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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Selim III<br/>سليم ثالث
| title = [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]]<br/>[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]<br/>[[Caesar (title)#Ottoman Empire|Kayser-i Rûm]]<br/>[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Joseph Warnia-Zarzecki - Sultan Selim III - Google Art Project.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = 28th [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| moretext =
| reign = 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Abdul Hamid I]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Mustafa IV]]
| birth_date = 24 December 1761
| birth_place = [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1808|7|28|1761|12|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Laleli Mosque]], Istanbul
| spouse = Safizar Kadın<br>Aynısafa Kadın<br>Zibifer Kadın<br>Tabısafa Kadın<br>Refet Kadın<br>Nurușems Kadın<br>Hüsnümah Kadın
| spouse-type = Consorts
| issue =
| full name = Selim bin Mustafa
| house = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Mustafa III]]
| mother = [[Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| signature = Tughra of Selim III.JPG
}}
'''Selim III''' ({{lang-ota|سليم ثالث}} ''Selim-i sâlis'') <span dir="ltr">(24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808)</span> was the [[Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1789 to 1807. Although regarded as an [[Enlightened absolutism|enlightened ruler]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://doi.org/10.7916/D80Z79P1
|title=The New Order and Its Enemies: Opposition to Military Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1789 - 1807
|publisher=Columbia University
|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>, the [[Janissaries]] eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as [[Mustafa IV]]. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins.
Selim III was the son of Sultan [[Mustafa III]] and his wife [[Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]. His mother Mihrişah Sultan originated in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and when she became the [[Valide Sultan]], she participated in reforming the government schools and establishing political corporations. His father Ottoman Sultan [[Mustafa III]] was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms. Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated by his fear of a Russian invasion. During the Russo-Turkish War, he fell ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the fact that a military reform was necessary. He declared new military regulations and opened maritime and artillery academies.
Sultan Mustafa was very influenced by mysticism. [[Oracle|Oracles]] predicted his son Selim would be a world-conqueror, so he organized a joyous feast lasting seven days. Selim was very well educated in the palace. Sultan Mustafa III bequeathed his son as his successor; however, Selim's uncle [[Abdul Hamid I]] ascended the throne after Mustafa's death. Sultan Abdul Hamid I took care of Selim and put great emphasis on his education.
After Abdul Hamid's death, Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27 years old. Sultan Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He spoke Arabic, Persian and Serb-Bulgar fluently. Selim III showed great importance to patriotism and religion. He demonstrated his skills in poetry, music and was fond of fine arts and the army.
==Reign==
=== Plans of reforms ===
{{Main|Ottoman military reforms}}
[[File:Ottoman Sultan Selim III (1789).jpg|thumb|Selim III receiving dignitaries at an audience at the Gate of Felicity, [[Topkapı Palace]]. Painting by [[Konstantin Kapıdağlı]].]]
The talents and energy with which Selim III was endowed had endeared him to the people, and great hopes were founded on his accession. He had associated much with foreigners, and was thoroughly persuaded of the necessity of [[Ottoman Reform Efforts under Selim III and Mahmoud II|reforming]] his state.
However, [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] gave him no time for anything but defense, and it was not until the [[Peace of Iaşi]] (1792) that a breathing space was allowed him in Europe, while [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s [[French Invasion of Egypt (1798)|invasion of Egypt and Syria]] soon called for the empire's strongest efforts.
Ottoman provinces from Egypt to Syria began to implement French policies and began to differ away from Istanbul after [[Napoleon]] attack.
[[File:Bataille du mont-thabor.jpg|thumb|150px|[[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]] against the [[Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces.]]
Selim III profited by the respite to abolish the military tenure of fiefs; he introduced salutary reforms into the administration, especially in the fiscal department, sought by well-considered plans to extend the spread of education, and engaged foreign officers as instructors, by whom a small corps of new troops called ''[[Nizam-i Jedid|nizam-i-jedid]]'' were collected and drilled in 1797. This unit was composed of Turkish peasant youths from Anatolia and supplied with modern weaponry.<ref name="nizam-i jedid">{{cite book|last1=Cleveland|first1=William L.|last2=Bunton|first2=Martin|title=A history of the modern Middle East|date=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=9780813348339|page=57|edition=Fifth}}</ref>
These troops were able to hold their own against rebellious [[Janissary|Janissaries]] in the [[Balkan]] provinces such as the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]] against its appointed [[Vizier]] [[Hadži Mustafa Pasha]], where disaffected governors made no scruple of attempting to make use of them against the reforming sultan.
Emboldened by this success, Selim III issued an order that in future picked men should be taken annually from the Janissaries to serve in the ''nizam-i-jedid''.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} Selim III was unable to integrate the nizam-i jedid with the rest of the army which overall limited its role in the defense of the state.<ref name="nizam-i jedid" />
=== Foreign relations ===
[[File:TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory.png|thumb|150px|The main Ottoman army led by the [[Koca Yusuf Pasha|Grand Vizier]] advancing to [[Sofia]] (in occupied [[Bulgaria]]) in May 1788, to fight both the [[Austrian Army|Austrian]] and [[Russian Army|Russian]] armies.]]
Selim III ascended the throne only to find that the Ottoman Empire of old had been considerably reduced due to conflicts outside the realm. From the north Russia had taken the Black Sea through the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] in 1774. Selim realized the importance of diplomatic relations with other nations, and pushed for permanent embassies in the courts of all the great nations of Europe, a hard task because of religious prejudice towards Muslims. Even with the religious obstacles, resident embassies were established in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], [[First French Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]]. Selim, a cultured poet and musician, carried on an extended correspondence with [[Louis XVI]]. Although distressed by the establishment of the republic in France, Ottoman government was soothed by French representatives in Constantinople who maintained the goodwill of various influential personages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanford|first=Shaw|title=The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III|jstor=1875404|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=37|page=291|doi=10.1086/600691}}</ref><ref>Thomas Naff, "Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 83.3 (1963): 295-315 [http://www.academia.edu/download/32381584/Thomas_Naff__III.Selim_Doneminde_Osmanli_Diplomasisi_1789-1806.pdf online].</ref>
On 1 July 1798, however, French forces landed in [[Eyalet of Egypt|Egypt]], and Selim declared war on France. In alliance with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and Britain, the Turks were in periodic conflict with the French on both land and sea until March 1801. Peace came in June 1802, The following year brought trouble in the [[Balkan]]s. For decades a sultan's word had had no power in outlying provinces, prompting Selim's reforms of the military in order to reimpose central control. This desire was not fulfilled. One rebellious leader was Austrian-backed [[Osman Pazvantoğlu]], whose invasion of [[Wallachia]] in 1801 inspired Russian intervention, resulting in greater autonomy for the Dunubian provinces. Serbian conditions also deteriorated. They took a fateful turn with the return of the hated [[Janissary|Janissaries]], ousted 8 years before. These forces murdered Selim's enlightened governor, ending the best rule this province had had in the last 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/selim-iii|title=Selim, III Biography|website=Bookrags.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> Neither arms nor diplomacy could restore Ottoman authority.
French influence with the ''[[Sublime Porte]]'' (the European diplomatic designation of the Ottoman state) did not revive but it then led the Sultan into defying both St. Petersburg and London, and Turkey joined [[Continental System|Napoleon's Continental System]]. War was declared on Russia on 27 December and on Britain in March 1807.
=== Janissary revolt ===
The Sultan's most ambitious military project was the creation of an entirely new infantry corps fully trained and equipped according to the latest European standards. This unit, called the ''[[Nizam-i Djedid|nizam-i jedid]]'' (the new order), was formed in 1797 and adopted a pattern of recruitment that was uncommon for the imperial forces; it was composed of Turkish peasant youths from Anatolia, a clear indication that the ''devshirme'' system was no longer functional. Officered and trained by Europeans, the ''nizam-i jedid'' was outfitted with modern weapons and French-style uniforms. By 1806 the new army numbered around 23,000 troops, including a modern artillery corps, and its units performed effectively in minor actions. But Selim III's inability to integrate the force with the regular army and his reluctance to deploy it against his domestic opponents limited its role in defending the state it was created to preserve.
From the start of Selim's reign, the Janissaries had viewed this entire program of military reform as a threat to their independence, and they refused to serve alongside the new army in the field. The powerful ''derebeys'' were alarmed by the way in which the sultan financed his new forces—he confiscated ''timars'' and directed the other revenue toward the ''nizam-i jedid''. Further opposition came from the ulama and other members of the ruling elite who objected to the European models on which Selim based his military reforms.
Led by the rebellious Janissaries, these forces came together in 1806, deposed Selim III, and selected a successor, Mustafa IV, who pledged not to interfere with their privileges. The decree of deposition accused Selim III of failing to respect the religion of Islam and the tradition of the Ottomans. Over the course of the next year, the embassies in Europe were dismantled, the ''nizam-i jedid'' troops were dispersed, and the deposed sultan, whose cautious military reforms were intended to do no more than preserve the tradition of the Ottomans, was murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cleveland|first=William|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|year=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=0813340489|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will/page/57 57–58]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will/page/57}}</ref>
===Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791)===
The [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austro-Turkish War of 1787]] was an inconclusive struggle between the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian]] and Ottoman Empires. It took place concomitantly with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792]] during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Selim III.
<gallery>
File:Rymnik-1789.jpg|Clash between Russo-Austrian and Ottoman Turkish troops in the [[Battle of Rymnik]].
File:Belagerung Belgrad 2.jpg|Austrian [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|Siege of Belgrade]] in 1789.
</gallery>
=== Russo-Turkish war ===
[[File:January Suchodolski - Ochakiv siege.jpg|thumb|Ottoman troops desperately attempt to halt advancing Russians during the [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)]].]]
The first major [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]] began after Turkey demanded that Russia’s ruler, [[Catherine II the Great]], abstain from interfering in Poland’s internal affairs. The Russians went on to win impressive victories over the Turks. They captured Azov, the [[Crimea]], and Bessarabia, and under Field Marshal [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] they overran Moldavia and also defeated the Turks in [[Ottoman Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]. The Turks were compelled to seek peace, which was concluded in the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]]. This treaty made the Crimean khanate independent of the Turkish sultan advanced the Russian frontier. [[Russian Empire|Russia]] was now in a much stronger position to expand, and in 1783 Catherine annexed the Crimean Peninsula outright.
[[Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)|War]] broke out in 1787, with Austria again on the side of Russia. Under General [[Alexander Suvorov]], the Russians won several victories that gave them control of the lower Dniester and Danube rivers, and further Russian successes compelled the Turks to sign the [[Treaty of Jassy]] on 9 January 1792. By this treaty Turkey ceded the entire western Ukrainian Black Sea coast to Russia. When Turkey deposed the Russophile governors of [[Moldavia]] and [[Walachia]] in 1806, [[Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)|war]] broke out again, though in a desultory fashion, since Russia was reluctant to concentrate large forces against Turkey while its relations with Napoleonic France were so uncertain. But in 1811, with the prospect of a [[French invasion of Russia|war between France and Russia]] in sight, the latter sought a quick decision on its southern frontier. The Russian field marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]]’s victorious campaign of 1811–12 forced the Turks to sign the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]] on 18 May 1812. Ending the war that had begun in 1806, this peace agreement established the Ottoman cession of Bessarabia to Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universalium.academic.ru/244800/Russo-Turkish_Wars|title=Russo-Turkish Wars|website=Universalium.academic.ru|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref>
The Russians also secured amnesty and a promise of autonomy for the Serbs, who had been rebelling against Turkish rule, but Turkish garrisons were given control of the Serbian fortresses. Implementation of the treaty was forestalled by a number of disputes, and Turkish troops invaded Serbia again the following year.
===Relations with Tipu Sultan===
Tipu Sultan was an independent ruler of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]], with high regards of loyalty to the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]. He had urgently requested Ottoman assistance during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], in which he had suffered an irreversible defeat. Tipu Sultan then began to consolidate his relations with France. In an attempt to junction with Tipu Sultan, [[Napoleon]] invaded [[Ottoman Egypt]] in the year 1798, causing a furor in [[Constantinople]].
The British then appealed to Selim III to send a letter to Tipu Sultan requesting the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] to halt its state of war against the [[British East India Company]]. Selim III then wrote a letter to [[Tipu Sultan]] criticizing the French, and also informed Tipu Sultan that the Ottomans would act as intermediary between the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] and the British. Tipu Sultan wrote twice to Selim III, rejecting the advice of the Ottomans, unfortunately before most of his letters could arrive in Constantinople, the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] broke out and Tipu Sultan was killed during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=nfgCT9OKHtGKhQf93c3jAw&id=s04pus5jBNwC&dq=tipu+sultan+and+ottoman&q=selim+iii#v=snippet&q=selim%20iii&f=false |title=Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877-1924 - Azmi Özcan|publisher=Google Books|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref>
== The 1806 Edirne Incident ==
The [[1806 Edirne incident|1806 Edirne Incident]] was an armed confrontation between the New Order Troops (''[[Nizam-i Djedid|Nizam-i Djedit]])'' of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan Selim III and a coalition of [[Balkans|Balkan]] magnates, ''ayans'', and the region's [[Janissaries|Janissary]] garrisons that occurred in [[Thrace]] throughout the summer of 1806. The cause of the incident was Selim III's attempt to expand the New Order's permanent presence into [[Rumelia]] through the establishment of New Order barracks in the region's cities. The ultimate outcome of the confrontation was the retreat of imperial forces back to Istanbul and to Anatolia, constituting a deathblow to Selim III's ambitions of expanding his reformed army, as well as a major blow to his legitimacy. This deteriorated image would result in his deposition the following May.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of The Late Ottoman Empire|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|publisher=Princeton University|year=2008|isbn=978-0-691-13452-9|location=|pages=53}}</ref>
== Downfall and assassination ==
{{Main article|Kabakçı Mustafa}}
[[File:Firman-Pouqueville.jpg|thumb|An official [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], [[Firman]] by [[Sultan]] Selim III appointing François Pouqueville as the representative of [[France]] in the court of [[Ali Pasha of Janina]].]]
Selim III was, however, thoroughly under the influence of [[French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire|French ambassador to the Porte]] [[Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta|Horace Sébastiani]], and the fleet was compelled to retire without effecting its purpose. But the anarchy, manifest or latent, existing throughout the provinces proved too great for Selim III to cope with. The Janissaries rose once more in revolt, induced the Sheikh ul-Islam to grant a [[fetva]] against the reforms, [[Ottoman coups of 1807–08|dethroned and imprisoned Selim III]], and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne, as [[Mustafa IV]] (1807–08), on 29 May 1807
The ayan of [[Rousse|Rustchuk]], [[Alemdar Mustafa]], a strong partisan of the reforms, collected an army of 40,000 men and marched on Constantinople with the purpose of reinstating Selim III, but he came too late. The ill-fated reforming Sultan had been stabbed in the [[seraglio]] by the [[Chief Black Eunuch]] and his men.<ref>Goodwin, Jason: "Lords of the Horizons", Chapter 24: The Auspicious Event, 1998</ref>{{unreliable source?|certain=yes|reason=Extremely negatively reviewed pop history book|date=October 2016}} Upon his arrival in the capital, Bairakdar's only resource was to wreak his vengeance on Mustafa IV and to place on the throne [[Mahmud II]] (1808–1839), the sole surviving member of the house of Osman.
Another version about his murder states that at the time of his deposition, Selim was staying at the Harem. The night of Thursday, 28 July 1808, he was with his favourite wife, Re'fet Kadın, and a lady-in-waiting Pakize Hanım in attendance. [[Alemdar Mustafa Pasha]], a loyalist of Selim, was approaching the city with his army to reinstate Selim. Therefore, Mustafa IV gave orders to murder him and his brother Prince Mahmud.
The assassins were apparently a group of men, including the Master of the Wardrobe called Fettah the Georgian, the Treasury steward Ebe Selim, and black eunuch named Nezir Ağa. Selim apparently knew his end was coming when he saw their swords drawn. Pakize Hanım threw herself between them and her lord, she was cut in her hand. Re’fet Kadın started screaming in terror, another slave girl who rushed in fainted when she saw what was about to happen. A struggle ensued and the former sultan was cut down and murdered, his last words apparently being "''Allahu Akbar''" ("God is great").
Re'fet Kadın threw herself on the body but was dragged away. The body was quickly wrapped in a quilt. The assassins moved on to find Prince Mahmud and attempt to murder him too. He was more fortunate though and later ordered the assassins to be executed. Selim III would be the only Ottoman sultan to be killed by the sword.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi|url-access=registration| last=Davis|first=Claire|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi/page/213 213–217]|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|id=ASIN B000NP64Z2}}</ref> He was buried in [[Laleli Mosque]] near his father's tomb.
<gallery>
File:Laleli Mosque 6584.jpg|Laleli Mosque tomb Sultan Mustafa III and son Selim III
</gallery>
== Interest in poetry and arts ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Tughra of Selim III.JPG|thumb|Selim III's ''[[tughra]]'', or [[Seal (device)|official seal]].]]
A great lover of music, Sultan Selim III was a composer and performer of significant talent. He created fourteen [[makam]]-s (melodic types), three of which are in current use today. Sixty-four compositions by Selim III are known today, some of which are part of the regular repertory of [[Turkish classical music]] performerance. Aside from composing music, Selim III also performed on the [[ney]] (reed flute) and [[tanbur]] (long-necked, fretted lute).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Signell|first=Karl|title=The Modernization Process in Two Oriental Music Cultures: Turkish and Japanese|journal=Asian Music|volume=7|doi=10.2307/833790}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
Selim III's interest in music started in his days as a prince ([[Shah#Shahzada|shahzade]]) when he studied under Kırımlı Ahmet Kamil Efendi and Tanburi İzak Efendi. He was especially respectful of Tanburi İzak Efendi, and it is recounted that the Sultan rose in respect when Tanburi İzak Efendi entered the court.
As a patron of the arts, Selim III encouraged musicians of his day, including [[Dede Efendi]] and [[Hamparsum Limonciyan|Baba Hamparsum]]. The Hamparsum notation system that Selim commissioned became the dominant notation for Turkish and Armenian music. His name is associated with a school in Classical Turkish Music due to the revival and rebirth of music at his court. Selim III was also interested in western music and in 1797 invited an [[opera]] troupe for the first opera performance in the Ottoman Empire.
Writing under the ''nom de plume'' ″İlhami″, Selim's poetry is collected in a [[Diwan (poetry)|divan]]. Among regular attendees of his court were Şeyh Galib, considered one of the four greatest Ottoman poets. Galib is now considered to have been not only an intimate friend of the Sultan, as they were both quite close in age, but through Galib's poetry you find an overwhelming support for his new military reforms<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holbrook|first=Victoria|title=THE INTELLECTUAL AND THE STATE: POETRY IN ISTANBUL IN THE 1790s|journal=Oriente Moderno|volume=18}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
Selim III was a member of the [[Mevlevi Order]] of [[Sufi Whirling]] Dervishes, and entered into the order at the Galata Mevlevihanesi under the name ″Selim Dede". He was a renowned composer, creating many musical compositions, including a Mevlevi ''ayin'', a long and complex liturgical form performed during the semâ (religious ceremonies) of the [[Mevlana]] ([[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi]]) [[Tariqah]] of [[Sufi Whirling]] Mystics, in [[makam]] ''Suzidilara.''
He extended his patronage to [[Antoine Ignace Melling]], whom he appointed as the court architect in 1795. Melling constructed a number of palaces and other buildings for the Sultan and created engravings of contemporary Constantinople.
==Family==
;Consorts
Selim had seven wives:
* Safizar Kadın (died at Topkapı Palace, 29 May 1792, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Senior Consort;
* Aynısafa Kadın;
* Zibifer Kadın (died at Beylerbeyi Palace, 30 January 1817 , buried in Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar, Istanbul), Second Consort;<ref name="haskan">{{cite book|first=Mehmet Nermi|last=Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 1|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|year=2001|pages=307, 329|isbn=978-9-759-76060-1}}</ref>
* Tabısafa Kadın (died at Fındıklı Palace, 15 March 1855, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Third Consort;
* Refet Kadın (died at Beșiktaș Palace, 22 October 1867, buried in Mihrişah Sultan Mausoleum, Eyüp Cemetery, Istanbul), Fourth Consort;<ref name="haskan"/>
* Nuruşems Kadın (died at Kuruçeșme Palace, May 1826, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Fifth Consort;<ref>{{cite book|first=Mehmet Nermi|last=Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 3|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|year=2001|pages=1332|isbn=978-9-759-76063-2}}</ref>
* Hüsnümah Kadın (died 1814, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Sixth Consort;
==See also==
* [[Ottoman military reform efforts]]
* [[Nizam-i Jedid]]
* [[Kabakçı Mustafa]]
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Selim III'''
| 2 = 2. [[Mustafa III]]
| 3 = 3. [[Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]
| 4 = 4. [[Ahmed III]]
| 5 = 5. [[Mihrişah Kadın]]
| 6 =
| 7 =
| 8 = 8. [[Mehmed IV]]
| 9 = 9. [[Gülnuş Sultan]]
| 10 =
| 11 =
| 12 =
| 13 =
| 14 =
| 15 =
| 16 = 16. [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim]]
| 17 = 17. [[Turhan Sultan]]
| 18 =
| 19 =
| 20=
| 21=
| 22=
| 23=
| 24 =
| 25 =
| 28 =
| 29 =
| 30 =
| 31 =
}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*Basaran, Betul, Selim III, Social Control and Policing in Istanbul at the End of the Eighteenth Century: Between Crisis and Order, Leiden: Brill, 2014
*Malecka, Anna. "The mystery of the Nur al-Ayn diamond", in: ''Gems and Jewellery'', August/September 2014, pp. 20–22.
* {{cite journal|last=Stanford|first=Shaw|title=The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III|jstor=1875404|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=37|page=291|doi=10.1086/600691}}
* Shaw, Stanford Jay. ''Between old and new: the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807'' (Harvard University Press, 1971)
* Tuncay Zorlu, ''Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy'' (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011).
==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Selim}}
==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||24 December 1761||28 July 1808}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Hamid I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]|years=7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa IV]]}}
{{s-rel|su}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Hamid I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of caliphs|Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate]]|years=7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa IV]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Selim Iii}}
[[Category:1761 births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
[[Category:Sunni caliphs]]
[[Category:Murder in 1808]]
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[[Category:Turkish classical composers]]
[[Category:Turkish musicians]]
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[[Category:19th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by stabbing]]
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[[Category:Ottoman dynasty]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{for|the Crimean khan|Selim III Giray}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Selim III<br/>سليم ثالث
| title = [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]]<br/>[[Amir al-Mu'minin]]<br/>[[Caesar (title)#Ottoman Empire|Kayser-i Rûm]]<br/>[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
| titletext =
| more =
| image = Joseph Warnia-Zarzecki - Sultan Selim III - Google Art Project.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = 28th [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| moretext =
| reign = 7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Abdul Hamid I]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor = [[Mustafa IV]]
| birth_date = 24 December 1761
| birth_place = [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Istanbul|Constantinople]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1808|7|28|1761|12|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Laleli Mosque]], Istanbul
| spouse = Safizar Kadın<br>Aynısafa Kadın<br>Zibifer Kadın<br>Tabısafa Kadın<br>Refet Kadın<br>Nurușems Kadın<br>Hüsnümah Kadın
| spouse-type = Consorts
| issue =
| full name = Selim bin Mustafa
| house = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| father = [[Mustafa III]]
| mother = [[Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| signature = Tughra of Selim III.JPG
}}
'''Selim III''' ({{lang-ota|سليم ثالث}} ''Selim-i sâlis'') <span dir="ltr">(24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808)</span> was the [[Sultan]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1789 to 1807. Although regarded as an [[Enlightened absolutism|enlightened ruler]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://doi.org/10.7916/D80Z79P1
|title=The New Order and Its Enemies: Opposition to Military Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1789 - 1807
|publisher=Columbia University
|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>, the [[Janissaries]] eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as [[Mustafa IV]]. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins.
Selim III was the son of Sultan [[Mustafa III]] and his wife [[Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]. His mother Mihrişah Sultan originated in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], and when she became the [[Valide Sultan]], she participated in reforming the government schools and establishing political corporations. His father Ottoman Sultan [[Mustafa III]] was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms. Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated by his fear of a Russian invasion. During the Russo-Turkish War, he fell ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the fact that a military reform was necessary. He declared new military regulations and opened maritime and artillery academies.
Sultan Mustafa was very influenced by mysticism. [[Oracle|Oracles]] predicted his son Selim would be a world-conqueror, so he organized a joyous feast lasting seven days. Selim was very well educated in the palace. Sultan Mustafa III bequeathed his son as his successor; however, Selim's uncle [[Abdul Hamid I]] ascended the throne after Mustafa's death. Sultan Abdul Hamid I took care of Selim and put great emphasis on his education.
After Abdul Hamid's death, Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27 years old. Sultan Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He spoke Arabic, Persian and Serb-Bulgar fluently. Selim III showed great importance to patriotism and religion. He demonstrated his skills in poetry, music and was fond of fine arts and the army.
== The 1806 Edirne Incident ==
The [[1806 Edirne incident|1806 Edirne Incident]] was an armed confrontation between the New Order Troops (''[[Nizam-i Djedid|Nizam-i Djedit]])'' of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Sultan Selim III and a coalition of [[Balkans|Balkan]] magnates, ''ayans'', and the region's [[Janissaries|Janissary]] garrisons that occurred in [[Thrace]] throughout the summer of 1806. The cause of the incident was Selim III's attempt to expand the New Order's permanent presence into [[Rumelia]] through the establishment of New Order barracks in the region's cities. The ultimate outcome of the confrontation was the retreat of imperial forces back to Istanbul and to Anatolia, constituting a deathblow to Selim III's ambitions of expanding his reformed army, as well as a major blow to his legitimacy. This deteriorated image would result in his deposition the following May.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of The Late Ottoman Empire|last=Hanioğlu|first=M. Şükrü|publisher=Princeton University|year=2008|isbn=978-0-691-13452-9|location=|pages=53}}</ref>
== Downfall and assassination ==
{{Main article|Kabakçı Mustafa}}
[[File:Firman-Pouqueville.jpg|thumb|An official [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], [[Firman]] by [[Sultan]] Selim III appointing François Pouqueville as the representative of [[France]] in the court of [[Ali Pasha of Janina]].]]
Selim III was, however, thoroughly under the influence of [[French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire|French ambassador to the Porte]] [[Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta|Horace Sébastiani]], and the fleet was compelled to retire without effecting its purpose. But the anarchy, manifest or latent, existing throughout the provinces proved too great for Selim III to cope with. The Janissaries rose once more in revolt, induced the Sheikh ul-Islam to grant a [[fetva]] against the reforms, [[Ottoman coups of 1807–08|dethroned and imprisoned Selim III]], and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne, as [[Mustafa IV]] (1807–08), on 29 May 1807
The ayan of [[Rousse|Rustchuk]], [[Alemdar Mustafa]], a strong partisan of the reforms, collected an army of 40,000 men and marched on Constantinople with the purpose of reinstating Selim III, but he came too late. The ill-fated reforming Sultan had been stabbed in the [[seraglio]] by the [[Chief Black Eunuch]] and his men.<ref>Goodwin, Jason: "Lords of the Horizons", Chapter 24: The Auspicious Event, 1998</ref>{{unreliable source?|certain=yes|reason=Extremely negatively reviewed pop history book|date=October 2016}} Upon his arrival in the capital, Bairakdar's only resource was to wreak his vengeance on Mustafa IV and to place on the throne [[Mahmud II]] (1808–1839), the sole surviving member of the house of Osman.
Another version about his murder states that at the time of his deposition, Selim was staying at the Harem. The night of Thursday, 28 July 1808, he was with his favourite wife, Re'fet Kadın, and a lady-in-waiting Pakize Hanım in attendance. [[Alemdar Mustafa Pasha]], a loyalist of Selim, was approaching the city with his army to reinstate Selim. Therefore, Mustafa IV gave orders to murder him and his brother Prince Mahmud.
The assassins were apparently a group of men, including the Master of the Wardrobe called Fettah the Georgian, the Treasury steward Ebe Selim, and black eunuch named Nezir Ağa. Selim apparently knew his end was coming when he saw their swords drawn. Pakize Hanım threw herself between them and her lord, she was cut in her hand. Re’fet Kadın started screaming in terror, another slave girl who rushed in fainted when she saw what was about to happen. A struggle ensued and the former sultan was cut down and murdered, his last words apparently being "''Allahu Akbar''" ("God is great").
Re'fet Kadın threw herself on the body but was dragged away. The body was quickly wrapped in a quilt. The assassins moved on to find Prince Mahmud and attempt to murder him too. He was more fortunate though and later ordered the assassins to be executed. Selim III would be the only Ottoman sultan to be killed by the sword.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi|url-access=registration| last=Davis|first=Claire|year=1970|pages=[https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi/page/213 213–217]|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|location=New York|id=ASIN B000NP64Z2}}</ref> He was buried in [[Laleli Mosque]] near his father's tomb.
<gallery>
File:Laleli Mosque 6584.jpg|Laleli Mosque tomb Sultan Mustafa III and son Selim III
</gallery>
== Interest in poetry and arts ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Tughra of Selim III.JPG|thumb|Selim III's ''[[tughra]]'', or [[Seal (device)|official seal]].]]
A great lover of music, Sultan Selim III was a composer and performer of significant talent. He created fourteen [[makam]]-s (melodic types), three of which are in current use today. Sixty-four compositions by Selim III are known today, some of which are part of the regular repertory of [[Turkish classical music]] performerance. Aside from composing music, Selim III also performed on the [[ney]] (reed flute) and [[tanbur]] (long-necked, fretted lute).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Signell|first=Karl|title=The Modernization Process in Two Oriental Music Cultures: Turkish and Japanese|journal=Asian Music|volume=7|doi=10.2307/833790}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
Selim III's interest in music started in his days as a prince ([[Shah#Shahzada|shahzade]]) when he studied under Kırımlı Ahmet Kamil Efendi and Tanburi İzak Efendi. He was especially respectful of Tanburi İzak Efendi, and it is recounted that the Sultan rose in respect when Tanburi İzak Efendi entered the court.
As a patron of the arts, Selim III encouraged musicians of his day, including [[Dede Efendi]] and [[Hamparsum Limonciyan|Baba Hamparsum]]. The Hamparsum notation system that Selim commissioned became the dominant notation for Turkish and Armenian music. His name is associated with a school in Classical Turkish Music due to the revival and rebirth of music at his court. Selim III was also interested in western music and in 1797 invited an [[opera]] troupe for the first opera performance in the Ottoman Empire.
Writing under the ''nom de plume'' ″İlhami″, Selim's poetry is collected in a [[Diwan (poetry)|divan]]. Among regular attendees of his court were Şeyh Galib, considered one of the four greatest Ottoman poets. Galib is now considered to have been not only an intimate friend of the Sultan, as they were both quite close in age, but through Galib's poetry you find an overwhelming support for his new military reforms<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Holbrook|first=Victoria|title=THE INTELLECTUAL AND THE STATE: POETRY IN ISTANBUL IN THE 1790s|journal=Oriente Moderno|volume=18}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2016}}
Selim III was a member of the [[Mevlevi Order]] of [[Sufi Whirling]] Dervishes, and entered into the order at the Galata Mevlevihanesi under the name ″Selim Dede". He was a renowned composer, creating many musical compositions, including a Mevlevi ''ayin'', a long and complex liturgical form performed during the semâ (religious ceremonies) of the [[Mevlana]] ([[Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi]]) [[Tariqah]] of [[Sufi Whirling]] Mystics, in [[makam]] ''Suzidilara.''
He extended his patronage to [[Antoine Ignace Melling]], whom he appointed as the court architect in 1795. Melling constructed a number of palaces and other buildings for the Sultan and created engravings of contemporary Constantinople.
==Family==
;Consorts
Selim had seven wives:
* Safizar Kadın (died at Topkapı Palace, 29 May 1792, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Senior Consort;
* Aynısafa Kadın;
* Zibifer Kadın (died at Beylerbeyi Palace, 30 January 1817 , buried in Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar, Istanbul), Second Consort;<ref name="haskan">{{cite book|first=Mehmet Nermi|last=Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 1|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|year=2001|pages=307, 329|isbn=978-9-759-76060-1}}</ref>
* Tabısafa Kadın (died at Fındıklı Palace, 15 March 1855, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Third Consort;
* Refet Kadın (died at Beșiktaș Palace, 22 October 1867, buried in Mihrişah Sultan Mausoleum, Eyüp Cemetery, Istanbul), Fourth Consort;<ref name="haskan"/>
* Nuruşems Kadın (died at Kuruçeșme Palace, May 1826, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Fifth Consort;<ref>{{cite book|first=Mehmet Nermi|last=Haskan|title=Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 3|publisher=Üsküdar Belediyesi|year=2001|pages=1332|isbn=978-9-759-76063-2}}</ref>
* Hüsnümah Kadın (died 1814, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Sixth Consort;
==See also==
* [[Ottoman military reform efforts]]
* [[Nizam-i Jedid]]
* [[Kabakçı Mustafa]]
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
| 1 = 1. '''Selim III'''
| 2 = 2. [[Mustafa III]]
| 3 = 3. [[Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)|Mihrişah Sultan]]
| 4 = 4. [[Ahmed III]]
| 5 = 5. [[Mihrişah Kadın]]
| 6 =
| 7 =
| 8 = 8. [[Mehmed IV]]
| 9 = 9. [[Gülnuş Sultan]]
| 10 =
| 11 =
| 12 =
| 13 =
| 14 =
| 15 =
| 16 = 16. [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim]]
| 17 = 17. [[Turhan Sultan]]
| 18 =
| 19 =
| 20=
| 21=
| 22=
| 23=
| 24 =
| 25 =
| 28 =
| 29 =
| 30 =
| 31 =
}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*Basaran, Betul, Selim III, Social Control and Policing in Istanbul at the End of the Eighteenth Century: Between Crisis and Order, Leiden: Brill, 2014
*Malecka, Anna. "The mystery of the Nur al-Ayn diamond", in: ''Gems and Jewellery'', August/September 2014, pp. 20–22.
* {{cite journal|last=Stanford|first=Shaw|title=The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III|jstor=1875404|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=37|page=291|doi=10.1086/600691}}
* Shaw, Stanford Jay. ''Between old and new: the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807'' (Harvard University Press, 1971)
* Tuncay Zorlu, ''Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy'' (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011).
==References==
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Selim}}
==External links==
{{commonscat-inline}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||24 December 1761||28 July 1808}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Hamid I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]]|years=7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa IV]]}}
{{s-rel|su}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Hamid I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of caliphs|Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate]]|years=7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mustafa IV]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Selim Iii}}
[[Category:1761 births]]
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[[Category:Murder in 1808]]
[[Category:18th-century Ottoman sultans]]
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[[Category:Turkish classical composers]]
[[Category:Turkish musicians]]
[[Category:Executed people of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by stabbing]]
[[Category:Composers of Ottoman classical music]]
[[Category:Composers of Turkish makam music]]
[[Category:Turks of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:18th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
[[Category:Ottoman dynasty]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -49,64 +49,4 @@
After Abdul Hamid's death, Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27 years old. Sultan Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He spoke Arabic, Persian and Serb-Bulgar fluently. Selim III showed great importance to patriotism and religion. He demonstrated his skills in poetry, music and was fond of fine arts and the army.
-
-==Reign==
-
-=== Plans of reforms ===
-{{Main|Ottoman military reforms}}
-
-[[File:Ottoman Sultan Selim III (1789).jpg|thumb|Selim III receiving dignitaries at an audience at the Gate of Felicity, [[Topkapı Palace]]. Painting by [[Konstantin Kapıdağlı]].]]
-The talents and energy with which Selim III was endowed had endeared him to the people, and great hopes were founded on his accession. He had associated much with foreigners, and was thoroughly persuaded of the necessity of [[Ottoman Reform Efforts under Selim III and Mahmoud II|reforming]] his state.
-
-However, [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] gave him no time for anything but defense, and it was not until the [[Peace of Iaşi]] (1792) that a breathing space was allowed him in Europe, while [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s [[French Invasion of Egypt (1798)|invasion of Egypt and Syria]] soon called for the empire's strongest efforts.
-
-Ottoman provinces from Egypt to Syria began to implement French policies and began to differ away from Istanbul after [[Napoleon]] attack.
-
-[[File:Bataille du mont-thabor.jpg|thumb|150px|[[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]] against the [[Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces.]]
-
-Selim III profited by the respite to abolish the military tenure of fiefs; he introduced salutary reforms into the administration, especially in the fiscal department, sought by well-considered plans to extend the spread of education, and engaged foreign officers as instructors, by whom a small corps of new troops called ''[[Nizam-i Jedid|nizam-i-jedid]]'' were collected and drilled in 1797. This unit was composed of Turkish peasant youths from Anatolia and supplied with modern weaponry.<ref name="nizam-i jedid">{{cite book|last1=Cleveland|first1=William L.|last2=Bunton|first2=Martin|title=A history of the modern Middle East|date=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=9780813348339|page=57|edition=Fifth}}</ref>
-
-These troops were able to hold their own against rebellious [[Janissary|Janissaries]] in the [[Balkan]] provinces such as the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]] against its appointed [[Vizier]] [[Hadži Mustafa Pasha]], where disaffected governors made no scruple of attempting to make use of them against the reforming sultan.
-
-Emboldened by this success, Selim III issued an order that in future picked men should be taken annually from the Janissaries to serve in the ''nizam-i-jedid''.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} Selim III was unable to integrate the nizam-i jedid with the rest of the army which overall limited its role in the defense of the state.<ref name="nizam-i jedid" />
-
-=== Foreign relations ===
-
-[[File:TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory.png|thumb|150px|The main Ottoman army led by the [[Koca Yusuf Pasha|Grand Vizier]] advancing to [[Sofia]] (in occupied [[Bulgaria]]) in May 1788, to fight both the [[Austrian Army|Austrian]] and [[Russian Army|Russian]] armies.]]
-
-Selim III ascended the throne only to find that the Ottoman Empire of old had been considerably reduced due to conflicts outside the realm. From the north Russia had taken the Black Sea through the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] in 1774. Selim realized the importance of diplomatic relations with other nations, and pushed for permanent embassies in the courts of all the great nations of Europe, a hard task because of religious prejudice towards Muslims. Even with the religious obstacles, resident embassies were established in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], [[First French Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]]. Selim, a cultured poet and musician, carried on an extended correspondence with [[Louis XVI]]. Although distressed by the establishment of the republic in France, Ottoman government was soothed by French representatives in Constantinople who maintained the goodwill of various influential personages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanford|first=Shaw|title=The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III|jstor=1875404|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=37|page=291|doi=10.1086/600691}}</ref><ref>Thomas Naff, "Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 83.3 (1963): 295-315 [http://www.academia.edu/download/32381584/Thomas_Naff__III.Selim_Doneminde_Osmanli_Diplomasisi_1789-1806.pdf online].</ref>
-
-On 1 July 1798, however, French forces landed in [[Eyalet of Egypt|Egypt]], and Selim declared war on France. In alliance with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and Britain, the Turks were in periodic conflict with the French on both land and sea until March 1801. Peace came in June 1802, The following year brought trouble in the [[Balkan]]s. For decades a sultan's word had had no power in outlying provinces, prompting Selim's reforms of the military in order to reimpose central control. This desire was not fulfilled. One rebellious leader was Austrian-backed [[Osman Pazvantoğlu]], whose invasion of [[Wallachia]] in 1801 inspired Russian intervention, resulting in greater autonomy for the Dunubian provinces. Serbian conditions also deteriorated. They took a fateful turn with the return of the hated [[Janissary|Janissaries]], ousted 8 years before. These forces murdered Selim's enlightened governor, ending the best rule this province had had in the last 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/selim-iii|title=Selim, III Biography|website=Bookrags.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> Neither arms nor diplomacy could restore Ottoman authority.
-
-French influence with the ''[[Sublime Porte]]'' (the European diplomatic designation of the Ottoman state) did not revive but it then led the Sultan into defying both St. Petersburg and London, and Turkey joined [[Continental System|Napoleon's Continental System]]. War was declared on Russia on 27 December and on Britain in March 1807.
-
-=== Janissary revolt ===
-The Sultan's most ambitious military project was the creation of an entirely new infantry corps fully trained and equipped according to the latest European standards. This unit, called the ''[[Nizam-i Djedid|nizam-i jedid]]'' (the new order), was formed in 1797 and adopted a pattern of recruitment that was uncommon for the imperial forces; it was composed of Turkish peasant youths from Anatolia, a clear indication that the ''devshirme'' system was no longer functional. Officered and trained by Europeans, the ''nizam-i jedid'' was outfitted with modern weapons and French-style uniforms. By 1806 the new army numbered around 23,000 troops, including a modern artillery corps, and its units performed effectively in minor actions. But Selim III's inability to integrate the force with the regular army and his reluctance to deploy it against his domestic opponents limited its role in defending the state it was created to preserve.
-
-From the start of Selim's reign, the Janissaries had viewed this entire program of military reform as a threat to their independence, and they refused to serve alongside the new army in the field. The powerful ''derebeys'' were alarmed by the way in which the sultan financed his new forces—he confiscated ''timars'' and directed the other revenue toward the ''nizam-i jedid''. Further opposition came from the ulama and other members of the ruling elite who objected to the European models on which Selim based his military reforms.
-
-Led by the rebellious Janissaries, these forces came together in 1806, deposed Selim III, and selected a successor, Mustafa IV, who pledged not to interfere with their privileges. The decree of deposition accused Selim III of failing to respect the religion of Islam and the tradition of the Ottomans. Over the course of the next year, the embassies in Europe were dismantled, the ''nizam-i jedid'' troops were dispersed, and the deposed sultan, whose cautious military reforms were intended to do no more than preserve the tradition of the Ottomans, was murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cleveland|first=William|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|year=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=0813340489|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will/page/57 57–58]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will/page/57}}</ref>
-
-===Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791)===
-
-The [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austro-Turkish War of 1787]] was an inconclusive struggle between the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian]] and Ottoman Empires. It took place concomitantly with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792]] during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Selim III.
-
-<gallery>
-File:Rymnik-1789.jpg|Clash between Russo-Austrian and Ottoman Turkish troops in the [[Battle of Rymnik]].
-File:Belagerung Belgrad 2.jpg|Austrian [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|Siege of Belgrade]] in 1789.
-</gallery>
-
-=== Russo-Turkish war ===
-[[File:January Suchodolski - Ochakiv siege.jpg|thumb|Ottoman troops desperately attempt to halt advancing Russians during the [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)]].]]
-
-The first major [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]] began after Turkey demanded that Russia’s ruler, [[Catherine II the Great]], abstain from interfering in Poland’s internal affairs. The Russians went on to win impressive victories over the Turks. They captured Azov, the [[Crimea]], and Bessarabia, and under Field Marshal [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] they overran Moldavia and also defeated the Turks in [[Ottoman Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]. The Turks were compelled to seek peace, which was concluded in the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]]. This treaty made the Crimean khanate independent of the Turkish sultan advanced the Russian frontier. [[Russian Empire|Russia]] was now in a much stronger position to expand, and in 1783 Catherine annexed the Crimean Peninsula outright.
-
-[[Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)|War]] broke out in 1787, with Austria again on the side of Russia. Under General [[Alexander Suvorov]], the Russians won several victories that gave them control of the lower Dniester and Danube rivers, and further Russian successes compelled the Turks to sign the [[Treaty of Jassy]] on 9 January 1792. By this treaty Turkey ceded the entire western Ukrainian Black Sea coast to Russia. When Turkey deposed the Russophile governors of [[Moldavia]] and [[Walachia]] in 1806, [[Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)|war]] broke out again, though in a desultory fashion, since Russia was reluctant to concentrate large forces against Turkey while its relations with Napoleonic France were so uncertain. But in 1811, with the prospect of a [[French invasion of Russia|war between France and Russia]] in sight, the latter sought a quick decision on its southern frontier. The Russian field marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]]’s victorious campaign of 1811–12 forced the Turks to sign the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]] on 18 May 1812. Ending the war that had begun in 1806, this peace agreement established the Ottoman cession of Bessarabia to Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universalium.academic.ru/244800/Russo-Turkish_Wars|title=Russo-Turkish Wars|website=Universalium.academic.ru|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref>
-
-The Russians also secured amnesty and a promise of autonomy for the Serbs, who had been rebelling against Turkish rule, but Turkish garrisons were given control of the Serbian fortresses. Implementation of the treaty was forestalled by a number of disputes, and Turkish troops invaded Serbia again the following year.
-
-===Relations with Tipu Sultan===
-Tipu Sultan was an independent ruler of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]], with high regards of loyalty to the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]. He had urgently requested Ottoman assistance during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], in which he had suffered an irreversible defeat. Tipu Sultan then began to consolidate his relations with France. In an attempt to junction with Tipu Sultan, [[Napoleon]] invaded [[Ottoman Egypt]] in the year 1798, causing a furor in [[Constantinople]].
-
-The British then appealed to Selim III to send a letter to Tipu Sultan requesting the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] to halt its state of war against the [[British East India Company]]. Selim III then wrote a letter to [[Tipu Sultan]] criticizing the French, and also informed Tipu Sultan that the Ottomans would act as intermediary between the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] and the British. Tipu Sultan wrote twice to Selim III, rejecting the advice of the Ottomans, unfortunately before most of his letters could arrive in Constantinople, the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] broke out and Tipu Sultan was killed during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=nfgCT9OKHtGKhQf93c3jAw&id=s04pus5jBNwC&dq=tipu+sultan+and+ottoman&q=selim+iii#v=snippet&q=selim%20iii&f=false |title=Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877-1924 - Azmi Özcan|publisher=Google Books|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref>
== The 1806 Edirne Incident ==
' |
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0 => '',
1 => '==Reign==',
2 => '',
3 => '=== Plans of reforms ===',
4 => '{{Main|Ottoman military reforms}}',
5 => '',
6 => '[[File:Ottoman Sultan Selim III (1789).jpg|thumb|Selim III receiving dignitaries at an audience at the Gate of Felicity, [[Topkapı Palace]]. Painting by [[Konstantin Kapıdağlı]].]]',
7 => 'The talents and energy with which Selim III was endowed had endeared him to the people, and great hopes were founded on his accession. He had associated much with foreigners, and was thoroughly persuaded of the necessity of [[Ottoman Reform Efforts under Selim III and Mahmoud II|reforming]] his state.',
8 => '',
9 => 'However, [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] gave him no time for anything but defense, and it was not until the [[Peace of Iaşi]] (1792) that a breathing space was allowed him in Europe, while [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s [[French Invasion of Egypt (1798)|invasion of Egypt and Syria]] soon called for the empire's strongest efforts.',
10 => '',
11 => 'Ottoman provinces from Egypt to Syria began to implement French policies and began to differ away from Istanbul after [[Napoleon]] attack.',
12 => '',
13 => '[[File:Bataille du mont-thabor.jpg|thumb|150px|[[French campaign in Egypt and Syria]] against the [[Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces.]]',
14 => '',
15 => 'Selim III profited by the respite to abolish the military tenure of fiefs; he introduced salutary reforms into the administration, especially in the fiscal department, sought by well-considered plans to extend the spread of education, and engaged foreign officers as instructors, by whom a small corps of new troops called ''[[Nizam-i Jedid|nizam-i-jedid]]'' were collected and drilled in 1797. This unit was composed of Turkish peasant youths from Anatolia and supplied with modern weaponry.<ref name="nizam-i jedid">{{cite book|last1=Cleveland|first1=William L.|last2=Bunton|first2=Martin|title=A history of the modern Middle East|date=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=9780813348339|page=57|edition=Fifth}}</ref>',
16 => '',
17 => 'These troops were able to hold their own against rebellious [[Janissary|Janissaries]] in the [[Balkan]] provinces such as the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]] against its appointed [[Vizier]] [[Hadži Mustafa Pasha]], where disaffected governors made no scruple of attempting to make use of them against the reforming sultan.',
18 => '',
19 => 'Emboldened by this success, Selim III issued an order that in future picked men should be taken annually from the Janissaries to serve in the ''nizam-i-jedid''.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}} Selim III was unable to integrate the nizam-i jedid with the rest of the army which overall limited its role in the defense of the state.<ref name="nizam-i jedid" />',
20 => '',
21 => '=== Foreign relations ===',
22 => '',
23 => '[[File:TurkischeHauptArmeeHochenleitterBGHistory.png|thumb|150px|The main Ottoman army led by the [[Koca Yusuf Pasha|Grand Vizier]] advancing to [[Sofia]] (in occupied [[Bulgaria]]) in May 1788, to fight both the [[Austrian Army|Austrian]] and [[Russian Army|Russian]] armies.]]',
24 => '',
25 => 'Selim III ascended the throne only to find that the Ottoman Empire of old had been considerably reduced due to conflicts outside the realm. From the north Russia had taken the Black Sea through the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] in 1774. Selim realized the importance of diplomatic relations with other nations, and pushed for permanent embassies in the courts of all the great nations of Europe, a hard task because of religious prejudice towards Muslims. Even with the religious obstacles, resident embassies were established in [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], [[First French Republic|France]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]]. Selim, a cultured poet and musician, carried on an extended correspondence with [[Louis XVI]]. Although distressed by the establishment of the republic in France, Ottoman government was soothed by French representatives in Constantinople who maintained the goodwill of various influential personages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stanford|first=Shaw|title=The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III|jstor=1875404|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=37|page=291|doi=10.1086/600691}}</ref><ref>Thomas Naff, "Reform and the Conduct of Ottoman Diplomacy in the Reign of Selim III, 1789-1807." ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 83.3 (1963): 295-315 [http://www.academia.edu/download/32381584/Thomas_Naff__III.Selim_Doneminde_Osmanli_Diplomasisi_1789-1806.pdf online].</ref>',
26 => '',
27 => 'On 1 July 1798, however, French forces landed in [[Eyalet of Egypt|Egypt]], and Selim declared war on France. In alliance with [[Russian Empire|Russia]] and Britain, the Turks were in periodic conflict with the French on both land and sea until March 1801. Peace came in June 1802, The following year brought trouble in the [[Balkan]]s. For decades a sultan's word had had no power in outlying provinces, prompting Selim's reforms of the military in order to reimpose central control. This desire was not fulfilled. One rebellious leader was Austrian-backed [[Osman Pazvantoğlu]], whose invasion of [[Wallachia]] in 1801 inspired Russian intervention, resulting in greater autonomy for the Dunubian provinces. Serbian conditions also deteriorated. They took a fateful turn with the return of the hated [[Janissary|Janissaries]], ousted 8 years before. These forces murdered Selim's enlightened governor, ending the best rule this province had had in the last 100 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/selim-iii|title=Selim, III Biography|website=Bookrags.com|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref> Neither arms nor diplomacy could restore Ottoman authority.',
28 => '',
29 => 'French influence with the ''[[Sublime Porte]]'' (the European diplomatic designation of the Ottoman state) did not revive but it then led the Sultan into defying both St. Petersburg and London, and Turkey joined [[Continental System|Napoleon's Continental System]]. War was declared on Russia on 27 December and on Britain in March 1807.',
30 => '',
31 => '=== Janissary revolt ===',
32 => 'The Sultan's most ambitious military project was the creation of an entirely new infantry corps fully trained and equipped according to the latest European standards. This unit, called the ''[[Nizam-i Djedid|nizam-i jedid]]'' (the new order), was formed in 1797 and adopted a pattern of recruitment that was uncommon for the imperial forces; it was composed of Turkish peasant youths from Anatolia, a clear indication that the ''devshirme'' system was no longer functional. Officered and trained by Europeans, the ''nizam-i jedid'' was outfitted with modern weapons and French-style uniforms. By 1806 the new army numbered around 23,000 troops, including a modern artillery corps, and its units performed effectively in minor actions. But Selim III's inability to integrate the force with the regular army and his reluctance to deploy it against his domestic opponents limited its role in defending the state it was created to preserve.',
33 => '',
34 => 'From the start of Selim's reign, the Janissaries had viewed this entire program of military reform as a threat to their independence, and they refused to serve alongside the new army in the field. The powerful ''derebeys'' were alarmed by the way in which the sultan financed his new forces—he confiscated ''timars'' and directed the other revenue toward the ''nizam-i jedid''. Further opposition came from the ulama and other members of the ruling elite who objected to the European models on which Selim based his military reforms.',
35 => '',
36 => 'Led by the rebellious Janissaries, these forces came together in 1806, deposed Selim III, and selected a successor, Mustafa IV, who pledged not to interfere with their privileges. The decree of deposition accused Selim III of failing to respect the religion of Islam and the tradition of the Ottomans. Over the course of the next year, the embassies in Europe were dismantled, the ''nizam-i jedid'' troops were dispersed, and the deposed sultan, whose cautious military reforms were intended to do no more than preserve the tradition of the Ottomans, was murdered.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cleveland|first=William|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|year=2013|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=0813340489|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will/page/57 57–58]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will/page/57}}</ref>',
37 => '',
38 => '===Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791)===',
39 => '',
40 => 'The [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austro-Turkish War of 1787]] was an inconclusive struggle between the [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austrian]] and Ottoman Empires. It took place concomitantly with the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Russo-Turkish War of 1787-1792]] during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Selim III.',
41 => '',
42 => '<gallery>',
43 => 'File:Rymnik-1789.jpg|Clash between Russo-Austrian and Ottoman Turkish troops in the [[Battle of Rymnik]].',
44 => 'File:Belagerung Belgrad 2.jpg|Austrian [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|Siege of Belgrade]] in 1789.',
45 => '</gallery>',
46 => '',
47 => '=== Russo-Turkish war ===',
48 => '[[File:January Suchodolski - Ochakiv siege.jpg|thumb|Ottoman troops desperately attempt to halt advancing Russians during the [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)]].]]',
49 => '',
50 => 'The first major [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]] began after Turkey demanded that Russia’s ruler, [[Catherine II the Great]], abstain from interfering in Poland’s internal affairs. The Russians went on to win impressive victories over the Turks. They captured Azov, the [[Crimea]], and Bessarabia, and under Field Marshal [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]] they overran Moldavia and also defeated the Turks in [[Ottoman Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]. The Turks were compelled to seek peace, which was concluded in the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]]. This treaty made the Crimean khanate independent of the Turkish sultan advanced the Russian frontier. [[Russian Empire|Russia]] was now in a much stronger position to expand, and in 1783 Catherine annexed the Crimean Peninsula outright.',
51 => '',
52 => '[[Russo-Turkish War (1787-1792)|War]] broke out in 1787, with Austria again on the side of Russia. Under General [[Alexander Suvorov]], the Russians won several victories that gave them control of the lower Dniester and Danube rivers, and further Russian successes compelled the Turks to sign the [[Treaty of Jassy]] on 9 January 1792. By this treaty Turkey ceded the entire western Ukrainian Black Sea coast to Russia. When Turkey deposed the Russophile governors of [[Moldavia]] and [[Walachia]] in 1806, [[Russo-Turkish War (1806-1812)|war]] broke out again, though in a desultory fashion, since Russia was reluctant to concentrate large forces against Turkey while its relations with Napoleonic France were so uncertain. But in 1811, with the prospect of a [[French invasion of Russia|war between France and Russia]] in sight, the latter sought a quick decision on its southern frontier. The Russian field marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]]’s victorious campaign of 1811–12 forced the Turks to sign the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1812)|Treaty of Bucharest]] on 18 May 1812. Ending the war that had begun in 1806, this peace agreement established the Ottoman cession of Bessarabia to Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://universalium.academic.ru/244800/Russo-Turkish_Wars|title=Russo-Turkish Wars|website=Universalium.academic.ru|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref>',
53 => '',
54 => 'The Russians also secured amnesty and a promise of autonomy for the Serbs, who had been rebelling against Turkish rule, but Turkish garrisons were given control of the Serbian fortresses. Implementation of the treaty was forestalled by a number of disputes, and Turkish troops invaded Serbia again the following year.',
55 => '',
56 => '===Relations with Tipu Sultan===',
57 => 'Tipu Sultan was an independent ruler of the [[Sultanate of Mysore]], with high regards of loyalty to the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]]. He had urgently requested Ottoman assistance during the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]], in which he had suffered an irreversible defeat. Tipu Sultan then began to consolidate his relations with France. In an attempt to junction with Tipu Sultan, [[Napoleon]] invaded [[Ottoman Egypt]] in the year 1798, causing a furor in [[Constantinople]].',
58 => '',
59 => 'The British then appealed to Selim III to send a letter to Tipu Sultan requesting the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] to halt its state of war against the [[British East India Company]]. Selim III then wrote a letter to [[Tipu Sultan]] criticizing the French, and also informed Tipu Sultan that the Ottomans would act as intermediary between the [[Sultanate of Mysore]] and the British. Tipu Sultan wrote twice to Selim III, rejecting the advice of the Ottomans, unfortunately before most of his letters could arrive in Constantinople, the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] broke out and Tipu Sultan was killed during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=nfgCT9OKHtGKhQf93c3jAw&id=s04pus5jBNwC&dq=tipu+sultan+and+ottoman&q=selim+iii#v=snippet&q=selim%20iii&f=false |title=Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877-1924 - Azmi Özcan|publisher=Google Books|accessdate=29 November 2012}}</ref>'
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</p>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman Caliph</div>
<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cbe; font-size: 125%">Selim III<br />سليم ثالث</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliph</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesar_(title)#Ottoman_Empire" title="Caesar (title)">Kayser-i Rûm</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="photo" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Joseph Warnia-Zarzecki - Sultan Selim III - Google Art Project.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Warnia-Zarzecki_-_Sultan_Selim_III_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="3882" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">28th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Reign</th><td>7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Predecessor</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Successor</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e4dcf6;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Born</th><td>24 December 1761<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Died</th><td>28 July 1808<span style="display:none">(1808-07-28)</span> (aged 46)<br />Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Burial</th><td><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli Mosque</a>, Istanbul</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Consorts</th><td>Safizar Kadın<br />Aynısafa Kadın<br />Zibifer Kadın<br />Tabısafa Kadın<br />Refet Kadın<br />Nurușems Kadın<br />Hüsnümah Kadın</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left">Full name</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="nickname" style="text-align:center;text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Selim bin Mustafa</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Father</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Mother</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mihri%C5%9Fah_Sultan_(wife_of_Mustafa_III)" title="Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)">Mihrişah Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Religion</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG" class="image" title="Selim III سليم ثالث's signature"><img alt="Selim III سليم ثالث's signature" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG/125px-Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="67" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG/188px-Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG/250px-Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="297" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Selim III</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl">سليم ثالث</span>‎ <i>Selim-i sâlis</i>) <span dir="ltr">(24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808)</span> was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from 1789 to 1807. Although regarded as an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">enlightened ruler</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a>. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins.
</p><p>Selim III was the son of Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> and his wife <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mihri%C5%9Fah_Sultan_(wife_of_Mustafa_III)" title="Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)">Mihrişah Sultan</a>. His mother Mihrişah Sultan originated in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, and when she became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valide_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Valide Sultan">Valide Sultan</a>, she participated in reforming the government schools and establishing political corporations. His father Ottoman Sultan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms. Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated by his fear of a Russian invasion. During the Russo-Turkish War, he fell ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the fact that a military reform was necessary. He declared new military regulations and opened maritime and artillery academies.
</p><p>Sultan Mustafa was very influenced by mysticism. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracles</a> predicted his son Selim would be a world-conqueror, so he organized a joyous feast lasting seven days. Selim was very well educated in the palace. Sultan Mustafa III bequeathed his son as his successor; however, Selim's uncle <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a> ascended the throne after Mustafa's death. Sultan Abdul Hamid I took care of Selim and put great emphasis on his education.
</p><p>After Abdul Hamid's death, Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27 years old. Sultan Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He spoke Arabic, Persian and Serb-Bulgar fluently. Selim III showed great importance to patriotism and religion. He demonstrated his skills in poetry, music and was fond of fine arts and the army.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#The_1806_Edirne_Incident"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">The 1806 Edirne Incident</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Downfall_and_assassination"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Downfall and assassination</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Interest_in_poetry_and_arts"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Interest in poetry and arts</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Family"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Family</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ancestry"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Ancestry</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_1806_Edirne_Incident">The 1806 Edirne Incident</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The 1806 Edirne Incident">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1806_Edirne_incident" title="1806 Edirne incident">1806 Edirne Incident</a> was an armed confrontation between the New Order Troops (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Djedid">Nizam-i Djedit</a>)</i> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan Selim III and a coalition of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan</a> magnates, <i>ayans</i>, and the region's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissary</a> garrisons that occurred in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> throughout the summer of 1806. The cause of the incident was Selim III's attempt to expand the New Order's permanent presence into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> through the establishment of New Order barracks in the region's cities. The ultimate outcome of the confrontation was the retreat of imperial forces back to Istanbul and to Anatolia, constituting a deathblow to Selim III's ambitions of expanding his reformed army, as well as a major blow to his legitimacy. This deteriorated image would result in his deposition the following May.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Downfall_and_assassination">Downfall and assassination</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Downfall and assassination">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mustafa" title="Kabakçı Mustafa">Kabakçı Mustafa</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:157px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Firman-Pouqueville.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Firman-Pouqueville.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="368" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="368" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Firman-Pouqueville.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An official <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> Selim III appointing François Pouqueville as the representative of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the court of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Janina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Janina">Ali Pasha of Janina</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>Selim III was, however, thoroughly under the influence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Ambassador_to_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire">French ambassador to the Porte</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Horace Sébastiani</a>, and the fleet was compelled to retire without effecting its purpose. But the anarchy, manifest or latent, existing throughout the provinces proved too great for Selim III to cope with. The Janissaries rose once more in revolt, induced the Sheikh ul-Islam to grant a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fetva" class="mw-redirect" title="Fetva">fetva</a> against the reforms, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_coups_of_1807%E2%80%9308" title="Ottoman coups of 1807–08">dethroned and imprisoned Selim III</a>, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne, as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a> (1807–08), on 29 May 1807
</p><p>The ayan of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousse">Rustchuk</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alemdar_Mustafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemdar Mustafa">Alemdar Mustafa</a>, a strong partisan of the reforms, collected an army of 40,000 men and marched on Constantinople with the purpose of reinstating Selim III, but he came too late. The ill-fated reforming Sultan had been stabbed in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglio</a> by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chief_Black_Eunuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Black Eunuch">Chief Black Eunuch</a> and his men.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. Extremely negatively reviewed pop history book (October 2016)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> Upon his arrival in the capital, Bairakdar's only resource was to wreak his vengeance on Mustafa IV and to place on the throne <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a> (1808–1839), the sole surviving member of the house of Osman.
</p><p>Another version about his murder states that at the time of his deposition, Selim was staying at the Harem. The night of Thursday, 28 July 1808, he was with his favourite wife, Re'fet Kadın, and a lady-in-waiting Pakize Hanım in attendance. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alemdar_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Alemdar Mustafa Pasha">Alemdar Mustafa Pasha</a>, a loyalist of Selim, was approaching the city with his army to reinstate Selim. Therefore, Mustafa IV gave orders to murder him and his brother Prince Mahmud.
</p><p>The assassins were apparently a group of men, including the Master of the Wardrobe called Fettah the Georgian, the Treasury steward Ebe Selim, and black eunuch named Nezir Ağa. Selim apparently knew his end was coming when he saw their swords drawn. Pakize Hanım threw herself between them and her lord, she was cut in her hand. Re’fet Kadın started screaming in terror, another slave girl who rushed in fainted when she saw what was about to happen. A struggle ensued and the former sultan was cut down and murdered, his last words apparently being "<i>Allahu Akbar</i>" ("God is great").
</p><p>Re'fet Kadın threw herself on the body but was dragged away. The body was quickly wrapped in a quilt. The assassins moved on to find Prince Mahmud and attempt to murder him too. He was more fortunate though and later ordered the assassins to be executed. Selim III would be the only Ottoman sultan to be killed by the sword.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> He was buried in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laleli_Mosque" title="Laleli Mosque">Laleli Mosque</a> near his father's tomb.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:35px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg/120px-Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg/180px-Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg/240px-Laleli_Mosque_6584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Laleli Mosque tomb Sultan Mustafa III and son Selim III
</p>
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</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Interest_in_poetry_and_arts">Interest in poetry and arts</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interest in poetry and arts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG/220px-Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG/330px-Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG/440px-Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="297" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tughra_of_Selim_III.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Selim III's <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a></i>, or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">official seal</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>A great lover of music, Sultan Selim III was a composer and performer of significant talent. He created fourteen <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makam" class="mw-redirect" title="Makam">makam</a>-s (melodic types), three of which are in current use today. Sixty-four compositions by Selim III are known today, some of which are part of the regular repertory of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish classical music">Turkish classical music</a> performerance. Aside from composing music, Selim III also performed on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a> (reed flute) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a> (long-necked, fretted lute).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Selim III's interest in music started in his days as a prince (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shah#Shahzada" title="Shah">shahzade</a>) when he studied under Kırımlı Ahmet Kamil Efendi and Tanburi İzak Efendi. He was especially respectful of Tanburi İzak Efendi, and it is recounted that the Sultan rose in respect when Tanburi İzak Efendi entered the court.
</p><p>As a patron of the arts, Selim III encouraged musicians of his day, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dede_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dede Efendi">Dede Efendi</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hamparsum_Limonciyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamparsum Limonciyan">Baba Hamparsum</a>. The Hamparsum notation system that Selim commissioned became the dominant notation for Turkish and Armenian music. His name is associated with a school in Classical Turkish Music due to the revival and rebirth of music at his court. Selim III was also interested in western music and in 1797 invited an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> troupe for the first opera performance in the Ottoman Empire.
</p><p>Writing under the <i>nom de plume</i> ″İlhami″, Selim's poetry is collected in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a>. Among regular attendees of his court were Şeyh Galib, considered one of the four greatest Ottoman poets. Galib is now considered to have been not only an intimate friend of the Sultan, as they were both quite close in age, but through Galib's poetry you find an overwhelming support for his new military reforms<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Selim III was a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sufi_Whirling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Whirling">Sufi Whirling</a> Dervishes, and entered into the order at the Galata Mevlevihanesi under the name ″Selim Dede". He was a renowned composer, creating many musical compositions, including a Mevlevi <i>ayin</i>, a long and complex liturgical form performed during the semâ (religious ceremonies) of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mevlana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlana">Mevlana</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Muhammad_Balkhi-Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi</a>) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sufi_Whirling" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi Whirling">Sufi Whirling</a> Mystics, in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makam" class="mw-redirect" title="Makam">makam</a> <i>Suzidilara.</i>
</p><p>He extended his patronage to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Ignace_Melling" title="Antoine Ignace Melling">Antoine Ignace Melling</a>, whom he appointed as the court architect in 1795. Melling constructed a number of palaces and other buildings for the Sultan and created engravings of contemporary Constantinople.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Family">Family</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<dl><dt>Consorts</dt></dl>
<p>Selim had seven wives:
</p>
<ul><li>Safizar Kadın (died at Topkapı Palace, 29 May 1792, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Senior Consort;</li>
<li>Aynısafa Kadın;</li>
<li>Zibifer Kadın (died at Beylerbeyi Palace, 30 January 1817 , buried in Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar, Istanbul), Second Consort;<sup id="cite_ref-haskan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haskan-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>Tabısafa Kadın (died at Fındıklı Palace, 15 March 1855, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Third Consort;</li>
<li>Refet Kadın (died at Beșiktaș Palace, 22 October 1867, buried in Mihrişah Sultan Mausoleum, Eyüp Cemetery, Istanbul), Fourth Consort;<sup id="cite_ref-haskan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haskan-7">[7]</a></sup></li>
<li>Nuruşems Kadın (died at Kuruçeșme Palace, May 1826, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Fifth Consort;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></li>
<li>Hüsnümah Kadın (died 1814, buried in Mustafa III Mausoleum, Laleli Mosque, Istanbul), Sixth Consort;</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_military_reform_efforts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman military reform efforts">Ottoman military reform efforts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nizam-i_Jedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-i Jedid">Nizam-i Jedid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mustafa" title="Kabakçı Mustafa">Kabakçı Mustafa</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancestry">Ancestry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;width:auto">Ancestors of Selim III</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="60" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="29"> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">16. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #9fe;">17. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turhan_Sultan" title="Turhan Sultan">Turhan Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G%C3%BClnu%C5%9F_Sultan" title="Gülnuş Sultan">Gülnuş Sultan</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mihri%C5%9Fah_Kad%C4%B1n" title="Mihrişah Kadın">Mihrişah Kadın</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Selim III</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="32" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="31" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="30" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mihri%C5%9Fah_Sultan_(wife_of_Mustafa_III)" title="Mihrişah Sultan (wife of Mustafa III)">Mihrişah Sultan</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916/D80Z79P1">"The New Order and Its Enemies: Opposition to Military Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1789 - 1807"</a>. Columbia University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Order+and+Its+Enemies%3A+Opposition+to+Military+Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1789+-+1807&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7916%2FD80Z79P1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHanioğlu2008" class="citation book cs1">Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü (2008). <i>A Brief History of The Late Ottoman Empire</i>. Princeton University. p. 53. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13452-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13452-9"><bdi>978-0-691-13452-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+The+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13452-9&rft.aulast=Hanio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=M.+%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, Jason: "Lords of the Horizons", Chapter 24: The Auspicious Event, 1998</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1970" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Claire (1970). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi"><i>The Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul</i></a></span>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palaceoftopkapii00davi/page/213">213–217</a>. ASIN B000NP64Z2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palace+of+Topkapi+in+Istanbul&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=213-217&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalaceoftopkapii00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHolbrook" class="citation journal cs1">Holbrook, Victoria. "THE INTELLECTUAL AND THE STATE: POETRY IN ISTANBUL IN THE 1790s". <i>Oriente Moderno</i>. <b>18</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriente+Moderno&rft.atitle=THE+INTELLECTUAL+AND+THE+STATE%3A+POETRY+IN+ISTANBUL+IN+THE+1790s&rft.volume=18&rft.aulast=Holbrook&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-haskan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haskan_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haskan_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaskan2001" class="citation book cs1">Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). <i>Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 1</i>. Üsküdar Belediyesi. pp. 307, 329. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-759-76060-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-759-76060-1"><bdi>978-9-759-76060-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1llar+boyunca+%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar+-+Volume+1&rft.pages=307%2C+329&rft.pub=%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar+Belediyesi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9-759-76060-1&rft.aulast=Haskan&rft.aufirst=Mehmet+Nermi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHaskan2001" class="citation book cs1">Haskan, Mehmet Nermi (2001). <i>Yüzyıllar boyunca Üsküdar - Volume 3</i>. Üsküdar Belediyesi. p. 1332. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-759-76063-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-759-76063-2"><bdi>978-9-759-76063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1llar+boyunca+%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar+-+Volume+3&rft.pages=1332&rft.pub=%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar+Belediyesi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-9-759-76063-2&rft.aulast=Haskan&rft.aufirst=Mehmet+Nermi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Basaran, Betul, Selim III, Social Control and Policing in Istanbul at the End of the Eighteenth Century: Between Crisis and Order, Leiden: Brill, 2014</li>
<li>Malecka, Anna. "The mystery of the Nur al-Ayn diamond", in: <i>Gems and Jewellery</i>, August/September 2014, pp. 20–22.</li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFStanford" class="citation journal cs1">Stanford, Shaw. "The Origins of Ottoman Military Reform: The Nizam-I Cedid Army of Sultan Selim III". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>37</b>: 291. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F600691">10.1086/600691</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/1875404">1875404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Ottoman+Military+Reform%3A+The+Nizam-I+Cedid+Army+of+Sultan+Selim+III&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F600691&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1875404&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li>Shaw, Stanford Jay. <i>Between old and new: the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Selim III, 1789-1807</i> (Harvard University Press, 1971)</li>
<li>Tuncay Zorlu, <i>Sultan Selim III and the Modernisation of the Ottoman Navy</i> (London, I.B. Tauris, 2011).</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Selim" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Selim">Selim</a>". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Selim&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASelim+III" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Selim_III&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Selim_III" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Selim III"><span style="">Selim III</span></a> at Wikimedia Commons
</p>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Selim III </div><div><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Dynasty">House of Osman</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 December 1761</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 28 July 1808</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a></b><br />7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam titles</a>
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate</a></b><br />7 April 1789 – 29 May 1807
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_Sultans_/_Caliphs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Sultans_/_Caliphs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultans</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliphs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Dynasty_*_Family_tree_(detailed)_*_Family_tree_(simplified)_*_Line_of_succession">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Dynasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree" title="Ottoman family tree">Family tree (detailed)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_family_tree_(simplified)" title="Ottoman family tree (simplified)">Family tree (simplified)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_former_Ottoman_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the former Ottoman throne">Line of succession</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a><sup>§</sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selim III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliph</a> only)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>§</sup> First Ottoman caliph
<ul><li><b><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Book:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Book:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Book</a></b></li>
<li><b><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li>Related templates: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Osmano%C4%9Flu_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Osmanoğlu family">Heads of the Osmanoğlu family</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Mothers_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans" title="Template:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans">Valide Sultans</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Sons_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans" title="Template:Sons of the Ottoman Sultans"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Sons_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans" title="Template talk:Sons of the Ottoman Sultans"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Sons_of_the_Ottoman_Sultans&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ottoman princes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alaeddin_Pasha" title="Alaeddin Pasha">Alaeddin Pasha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="21" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="image"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire (1882–1922).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1955" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Pasha_(son_of_Orhan)" title="Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan)">Süleyman Pasha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Halil" title="Şehzade Halil">Şehzade Halil</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savc%C4%B1_Bey" title="Savcı Bey">Savcı Bey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakub_%C3%87elebi" title="Yakub Çelebi">Yakub Çelebi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_%C3%87elebi" title="Süleyman Çelebi">Süleyman Çelebi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%B0sa_%C3%87elebi" title="İsa Çelebi">İsa Çelebi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_I" title="Mehmed I">Mehmed I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musa_%C3%87elebi" title="Musa Çelebi">Musa Çelebi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%87elebi" title="Mustafa Çelebi">Mustafa Çelebi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Mustafa" title="Küçük Mustafa">Küçük Mustafa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orhan_%C3%87elebi" title="Orhan Çelebi">Orhan Çelebi</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_Cem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Cem">Sultan Cem</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmet" title="Şehzade Ahmet">Şehzade Ahmet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut" title="Şehzade Korkut">Şehzade Korkut</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%9Cveys_Pasha" title="Üveys Pasha">Üveys Pasha</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Mehmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdullah" title="Şehzade Abdullah">Şehzade Abdullah</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Bayezid" title="Şehzade Bayezid">Şehzade Bayezid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sultan_Yahya" title="Sultan Yahya">Sultan Yahya</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mahmud_(son_of_Mehmed_III)" title="Şehzade Mahmud (son of Mehmed III)">Şehzade Mahmud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_I" title="Mustafa I">Mustafa I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_(son_of_Ahmed_I)" title="Şehzade Mehmed (son of Ahmed I)">Sehzade Mehmed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibrahim_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire">Ibrahim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer" title="Şehzade Ömer">Şehzade Ömer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suleiman_II_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire">Suleiman II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_II" title="Ahmed II">Ahmed II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_II" title="Mustafa II">Mustafa II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_I" title="Mahmud I">Mahmud I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osman_III" title="Osman III">Osman III</a></li>
<li class="mw-empty-elt"></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selim III</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdulaziz" title="Abdulaziz">Abdulaziz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murad_V" title="Murad V">Murad V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Ahmed_Kemaleddin" title="Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin">Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Selim_S%C3%BCleyman" title="Şehzade Selim Süleyman">Şehzade Selim Süleyman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Yusuf_Izzeddin" title="Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin">Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdulmejid_II" title="Abdulmejid II">Abdulmejid II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_%C5%9Eevket" title="Şehzade Mehmed Şevket">Şehzade Mehmed Şevket</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Seyfeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Seyfeddin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st generation</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selaheddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin">Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Selim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Selim">Şehzade Mehmed Selim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkadir" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkadir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Burhaneddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin">Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Abdurrahim_Hayri" title="Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri">Şehzade Abdurrahim Hayri</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abid" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abid">Şehzade Mehmed Abid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Ziyaeddin" title="Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin">Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Hilmi" title="Şehzade Ömer Hilmi">Şehzade Ömer Hilmi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_%C3%96mer_Faruk" title="Şehzade Ömer Faruk">Şehzade Ömer Faruk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed_Abd%C3%BClkerim" title="Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim">Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199633#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199633#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199633#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BNF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BNF (identifier)">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135056965">cb135056965</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135056965">(data)</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118750917">118750917</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081186580">0000 0000 8118 6580</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n86034869">n86034869</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1ab5a8c5-4693-43e4-809d-353990423938">1ab5a8c5-4693-43e4-809d-353990423938</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100906017&CON_LNG=ENG">jx20100906017</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Library_of_the_Netherlands" title="Royal Library of the Netherlands">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071340556">071340556</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SELIBR (identifier)">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/347379">347379</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rz3hrh">w6rz3hrh</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050162748">050162748</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39533215">39533215</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n86034869">lccn-n86034869</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1603075366 |
