberg, Emanuella (April 6, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/LAW/04/06/billboard/">"New motion details racial profiling claims against Billboard magazine"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+motion+details+racial+profiling+claims+against+Billboard+magazine&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2005-04-06&rft.aulast=Grinberg&rft.aufirst=Emanuella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FLAW%2F04%2F06%2Fbillboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Tsioulcas_2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsioulcas_2015_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTsioulcas2015" class="citation web cs1">Tsioulcas, Anastasia (August 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2015/08/23/433466416/why-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha">"Why Is 'Billboard' Asking Industry Execs If They Believe Kesha?"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Is+%27Billboard%27+Asking+Industry+Execs+If+They+Believe+Kesha%3F&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2015-08-23&rft.aulast=Tsioulcas&rft.aufirst=Anastasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Ftherecord%2F2015%2F08%2F23%2F433466416%2Fwhy-is-billboard-asking-industry-execs-if-they-believe-kesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sisario_2014-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sisario_2014_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sisario_2014_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sisario_2014_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2014" class="citation web cs1">Sisario, Ben (January 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/09/business/media/leadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html">"Leadership Change May Signal New Start for Billboard Magazine"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leadership+Change+May+Signal+New+Start+for+Billboard+Magazine&rft.date=2014-01-08&rft.aulast=Sisario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F09%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fleadership-change-may-signal-new-start-for-billboard-magazine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFlamm2006" class="citation web cs1">Flamm, Matthew (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/tamara-conniff">"Tamara Conniff, 33"</a>. <i>40 Under 40</i>. Crain's New York Business.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=40+Under+40&rft.atitle=Tamara+Conniff%2C+33&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Flamm&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crainsnewyork.com%2Fawards%2Ftamara-conniff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors">"Billboard Promotes Key Editors"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 13 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:R1Bgw7HvFY4J:https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/1359192/billboard-promotes-key-editors+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk&client=firefox-b-d">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Promotes+Key+Editors&rft.date=2006-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F1359192%2Fbillboard-promotes-key-editors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/reba-named-woman-of-the-year/">"Reba Named Woman Of The Year"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. AP. September 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Reba+Named+Woman+Of+The+Year&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Freba-named-woman-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlog.org/11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html">"Top Music Exec joins WorldMusicLink"</a>. <i>PRLOG</i> (Press release). 18 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Music+Exec+joins+WorldMusicLink&rft.date=2011-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlog.org%2F11313060-top-music-exec-joins-worldmusiclink.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/14/billboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year/">"Billboard chooses Reba McEntire as its first 'Woman of the Year<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Orange County Register</i>. September 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=Billboard+chooses+Reba+McEntire+as+its+first+%E2%80%98Woman+of+the+Year%E2%80%99&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2F2007%2F09%2F14%2Fbillboard-chooses-reba-mcentire-as-its-first-woman-of-the-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1049244/mcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year">"McEntire Named Billboard's Woman Of The Year"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=McEntire+Named+Billboard%27s+Woman+Of+The+Year&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F1049244%2Fmcentire-named-billboards-woman-of-the-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-one-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-one_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-one_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Randy (January 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109,0,2774613.story">"Billboard Shakeup puts Hollywood Reporter's Janice Min in Charge"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Billboard+Shakeup+puts+Hollywood+Reporter%27s+Janice+Min+in+Charge&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fposts%2Fla-et-ms-billboard-hollywood-reporter-janice-min-20140109%2C0%2C2774613.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sisario_20142-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sisario_20142_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sisario_20142_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSisario2014" class="citation web cs1">Sisario, Ben (April 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/08/business/media/billboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html">"Billboard Names Tony Gervino as Editor"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Billboard+Names+Tony+Gervino+as+Editor&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.aulast=Sisario&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fbillboard-names-tony-gervino-as-editor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Steigrad_2014-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steigrad_2014_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteigrad2014" class="citation web cs1">Steigrad, Alexandra (April 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwd.com/globe-news/fashion-memopad/billboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887/">"Billboard Names Tony Gervino Editor in Chief"</a>. <i>Women's Wear Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Wear+Daily&rft.atitle=Billboard+Names+Tony+Gervino+Editor+in+Chief&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.aulast=Steigrad&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwd.com%2Fglobe-news%2Ffashion-memopad%2Fbillboard-names-tony-gervino-editor-in-chief-7632887%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adweek.com/fishbowlny/billboard-tony-gervino-exit/374269">"Billboard EIC Tony Gervino Exits on a High Note"</a>. <i>www.adweek.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adweek.com&rft.atitle=Billboard+EIC+Tony+Gervino+Exits+on+a+High+Note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Ffishbowlny%2Fbillboard-tony-gervino-exit%2F374269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7407932/billboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership">"Billboard Partners with AlgoRhythm to Launch Billboard Philippines"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. June 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Partners+with+AlgoRhythm+to+Launch+Billboard+Philippines&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F7407932%2Fbillboard-philippines-algorhythm-partnership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHavens2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Havens, Lyndsey (September 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7503731/billboard-launching-in-china">"Billboard Launches in China"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Launches+in+China&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Havens&rft.aufirst=Lyndsey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7503731%2Fbillboard-launching-in-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-primary-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-primary_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-primary_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>primary</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/photos/7980786/21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila">"21 Under 21 2017: Music's Next Generation"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=21+Under+21+2017%3A+Music%27s+Next+Generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fphotos%2F7980786%2F21-under-21-shawn-mendes-lorde-khalid-camila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7548901/40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list">"40 Under 40: Music's Top Young Power Players Revealed"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=40+Under+40%3A+Music%27s+Top+Young+Power+Players+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7548901%2F40-under-40-music-industry-power-players-2016-full-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/8545832/billboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives">"Revealed: Billboard's 2019 Women In Music Top Executives"</a>. <i>Billboard Magazine</i>. December 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Billboard%27s+2019+Women+In+Music+Top+Executives&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F8545832%2Fbillboard-women-in-music-2019-list-most-powerful-executives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8213443/billboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement">"Billboard Launches Inaugural 'Billboard Dance 100' Ranking of Top Dance Music Artists"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Launches+Inaugural+%27Billboard+Dance+100%27+Ranking+of+Top+Dance+Music+Artists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fdance%2F8213443%2Fbillboard-dance-100-artist-ranking-2018-announcement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7684897/billboard-2017-power-100-list">"Billboard's 2017 Power 100 List Revealed"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard%27s+2017+Power+100+List+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7684897%2Fbillboard-2017-power-100-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/dance/8257599/dance-power-players-list-2018t">"Billboard Dance Power Players 2018: The Managers, Live Leaders & Tastemakers Shaping the Genre"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+Dance+Power+Players+2018%3A+The+Managers%2C+Live+Leaders+%26+Tastemakers+Shaping+the+Genre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fdance%2F8257599%2Fdance-power-players-list-2018t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7942213/digital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry">"Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Digital Power Players, Guiding the Future in Music and Tech"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Billboard%27s+2017+Digital+Power+Players%2C+Guiding+the+Future+in+Music+and+Tech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7942213%2Fdigital-executives-power-list-2017-music-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7964813/hip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers">"Hip-Hop Power Players 2017: The Heat Seekers"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+Power+Players+2017%3A+The+Heat+Seekers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fhip-hop%2F7964813%2Fhip-hop-power-players-2017-heat-seekers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7898108/2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents">"Revealed: Billboard's 2017 Indie Power Players, Led by Big Machine's Scott Borchetta"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Billboard%27s+2017+Indie+Power+Players%2C+Led+by+Big+Machine%27s+Scott+Borchetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7898108%2F2017-indie-music-business-executives-power-list-independents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/8022282/latin-music-power-players-2017-list">"Latin Power Players 2017 List Revealed"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Latin+Power+Players+2017+List+Revealed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Flatin%2F8022282%2Flatin-music-power-players-2017-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABillboard+%28magazine%29" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Billboard_(magazine)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Billboard (magazine)"><span style="">Billboard (magazine)</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485240#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Archives">Archives</span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VxMEAAAAMBAJ"><i>Billboard</i> Archive on Google Books</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Billboard.html?id=pBQEAAAAMBAJ">1940–2010</a> archived online by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/archive">Charts since 1958, articles since 2001, reviews 2008-2016</a> archived online by Billboard</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Billboard-Magazine.htm">1920–2014</a> (missing issues), archived by American Radio History (online: <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com">www<wbr />.americanradiohistory<wbr />.com</a></span>).</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Music_industry&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies<br />and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording Industry Association of America certification">RIAA</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique">SNEP</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music<br />publishers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_catalog" title="Music catalog">Music catalog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony/ATV_Music_Publishing" title="Sony/ATV Music Publishing">Sony/ATV Music Publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a></b></i>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li>
<li><i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a></b></i>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concord_Music_Group" title="Concord Music Group">Concord Music Group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Online_music_store" title="Online music store">Online music stores</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trans_World_Entertainment" title="Trans World Entertainment">Trans World Entertainment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_popular_music_genres" title="List of popular music genres">Major<br />popular genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crossover_music" title="Crossover music">Crossover</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">Drum and bass</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Instrumental" title="Instrumental">Instrumental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Metal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operatic_pop" title="Operatic pop">Operatic pop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_music_(term)" title="World music (term)">World</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors<br />and roles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">Music publisher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_singer" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release<br />formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/8-track_tape" title="8-track tape">Eight-track</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Argentina Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100_Airplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasil Hot 100 Airplay">Brasil Hot 100 Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart" title="Gaon Music Chart">Gaon Music Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts" class="mw-redirect" title="GfK Entertainment Charts">GfK Entertainment Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon Charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts"><i>Rolling Stone</i> Top 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique" title="Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique">SNEP Singles Chart</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Billboard</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CMT_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="CMT (U.S. TV channel)">CMT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Idol (franchise)"><i>Idol</i> franchise</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_highest-attended_concerts" title="List of highest-attended concerts">Highest-attended concerts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Billboard_charts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Billboard" title="Template:Billboard"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Billboard" title="Template talk:Billboard"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Billboard&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billboard_charts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts" title="Billboard charts"><i>Billboard</i> charts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts#Albums" title="Billboard charts">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_200" title="Billboard 200"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts#Albums" title="Billboard charts">Top Album Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Pop_Catalog_Albums" title="Top Pop Catalog Albums">Top Pop Catalog Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Comprehensive_Albums" title="Billboard Comprehensive Albums"><i>Billboard</i> Comprehensive Albums</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">R&B/Hip-Hop</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums" title="Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums">Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rap_Albums" title="Rap Albums">Rap Albums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Country</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Country_Albums" title="Top Country Albums">Top Country Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_Americana/folk_albums_of_the_2010s" title="List of Billboard number-one Americana/folk albums of the 2010s">Americana/Folk Albums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Top_Latin_Albums" title="Billboard Top Latin Albums">Top Latin Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_Mexican_Albums" title="Regional Mexican Albums">Regional Mexican Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Pop_Albums" title="Latin Pop Albums">Latin Pop Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Rhythm_Albums" title="Latin Rhythm Albums">Latin Rhythm Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_Albums" title="Tropical Albums">Tropical Albums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Christian_Albums" title="Top Christian Albums">Top Christian Albums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Heatseekers" title="Top Heatseekers">Heatseekers Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Albums" title="Dance/Electronic Albums">Dance/Electronic Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Albums" title="Independent Albums">Independent Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_Albums" title="Comedy Albums">Comedy Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kid_Albums" title="Kid Albums">Kid Albums</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">International</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart" title="Canadian Albums Chart">Canadian Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums" title="European Top 100 Albums">European Albums</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_charts#Singles_and_tracks" title="Billboard charts">Singles and tracks</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)" title="Hot 100 Airplay (Radio Songs)">Radio Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Digital_Songs" title="Digital Songs">Digital Song Sales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Digital_Tracks" title="Hot Digital Tracks">Digital Tracks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Streaming_Songs" title="Streaming Songs">Streaming Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/On-Demand_Songs" title="On-Demand Songs">On-Demand Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100" title="Bubbling Under Hot 100">Bubbling Under Hot 100</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Pop</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40" title="Mainstream Top 40">Mainstream Top 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)" title="Adult Contemporary (chart)">Adult Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Top_40" title="Adult Top 40">Adult Top 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_100" title="Pop 100">Pop 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_40_Tracks" title="Top 40 Tracks">Top 40 Tracks</a> (defunct)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Dance/Electronic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs">Dance Club Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Songs" title="Dance/Electronic Songs">Hot Dance/Electronic Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay" title="Dance/Mix Show Airplay">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Singles_Sales" title="Dance/Electronic Singles Sales">Dance/Electronic Singles Sales</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance/Electronic_Digital_Songs" title="Dance/Electronic Digital Songs">Dance/Electronic Digital Songs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">R&B/Hip-Hop</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26B/Hip-Hop_Airplay" title="R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay">R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bubbling_Under_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles">Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Rap_Songs" title="Hot Rap Songs">Hot Rap Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26B_Songs" title="R&B Songs">Hot R&B Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_R%26B_Songs" title="Adult R&B Songs">Adult R&B Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)" title="Rhythmic (chart)">Rhythmic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Rock</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs" title="Hot Rock & Alternative Songs">Hot Rock & Alternative Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_(chart)" title="Mainstream Rock (chart)">Mainstream Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_Airplay" title="Alternative Airplay">Alternative Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Alternative_Songs" title="Hot Alternative Songs">Hot Alternative Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adult_Alternative_Songs" title="Adult Alternative Songs">Triple A</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Country</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs" title="Hot Country Songs">Hot Country Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_Airplay" title="Country Airplay">Country Airplay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs" title="Hot Latin Songs">Hot Latin Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay" title="Latin Pop Airplay">Latin Pop Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regional_Mexican_Airplay" title="Regional Mexican Airplay">Regional Mexican Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Tropical_Airplay" title="Latin Tropical Airplay">Latin Tropical Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latin_Rhythm_Airplay" title="Latin Rhythm Airplay">Latin Rhythm Airplay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hot_Christian_Songs" title="Hot Christian Songs">Hot Christian Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Airplay" title="Christian Airplay">Christian Airplay</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Top_Heatseekers" title="Top Heatseekers">Heatseekers Songs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EEEEEE">International</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100">Argentina Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China_Top_100" title="Billboard China Top 100">China Top 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Global_200" title="Billboard Global 200">Global 200</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Indonesia_Top_100" title="Billboard Indonesia Top 100">Indonesia Top 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Japan_Hot_100" title="Billboard Japan Hot 100">Japan Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippine_Hot_100" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Hot 100">Philippine Hot 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K-pop_Hot_100" title="K-pop Hot 100">K-pop Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles" title="European Hot 100 Singles">European Hot 100</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Top_20" title="Türkiye Top 20">Türkiye Top 20</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales" title="World Digital Song Sales">World Digital Song Sales</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of number-one<br />albums and singles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_adult_contemporary_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one adult contemporary hits">Adult Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_alternative_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one alternative hits">Alternative Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_200_number-one_albums" title="List of Billboard 200 number-one albums"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_hits" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billboard number-one dance hits">Dance Club Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_electronic_albums" title="List of Billboard number-one electronic albums">Dance/Electronic Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_airplay_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one dance airplay hits">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_Americana/folk_albums_of_the_2010s" title="List of Billboard number-one Americana/folk albums of the 2010s">Americana/Folk Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" title="List of Billboard number-one singles">Hot 100</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_country_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one country hits">Hot Country Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_rhythm_and_blues_hits" title="List of Billboard number-one rhythm and blues hits">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Korea_K-Pop_Hot_100_number-one_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Korea K-Pop Hot 100 number-one singles">K-Pop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Mainstream_Rock_number-one_songs_of_the_2010s" title="List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 2010s">Mainstream Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_achieved_simultaneous_number-one_single_and_album_in_the_United_States" title="List of artists who have achieved simultaneous number-one single and album in the United States">Simultaneous album and single</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_have_achieved_simultaneous_UK_and_US_number-one_hits" title="List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number-one hits">Simultaneous UK and US</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_country_albums" title="List of Billboard number-one country albums">Top Country Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Year-End_number-one_singles_and_albums" title="List of Billboard Year-End number-one singles and albums">Year-End</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of artists who<br /> reached number one</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_in_the_United_States" title="List of artists who reached number one in the United States">US</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Canadian_Hot_100" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Canadian Hot 100">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Japan_Hot_100" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Japan Hot 100">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Dance_Club_Songs_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart">Dance Club Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._dance_airplay_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance airplay chart">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._alternative_rock_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart">Alternative Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Mainstream_Rock_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart">Mainstream Rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Adult_Contemporary_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart">Adult Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Billboard_R%26B_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart">Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Rhythmic_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Rhythmic chart">Rhythmic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._country_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. country chart">Hot Country Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Billboard_Adult_Top_40" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Adult Top 40">Adult Top 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Billboard_Mainstream_Top_40_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart">Mainstream Top 40</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Latin_Songs_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Latin Songs chart">Latin Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Social_50_number-one_artists" title="List of Billboard Social 50 number-one artists">Social 50</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Artist_100" title="Artist 100">Artist 100</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Radio_Monitor" title="Billboard Radio Monitor">Billboard Radio Monitor</a></i> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones">List of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_%26_Media" title="Music & Media">Music & Media</a></i> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%26R_(magazine)" title="R&R (magazine)"><i>R&R</i></a> (defunct)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Japan" title="Billboard Japan">Billboard Japan</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Greece" title="Billboard Greece">Billboard Greece</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Billboard Türkiye">Billboard Türkiye</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Brasil" title="Billboard Brasil">Billboard Brasil</a></i> (defunct)
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100_Airplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasil Hot 100 Airplay">Brasil Hot 100 Airplay</a> (replaced by Top 100 Brasil)</li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_En_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Billboard En Español">Billboard En Español</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_K-Town" title="Billboard K-Town">Billboard K-Town</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_K-pop_at_Billboard" title="Timeline of K-pop at Billboard">Timeline</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_K-pop_at_Billboard_in_the_2020s" title="Timeline of K-pop at Billboard in the 2020s">2020s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_on_the_Billboard_charts" title="List of K-pop on the Billboard charts">List of K-pop on the <i>Billboard</i> charts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_albums_on_the_Billboard_charts" title="List of K-pop albums on the Billboard charts">Albums</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_songs_on_the_Billboard_charts" title="List of K-pop songs on the Billboard charts">Songs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_K-pop_on_the_Billboard_year-end_charts" title="List of K-pop on the Billboard year-end charts">Year-end</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Philippines" title="Billboard Philippines">Billboard Philippines</a></i> (defunct)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_China" title="Billboard China">Billboard China</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Twitter_Real-Time" title="Billboard Twitter Real-Time"><i>Billboard</i> Twitter Real-Time</a> (defunct)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Joel Whitburn</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Number-one_singles_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Number-one singles in the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Number-one_singles_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Number-one singles in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Number-one_singles_in_the_United_States&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" title="List of Billboard number-one singles">Lists of <i>Billboard</i> number-one singles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1959</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1940" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1940">1940</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1941" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1941">1941</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1942" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1942">1942</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1943" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1943">1943</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1944" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1944">1944</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1945" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1945">1945</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1946" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1946">1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1947" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1947">1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1948" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1948">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1949" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1949">1949</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1950" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1950">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1951" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1951">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1952" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1952">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1953" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1953">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1954" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1954">1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1955" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1955">1955</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1956" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1956">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1957" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1957">1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_1958" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of 1958">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1959" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1959">1959</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1960" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1961" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1961">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1962" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1962">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1963" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1963">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1964" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1965" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1966" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1966">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1967" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1967">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1968" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1969" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1969">1969</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1970" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1970">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1971" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1972" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1973" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1973">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1974" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1974">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1975" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1975">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1976" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1977" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1977">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1978" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1978">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1979" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1979">1979</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1980" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1981" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1981">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1982" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1982">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1983" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1983">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1984" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1985" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1985">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1986" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1986">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1987" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1987">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1988" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1989" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1989">1989</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1990" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1990">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1991" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1991">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1992" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1993" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1993">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1994" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1994">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1995" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1995">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1996" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1997" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1997">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1998" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1998">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_1999" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 1999">1999</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2000" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2001" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2001">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2002" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2003" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2003">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2004" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2005" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2006" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2006">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2007" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2007">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2008" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2009" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2009">2009</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2010" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2011" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2012" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2013" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2014" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2015" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2016" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2017" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2018" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2019" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2019">2019</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020–2039</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number_ones_of_2020" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number ones of 2020">2020</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_of_the_1940s" title="List of Billboard number-one singles of the 1940s">1940s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles_from_1950_to_1958" title="List of Billboard number-one singles from 1950 to 1958">1950–1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_from_1958_to_1969" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles from 1958 to 1969">1958–1969</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_1970s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1970s">1970s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_1980s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s">1980s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_1990s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1990s">1990s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2000s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2000s">2000s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2010s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2010s">2010s</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2020s" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s">2020s</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_top-ten_singles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Billboard top-ten singles">Top-ten singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End">Hot 100 Year-end</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_chart_achievements_and_milestones" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones">List of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:USTop10s" title="Template:USTop10s"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:USTop10s" title="Template talk:USTop10s"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:USTop10s&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles">Lists of <i>Billboard</i> Hot 100 top-ten singles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1958" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1958">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1959" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1959">1959</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1960" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1961" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1961">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1962" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1962">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1963" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1963">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1964" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1965" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1966" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1966">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1967" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1967">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1968" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1969" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1969">1969</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1970" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1970">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1971" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1972" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1973" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1973">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1974" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1974">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1975" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1975">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1976" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1977" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1977">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1978" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1978">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1979" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1979">1979</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1980" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1981" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1981">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1982" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1982">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1983" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1983">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1984" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1985" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1985">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1986" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1986">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1987" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1987">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1988" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1989" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1989">1989</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1990" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1990">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1991" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1991">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1992" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1993" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1993">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1994" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1994">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1995" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1995">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1996" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1997" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1997">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1998" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1998">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_1999" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 1999">1999</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2000" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2001" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2001">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2002" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2003" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2003">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2004" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2005" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2006" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2006">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2007" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2007">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2008" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2009" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2009">2009</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2010" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2011" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2012" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2013" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2014" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2015" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2016" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2017" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2018" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2019" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2019">2019</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2020" title="List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2020">2020</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles" title="List of Billboard number-one singles">List of <i>Billboard</i> number-one singles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End"><i>Billboard</i> Year-End</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Hot_100_year-end_charts" title="Template:Hot 100 year-end charts"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Hot_100_year-end_charts" title="Template talk:Hot 100 year-end charts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Hot_100_year-end_charts&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Billboard</i></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End" title="Billboard Year-End">Year-End</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Hot 100</a> singles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1949</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_singles_of_1946" title="Billboard year-end top singles of 1946">1946</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_singles_of_1947" title="Billboard year-end top singles of 1947">1947</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_singles_of_1948" title="Billboard year-end top singles of 1948">1948</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1949" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1949">1949</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1969</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1950" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1950">1950</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1951" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1951">1951</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1952" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1952">1952</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1953" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1953">1953</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1954" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1954">1954</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_30_singles_of_1955" title="Billboard year-end top 30 singles of 1955">1955</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_50_singles_of_1956" title="Billboard year-end top 50 singles of 1956">1956</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_50_singles_of_1957" title="Billboard year-end top 50 singles of 1957">1957</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_year-end_top_50_singles_of_1958" title="Billboard year-end top 50 singles of 1958">1958</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1959" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1959">1959</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1960" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1960">1960</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1961" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1961">1961</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1962" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1962">1962</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1963" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1963">1963</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1964" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1964">1964</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1965" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1965">1965</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1966" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1966">1966</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1967" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1967">1967</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1968" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1968">1968</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1969" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1969">1969</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970–1989</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1970" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1970">1970</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1971" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1971">1971</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1972" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972">1972</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1973" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1973">1973</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1974" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1974">1974</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1975" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1975">1975</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1976" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1976">1976</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1977" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1977">1977</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1978" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1978">1978</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1979" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1979">1979</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1980" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1980">1980</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1981" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1981">1981</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1982" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1982">1982</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1983" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1983">1983</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1984" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1984">1984</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1985" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1985">1985</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1986" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1986">1986</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1987" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1987">1987</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1988" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1988">1988</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1989" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1989">1989</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–2009</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1990" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1990">1990</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1991" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1991">1991</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1992" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1992">1992</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1993" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1993">1993</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1994" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1994">1994</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1995" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1995">1995</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1996" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1996">1996</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1997" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1997">1997</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1998" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1998">1998</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1999" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1999">1999</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2000" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2000">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2001" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2001">2001</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2002" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2002">2002</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2003" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2003">2003</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2004" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2004">2004</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2005" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2005">2005</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2006" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2006">2006</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2007" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2007">2007</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2008" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2008">2008</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2009" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2009">2009</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–present</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2010" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2010">2010</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2011" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2011">2011</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2012" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2012">2012</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2013" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2013">2013</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2014" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2014">2014</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2015" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2015">2015</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2016" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2016">2016</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2017" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2017">2017</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2018" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2018">2018</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2019" title="Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2019">2019</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1600633341 |
