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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '[[File:Women engineers in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Internet users at the [[Polytechnical University of Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]]]]
'''Internet in Afghanistan''' began in 2002 after the [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai administration]] took office in [[Kabul]]. It was banned prior to 2002 because the previous [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban government]] believed that it broadcast obscene, immoral, and anti-Islamic material, and because the few [[internet]] users at the time could not be easily monitored as they obtained their telephone lines from neighboring [[Pakistan]].<ref name="oni">{{cite web|url=http://opennet.net/research/profiles/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan|date=8 May 2007|publisher=[[OpenNet Initiative]]|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref>
[[Afghanistan]] was given legal control of the "[[.af]]" domain in 2003, and the Afghanistan Network Information Center (AFGNIC) was established to administer domain names. The [[Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Communications]], charged a newly created independent company called [[Afghan Telecom]] with spinning off all telecommunications operations and services. Up from five functional [[internet service provider]]s (ISPs) in 2003, Afghanistan supported twenty-two internet hosts and seven main ISPs, and a growing number of [[Internet café|internet cafés]] and telekiosks (public access points located in post offices and at [[Kabul International Airport]]).
The current government recognizes the internet as an important source of growth and development for the country, believing that [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]] can create opportunities for disadvantaged groups and improve the access of the rural poor to markets.<ref name=oni/> In November 2006, the Ministry of Communications contracted a Chinese firm ([[ZTE]]) for the establishment of a countrywide [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] cable network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcit.gov.af/Content/Media/Documents/englishletter1362011101212337553325325.pdf |title=National Optical Fiber Backbone |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)]]|year=2006|accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref> By 2016, there were at least 55 ISPs in the country with over 5 million internet users.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2013 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407123229/http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2013 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[3G]] services began in the country in 2012 and are provided by all major telecommunication companies, including [[Emirates Telecommunications Corporation|Etisalat]], [[MTN Group]], [[Roshan (telco)|Roshan]], Salaam Network, and [[Afghan Wireless]].
==Legal and regulatory frameworks==
{{very long|section|date=April 2011}}
[[File:Afghan man reading Wikipedia article in Kandahar.jpg|thumb|Internet user at [[Kandahar University]] in the south of the country]]
[[File:Afghan females using internet in Herat.jpg|thumb|Female students using the internet at [[Herat University]] in western Afghanistan]]
[[File:Internet in northern Afghanistan-2010.jpg|thumb|Afghans using internet in [[Kunduz Province]], in northern Afghanistan]]
Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries, mainly due to the decades of war and lack of foreign investment. Freedom of expression is inviolable under the [[Constitution of Afghanistan]], and every Afghan has the right to print or publish topics without prior submission to state authorities in accordance with the law. However, the normative limits of the law are clear: under the Constitution no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of [[Islam]]. Mass media law has become increasingly attentive to more vigorous adherence to this principle. The Media Law decreed by President [[Hamid Karzai]] in December 2005, just before the national legislature was formed, included a ban on four broad content categories: the publication of news contrary to Islam and other religions; [[slanderous]] or insulting materials concerning individuals; matters contrary to the Afghan Constitution or criminal law; and the exposure of the identities of victims of violence. A draft amendment of the law circulating in 2006 added four additional proscribed categories: content jeopardizing the stability, national security, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan; false information that might disrupt public opinion; promotion of any religion other than Islam; and "material which might damage physical well-being, psychological and moral security of people, especially children and the youth".<ref name=oni/>
The independence of the media was also brought into question by the March 2004 [[Blasphemy law in Afghanistan#Media law 2004|Media Law]] enacted by the transitional government, which handed the Minister of Culture and Information important veto powers (e.g., foreign agencies and international organizations may print news bulletins only after obtaining permission from the Minister) and leadership of a Media Evaluation Commission that reviews appeals of rejections of licenses by the Ministry of Information and Culture. The proposed amendment to the Media Law in late 2006 dissolved the Media Evaluation Commission and two other regulatory bodies, the National Commission of Radio and Television Broadcast, and an investigation commission that reviewed complaints against journalists and decided which cases should be forwarded to courts for prosecution.<ref name=oni/>
With the approval of the Telecommunications Services Regulation Act in 2005 (Telecom Law), an independent regulatory agency called the Afghanistan Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) was created out of the merger of the Telecommunications Regulatory Board and the State Radio Inspection Department (SRID) under the Ministry of Communications. The TRA assumed responsibility for telecommunications licensing as well as promoting sustainable competition for all telecommunications services.<ref name=oni/>
Licensing requirements are straightforward: companies must abide by the law to be licensed by the TRA, and only those with licenses can sell telecommunications services. Of the two types of ISP licenses, transit and national licenses, only transit licenses allow ISPs to establish international connectivity. Part of the TRA mandate is to protect users from the abuse of monopoly market share: companies determined to have “significant market power” must apply to have an amended license and are subject to additional penalties for anti-competitive behavior. A license may be revoked if the licensee has broken the law or has failed to fix repeated breaches in the agreement, has misleading/false information in their application, or does not pay the fee even after a warning.<ref name=oni/>
Under the Telecom Law, ISPs are duty-bound to protect user information and confidentiality. However, the TRA is also authorized to demand the operator or service provider to monitor communications between users as well as Internet traffic in order to trace “harassing, offensive, or illegal” telecommunications, although what constitutes these prohibited communications is not specified. Where an issue of national security or a criminal case is involved, operators and service providers must hand over the required information and give the authorities immediate access to their network. In cases where there is no such immediate need, the TRA still has the right to “relevant information” as long as the TRA has given two weeks’ notice. In its Acceptable Use Policy, the AFGNIC prohibits the use of the “.af” domain to make any communications to commit a criminal offense; racially vilify others; violate intellectual property rights; and distribute, publish, or link to pornographic materials that a “reasonable person as a member of the community of Afghanistan would consider to be obscene or indecent”. The ban on spam or junk mail also includes unsolicited political or religious tracts along with commercial advertising and other information.<ref name=oni/>
On June 12, 2006, the [[National Directorate of Security]] (NDS), Afghanistan’s national intelligence agency, issued a list of broadcasting and publishing activities that “must be banned” in light of heightened security problems that could deteriorate public morale. The list of proscribed press activities was quite extensive and attributed negative intention, causality, and morality to reporting on specific issues (primarily terrorism and the [[Taliban insurgency]]). President Karzai denied these were instructions, saying they were merely guidelines and a request for media cooperation. Restricted activities included the publication or broadcasting of exaggerated reports against national unity or peace; decrees, statements and interviews of armed organizations and terrorist groups; and even the proscription against news on terrorism serving as the lead story.<ref name=oni/>
[[OpenNet Initiative]] testing found no evidence of filtering in Afghanistan, although testing was not as extensive there as it was in some other countries.<ref name=oni/>
==List of Internet service providers==
According to the Afghan Ministry of Communications, the following are some of the Internet service providers operating in Afghanistan:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/16 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223112707/http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/16 |archive-date=2011-12-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*RANA Technologies Enterprises (RTE)
*Afghanistan Faiz Satellite Communication (AFSAT)
*AfghaNet
*Giganor
*Afghan Cyber
*Afghan ICT Solution
*Unique Atlantic Telecommunication LTD
*Northtelecom-af Internet Services Provider (ISP)
*Ariana Network Services
*CeReTechs
*Insta
*IO Global Services (P) Limited
*Stan Telecom
*LiwalNet
*PACTEC International
*Giganet
*Aryan Technologies
*Neda Telecommunications
*TRISTAR ISP (INETRNET SERVICE PROVIDER) Afghanistan.
*Vizocom
*Noor Telecom
==Usage per city==
[[Kabul]], [[Jalalabad]], and [[Khost]] have the most Internet users. Most [[rural]] towns and villages throughout the country do not have access to the Internet as of 2010.<ref>"[http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/ Media in Afghanistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528161747/http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/ |date=2011-05-28 }}", Altai Consulting, July 2010</ref>
===Social networking===
Due to low literacy rate and high internet fees, about 10% of the 26 million population has internet access.<ref>[http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/01/08/3-fold-cut-internet-prices-announced 3-fold cut in Internet prices announced]</ref> Services such as [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], and others are limited to the upper-middle-class youth in the major urban areas. Facebook currently has around 289,000 users in Afghanistan, a large part of which are foreign military personnel-related staff.<ref>[http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/afghanistan SocialBakers]</ref>
In early 2011, Paywast (in [[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]] پیوست ), a local mobile social network was launched. It is based on mobile, and its users connect with their friends and create groups and communities through SMS. With more than half of the Afghan population owning a mobile phone, Paywast is believed to have more than a million users across Afghanistan. The social network is available on the [[Afghan Wireless|AWCC]], [[Emirates Telecommunications Corporation|Etisalat]], and [[MTN Group|MTN]] [[GSM]] networks.<ref>[http://www.paywast.af/ Paywast - Mobile Social Networking]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Communications in Afghanistan]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Internet in Afghanistan}}
{{Asia topic|Internet in}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Internet In Afghanistan}}
[[Category:Internet in Afghanistan| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '[[File:Women engineers in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Internet users at the [[Polytechnical University of Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]]]]
'''Internet in Afghanistan''' began in 2002 after the [[Presidency of Hamid Karzai|Karzai administration]] took office in [[Kabul]]. It was banned prior to 2002 because the previous [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Taliban government]] believed that it broadcast obscene, immoral, and anti-Islamic material, and because the few [[internet]] users at the time could not be easily monitored as they obtained their telephone lines from neighboring [[Pakistan]].<ref name="oni">{{cite web|url=http://opennet.net/research/profiles/afghanistan|title=Afghanistan|date=8 May 2007|publisher=[[OpenNet Initiative]]|accessdate=16 January 2010}}</ref>
[[Afghanistan]] was given legal control of the "[[.af]]" domain in 2003, and the Afghanistan Network Information Center (AFGNIC) was established to administer domain names. The [[Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)|Ministry of Communications]], charged a newly created independent company called [[Afghan Telecom]] with spinning off all telecommunications operations and services. Up from five functional [[internet service provider]]s (ISPs) in 2003, Afghanistan supported twenty-two internet hosts and seven main ISPs, and a growing number of [[Internet café|internet cafés]] and telekiosks (public access points located in post offices and at [[Kabul International Airport]]).
The current government recognizes the internet as an important source of growth and development for the country, believing that [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]] can create opportunities for disadvantaged groups and improve the access of the rural poor to markets.<ref name=oni/> In November 2006, the Ministry of Communications contracted a Chinese firm ([[ZTE]]) for the establishment of a countrywide [[Optical fiber|fiber optic]] cable network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mcit.gov.af/Content/Media/Documents/englishletter1362011101212337553325325.pdf |title=National Optical Fiber Backbone |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)]]|year=2006|accessdate=January 17, 2012}}</ref> By 2016, there were at least 55 ISPs in the country with over 5 million internet users.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2013 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407123229/http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2013 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[3G]] services began in the country in 2012 and are provided by all major telecommunication companies, including [[Emirates Telecommunications Corporation|Etisalat]], [[MTN Group]], [[Roshan (telco)|Roshan]], Salaam Network, and [[Afghan Wireless]].
==Legal and regulatory frameworks==
{{very long|section|date=April 2011}}
[[File:Afghan man reading Wikipedia but dont belive article in Kandahar.jpg|thumb|Internet user at [[Kandahar University]] in the south of the country]]
[[File:Afghan females using internet in Herat.jpg|thumb|Female students using the internet at [[Herat University]] in western Afghanistan]]
[[File:Internet in northern Afghanistan-2010.jpg|thumb|Afghans using internet in [[Kunduz Province]], in northern Afghanistan]]
Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries, mainly due to the decades of war and lack of foreign investment. Freedom of expression is inviolable under the [[Constitution of Afghanistan]], and every Afghan has the right to print or publish topics without prior submission to state authorities in accordance with the law. However, the normative limits of the law are clear: under the Constitution no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of [[Islam]]. Mass media law has become increasingly attentive to more vigorous adherence to this principle. The Media Law decreed by President [[Hamid Karzai]] in December 2005, just before the national legislature was formed, included a ban on four broad content categories: the publication of news contrary to Islam and other religions; [[slanderous]] or insulting materials concerning individuals; matters contrary to the Afghan Constitution or criminal law; and the exposure of the identities of victims of violence. A draft amendment of the law circulating in 2006 added four additional proscribed categories: content jeopardizing the stability, national security, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan; false information that might disrupt public opinion; promotion of any religion other than Islam; and "material which might damage physical well-being, psychological and moral security of people, especially children and the youth".<ref name=oni/>
The independence of the media was also brought into question by the March 2004 [[Blasphemy law in Afghanistan#Media law 2004|Media Law]] enacted by the transitional government, which handed the Minister of Culture and Information important veto powers (e.g., foreign agencies and international organizations may print news bulletins only after obtaining permission from the Minister) and leadership of a Media Evaluation Commission that reviews appeals of rejections of licenses by the Ministry of Information and Culture. The proposed amendment to the Media Law in late 2006 dissolved the Media Evaluation Commission and two other regulatory bodies, the National Commission of Radio and Television Broadcast, and an investigation commission that reviewed complaints against journalists and decided which cases should be forwarded to courts for prosecution.<ref name=oni/>
With the approval of the Telecommunications Services Regulation Act in 2005 (Telecom Law), an independent regulatory agency called the Afghanistan Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) was created out of the merger of the Telecommunications Regulatory Board and the State Radio Inspection Department (SRID) under the Ministry of Communications. The TRA assumed responsibility for telecommunications licensing as well as promoting sustainable competition for all telecommunications services.<ref name=oni/>
Licensing requirements are straightforward: companies must abide by the law to be licensed by the TRA, and only those with licenses can sell telecommunications services. Of the two types of ISP licenses, transit and national licenses, only transit licenses allow ISPs to establish international connectivity. Part of the TRA mandate is to protect users from the abuse of monopoly market share: companies determined to have “significant market power” must apply to have an amended license and are subject to additional penalties for anti-competitive behavior. A license may be revoked if the licensee has broken the law or has failed to fix repeated breaches in the agreement, has misleading/false information in their application, or does not pay the fee even after a warning.<ref name=oni/>
Under the Telecom Law, ISPs are duty-bound to protect user information and confidentiality. However, the TRA is also authorized to demand the operator or service provider to monitor communications between users as well as Internet traffic in order to trace “harassing, offensive, or illegal” telecommunications, although what constitutes these prohibited communications is not specified. Where an issue of national security or a criminal case is involved, operators and service providers must hand over the required information and give the authorities immediate access to their network. In cases where there is no such immediate need, the TRA still has the right to “relevant information” as long as the TRA has given two weeks’ notice. In its Acceptable Use Policy, the AFGNIC prohibits the use of the “.af” domain to make any communications to commit a criminal offense; racially vilify others; violate intellectual property rights; and distribute, publish, or link to pornographic materials that a “reasonable person as a member of the community of Afghanistan would consider to be obscene or indecent”. The ban on spam or junk mail also includes unsolicited political or religious tracts along with commercial advertising and other information.<ref name=oni/>
On June 12, 2006, the [[National Directorate of Security]] (NDS), Afghanistan’s national intelligence agency, issued a list of broadcasting and publishing activities that “must be banned” in light of heightened security problems that could deteriorate public morale. The list of proscribed press activities was quite extensive and attributed negative intention, causality, and morality to reporting on specific issues (primarily terrorism and the [[Taliban insurgency]]). President Karzai denied these were instructions, saying they were merely guidelines and a request for media cooperation. Restricted activities included the publication or broadcasting of exaggerated reports against national unity or peace; decrees, statements and interviews of armed organizations and terrorist groups; and even the proscription against news on terrorism serving as the lead story.<ref name=oni/>
[[OpenNet Initiative]] testing found no evidence of filtering in Afghanistan, although testing was not as extensive there as it was in some other countries.<ref name=oni/>
==List of Internet service providers==
According to the Afghan Ministry of Communications, the following are some of the Internet service providers operating in Afghanistan:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/16 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223112707/http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/16 |archive-date=2011-12-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*RANA Technologies Enterprises (RTE)
*Afghanistan Faiz Satellite Communication (AFSAT)
*AfghaNet
*Giganor
*Afghan Cyber
*Afghan ICT Solution
*Unique Atlantic Telecommunication LTD
*Northtelecom-af Internet Services Provider (ISP)
*Ariana Network Services
*CeReTechs
*Insta
*IO Global Services (P) Limited
*Stan Telecom
*LiwalNet
*PACTEC International
*Giganet
*Aryan Technologies
*Neda Telecommunications
*TRISTAR ISP (INETRNET SERVICE PROVIDER) Afghanistan.
*Vizocom
*Noor Telecom
==Usage per city==
[[Kabul]], [[Jalalabad]], and [[Khost]] have the most Internet users. Most [[rural]] towns and villages throughout the country do not have access to the Internet as of 2010.<ref>"[http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/ Media in Afghanistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528161747/http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/ |date=2011-05-28 }}", Altai Consulting, July 2010</ref>
===Social networking===
Due to low literacy rate and high internet fees, about 10% of the 26 million population has internet access.<ref>[http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/01/08/3-fold-cut-internet-prices-announced 3-fold cut in Internet prices announced]</ref> Services such as [[YouTube]], [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], and others are limited to the upper-middle-class youth in the major urban areas. Facebook currently has around 289,000 users in Afghanistan, a large part of which are foreign military personnel-related staff.<ref>[http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/afghanistan SocialBakers]</ref>
In early 2011, Paywast (in [[Dari (Persian dialect)|Dari]] پیوست ), a local mobile social network was launched. It is based on mobile, and its users connect with their friends and create groups and communities through SMS. With more than half of the Afghan population owning a mobile phone, Paywast is believed to have more than a million users across Afghanistan. The social network is available on the [[Afghan Wireless|AWCC]], [[Emirates Telecommunications Corporation|Etisalat]], and [[MTN Group|MTN]] [[GSM]] networks.<ref>[http://www.paywast.af/ Paywast - Mobile Social Networking]</ref>
==See also==
*[[Communications in Afghanistan]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Internet in Afghanistan}}
{{Asia topic|Internet in}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Internet In Afghanistan}}
[[Category:Internet in Afghanistan| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -8,5 +8,5 @@
==Legal and regulatory frameworks==
{{very long|section|date=April 2011}}
-[[File:Afghan man reading Wikipedia article in Kandahar.jpg|thumb|Internet user at [[Kandahar University]] in the south of the country]]
+[[File:Afghan man reading Wikipedia but dont belive article in Kandahar.jpg|thumb|Internet user at [[Kandahar University]] in the south of the country]]
[[File:Afghan females using internet in Herat.jpg|thumb|Female students using the internet at [[Herat University]] in western Afghanistan]]
[[File:Internet in northern Afghanistan-2010.jpg|thumb|Afghans using internet in [[Kunduz Province]], in northern Afghanistan]]
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<p><b>Internet in Afghanistan</b> began in 2002 after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_Hamid_Karzai" title="Presidency of Hamid Karzai">Karzai administration</a> took office in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. It was banned prior to 2002 because the previous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Taliban government</a> believed that it broadcast obscene, immoral, and anti-Islamic material, and because the few <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> users at the time could not be easily monitored as they obtained their telephone lines from neighboring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> was given legal control of the "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/.af" title=".af">.af</a>" domain in 2003, and the Afghanistan Network Information Center (AFGNIC) was established to administer domain names. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Communications</a>, charged a newly created independent company called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Telecom" title="Afghan Telecom">Afghan Telecom</a> with spinning off all telecommunications operations and services. Up from five functional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> (ISPs) in 2003, Afghanistan supported twenty-two internet hosts and seven main ISPs, and a growing number of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">internet cafés</a> and telekiosks (public access points located in post offices and at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabul_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul International Airport">Kabul International Airport</a>).
</p><p>The current government recognizes the internet as an important source of growth and development for the country, believing that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">ICT</a> can create opportunities for disadvantaged groups and improve the access of the rural poor to markets.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup> In November 2006, the Ministry of Communications contracted a Chinese firm (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a>) for the establishment of a countrywide <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cable network.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> By 2016, there were at least 55 ISPs in the country with over 5 million internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> services began in the country in 2012 and are provided by all major telecommunication companies, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirates_Telecommunications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates Telecommunications Corporation">Etisalat</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN Group</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roshan_(telco)" title="Roshan (telco)">Roshan</a>, Salaam Network, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Wireless" title="Afghan Wireless">Afghan Wireless</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Legal_and_regulatory_frameworks"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Legal and regulatory frameworks</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#List_of_Internet_service_providers"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">List of Internet service providers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Usage_per_city"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Usage per city</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Social_networking"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Social networking</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_and_regulatory_frameworks">Legal and regulatory frameworks</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal and regulatory frameworks">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2011</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Afghan_man_reading_Wikipedia_but_dont_belive_article_in_Kandahar.jpg" class="new" title="File:Afghan man reading Wikipedia but dont belive article in Kandahar.jpg">File:Afghan man reading Wikipedia but dont belive article in Kandahar.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">Internet user at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kandahar_University" title="Kandahar University">Kandahar University</a> in the south of the country</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg/220px-Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg/330px-Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg/440px-Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Afghan_females_using_internet_in_Herat.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Female students using the internet at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herat_University" title="Herat University">Herat University</a> in western Afghanistan</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg/220px-Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg/330px-Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg/440px-Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Internet_in_northern_Afghanistan-2010.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Afghans using internet in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kunduz_Province" title="Kunduz Province">Kunduz Province</a>, in northern Afghanistan</div></div></div>
<p>Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries, mainly due to the decades of war and lack of foreign investment. Freedom of expression is inviolable under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution of Afghanistan</a>, and every Afghan has the right to print or publish topics without prior submission to state authorities in accordance with the law. However, the normative limits of the law are clear: under the Constitution no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Mass media law has become increasingly attentive to more vigorous adherence to this principle. The Media Law decreed by President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> in December 2005, just before the national legislature was formed, included a ban on four broad content categories: the publication of news contrary to Islam and other religions; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slanderous" class="mw-redirect" title="Slanderous">slanderous</a> or insulting materials concerning individuals; matters contrary to the Afghan Constitution or criminal law; and the exposure of the identities of victims of violence. A draft amendment of the law circulating in 2006 added four additional proscribed categories: content jeopardizing the stability, national security, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan; false information that might disrupt public opinion; promotion of any religion other than Islam; and "material which might damage physical well-being, psychological and moral security of people, especially children and the youth".<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The independence of the media was also brought into question by the March 2004 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Afghanistan#Media_law_2004" title="Blasphemy law in Afghanistan">Media Law</a> enacted by the transitional government, which handed the Minister of Culture and Information important veto powers (e.g., foreign agencies and international organizations may print news bulletins only after obtaining permission from the Minister) and leadership of a Media Evaluation Commission that reviews appeals of rejections of licenses by the Ministry of Information and Culture. The proposed amendment to the Media Law in late 2006 dissolved the Media Evaluation Commission and two other regulatory bodies, the National Commission of Radio and Television Broadcast, and an investigation commission that reviewed complaints against journalists and decided which cases should be forwarded to courts for prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>With the approval of the Telecommunications Services Regulation Act in 2005 (Telecom Law), an independent regulatory agency called the Afghanistan Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) was created out of the merger of the Telecommunications Regulatory Board and the State Radio Inspection Department (SRID) under the Ministry of Communications. The TRA assumed responsibility for telecommunications licensing as well as promoting sustainable competition for all telecommunications services.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Licensing requirements are straightforward: companies must abide by the law to be licensed by the TRA, and only those with licenses can sell telecommunications services. Of the two types of ISP licenses, transit and national licenses, only transit licenses allow ISPs to establish international connectivity. Part of the TRA mandate is to protect users from the abuse of monopoly market share: companies determined to have “significant market power” must apply to have an amended license and are subject to additional penalties for anti-competitive behavior. A license may be revoked if the licensee has broken the law or has failed to fix repeated breaches in the agreement, has misleading/false information in their application, or does not pay the fee even after a warning.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Under the Telecom Law, ISPs are duty-bound to protect user information and confidentiality. However, the TRA is also authorized to demand the operator or service provider to monitor communications between users as well as Internet traffic in order to trace “harassing, offensive, or illegal” telecommunications, although what constitutes these prohibited communications is not specified. Where an issue of national security or a criminal case is involved, operators and service providers must hand over the required information and give the authorities immediate access to their network. In cases where there is no such immediate need, the TRA still has the right to “relevant information” as long as the TRA has given two weeks’ notice. In its Acceptable Use Policy, the AFGNIC prohibits the use of the “.af” domain to make any communications to commit a criminal offense; racially vilify others; violate intellectual property rights; and distribute, publish, or link to pornographic materials that a “reasonable person as a member of the community of Afghanistan would consider to be obscene or indecent”. The ban on spam or junk mail also includes unsolicited political or religious tracts along with commercial advertising and other information.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 12, 2006, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a> (NDS), Afghanistan’s national intelligence agency, issued a list of broadcasting and publishing activities that “must be banned” in light of heightened security problems that could deteriorate public morale. The list of proscribed press activities was quite extensive and attributed negative intention, causality, and morality to reporting on specific issues (primarily terrorism and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a>). President Karzai denied these were instructions, saying they were merely guidelines and a request for media cooperation. Restricted activities included the publication or broadcasting of exaggerated reports against national unity or peace; decrees, statements and interviews of armed organizations and terrorist groups; and even the proscription against news on terrorism serving as the lead story.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a> testing found no evidence of filtering in Afghanistan, although testing was not as extensive there as it was in some other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-oni_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_Internet_service_providers">List of Internet service providers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of Internet service providers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>According to the Afghan Ministry of Communications, the following are some of the Internet service providers operating in Afghanistan:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>RANA Technologies Enterprises (RTE)</li>
<li>Afghanistan Faiz Satellite Communication (AFSAT)</li>
<li>AfghaNet</li>
<li>Giganor</li>
<li>Afghan Cyber</li>
<li>Afghan ICT Solution</li>
<li>Unique Atlantic Telecommunication LTD</li>
<li>Northtelecom-af Internet Services Provider (ISP)</li>
<li>Ariana Network Services</li>
<li>CeReTechs</li>
<li>Insta</li>
<li>IO Global Services (P) Limited</li>
<li>Stan Telecom</li>
<li>LiwalNet</li>
<li>PACTEC International</li>
<li>Giganet</li>
<li>Aryan Technologies</li>
<li>Neda Telecommunications</li>
<li>TRISTAR ISP (INETRNET SERVICE PROVIDER) Afghanistan.</li>
<li>Vizocom</li>
<li>Noor Telecom</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Usage_per_city">Usage per city</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage per city">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jalalabad" title="Jalalabad">Jalalabad</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khost" title="Khost">Khost</a> have the most Internet users. Most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> towns and villages throughout the country do not have access to the Internet as of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Social_networking">Social networking</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social networking">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Due to low literacy rate and high internet fees, about 10% of the 26 million population has internet access.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Services such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and others are limited to the upper-middle-class youth in the major urban areas. Facebook currently has around 289,000 users in Afghanistan, a large part of which are foreign military personnel-related staff.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2011, Paywast (in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dari_(Persian_dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Persian dialect)">Dari</a> پیوست ), a local mobile social network was launched. It is based on mobile, and its users connect with their friends and create groups and communities through SMS. With more than half of the Afghan population owning a mobile phone, Paywast is believed to have more than a million users across Afghanistan. The social network is available on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghan_Wireless" title="Afghan Wireless">AWCC</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emirates_Telecommunications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates Telecommunications Corporation">Etisalat</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications in Afghanistan</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-oni-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opennet.net/research/profiles/afghanistan">"Afghanistan"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative" title="OpenNet Initiative">OpenNet Initiative</a>. 8 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan&rft.pub=OpenNet+Initiative&rft.date=2007-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopennet.net%2Fresearch%2Fprofiles%2Fafghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r951705291">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcit.gov.af/Content/Media/Documents/englishletter1362011101212337553325325.pdf">"National Optical Fiber Backbone"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Communications (Afghanistan)</a>. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Optical+Fiber+Backbone&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Communications+%28Afghanistan%29&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcit.gov.af%2FContent%2FMedia%2FDocuments%2Fenglishletter1362011101212337553325325.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407123229/http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2013">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atra.gov.af/en/page/telecom-statistics-2013">the original</a> on 2014-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatra.gov.af%2Fen%2Fpage%2Ftelecom-statistics-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223112707/http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/16">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcit.gov.af/en/page/16">the original</a> on 2011-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcit.gov.af%2Fen%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r951705291"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/">Media in Afghanistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528161747/http://www.altaiconsulting.com/docs/media/">Archived</a> 2011-05-28 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Altai Consulting, July 2010</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pajhwok.com/en/2013/01/08/3-fold-cut-internet-prices-announced">3-fold cut in Internet prices announced</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook-statistics/afghanistan">SocialBakers</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paywast.af/">Paywast - Mobile Social Networking</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_in_Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Internet in Afghanistan"><span style="">Internet in Afghanistan</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Internet in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Azerbaijan" title="Internet in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Bahrain" title="Internet in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Bangladesh" title="Internet in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Brunei">Brunei</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Egypt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_India" title="Internet in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Indonesia" title="Internet in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Iraq">Iraq</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Israel" title="Internet in Israel">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Japan" title="Internet in Japan">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Kazakhstan" title="Internet in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_North_Korea" title="Internet in North Korea">North Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_South_Korea" title="Internet in South Korea">South Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Laos" title="Internet in Laos">Laos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Malaysia" title="Internet in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Myanmar" title="Internet in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Nepal" title="Internet in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Oman">Oman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Pakistan" title="Internet in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Qatar" title="Internet in Qatar">Qatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Singapore" title="Internet in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Syria">Syria</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Tajikistan" title="Internet in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Thailand" title="Internet in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Turkey" title="Internet in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Vietnam" title="Internet in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Yemen" title="Internet in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_Republic_of_Artsakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)">Artsakh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Christmas_Island" title="Internet in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book:Asia" title="Book:Asia">Book</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li>
<li><img alt="Portal" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1601902420 |
