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[ 0 => ''''Scalping''' is the act of cutting or tearing a part of the human [[scalp]], with hair attached, from the head, and generally occurred in warfare with the scalp being a [[Human trophy collecting|trophy]].<ref>Griffin, Anastasia M. (2008). [[Georg Friederici]]'s (1906) "Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America" with a Critical Introduction. ProQuest. {{ISBN|9780549562092}} p.18.</ref> Scalp-taking is considered part of the broader cultural practice of the taking and display of human body parts as trophies, and may have developed as an alternative to the taking of human heads, for scalps were easier to take, transport, and preserve for subsequent display. Scalping independently developed in various cultures in both the [[Old World|Old]] and [[New World]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Human Trophy Taking in Eastern North America During the Archaic Period: The Relationship to Warfare and Social Complexity|author1=Mensforth, Robert P. |work=The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians|author2=Chacon, Richard J. Chacon |author3=Dye, David H. |publisher= Springer Science + Business Media|date= 2007|page= 225}}</ref>', 1 => '', 2 => '== Africa and Europe ==', 3 => '', 4 => 'In England in 1036, [[Godwin, Earl of Wessex|Earl Godwin]], father of [[Harold Godwinson]], was reportedly responsible for scalping his enemies. According to the ancient [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle|Abingdon manuscript]], 'some of them were blinded, some maimed, some scalped. No more horrible deed was done in this country since the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]] came and made peace here'.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20Abingdon%20MS.html |title=V2*Vault Shutdown &#124; Canvas @ Yale |accessdate=2017-08-18 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820140611/https://classesv2.yale.edu/access/content/user/haw6/Vikings/AS%20Chronicle%20Abingdon%20MS.html |archivedate=2017-08-20 }}</ref>', 5 => '', 6 => 'Georg Frederici noted that “[[Herodotus]] provided the only clear and satisfactory portrayal of a scalping people in the old world” in his description of the [[Scythians]], a nomadic people then located to the north and west of the Black Sea.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Griffin, Anastasia M. (editor) |title=Critical Introduction|date=2008| author2=Frederici, Georg |work=Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America |isbn=9780549562092|page=180}}</ref> Herodotus related that Scythian warriors would behead the enemies they defeated in battle and present the heads to their king to claim their share of the plunder. Then, the warrior would skin the head “by making a circular cut round the ears and shaking out the skull; he then scrapes the flesh off the skin with the rib of an ox, and when it is clean works it with his fingers until it is supple, and fit to be used as a sort of handkerchief. He hangs these handkerchiefs on the bridle of his horse, and is very proud of them. The best man is the man who has the greatest number.”<ref>{{cite book|author1=Herodotus|title= The Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero|url-access=registration|author2= De Selincourt, Aubrey (translator)|publisher= Penguin Books|location= London|date= 2003|pages= [https://archive.org/details/histories00hero/page/260 260–261]}}</ref>', 7 => '', 8 => '[[Ammianus Marcellinus]] noted the taking of scalps by the [[Alani]], a people of Asiatic [[Scythia]], in terms quite similar to those used by Herodotus.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Marcellinus, Ammianus |title= Roman History, Book XXXI, II|location= London|publisher= Bohn|date= 1862|page= 22|author2=Yonge, C.D. }}</ref>', 9 => '', 10 => 'The Abbé [[Emmanuel H. D. Domenech]] referenced the ''decalvare'' of the ancient [[Germanic peoples|Germans]] and the ''capillos et cutem detrahere'' of the code of the [[Visigoths]] as examples of scalping in early [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Domenech, Abbe Emmanuel |title= Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America, Vol. 2|location= London|publisher= Longman Green|date= 1860|page= 358}}</ref> though some more recent interpretations of these terms relate them to shaving off the hair of the head as a legal punishment rather than scalping.<ref>{{cite book|author=Crouch, Jace |title=The Judicial Punishment of Delcavatio in Visigothic Spain: A Proposed Solution based on Isidore of Seville and the Lex Visigothorum|pages= 1–5}} and Abstract.</ref>', 11 => '', 12 => 'In 1845, mercenary John Duncan observed what he estimated to be 700 scalps taken in warfare and displayed as trophies by a contingent of female soldiers—[[Dahomey Amazons]]—employed by the King of Dahomey (present-day [[Republic of Benin]]). Duncan noted that these would have been taken and kept over a long period of time and would not have come from a single battle. Although Duncan travelled widely in Dahomey, and described customs such as the taking of heads and the retention of skulls as trophies, nowhere else does he mention scalping.<ref>{{cite book|title=Travels in Western Africa in 1845 & 1846, Comprising a Journey from Whydah, through the Kingdom of Dahomey, to Adofoodia, in the Interior, Vol. I|author=Duncan, John |location= London|publisher= Richard Bentley|date= 1847|pages= 233–234}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Travels in Western Africa in 1845 & 1846, Comprising a Journey from Whydah, through the Kingdom of Dahomey, to Adofoodia, in the Interior, Vol. II|author=Duncan, John |location= London|publisher= Richard Bentley|date= 1847|pages= 274–275}}</ref>', 13 => '', 14 => '== Americas ==', 15 => '{{Main|American Indian Wars}}', 16 => '[[File:A scalp dance.jpg|thumb|A scalp dance]]', 17 => '', 18 => '===Techniques===', 19 => 'Specific scalping techniques varied somewhat from place to place, depending on the cultural patterns of the scalper regarding the desired shape, size, and intended use of the severed scalp, and on how the victims wore their hair, but the general process of scalping was quite uniform. The scalper firmly grasped the hair of a subdued adversary, made several quick semicircular cuts with a sharp instrument on either side of the area to be taken, and then vigorously yanked at the nearly-severed scalp. The scalp separated from the skull along the plane of the [[Loose connective tissue#Areolar tissue|areolar connective tissue]], the fourth (and least substantial) of the five layers of the human scalp. Scalping was not in itself fatal, though it was most commonly inflicted on the gravely wounded or the dead. The earliest instruments used in scalping were stone knives crafted of [[flint]], [[chert]], or [[obsidian]], or other materials like [[Reed (plant)|reeds]] or [[oyster]] shells that could be worked to carry an edge equal to the task. Collectively, such tools were also used for a variety of everyday tasks like skinning and processing game, but were replaced by metal knives acquired in trade through European contact. The implement, often referred to as a “scalping knife” in popular [[American literature|American]] and European literature, was not known as such by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], a knife being for them just a simple and effective multi-purpose utility tool for which scalping was but one of many uses.<ref>{{cite book|author=Burton, Richard F. |title=Anthropological Review, Vol. 2, No. 4 |date=February 1864|pages= 50–51}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Griffin, Anastasia M. (editor)|date=2008|author2=Friederici, Georg|title=Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America|isbn=9780549562092|pages= 63–70}}</ref>', 20 => '', 21 => '===Intertribal warfare===', 22 => '[[File:Sauvages Tchaktas matachez en Guerriers qui portent des Chevelures.jpg|thumb|Choctaw American Indians, in warpaint, bearing scalps, Alexandre de Batz, 1732]]', 23 => 'Author and historian Mark van de Logt wrote, "Although military historians tend to reserve the concept of 'total war{{'"}}, in which civilians are targeted, "for conflicts between modern industrial nations," the term "closely approaches the state of affairs between the [[Pawnee people|Pawnees]], the [[Great Sioux Nation|Sioux]], and the [[Cheyennes]]. Noncombatants were legitimate targets. Indeed, the taking of a scalp of a woman or child was considered honorable because it signified that the scalp taker had dared to enter the very heart of the enemy's territory."<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark |last=van de Logt |year=2012 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Bbgh_hA4ib4C |title=War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army |publisher= [[University of Oklahoma Press]] | page=35 |isbn=978-0806184395}}</ref>', 24 => '', 25 => '[[File:Scalping Knife and Sheath, early 19th century, 50.67.118a-b.jpg|thumbnail|''Scalping Knife and Sheath'', probably Sioux, early 19th century, [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]', 26 => 'Many tribes of Native Americans practiced scalping, in some instances up until the end of the 19th century. Of the approximately 500 bodies at the [[Crow Creek massacre]] site, 90 percent of the skulls show evidence of scalping. The event took place ''circa'' 1325 AD.<ref>{{Cite book', 27 => ' | last1 = Hall Steckel', 28 => ' | first1 = Richard', 29 => ' | last2 = R. Haines', 30 => ' | first2 = Michael', 31 => ' | title = A population history of North America', 32 => ' | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA68', 33 => ' | publisher = Cambridge University Press', 34 => ' | year = 2000', 35 => ' | page = 68', 36 => ' | isbn = 0-521-49666-7}}', 37 => '</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => '=== Colonial wars ===', 40 => '[[File:Hannah Duston, by Stearns.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hannah Duston]] scalps the sleeping [[Abenaki]] family who had kidnapped her and murdered her infant after the [[Raid on Haverhill (1697)]].]]', 41 => '', 42 => 'The [[Connecticut Colony|Connecticut]] and [[Massachusetts Bay Colony|Massachusetts]] colonies offered bounties for the heads of killed hostile Indians, and later for just their scalps, during the [[Pequot War]] in the 1630s;<ref name="Dunbar">{{cite book|title=[[An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States]]|last1=Dunbar-Ortiz|first1=Roxanne|date=2014|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-0040-3|location=|page=64}}</ref> Connecticut specifically reimbursed [[Mohegan]]s for slaying the [[Pequot]] in 1637.<ref name="Tucker">{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC|isbn=978-1851096978|page=708}}</ref> Four years later, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] in [[New Amsterdam]] offered bounties for the heads of [[Raritan people|Raritans]].<ref name="Tucker"/> In 1643, the [[Iroquois]] attacked a group of [[Wyandot people|Huron]] [[Fur trade#North American fur trade|pelters]] and French [[Carpentry|carpenters]] near [[Montreal]], killing and scalping three of the French.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_24.html|title=The Jesuit Relations: Index|website=Puffin.creighton.edu|date=11 August 2014|accessdate=2016-07-28|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321002815/http://www.puffin.creighton.edu/jesuit/relations/relations_24.html|archivedate=2016-03-21}}</ref>', 43 => '', 44 => 'Bounties for Indian captives or their scalps appeared in the legislation of the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] during the [[Susquehannock]] War (1675–77).<ref>Grenier. 2005. p.39</ref> [[New England]] offered bounties to white settlers and [[Narragansett people]] in 1675 during [[King Philip's War]].<ref name="Tucker"/> By 1692, [[New France]] also paid their native allies for scalps of their enemies.<ref name="Tucker"/> In 1697, on the northern frontier of Massachusetts colony, settler [[Hannah Duston]] killed ten of her [[Abenaki]] captors during her nighttime escape, presented their ten scalps to the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts General Assembly]], and was rewarded with bounties for two men, two women, and six children, even though Massachusetts had rescinded the law authorizing scalp bounties six months earlier.<ref name="Dunbar"/> There were six colonial wars with New England and the [[Iroquois Confederacy]] fighting New France and the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] over a 75-year period, starting with [[King William's War]] in 1688. All sides scalped victims, including noncombatants, during this frontier warfare.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://archive.org/stream/louisbourgfromit00mcleuoft#page/424/mode/2up |author1=MacLellan, Louisbourg ("Appendix: Scalping")|author2= John Grenier|title= The First Way of War: American War Making On the Frontier, 1607-1814 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|date= 2005}}</ref> Bounty policies originally intended only for Native American scalps were extended to enemy colonists.<ref name="Tucker"/>', 45 => '', 46 => 'Massachusetts created a scalp bounty during King William's War in July 1689.<ref>{{cite book|author=Grenier, John|title= First Way of War|page= 39}}</ref> During [[Queen Anne's War]], by 1703, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was offering $60 for each native scalp.<ref name=comics/> During [[Father Rale's War]] (1722–1725), on August 8, 1722, Massachusetts put a bounty on native families.<ref>{{cite book|author=Williamson, William|title= The History of the State of Maine, Vol 2|pages= 117–118}}</ref> Ranger [[John Lovewell (Junior)|John Lovewell]] is known to have conducted scalp-hunting expeditions, the most famous being the [[Battle of Pequawket]] in New Hampshire.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}', 47 => '', 48 => 'In the 1710s and '20s, New France engaged in frontier warfare with the [[Natchez people]] and the [[Meskwaki|Meskwaki people]], during which both sides would employ the practice.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} In response to repeated massacres of British families by the French and their native allies during [[King George's War]], Massachusetts governor [[William Shirley]] issued a bounty in 1746 to be paid to British-allied Indians for the scalps of French-allied Indian men, women, and children.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXIvAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134 |title=A particular history of the five years French and Indian War in New England ...|authors=Drake, Samuel Gardner & Shirley, William |page= 134|year=1870}}</ref> New York passed a Scalp Act in 1747.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CNuYaTMqy30C&q=-wikipedia+%22new+york%22+scalp+act+of+1747&pg=PA81 | title = White Savage: William Johnson and the Invention of America | isbn = 9780374281281 | last1 = O'Toole | first1 = Fintan | year = 2005}}</ref>', 49 => '', 50 => 'During [[Father Le Loutre's War]] and the [[Seven Years' War]] in [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Acadia]], [[French colonization of the Americas|French colonists]] offered payments to Indians for British scalps.<ref>John Grenier. The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Oklahoma University Press. 2008</ref> In 1749, British Governor [[Edward Cornwallis]] created an [[extirpation]] proclamation, which included a bounty for male scalps or prisoners. Also during the Seven Years' War, Governor of Nova Scotia [[Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)|Charles Lawrence]] offered a reward for male Mi'kmaq scalps in 1756.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/collectionsofnov16novauoft#page/n43/mode/2up |title=Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society |website=Archive.org |date= |publisher=Halifax |accessdate=2016-07-28}}</ref> (In 2000, some Mi'kmaq argued that this proclamation was still legal in Nova Scotia. Government officials argued that it was no longer legal because the bounty was superseded by later treaties - see the [[Halifax Treaties]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/two-hundred-year-old-scalp-law-still-on-books-in-nova-scotia-1.230906 |title=Two hundred year-old scalp law still on books in Nova Scotia - Canada - CBC News |website=Cbc.ca |date=2000-01-04 |accessdate=2016-07-28 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518101343/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/two-hundred-year-old-scalp-law-still-on-books-in-nova-scotia-1.230906 |archivedate=2016-05-18 }}</ref>', 51 => '', 52 => 'During the [[French and Indian War]], as of June 12, 1755, Massachusetts governor William Shirley was offering a bounty of £40 for a male Indian scalp, and £20 for scalps of females or of children under 12 years old.<ref name=comics/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC&pg=PA88 |title=Chronology of American Indian History |author=Liz Sonneborn |page=88 |date=2014-05-14 |accessdate=2016-07-28|isbn=9781438109848 }}</ref> In 1756, Pennsylvania Lieutenant Governor Robert Morris, in his Declaration of War against the Lenni Lenape (Delaware) people, offered "130 [[Spanish dollar|Pieces of Eight]], for the Scalp of Every Male Indian Enemy, above the Age of Twelve Years," and "50 Pieces of Eight for the Scalp of Every Indian Woman, produced as evidence of their being killed."<ref name=comics>{{cite web |url=http://www.bluecorncomics.com/scalping.htm |title=Scalping, Torture, and Mutilation by Indians |publisher=Blue Corn Comics |accessdate=2016-07-28 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831170415/http://www.bluecorncomics.com/scalping.htm |archivedate=2016-08-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.simpson.edu/nick.proctor/www/1756/war.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140207020013/http://faculty.simpson.edu/nick.proctor/www/1756/war.htm|url-status=dead|title=Declaration of War|date=7 February 2014|archivedate=7 February 2014|website=simpson.edu}}</ref>', 53 => '', 54 => '=== American Revolution ===', 55 => 'In the [[American Revolutionary War]], [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry Hamilton]], the British Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at [[Fort Detroit]], was known by [[Patriot (American Revolution)|American Patriots]] as the "hair-buyer general" because they believed he encouraged and paid his Native American allies to scalp American settlers. When Hamilton was captured in the war by the colonists, he was treated as a [[war criminal]] instead of a [[prisoner of war]] because of this. However, American historians have conceded that there was no positive proof that he had ever offered rewards for scalps.<ref>{{cite DCB |last=Arthur |first=Elizabeth |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hamilton_henry_4E.html |title=Hamilton, Henry |volume=4}}</ref> It is now assumed that during the American Revolution, no British officer paid for scalps.<ref>Kelsey pg. 303</ref> During the [[Sullivan Expedition]], the September 13, 1779 journal entry of Lieutenant William Barton tells of patriots participating in scalping.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924095654384#page/n38/mode/1up/ |title=Journals of the military expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six nations of Indians in 1779; with records of centennial celebrations; prepared pursuant to chapter 361, laws of the state of New York, of 1885 |website=Archive.org |year=1887 |publisher=Auburn, N.Y., Knapp, Peck & Thomson, Printers |accessdate=2016-07-28 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322181618/http://archive.org/stream/cu31924095654384#page/n38/mode/1up/ |archivedate=2016-03-22 }}</ref>', 56 => '[[File:"A Scene on the Frontiers as Practiced by the Humane British and Their Worthy Allies!".jpg|thumb|Americans believed British officers paid their Indian allies to scalp American soldiers, c. 1812.]]', 57 => '', 58 => '=== Mexico ===', 59 => 'In 1835, the government of the Mexican state of [[Sonora]] put a bounty on the [[Apache]] which,<ref name="haley"/> over time, evolved into a payment by the government of 100 pesos for each scalp of a male 14 or more years old {{citation needed|date=March 2015}}. In 1837, the Mexican state of [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]] also offered a bounty on Apache scalps, 100 pesos per warrior, 50 pesos per woman, and 25 pesos per child.<ref name="haley">{{cite book |first=James L. |last=Haley |authorlink=James L. Haley |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAfJwmMeq5IC&pg=PA51 |title=Apaches: A History and Culture Portrait |publisher= [[University of Oklahoma Press]] | page=51 |isbn= 0806129786}}</ref> Harris Worcester wrote: "The new policy attracted a diverse group of men, including Anglos, runaway slaves led by Seminole John Horse, and Indians — [[James Kirker|Kirker]] used [[Lenape|Delawares]] and [[Shawnee]]s; others, such as Terrazas, used [[Rarámuri people|Tarahumaras]]; and Seminole Chief [[Wild Cat (Seminole)|Coacoochee]] led a band of his own people who had fled from Indian Territory."<ref>{{cite book |first=Donald Emmet |last=Worcester |year=1985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah41qFanhIEC |title=Pioneer Trails West |publisher= Caxton Press | page=93 |isbn= 0870043048}}</ref>', 60 => '', 61 => '===American Civil War===', 62 => 'Some scalping incidents even occurred during the [[American Civil War]]. For example, [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Guerrilla warfare in the American Civil War|guerrillas]] led by [[William T. Anderson|"Bloody Bill" Anderson]] were well known for decorating their saddles with the scalps of [[Union (American Civil War)|Union soldiers]] they had killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/james/peopleevents/p_anderson.html |title=William "Bloody Bill" Anderson . Jesse James . WGBH American Experience |website=PBS.org |accessdate=2016-07-28 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604130640/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/james/peopleevents/p_anderson.html |archivedate=2011-06-04 }}</ref> [[Archie Clement]] had the reputation of being Anderson's “chief scalper”.', 63 => '', 64 => '===Continued Indian Wars===', 65 => '', 66 => 'In 1851, the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] displayed Indian scalps in [[Stanislaus County, California]]. In [[Tehama County, California]], U.S. military and local volunteers razed villages and scalped hundreds of men, women, and children.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pfaelzer|first1=Jean|title=Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/drivenoutforgott00pfae|url-access=registration|date=2007|publisher=Random House|location=New York}}</ref>{{When|date=July 2018}}', 67 => '', 68 => 'Scalping also occurred during the [[Sand Creek Massacre]] on November 29, 1864, during the [[American Indian Wars]], when a 700-man force of U.S. Army volunteers destroyed the village of [[Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]] in southeastern [[Colorado Territory]], killing and mutilating<ref name="A Century of Dishonor">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Helen|title=A Century of Dishonor|date=1994|publisher=Indian Head Books|location=United States|isbn=1-56619-167-X|page=[https://archive.org/details/centuryofdishono0000jack/page/344 344]|url=https://archive.org/details/centuryofdishono0000jack/page/344}}</ref><ref name=hoig_book>{{cite book|last=Hoig|first=Stan|title=The Sand Creek Massacre|year=2005|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|page=153|isbn=978-0-8061-1147-6|origyear=1974}}</ref> an estimated 70–163 Native Americans.<ref name=Dee_book>{{cite book| last = Brown| first = Dee| title = Bury my heart at Wounded Knee| origyear = 1970| publisher = Macmillan| chapter = War Comes to the Cheyenne| pages = 86–87| isbn = 978-0-8050-6634-0| year = 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/four/whois.htm |title=THE WEST - Who is the Savage? |website=Pbs.org |accessdate=2016-07-28 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726000602/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/four/whois.htm |archivedate=2016-07-26 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=John Evans Study Report|url=https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/286858|publisher=University of Denver|accessdate=6 January 2016|date=November 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207203926/https://portfolio.du.edu/downloadItem/286858|archivedate=7 December 2014}}</ref> An 1867 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' article reported that "settlers in a small town in Colorado Territory had recently subscribed $5,000 to a fund ‘for the purpose of buying Indian scalps (with $25 each to be paid for scalps with the ears on)’ and that the market for Indian scalps ‘is not affected by age or sex’." The article noted this behavior was "sanctioned" by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]], and was modeled on patterns the U.S. had begun a century earlier in the "American East".<ref name="Kakel">{{cite book|last1=Kakel|first1=Carroll P.|title=The American West and the Nazi East, A Comparative and Interpretive Perspective|date=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=}}</ref>{{rp|206}}', 69 => '', 70 => 'From one writer's point of view, it was a "uniquely American" innovation that the use of scalp bounties in the wars against indigenous societies "became an indiscriminate killing process that deliberately targeted Indian non-combatants (including women, children, and infants), as well as warriors."<ref name="Kakel"/>{{rp|204}}', 71 => '', 72 => '', 73 => '==Image gallery==', 74 => '<gallery>', 75 => 'File:Scalped Morrison.jpg|Scalped corpse of buffalo hunter Ralph Morrison found after an 1868 encounter with Cheyennes, near [[Fort Dodge, Kansas]]', 76 => 'File:Frauenschädel Regensburg-Harting.jpg|Skull of a 20- to 30-year-old decapitated woman of the 3rd century CE. Cutting marks above the right eye hole show the head has been scalped.', 77 => 'File:Skalp a.jpg|Scalp', 78 => 'File:Sauvage matachez en Guerrier, Alexandre de Batz.jpg|''Sauvage matachez en Guerrier'' (1732), by Alexandre de Batz', 79 => 'File:Scalping wilbarger.jpg|[[Josiah P. Wilbarger]] being scalped by [[Comanche]] Indians, 1833 ', 80 => 'File:Scalping lithograph circa 1850s.jpg|Lithograph depiction of scalping, ''circa'' 1850s', 81 => 'File:Modocs Scalping and Torturing Prisoners.jpg|[[Modocs]] scalping and torturing prisoners, published in May 1873', 82 => 'File:DeadCrowIndians1874.jpg|The remains of dead [[Crow Indians]] killed and scalped by Piegan Blackfeet c. 1874', 83 => 'File:Robert McGee, scalped as a child by Sioux Chief Little Turtle in 1864-2.jpg| Survivor Robert McGee was scalped as a child in 1864 by [[Sioux people|Sioux]] &mdash;photo c. 1890.', 84 => 'File:Seth Kinman Reclining.jpg| 1864 photo of Californian [[Seth Kinman]] displaying an Indian scalp (front left). He collected "Indian artifacts" including scalps.', 85 => 'File:Big Mouth Spring.jpg| Native American [[Big Mouth Spring]] with decorated scalp lock on right shoulder. 1910 photograph by [[Edward S. Curtis]]', 86 => 'File:Hannahdustinmarker.JPG| Modern roadside [[historical marker]] in [[Boscawen, New Hampshire]] about the 1697 scalping incident involving [[Hannah Duston]]', 87 => 'File:Indian Warrior with Scalp.jpg|''Indian Warrior with Scalp'' (1789), by Barlow', 88 => '</gallery>', 89 => '', 90 => '==See also==', 91 => '*[[Pitchcapping]]', 92 => '*[[Shrunken head]]', 93 => '', 94 => '==References==', 95 => '{{Reflist}}', 96 => '', 97 => '==Bibliography==', 98 => '* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_034800_scalpsandsca.htm|author= Axtell, James|title=Scalps and Scalping|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of North American Indians}}', 99 => '* {{cite journal|author=Burton, Richard F. |date=1864| url= https://archive.org/stream/jstor-3025136/3025136#page/n1/mode/2up |title=Notes on Scalping|journal=[[Anthropological Review]]|volume= II|pages=49–52}}', 100 => '* {{cite DCB |last=Arthur |first=Elizabeth |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hamilton_henry_4E.html |title=Hamilton, Henry |volume=4}}', 101 => '* {{cite book|author=Grenier, John |title=The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760|location= Norman|publisher= U of Oklahoma Press|date= 2008}}', 102 => '* {{cite book|author=Grenier, John|title= The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier|publisher= Cambridge University Press|date= 2005}}', 103 => '*{{cite book|author=Griffin, Anastasia M.|title=Georg Friederici's (1906) "Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America" with a Critical Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AyF4p8hYWjwC&q=scalping+by+Mongols|year=2008|page=248|isbn=9780549562092}}', 104 => '* {{cite book|author=Kelsey, Isabel|title=Joseph Brant 1743–1807: Man of Two Worlds|date=1984|isbn=0-8156-0182-4|url=https://archive.org/details/josephbrant1743100kels}}', 105 => '* {{cite journal| title=Human Trophy Taking in Eastern North America During the Archaic Period: The Relationship to Warfare and Social Complexity|author1=Mensforth, Robert P. |journal=The Taking and Displaying of Human Body Parts as Trophies by Amerindians|author2=Chacon, Richard J. (editor)|author3= Dye, David H. (editor)|publisher= Springer Science + Business Media|date= 2007|page=225}}', 106 => '', 107 => '==External links==', 108 => '{{Commons category|Scalping}}', 109 => '*{{cite web|website=Amstudy.hku.hk|url=http://www.amstudy.hku.hk/staff/kjohnson/PDF/engl56_kj_axtell_unkindestcut.pdf |title=The Unkindest Cut, or Who Invented Scalping|authors=Axtell, James & Sturtevant, William }}', 110 => '* {{cite web|website=Academia.edu|url=https://www.academia.edu/6339754|author=Cowan, Ross|title=Head-Hunting Roman Cavalry}}' ]