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{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Javan tiger
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Pleistocene|Holocene}}
| image = Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg
| image_caption = Javan tiger photographed by [[Andries Hoogerwerf]] in [[Ujung Kulon National Park]], 1938<ref name="seidensticker1987"/>
| status = EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera tigris'' |author=Goodrich, J. |author2=Lynam, A. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Wibisono, H. |author5=Kawanishi, K. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Htun, S. |author8=Tempa, T. |author9=Karki, J. |author10=Jhala, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author11=Karanth, U. |page=e.T15955A50659951 |date=2015}}</ref>
| genus = Panthera
| species = tigris
| subspecies = sondaica
| species_link = Tiger
| authority = ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1844)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}
The '''Javan tiger''' was a population of ''[[Panthera tigris sondaica]]'', which lived in the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Java]] until the mid 1970s.<ref name=catsg/><ref name=iucn_old>{{cite iucn |author=Jackson, P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nowell, K. |date=2008 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''sondaica'' |page=e.T41681A10509194}}</ref> This population was hunted to extinction and its natural [[habitat]] converted for human use.<ref name="seidensticker1987"/> It was one of the three [[tiger]] populations in the [[Sunda Islands]].<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal |author=Mazák, J. H. |author2=Groves, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=Mammalian Biology 71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906122850/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-06 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007}}</ref>
Formerly, it was regarded as a distinct tiger [[subspecies]], which had been assessed as extinct on the [[IUCN Red List]] in 2008.<ref name=iucn_old/> In 2017, felid [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] was revised and the Javan tiger subordinated to ''P. t. sondaica'', which also includes the [[Sumatran tiger]].<ref name=catsg/>
Results of [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis of 23 tiger samples from museum collections indicate that tigers colonized the Sunda Islands throughout the [[last glacial period]] 11,000–12,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Xue, H.R. |author2=Yamaguchi, N. |author3=Driscoll, C.A. |author4=Han, Y. |author5=Bar-Gal, G.K. |author6=Zhuang, Y. |author7=Mazak, J.H. |author8=Macdonald, D.W. |author9=O’Brien, S.J. |author10=Luo, S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Genetic ancestry of the extinct Javan and Bali tigers |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=247–257 |pmc=4406268|pmid=25754539|doi=10.1093/jhered/esv002}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
''Felis tigris sondaicus'' was proposed by [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1844 as [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] for the Javan tiger.<ref name=Temminck>{{cite book |author=Temminck, C. J. |year=1844 |chapter=Aperçu général et spécifique sur les mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les iles qui en dépendent |title=Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Mammalia |editor1=von Siebold, F. |editor2=Temminck, C. J. |editor3=Schlegel, H |editor4=de Haan, W. |editor5=Kiichi Nakazawa |editor6=Shigeho Tanaka |editor7=Nagamichi Kuroda |editor8=Yaichirō Okada |location=Lugduni Batavorum |publisher=Arnz et Socius |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/faunajaponicasi00sieb#page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–59}}</ref>
In 1929, the British taxonomist [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] subordinated the tiger under the genus ''[[Panthera]]'' using the scientific name ''Panthera tigris''.<ref name=pocock1929>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1929 |title=Tigers |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=33 |issue= |pages=505–541 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/154233}}</ref><ref name=pocock1939>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=T. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |pages=197–210 |chapter=''Panthera tigris'' |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n247/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Mazak1981>{{cite journal |author=Mazák, V. |year=1981 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-152-01-0001.pdf |title=''Panthera tigris'' |journal= Mammalian Species |volume=152 |issue=152 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2307/3504004 |jstor=3504004}}</ref>
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the living and extinct tiger [[population]]s in Indonesia as ''P. t. sondaica''.<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=66–68 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf}}</ref>
==Characteristics==
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
|image2=Panthera tigris sondaica 02 MWNH 106d.jpg |caption2=Tiger [[skull]] from Java in the collection of the [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
|image1=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een jager poseert bij de huid van een geschoten tijger bij Kalitapakdoewoer TMnr 10024166.jpg |caption1=Skin of a Javan tiger in the collection of the [[Tropenmuseum]], 1915}}
The Javan tiger was small compared to other subspecies of the [[Asia]]n mainland, but larger than the [[Bali tiger]], and similar in size to the [[Sumatran tiger]].<ref name=Mazak1981/> It usually had long and thin stripes, which were slightly more numerous than those of the Sumatran tiger. Its nose was long and narrow, [[occipital plane]] remarkably narrow and [[carnassial]]s relatively long. Based on these [[Cranial bones|cranial]] differences, the Javan tiger was proposed to be assigned to a distinct species, with the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] name ''Panthera sondaica''.<ref name=mazak06/>
Males had a mean body length of {{convert|248|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weighed between {{convert|100|and|141|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Females were smaller than males and weighed between {{convert|75|and|115|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Mazak1981/>
The smaller body size of the Javan tiger is attributed to [[Bergmann’s rule]] and the size of the available prey species in Java, which are smaller than the [[Deer|cervid]] and [[bovid]] species on the Asian mainland. However, the diameter of its tracks are larger than those of [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and [[Nepal]].<ref name="seidensticker1986">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |year=1986 |chapter=Large Carnivores and the Consequences of Habitat Insularization: ecology and conservation of Tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh |pages=1−41 |title=Cats of the world: biology, conservation and management |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=S. D. |editor2-last=Everett |editor2-first=D. D. |publisher=National Wildlife Federation |location=Washington DC |chapterurl=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/8206/71440cc3-e3f8-487f-981f-2c9a3309783e.pdf}}</ref>
Javan tigers were said to be strong enough to break legs of horses or [[water buffalo]]es with their paws.<ref name=Partington1835>{{cite book |title=The British cyclopæedia of natural history |author=Partington, C. F. |chapter=''Felis'', the cat tribe |publisher=Orr & Smith |year=1835 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=DThEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA718}}</ref>
==Habitat and ecology==
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
|image1=Tembadau 01.jpg
|caption1=[[Banteng]]: bulls of the Javan subspecies ''Bos javanicus javanicus'' are black.
|image2=Rusa Deer (C. Timorensis).jpg
|caption2=Rusa deer from the islands offshore Ujung Kulon have been resettled in Meru Betiri.<ref name="seidensticker1986" />}}
At the end of the 19th century, the Javan tiger inhabited most of Java. Around 1850, people living in rural areas still considered it a plague. By 1940, tigers had retreated to remote mountainous and forested areas. Around 1970, the only known tigers lived in the region of [[Meru Betiri National Park|Mount Betiri]], with an elevation of {{convert|1192|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the highest mountain in Java's southeast, which had not been settled because of the rugged and sloping terrain. In 1972, the {{convert|500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} area was gazetted as wildlife reserve. The last tigers were sighted there in 1976.<ref name="seidensticker1987">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |year=1987 |chapter=Bearing witness: observations on the extinction of ''Panthera tigris balica'' and ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA1 |pages=1–8 |title=Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species |editor1-last=Tilson |editor1-first=R. L. |editor2-last=Seal |editor2-first=U. S. |publisher=Noyes Publications |location=New Jersey|isbn=9780815511335 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=Treep, L. |year=1973 |title=On the Tiger in Indonesia (with special reference to its status and conservation. Report no. 164 |publisher=Department of Nature Conservation and Nature Management |location=Wageningen, The Netherlands}}</ref>
Javan tigers preyed on [[Javan rusa|rusa deer]], [[banteng]], and [[wild boar]], less often on waterfowl and reptiles. Nothing is known about their gestation period or life span in the wild or captivity. Up to [[World War II]], Javan tigers were kept in some Indonesian zoos, but these were closed during the war. After the war, they were so rare that it was easier to instead obtain Sumatran tigers.<ref name="seidensticker1986" />
==Extirpation==
At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and the human population had increased to 85 million people.<ref name="seidensticker1986" /> In this human-dominated landscape, the extirpation of the Javan tiger was intensified by the conjunction of several circumstances and events:<ref name="seidensticker1987" />
* Tigers and their prey were poisoned in many places during the period when their habitat was rapidly being reduced.
* Natural forests were increasingly fragmented after World War II for plantations of [[teak]], [[Coffea|coffee]], and [[Hevea brasiliensis|rubber]], which were unsuitable habitat for wildlife.
* Rusa deer, the tiger's most important prey species, was lost to disease in several reserves and forests during the 1960s.
* During the period of civil unrest after 1965, armed groups retreated to reserves, where they killed the remaining tigers.
===Last efforts===
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
|image1=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een tijgergevecht TMnr 60025896.jpg
|caption1=A tiger fight in Java, 1870–1892
|image2=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen en kinderen poseert bij een pas geschoten tijger te Malingping in Bantam West-Java TMnr 10006636.jpg
|caption2=A group of men and children poses with a killed tiger in Malingping in Banten, West Java, 1941
|image3=Rampog macan in Kediri 1900.jpg
|caption3=A tiger killed along with seven [[Javan leopard]]s during [[Rampokan]] in Kediri, East Java, ''circa'' 1900}}
Until the mid-1960s, tigers survived in three protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]] and [[Baluran National Park]]s. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<ref name="seidensticker1980">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}</ref>
After 1979, there were no more confirmed sightings of tigers in Meru Betiri National Park. In 1980, it was recommended to extend the wildlife reserve and completely eliminate the disruptive influence of humans on the fragile ecosystem. The Indonesian Nature Conservation Authority implemented these recommendations in 1982 by gazetting the reserve as a national park. These measures were too late to save the few remaining tigers in the region.<ref name="seidensticker1987" /> In 1987, a group of 30 students of [[Bogor Agricultural University]] (''Institut Pertanian Bogor'') conducted an expedition to Meru Betiri. In groups of five, they searched the area and found tiger scat and tracks.<ref name="zgap1991">{{cite journal |author1=Istiadi, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Panekenan, N. |author3=Novendri, Y. |author4=Mathys, A. |author5=Mathys, Y. |author6=Priatna, D. |year=1991 |title=Untersuchung über die Carnivoren des Gunung Halimun Naturschutzgebietes |journal=Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=3–5}}</ref>
In the west of Java lies the Halimun Reserve, today integrated into the [[Mount Halimun Salak National Park]]. In 1984, a tiger was killed there; and in 1989, pugmarks were found that were the size of a tiger's. However, an expedition of six biologists conducted in 1990 did not yield any definite, direct evidence for the existence of tigers.<ref name="zgap1991" /> A subsequent survey was planned in the Meru Betiri National Park in autumn 1992 with the support of WWF Indonesia, deploying [[camera trap]]s for the first time. From March 1993 to March 1994, cameras were positioned at nineteen sites, but the cameras did not yield a picture of a tiger. During this period, no tracks indicating the presence of tigers were discovered.<ref>{{cite report |author=Rafiastanto, A. |date=1994 |title=Camera trapping survey of Javan tiger and other wild animals in Meru Betiri National Park. Project ID 0084-02 |publisher=WWF Indonesia Programme}}</ref> After the final report of this survey had been published, the Javan tiger was declared extinct.<ref>{{cite report |author=Jackson, P. |author2=Kemf, E. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994 |title=Wanted alive! Tigers in the wild: 1994 WWF species status report |publisher=WWF |location=Gland}}</ref>
Rumours and indications of the possible presence of tigers in the Meru Betiri National Park prompted the park's Chief Warden Indra Arinal to initiate another search. With support of the ''Sumatran Tiger Project'', twelve members of the park staff were trained in autumn 1999 to set up camera traps and map their observations. The Canadian ''The Tiger Foundation'' provided [[infrared]] cameras.<ref>{{cite report <author=Tilson, R. |year=1999 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |title=Sumatran Tiger Project Report No. 17 & 18: July − December 1999. Grant number 1998-0093-059 |publisher=Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Steering Committee |location=Jakarta}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145733/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |date=2011-07-16}}</ref> Despite a year of work, they photographed no tigers, few prey, and many poachers.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Breining, G. |year=2002 |url=http://www.tigers.ca/home/Zoostory.pdf |title=What's Our Zoo Got to Do With It? |magazine=Minnesota Conservation Volunteer}}</ref>
==Cultural significance==
[[File:O. Fienzel-Tiger attack rhino in Java.jpg|thumb|Drawing by artist O. Fienzel, 1892]]
In 1890, Dutch author Jan Gerhard ten Bokkel noted how the fear of tigers brought the people to use superstitious language: "A Javan will never speak about a tiger without calling him 'Mister', it's always: Mr. Tiger. The beast might hear him once, and take revenge at him for merely saying tiger in a familiar way!"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bokkel, ten |first=J. G. |year=1890 |title=Dominee, pastoor of rabbi? Populaire kritiek. |url=http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/zoom/index/&language=indonesie_onafhankelijk_-_fotos_1947-1953&i=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Agvn%3AMULM01%3ABr-A-1890-D1%26count%3D164 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[De Vrije Gedachte|De Dageraad]] |page=13 |accessdate=20 June 2016 |language=nl}}</ref>
==Alleged sightings==
Occasional, unofficial reports of Javan tigers surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in Java.<ref>Bambang M. (2002). [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html ''In search of 'extinct' Javan tiger.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061138/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html |date=2011-06-07 }} The Jakarta Post, October 30, 2002.</ref>
In November 2008, an unidentified body of a female mountain hiker was found in [[Mount Merbabu]] National Park, [[Central Java]], who allegedly died from a tiger attack. Villagers who discovered the body have also claimed some tiger sightings in the vicinity.<ref>[http://www.detiknews.com/read/2008/11/17/191947/1038555/10/pendaki-wanita-tewas-di-gunung-merbabu-diduga-diterkam-harimau DetikNews Nov 17, 2008: ''Pendaki Wanita Tewas di Gunung Merbabu, Diduga Diterkam Harimau'']</ref>
Another alleged sighting occurred in Magetan Regency, East Java, in January 2009. Some villagers claimed to have seen a tigress with two cubs wandering near a village adjacent to Lawu Mountain. This news triggered mass panic. Local authorities found several fresh tracks in the location. However, by that time, those animals had already vanished.<ref>[http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail&rid=60292 JawaPos 24 Januari 2009: ''Harimau Teror Warga Ringin Agung''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218023528/http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail |date=2009-02-18 }}</ref>
Following the October 2010 eruption of [[Mount Merapi]], two Indonesian villagers claimed sightings of a big cat paw print in the residual ash, which sparked rumours that a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms in search of food. Personnel of the nearby national park did not think it was likely that the paw print belonged to a tiger.<ref>The Sydney Morning Herald (2010) [http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/tiger-rumours-swirl-below-indon-volcano-20101102-17ce0.html ''Tiger rumours swirl below Indon volcano''] The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 2010.</ref>
In 2016, a Javan tiger was apparently photographed in [[Arjuno-Welirang|Mount Arjuno]] in East Java. The photo went viral, but some were skeptical about the sighting since the forests were not in a good state. An investigation would take place and, if proven true, vigilance would be stricter as the place is favored by hunters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.profauna.net/en/content/hot-news-sight-javan-tiger-mt-arjuno-went-viral#.WbvhwfkrKJB |title= Sight of Javan Tiger in Mount Arjuno Went Viral}}</ref>
On 25 August 2017, a wildlife ranger working in Ujung Kulon National Park took a photograph of an alleged Javan tiger while it was feeding on a dead bull. A research team later set out on a ten-day expedition to validate the existence of the tiger.<ref>[https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3640860/dibilang-punah-harimau-jawa-terpotret-di-ujung-kulon Dibilang Punah, Harimau Jawa Terpotret di Ujung Kulon] DetikNews, 13 September 2017.</ref><ref>[http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3091664/aneh-harimau-jawa-yang-disebut-punah-kedapatan-terkam-banteng ''Aneh, Harimau Jawa yang Disebut Punah Kedapatan Terkam Banteng] Liputan 6, 12 September 2017.</ref> A tiger expert identified the animal as a [[Javan leopard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/world/asia/indonesia-tiger-species.html|title=Tiger Species Thought Extinct Is Possibly Spotted in Indonesia|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
{{See also/tigers}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Panthera tigris sondaica}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=570 |title=Tiger Javan tiger (''P. t. sondaica'') |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.tigers.ca/Foundation%20overview/program/javan/javan.htm |website=The Tiger Foundation (Canada) |title=Javan Tigers in Meru Betiri National Park}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39276106 |title=West Javan tiger statue |newspaper=BBC News}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q200381}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Javan}}
[[Category:Extinct animals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Extinct mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Extinct carnivorans]]
[[Category:Mammal extinctions since 1500]]
[[Category:Species made extinct by human activities]]
[[Category:Tigers|Javan tiger]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Extinct tiger population in Sunda Island Java}}
{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Javan tiger
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Late Pleistocene|Holocene}}
| image = Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg
| image_caption = Javan tiger photographed by [[Andries Hoogerwerf]] in [[Ujung Kulon National Park]], 1938<ref name="seidensticker1987"/>
| status = EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera tigris'' |author=Goodrich, J. |author2=Lynam, A. |author3=Miquelle, D. |author4=Wibisono, H. |author5=Kawanishi, K. |author6=Pattanavibool, A. |author7=Htun, S. |author8=Tempa, T. |author9=Karki, J. |author10=Jhala, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author11=Karanth, U. |page=e.T15955A50659951 |date=2015}}</ref>
| genus = Panthera
| species = tigris
| subspecies = sondaica
| species_link = Tiger
| authority = ([[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1844)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}
The '''Javan tiger''' was a population of ''[[Panthera tigris sondaica]]'', which lived in the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Java]] until the mid 1970s.<ref name=catsg/><ref name=iucn_old>{{cite iucn |author=Jackson, P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nowell, K. |date=2008 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''sondaica'' |page=e.T41681A10509194}}</ref> This population was hunted to extinction and its natural [[habitat]] converted for human use.<ref name="seidensticker1987"/> It was one of the three [[tiger]] populations in the [[Sunda Islands]].<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal |author=Mazák, J. H. |author2=Groves, C. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=Mammalian Biology 71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070906122850/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-06 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007}}</ref>
Formerly, it was regarded as a distinct tiger [[subspecies]], which had been assessed as extinct on the [[IUCN Red List]] in 2008.<ref name=iucn_old/> In 2017, felid [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] was revised and the Javan tiger subordinated to ''P. t. sondaica'', which also includes the [[Sumatran tiger]].<ref name=catsg/>
Results of [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis of 23 tiger samples from museum collections indicate that tigers colonized the Sunda Islands throughout the [[last glacial period]] 11,000–12,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Xue, H.R. |author2=Yamaguchi, N. |author3=Driscoll, C.A. |author4=Han, Y. |author5=Bar-Gal, G.K. |author6=Zhuang, Y. |author7=Mazak, J.H. |author8=Macdonald, D.W. |author9=O’Brien, S.J. |author10=Luo, S.J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Genetic ancestry of the extinct Javan and Bali tigers |journal=Journal of Heredity |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=247–257 |pmc=4406268|pmid=25754539|doi=10.1093/jhered/esv002}}</ref>
==Taxonomy==
''Felis tigris sondaicus'' was proposed by [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1844 as [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] for the Javan tiger.<ref name=Temminck>{{cite book |author=Temminck, C. J. |year=1844 |chapter=Aperçu général et spécifique sur les mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les iles qui en dépendent |title=Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Mammalia |editor1=von Siebold, F. |editor2=Temminck, C. J. |editor3=Schlegel, H |editor4=de Haan, W. |editor5=Kiichi Nakazawa |editor6=Shigeho Tanaka |editor7=Nagamichi Kuroda |editor8=Yaichirō Okada |location=Lugduni Batavorum |publisher=Arnz et Socius |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/faunajaponicasi00sieb#page/n9/mode/2up |pages=1–59}}</ref>
In 1929, the British taxonomist [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] subordinated the tiger under the genus ''[[Panthera]]'' using the scientific name ''Panthera tigris''.<ref name=pocock1929>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1929 |title=Tigers |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=33 |issue= |pages=505–541 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/154233}}</ref><ref name=pocock1939>{{cite book |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=T. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |pages=197–210 |chapter=''Panthera tigris'' |chapterurl=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n247/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Mazak1981>{{cite journal |author=Mazák, V. |year=1981 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-152-01-0001.pdf |title=''Panthera tigris'' |journal= Mammalian Species |volume=152 |issue=152 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2307/3504004 |jstor=3504004}}</ref>
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the living and extinct tiger [[population]]s in Indonesia as ''P. t. sondaica''.<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=66–68 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf}}</ref>
==Characteristics==
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
|image2=Panthera tigris sondaica 02 MWNH 106d.jpg |caption2=Tiger [[skull]] from Java in the collection of the [[Museum Wiesbaden]]
|image1=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een jager poseert bij de huid van een geschoten tijger bij Kalitapakdoewoer TMnr 10024166.jpg |caption1=Skin of a Javan tiger in the collection of the [[Tropenmuseum]], 1915}}
The Javan tiger was small compared to other subspecies of the [[Asia]]n mainland, but larger than the [[Bali tiger]], and similar in size to the [[Sumatran tiger]].<ref name=Mazak1981/> It usually had long and thin stripes, which were slightly more numerous than those of the Sumatran tiger. Its nose was long and narrow, [[occipital plane]] remarkably narrow and [[carnassial]]s relatively long. Based on these [[Cranial bones|cranial]] differences, the Javan tiger was proposed to be assigned to a distinct species, with the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] name ''Panthera sondaica''.<ref name=mazak06/>
Males had a mean body length of {{convert|248|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weighed between {{convert|100|and|141|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Females were smaller than males and weighed between {{convert|75|and|115|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Mazak1981/>
The smaller body size of the Javan tiger is attributed to [[Bergmann’s rule]] and the size of the available prey species in Java, which are smaller than the [[Deer|cervid]] and [[bovid]] species on the Asian mainland. However, the diameter of its tracks are larger than those of [[Bengal tiger]] in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], and [[Nepal]].<ref name="seidensticker1986">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |year=1986 |chapter=Large Carnivores and the Consequences of Habitat Insularization: ecology and conservation of Tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh |pages=1−41 |title=Cats of the world: biology, conservation and management |editor1-last=Miller |editor1-first=S. D. |editor2-last=Everett |editor2-first=D. D. |publisher=National Wildlife Federation |location=Washington DC |chapterurl=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/8206/71440cc3-e3f8-487f-981f-2c9a3309783e.pdf}}</ref>
Javan tigers were said to be strong enough to break legs of horses or [[water buffalo]]es with their paws.<ref name=Partington1835>{{cite book |title=The British cyclopæedia of natural history |author=Partington, C. F. |chapter=''Felis'', the cat tribe |publisher=Orr & Smith |year=1835 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=DThEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA718}}</ref>
==Habitat and ecology==
{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
|image1=Tembadau 01.jpg
|caption1=[[Banteng]]: bulls of the Javan subspecies ''Bos javanicus javanicus'' are black.
|image2=Rusa Deer (C. Timorensis).jpg
|caption2=Rusa deer from the islands offshore Ujung Kulon have been resettled in Meru Betiri.<ref name="seidensticker1986" />}}
At the end of the 19th century, the Javan tiger inhabited most of Java. Around 1850, people living in rural areas still considered it a plague. By 1940, tigers had retreated to remote mountainous and forested areas. Around 1970, the only known tigers lived in the region of [[Meru Betiri National Park|Mount Betiri]], with an elevation of {{convert|1192|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the highest mountain in Java's southeast, which had not been settled because of the rugged and sloping terrain. In 1972, the {{convert|500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} area was gazetted as wildlife reserve. The last tigers were sighted there in 1976.<ref name="seidensticker1987">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |year=1987 |chapter=Bearing witness: observations on the extinction of ''Panthera tigris balica'' and ''Panthera tigris sondaica'' |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA1 |pages=1–8 |title=Tigers of the world: the biology, biopolitics, management, and conservation of an endangered species |editor1-last=Tilson |editor1-first=R. L. |editor2-last=Seal |editor2-first=U. S. |publisher=Noyes Publications |location=New Jersey|isbn=9780815511335 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=Treep, L. |year=1973 |title=On the Tiger in Indonesia (with special reference to its status and conservation. Report no. 164 |publisher=Department of Nature Conservation and Nature Management |location=Wageningen, The Netherlands}}</ref>
Javan tigers preyed on [[Javan rusa|rusa deer]], [[banteng]], and [[wild boar]], less often on waterfowl and reptiles. Nothing is known about their gestation period or life span in the wild or captivity. Up to [[World War II]], Javan tigers were kept in some Indonesian zoos, but these were closed during the war. After the war, they were so rare that it was easier to instead obtain Sumatran tigers.<ref name="seidensticker1986" />
==Extirpation==
At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]] and [[Baluran National Park]]s. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<ref name="seidensticker1980">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}</ref>
After 1979, there were no more confirmed sightings of tigers in Meru Betiri National Park. In 1980, it was recommended to extend the wildlife reserve and completely eliminate the disruptive influence of humans on the fragile ecosystem. The Indonesian Nature Conservation Authority implemented these recommendations in 1982 by gazetting the reserve as a national park. These measures were too late to save the few remaining tigers in the region.<ref name="seidensticker1987" /> In 1987, a group of 30 students of [[Bogor Agricultural University]] (''Institut Pertanian Bogor'') conducted an expedition to Meru Betiri. In groups of five, they searched the area and found tiger scat and tracks.<ref name="zgap1991">{{cite journal |author1=Istiadi, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Panekenan, N. |author3=Novendri, Y. |author4=Mathys, A. |author5=Mathys, Y. |author6=Priatna, D. |year=1991 |title=Untersuchung über die Carnivoren des Gunung Halimun Naturschutzgebietes |journal=Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=3–5}}</ref>
In the west of Java lies the Halimun Reserve, today integrated into the [[Mount Halimun Salak National Park]]. In 1984, a tiger was killed there; and in 1989, pugmarks were found that were the size of a tiger's. However, an expedition of six biologists conducted in 1990 did not yield any definite, direct evidence for the existence of tigers.<ref name="zgap1991" /> A subsequent survey was planned in the Meru Betiri National Park in autumn 1992 with the support of WWF Indonesia, deploying [[camera trap]]s for the first time. From March 1993 to March 1994, cameras were positioned at nineteen sites, but the cameras did not yield a picture of a tiger. During this period, no tracks indicating the presence of tigers were discovered.<ref>{{cite report |author=Rafiastanto, A. |date=1994 |title=Camera trapping survey of Javan tiger and other wild animals in Meru Betiri National Park. Project ID 0084-02 |publisher=WWF Indonesia Programme}}</ref> After the final report of this survey had been published, the Javan tiger was declared extinct.<ref>{{cite report |author=Jackson, P. |author2=Kemf, E. |name-list-style=amp |year=1994 |title=Wanted alive! Tigers in the wild: 1994 WWF species status report |publisher=WWF |location=Gland}}</ref>
Rumours and indications of the possible presence of tigers in the Meru Betiri National Park prompted the park's Chief Warden Indra Arinal to initiate another search. With support of the ''Sumatran Tiger Project'', twelve members of the park staff were trained in autumn 1999 to set up camera traps and map their observations. The Canadian ''The Tiger Foundation'' provided [[infrared]] cameras.<ref>{{cite report <author=Tilson, R. |year=1999 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm |title=Sumatran Tiger Project Report No. 17 & 18: July − December 1999. Grant number 1998-0093-059 |publisher=Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Steering Committee |location=Jakarta}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145733/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm |date=2011-07-16}}</ref> Despite a year of work, they photographed no tigers, few prey, and many poachers.<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Breining, G. |year=2002 |url=http://www.tigers.ca/home/Zoostory.pdf |title=What's Our Zoo Got to Do With It? |magazine=Minnesota Conservation Volunteer}}</ref>
==Cultural significance==
[[File:O. Fienzel-Tiger attack rhino in Java.jpg|thumb|Drawing by artist O. Fienzel, 1892]]
In 1890, Dutch author Jan Gerhard ten Bokkel noted how the fear of tigers brought the people to use superstitious language: "A Javan will never speak about a tiger without calling him 'Mister', it's always: Mr. Tiger. The beast might hear him once, and take revenge at him for merely saying tiger in a familiar way!"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bokkel, ten |first=J. G. |year=1890 |title=Dominee, pastoor of rabbi? Populaire kritiek. |url=http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/zoom/index/&language=indonesie_onafhankelijk_-_fotos_1947-1953&i=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Agvn%3AMULM01%3ABr-A-1890-D1%26count%3D164 |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[De Vrije Gedachte|De Dageraad]] |page=13 |accessdate=20 June 2016 |language=nl}}</ref>
==Alleged sightings==
Occasional, unofficial reports of Javan tigers surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in Java.<ref>Bambang M. (2002). [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html ''In search of 'extinct' Javan tiger.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061138/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html |date=2011-06-07 }} The Jakarta Post, October 30, 2002.</ref>
In November 2008, an unidentified body of a female mountain hiker was found in [[Mount Merbabu]] National Park, [[Central Java]], who allegedly died from a tiger attack. Villagers who discovered the body have also claimed some tiger sightings in the vicinity.<ref>[http://www.detiknews.com/read/2008/11/17/191947/1038555/10/pendaki-wanita-tewas-di-gunung-merbabu-diduga-diterkam-harimau DetikNews Nov 17, 2008: ''Pendaki Wanita Tewas di Gunung Merbabu, Diduga Diterkam Harimau'']</ref>
Another alleged sighting occurred in Magetan Regency, East Java, in January 2009. Some villagers claimed to have seen a tigress with two cubs wandering near a village adjacent to Lawu Mountain. This news triggered mass panic. Local authorities found several fresh tracks in the location. However, by that time, those animals had already vanished.<ref>[http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail&rid=60292 JawaPos 24 Januari 2009: ''Harimau Teror Warga Ringin Agung''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218023528/http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail |date=2009-02-18 }}</ref>
Following the October 2010 eruption of [[Mount Merapi]], two Indonesian villagers claimed sightings of a big cat paw print in the residual ash, which sparked rumours that a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms in search of food. Personnel of the nearby national park did not think it was likely that the paw print belonged to a tiger.<ref>The Sydney Morning Herald (2010) [http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/tiger-rumours-swirl-below-indon-volcano-20101102-17ce0.html ''Tiger rumours swirl below Indon volcano''] The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 2010.</ref>
In 2016, a Javan tiger was apparently photographed in [[Arjuno-Welirang|Mount Arjuno]] in East Java. The photo went viral, but some were skeptical about the sighting since the forests were not in a good state. An investigation would take place and, if proven true, vigilance would be stricter as the place is favored by hunters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.profauna.net/en/content/hot-news-sight-javan-tiger-mt-arjuno-went-viral#.WbvhwfkrKJB |title= Sight of Javan Tiger in Mount Arjuno Went Viral}}</ref>
On 25 August 2017, a wildlife ranger working in Ujung Kulon National Park took a photograph of an alleged Javan tiger while it was feeding on a dead bull. A research team later set out on a ten-day expedition to validate the existence of the tiger.<ref>[https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3640860/dibilang-punah-harimau-jawa-terpotret-di-ujung-kulon Dibilang Punah, Harimau Jawa Terpotret di Ujung Kulon] DetikNews, 13 September 2017.</ref><ref>[http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3091664/aneh-harimau-jawa-yang-disebut-punah-kedapatan-terkam-banteng ''Aneh, Harimau Jawa yang Disebut Punah Kedapatan Terkam Banteng] Liputan 6, 12 September 2017.</ref> A tiger expert identified the animal as a [[Javan leopard]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/world/asia/indonesia-tiger-species.html|title=Tiger Species Thought Extinct Is Possibly Spotted in Indonesia|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=September 15, 2017}}</ref>
==See also==
{{See also/tigers}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Panthera tigris sondaica}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=570 |title=Tiger Javan tiger (''P. t. sondaica'') |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.tigers.ca/Foundation%20overview/program/javan/javan.htm |website=The Tiger Foundation (Canada) |title=Javan Tigers in Meru Betiri National Park}}
*{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39276106 |title=West Javan tiger statue |newspaper=BBC News}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q200381}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Javan}}
[[Category:Extinct animals of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Extinct mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Extinct carnivorans]]
[[Category:Mammal extinctions since 1500]]
[[Category:Species made extinct by human activities]]
[[Category:Tigers|Javan tiger]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -54,19 +54,5 @@
==Extirpation==
-At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and the human population had increased to 85 million people.<ref name="seidensticker1986" /> In this human-dominated landscape, the extirpation of the Javan tiger was intensified by the conjunction of several circumstances and events:<ref name="seidensticker1987" />
-* Tigers and their prey were poisoned in many places during the period when their habitat was rapidly being reduced.
-* Natural forests were increasingly fragmented after World War II for plantations of [[teak]], [[Coffea|coffee]], and [[Hevea brasiliensis|rubber]], which were unsuitable habitat for wildlife.
-* Rusa deer, the tiger's most important prey species, was lost to disease in several reserves and forests during the 1960s.
-* During the period of civil unrest after 1965, armed groups retreated to reserves, where they killed the remaining tigers.
-
-===Last efforts===
-{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical
- |image1=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een tijgergevecht TMnr 60025896.jpg
- |caption1=A tiger fight in Java, 1870–1892
- |image2=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen en kinderen poseert bij een pas geschoten tijger te Malingping in Bantam West-Java TMnr 10006636.jpg
- |caption2=A group of men and children poses with a killed tiger in Malingping in Banten, West Java, 1941
- |image3=Rampog macan in Kediri 1900.jpg
- |caption3=A tiger killed along with seven [[Javan leopard]]s during [[Rampokan]] in Kediri, East Java, ''circa'' 1900}}
-Until the mid-1960s, tigers survived in three protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]] and [[Baluran National Park]]s. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<ref name="seidensticker1980">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}</ref>
+At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]] and [[Baluran National Park]]s. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<ref name="seidensticker1980">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}</ref>
After 1979, there were no more confirmed sightings of tigers in Meru Betiri National Park. In 1980, it was recommended to extend the wildlife reserve and completely eliminate the disruptive influence of humans on the fragile ecosystem. The Indonesian Nature Conservation Authority implemented these recommendations in 1982 by gazetting the reserve as a national park. These measures were too late to save the few remaining tigers in the region.<ref name="seidensticker1987" /> In 1987, a group of 30 students of [[Bogor Agricultural University]] (''Institut Pertanian Bogor'') conducted an expedition to Meru Betiri. In groups of five, they searched the area and found tiger scat and tracks.<ref name="zgap1991">{{cite journal |author1=Istiadi, Y. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Panekenan, N. |author3=Novendri, Y. |author4=Mathys, A. |author5=Mathys, Y. |author6=Priatna, D. |year=1991 |title=Untersuchung über die Carnivoren des Gunung Halimun Naturschutzgebietes |journal=Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=3–5}}</ref>
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0 => 'At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]] and [[Baluran National Park]]s. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<ref name="seidensticker1980">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}</ref>'
] |
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0 => 'At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and the human population had increased to 85 million people.<ref name="seidensticker1986" /> In this human-dominated landscape, the extirpation of the Javan tiger was intensified by the conjunction of several circumstances and events:<ref name="seidensticker1987" />',
1 => '* Tigers and their prey were poisoned in many places during the period when their habitat was rapidly being reduced.',
2 => '* Natural forests were increasingly fragmented after World War II for plantations of [[teak]], [[Coffea|coffee]], and [[Hevea brasiliensis|rubber]], which were unsuitable habitat for wildlife.',
3 => '* Rusa deer, the tiger's most important prey species, was lost to disease in several reserves and forests during the 1960s.',
4 => '* During the period of civil unrest after 1965, armed groups retreated to reserves, where they killed the remaining tigers.',
5 => '',
6 => '===Last efforts===',
7 => '{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical',
8 => ' |image1=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een tijgergevecht TMnr 60025896.jpg',
9 => ' |caption1=A tiger fight in Java, 1870–1892',
10 => ' |image2=COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen en kinderen poseert bij een pas geschoten tijger te Malingping in Bantam West-Java TMnr 10006636.jpg',
11 => ' |caption2=A group of men and children poses with a killed tiger in Malingping in Banten, West Java, 1941',
12 => ' |image3=Rampog macan in Kediri 1900.jpg',
13 => ' |caption3=A tiger killed along with seven [[Javan leopard]]s during [[Rampokan]] in Kediri, East Java, ''circa'' 1900}}',
14 => 'Until the mid-1960s, tigers survived in three protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and [[Ujung Kulon National Park|Ujung Kulon]] and [[Baluran National Park]]s. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<ref name="seidensticker1980">{{cite book |author=Seidensticker, J. |author2=Suyono, I. |year=1980 |title=The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management |publisher=Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources}}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
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0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA1',
1 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15955/50659951',
2 => 'http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf',
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20 => 'http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/zoom/index/&language=indonesie_onafhankelijk_-_fotos_1947-1953&i=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn%3Durn:gvn:MULM01:Br-A-1890-D1%26count%3D164',
21 => 'http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html',
22 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061138/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html',
23 => 'http://www.detiknews.com/read/2008/11/17/191947/1038555/10/pendaki-wanita-tewas-di-gunung-merbabu-diduga-diterkam-harimau',
24 => 'http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail&rid=60292',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090218023528/http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail',
26 => 'http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/tiger-rumours-swirl-below-indon-volcano-20101102-17ce0.html',
27 => 'https://www.profauna.net/en/content/hot-news-sight-javan-tiger-mt-arjuno-went-viral#.WbvhwfkrKJB',
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29 => 'http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3091664/aneh-harimau-jawa-yang-disebut-punah-kedapatan-terkam-banteng',
30 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/world/asia/indonesia-tiger-species.html',
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32 => 'http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=570',
33 => 'http://www.tigers.ca/Foundation%20overview/program/javan/javan.htm',
34 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39276106',
35 => 'https://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id2050',
36 => 'https://eol.org/pages/1271384',
37 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/5219422',
38 => 'https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/130799',
39 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726476',
40 => 'https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/enwiki/api/v3/taxonredirect/41681',
41 => 'http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000265',
42 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=644771'
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14 => 'http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3091664/aneh-harimau-jawa-yang-disebut-punah-kedapatan-terkam-banteng',
15 => 'http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf',
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19 => 'http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/zoom/index/&language=indonesie_onafhankelijk_-_fotos_1947-1953&i=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn%3Durn:gvn:MULM01:Br-A-1890-D1%26count%3D164',
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22 => 'http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-152-01-0001.pdf',
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29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=DThEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA718',
30 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=YdC-wfyZwZEC&pg=PA1',
31 => 'https://eol.org/pages/1271384',
32 => 'https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3640860/dibilang-punah-harimau-jawa-terpotret-di-ujung-kulon',
33 => 'https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/8206/71440cc3-e3f8-487f-981f-2c9a3309783e.pdf',
34 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20070906122850/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf',
35 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20090218023528/http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail',
36 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061138/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html',
37 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145733/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm',
38 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39276106',
39 => 'https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/154233',
40 => 'https://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id2050',
41 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/5219422',
42 => 'https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/130799',
43 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726476',
44 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15955/50659951',
45 => 'https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41681/10509194',
46 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=644771',
47 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/world/asia/indonesia-tiger-species.html',
48 => 'https://www.profauna.net/en/content/hot-news-sight-javan-tiger-mt-arjuno-went-viral#.WbvhwfkrKJB'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct tiger population in Sunda Island Java</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Javan tiger<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Pleistocene–Holocene</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;">
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,214,123); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><small>Pg</small></a></div>
<div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><small>N</small></a></div>
<div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;">
<div style="position:absolute; left:219.95633846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_sondaica_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Panthera tigris sondaica 01.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Panthera_tigris_sondaica_01.jpg/220px-Panthera_tigris_sondaica_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="823" /></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Javan tiger photographed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andries_Hoogerwerf" title="Andries Hoogerwerf">Andries Hoogerwerf</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a>, 1938<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1987_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1987-1">[1]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_EX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinct</a><small> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2">[2]</a></sup></small></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Panthera" title="e"><img alt="e" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Suborder:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subfamily:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera"><i>Panthera</i></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">P. tigris</a></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Subspecies:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="subspecies"><i><b>P. t. sondaica</b></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trinomen" title="Trinomen">Trinomial name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="trinomial"><i>Panthera tigris sondaica</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck" title="Coenraad Jacob Temminck">Temminck</a>, 1844)</div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Javan tiger</b> was a population of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panthera_tigris_sondaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera tigris sondaica">Panthera tigris sondaica</a></i>, which lived in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> island of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> until the mid 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-catsg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iucn_old_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_old-4">[4]</a></sup> This population was hunted to extinction and its natural <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> converted for human use.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1987_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1987-1">[1]</a></sup> It was one of the three <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> populations in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mazak06_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazak06-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Formerly, it was regarded as a distinct tiger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, which had been assessed as extinct on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_old_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_old-4">[4]</a></sup> In 2017, felid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> was revised and the Javan tiger subordinated to <i>P. t. sondaica</i>, which also includes the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-catsg_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>Results of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> analysis of 23 tiger samples from museum collections indicate that tigers colonized the Sunda Islands throughout the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> 11,000–12,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Taxonomy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Habitat_and_ecology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Habitat and ecology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Extirpation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Extirpation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Cultural_significance"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural significance</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Alleged_sightings"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Alleged sightings</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2>
<p><i>Felis tigris sondaicus</i> was proposed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck" title="Coenraad Jacob Temminck">Coenraad Jacob Temminck</a> in 1844 as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> for the Javan tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-Temminck_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temminck-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1929, the British taxonomist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock" title="Reginald Innes Pocock">Reginald Innes Pocock</a> subordinated the tiger under the genus <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i> using the scientific name <i>Panthera tigris</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock1929_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1929-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pocock1939_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1939-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazak1981_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazak1981-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes the living and extinct tiger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> in Indonesia as <i>P. t. sondaica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-catsg_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_jager_poseert_bij_de_huid_van_een_geschoten_tijger_bij_Kalitapakdoewoer_TMnr_10024166.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_jager_poseert_bij_de_huid_van_een_geschoten_tijger_bij_Kalitapakdoewoer_TMnr_10024166.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_jager_poseert_bij_de_huid_van_een_geschoten_tijger_bij_Kalitapakdoewoer_TMnr_10024166.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="244" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skin of a Javan tiger in the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropenmuseum" title="Tropenmuseum">Tropenmuseum</a>, 1915</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Panthera_tigris_sondaica_02_MWNH_106d.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Panthera_tigris_sondaica_02_MWNH_106d.jpg/200px-Panthera_tigris_sondaica_02_MWNH_106d.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tiger <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> from Java in the collection of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Museum_Wiesbaden" title="Museum Wiesbaden">Museum Wiesbaden</a></div></div></div></div></div>
<p>The Javan tiger was small compared to other subspecies of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> mainland, but larger than the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bali_tiger" title="Bali tiger">Bali tiger</a>, and similar in size to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazak1981_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazak1981-10">[10]</a></sup> It usually had long and thin stripes, which were slightly more numerous than those of the Sumatran tiger. Its nose was long and narrow, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occipital_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital plane">occipital plane</a> remarkably narrow and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassials</a> relatively long. Based on these <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cranial_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial bones">cranial</a> differences, the Javan tiger was proposed to be assigned to a distinct species, with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> name <i>Panthera sondaica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mazak06_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazak06-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Males had a mean body length of 248 cm (98 in) and weighed between 100 and 141 kg (220 and 311 lb). Females were smaller than males and weighed between 75 and 115 kg (165 and 254 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Mazak1981_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazak1981-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The smaller body size of the Javan tiger is attributed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bergmann%E2%80%99s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergmann’s rule">Bergmann’s rule</a> and the size of the available prey species in Java, which are smaller than the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">cervid</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovid</a> species on the Asian mainland. However, the diameter of its tracks are larger than those of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1986_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1986-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Javan tigers were said to be strong enough to break legs of horses or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffaloes</a> with their paws.<sup id="cite_ref-Partington1835_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partington1835-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat_and_ecology">Habitat and ecology</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"/><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Tembadau_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tembadau_01.jpg/200px-Tembadau_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="240" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng</a>: bulls of the Javan subspecies <i>Bos javanicus javanicus</i> are black.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rusa_Deer_(C._Timorensis).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rusa_Deer_%28C._Timorensis%29.jpg/200px-Rusa_Deer_%28C._Timorensis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rusa deer from the islands offshore Ujung Kulon have been resettled in Meru Betiri.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1986_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1986-11">[11]</a></sup></div></div></div></div></div>
<p>At the end of the 19th century, the Javan tiger inhabited most of Java. Around 1850, people living in rural areas still considered it a plague. By 1940, tigers had retreated to remote mountainous and forested areas. Around 1970, the only known tigers lived in the region of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meru_Betiri_National_Park" title="Meru Betiri National Park">Mount Betiri</a>, with an elevation of 1,192 m (3,911 ft), the highest mountain in Java's southeast, which had not been settled because of the rugged and sloping terrain. In 1972, the 500 km<sup>2</sup> (190 sq mi) area was gazetted as wildlife reserve. The last tigers were sighted there in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1987_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1987-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Javan tigers preyed on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">rusa deer</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, less often on waterfowl and reptiles. Nothing is known about their gestation period or life span in the wild or captivity. Up to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Javan tigers were kept in some Indonesian zoos, but these were closed during the war. After the war, they were so rare that it was easier to instead obtain Sumatran tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1986_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1986-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Extirpation">Extirpation</span></h2>
<p>At the beginning of the 20th century, 28 million people lived on the island of Java. The production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population, so that within 15 years, 150% more land was cleared for rice fields. In 1938, natural forest covered 23% of the island. By 1975, only 8% of the forest remained, and protected areas that had been established during the 1920s–1930s: Leuweng Sancang Nature Reserve and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baluran_National_Park" title="Baluran National Park">Baluran National Parks</a>. Following the period of civil unrest, however, no tigers were sighted there. In 1971, an older female was shot in a plantation near Mount Betiri in Java's southeast. The area was upgraded to a wildlife reserve in 1972, at which time a small guard force was established and four habitat management projects were initiated. The reserve was severely disrupted by two large plantations in the major river valleys, occupying the most suitable habitat for the tiger and its prey. In 1976, tracks were found in the eastern part of the reserve, suggesting the presence of three to five tigers. Only a few banteng survived close to the plantations, but tracks of rusa deer were not sighted.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1980_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1980-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>After 1979, there were no more confirmed sightings of tigers in Meru Betiri National Park. In 1980, it was recommended to extend the wildlife reserve and completely eliminate the disruptive influence of humans on the fragile ecosystem. The Indonesian Nature Conservation Authority implemented these recommendations in 1982 by gazetting the reserve as a national park. These measures were too late to save the few remaining tigers in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-seidensticker1987_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seidensticker1987-1">[1]</a></sup> In 1987, a group of 30 students of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bogor_Agricultural_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogor Agricultural University">Bogor Agricultural University</a> (<i>Institut Pertanian Bogor</i>) conducted an expedition to Meru Betiri. In groups of five, they searched the area and found tiger scat and tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-zgap1991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zgap1991-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the west of Java lies the Halimun Reserve, today integrated into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Halimun_Salak_National_Park" title="Mount Halimun Salak National Park">Mount Halimun Salak National Park</a>. In 1984, a tiger was killed there; and in 1989, pugmarks were found that were the size of a tiger's. However, an expedition of six biologists conducted in 1990 did not yield any definite, direct evidence for the existence of tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-zgap1991_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zgap1991-15">[15]</a></sup> A subsequent survey was planned in the Meru Betiri National Park in autumn 1992 with the support of WWF Indonesia, deploying <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camera_trap" title="Camera trap">camera traps</a> for the first time. From March 1993 to March 1994, cameras were positioned at nineteen sites, but the cameras did not yield a picture of a tiger. During this period, no tracks indicating the presence of tigers were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> After the final report of this survey had been published, the Javan tiger was declared extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Rumours and indications of the possible presence of tigers in the Meru Betiri National Park prompted the park's Chief Warden Indra Arinal to initiate another search. With support of the <i>Sumatran Tiger Project</i>, twelve members of the park staff were trained in autumn 1999 to set up camera traps and map their observations. The Canadian <i>The Tiger Foundation</i> provided <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Despite a year of work, they photographed no tigers, few prey, and many poachers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:O._Fienzel-Tiger_attack_rhino_in_Java.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/O._Fienzel-Tiger_attack_rhino_in_Java.jpg/220px-O._Fienzel-Tiger_attack_rhino_in_Java.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="547" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:O._Fienzel-Tiger_attack_rhino_in_Java.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Drawing by artist O. Fienzel, 1892</div></div></div>
<p>In 1890, Dutch author Jan Gerhard ten Bokkel noted how the fear of tigers brought the people to use superstitious language: "A Javan will never speak about a tiger without calling him 'Mister', it's always: Mr. Tiger. The beast might hear him once, and take revenge at him for merely saying tiger in a familiar way!"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alleged_sightings">Alleged sightings</span></h2>
<p>Occasional, unofficial reports of Javan tigers surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2008, an unidentified body of a female mountain hiker was found in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Merbabu" title="Mount Merbabu">Mount Merbabu</a> National Park, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, who allegedly died from a tiger attack. Villagers who discovered the body have also claimed some tiger sightings in the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another alleged sighting occurred in Magetan Regency, East Java, in January 2009. Some villagers claimed to have seen a tigress with two cubs wandering near a village adjacent to Lawu Mountain. This news triggered mass panic. Local authorities found several fresh tracks in the location. However, by that time, those animals had already vanished.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the October 2010 eruption of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a>, two Indonesian villagers claimed sightings of a big cat paw print in the residual ash, which sparked rumours that a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms in search of food. Personnel of the nearby national park did not think it was likely that the paw print belonged to a tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2016, a Javan tiger was apparently photographed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arjuno-Welirang" title="Arjuno-Welirang">Mount Arjuno</a> in East Java. The photo went viral, but some were skeptical about the sighting since the forests were not in a good state. An investigation would take place and, if proven true, vigilance would be stricter as the place is favored by hunters.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>On 25 August 2017, a wildlife ranger working in Ujung Kulon National Park took a photograph of an alleged Javan tiger while it was feeding on a dead bull. A research team later set out on a ten-day expedition to validate the existence of the tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> A tiger expert identified the animal as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Javan_leopard" title="Javan leopard">Javan leopard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li>Tiger populations: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siberian_tiger" title="Siberian tiger">Siberian tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indochinese_tiger" title="Indochinese tiger">Indochinese tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_China_tiger" title="South China tiger">South China tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malayan_tiger" title="Malayan tiger">Malayan tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sumatran_tiger" title="Sumatran tiger">Sumatran tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Javan tiger</a>  <b>·</b>  <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bali_tiger" title="Bali tiger">Bali tiger</a></li>
<li>Prehistoric tigers: <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panthera_tigris_soloensis" title="Panthera tigris soloensis">Panthera tigris soloensis</a></i>  <b>·</b>  <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panthera_tigris_trinilensis" title="Panthera tigris trinilensis">Panthera tigris trinilensis</a></i>  <b>·</b>  <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panthera_tigris_acutidens" title="Panthera tigris acutidens">Panthera tigris acutidens</a></i></li></ul>
<div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bornean_tiger" title="Bornean tiger">Bornean tiger</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
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<li id="cite_note-catsg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catsg_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catsg_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catsg_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKitchener,_A._C.Breitenmoser-Würsten,_C.Eizirik,_E.Gentry,_A.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf">"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cat News</i>. Special Issue 11: 66–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=A+revised+taxonomy+of+the+Felidae%3A+The+final+report+of+the+Cat+Classification+Task+Force+of+the+IUCN+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft.volume=Special+Issue+11&rft.pages=66-68&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Kitchener%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Breitenmoser-W%C3%BCrsten%2C+C.&rft.au=Eizirik%2C+E.&rft.au=Gentry%2C+A.&rft.au=Werdelin%2C+L.&rft.au=Wilting%2C+A.&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+N.&rft.au=Abramov%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+P.&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+C.&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.&rft.au=Luo%2C+S.-J.&rft.au=Meijaard%2C+E.&rft.au=O%27Donoghue%2C+P.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+J.&rft.au=Seymour%2C+K.&rft.au=Bruford%2C+M.&rft.au=Groves%2C+C.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+M.&rft.au=Nowell%2C+K.&rft.au=Timmons%2C+Z.&rft.au=Tobe%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ffilesharing%2F5.Cat_News%2F5.3._Special_Issues%2F5.3.10._SI_11%2FCN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-iucn_old-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_old_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_old_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_P.Nowell,_K.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, P. & Nowell, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/41681/10509194">"<i>Panthera tigris</i> ssp. <i>sondaica</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2008</b>: e.T41681A10509194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Panthera+tigris+ssp.+sondaica&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=e.T41681A10509194&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Jackson%2C+P.&rft.au=Nowell%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F41681%2F10509194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-mazak06-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mazak06_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazak06_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazák,_J._H.Groves,_C._P.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mazák, J. H. & Groves, C. P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070906122850/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf">"A taxonomic revision of the tigers (<i>Panthera tigris</i>)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mammalian Biology 71</i> (5): 268–287. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2006.02.007">10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-09-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Biology+71&rft.atitle=A+taxonomic+revision+of+the+tigers+%28Panthera+tigris%29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=268-287&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2006.02.007&rft.au=Maz%C3%A1k%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Groves%2C+C.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.anu.edu.au%2Fgrovco%2Ftiger%2520SEAsia%2520Mazak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXue,_H.R.Yamaguchi,_N.Driscoll,_C.A.Han,_Y.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, H.R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Driscoll, C.A.; Han, Y.; Bar-Gal, G.K.; Zhuang, Y.; Mazak, J.H.; Macdonald, D.W.; O’Brien, S.J. & Luo, S.J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4406268">"Genetic ancestry of the extinct Javan and Bali tigers"</a>. <i>Journal of Heredity</i>. <b>106</b> (3): 247–257. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesv002">10.1093/jhered/esv002</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4406268">4406268</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25754539">25754539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Genetic+ancestry+of+the+extinct+Javan+and+Bali+tigers&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-257&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4406268&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25754539&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesv002&rft.au=Xue%2C+H.R.&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+N.&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+C.A.&rft.au=Han%2C+Y.&rft.au=Bar-Gal%2C+G.K.&rft.au=Zhuang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mazak%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Macdonald%2C+D.W.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Brien%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Luo%2C+S.J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4406268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Temminck-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Temminck_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTemminck,_C._J.1844" class="citation book cs1">Temminck, C. J. (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/faunajaponicasi00sieb#page/n9/mode/2up">"Aperçu général et spécifique sur les mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les iles qui en dépendent"</a>. In von Siebold, F.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H; de Haan, W.; Kiichi Nakazawa; Shigeho Tanaka; Nagamichi Kuroda; Yaichirō Okada (eds.). <i>Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825 - 1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de Siebold. Mammalia</i>. Lugduni Batavorum: Arnz et Socius. pp. 1–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aper%C3%A7u+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+et+sp%C3%A9cifique+sur+les+mammif%C3%A8res+qui+habitent+le+Japon+et+les+iles+qui+en+d%C3%A9pendent&rft.btitle=Fauna+Japonica+sive+Descriptio+animalium%2C+quae+in+itinere+per+Japoniam%2C+jussu+et+auspiciis+superiorum%2C+qui+summum+in+India+Batava+imperium+tenent%2C+suscepto%2C+annis+1825+-+1830+collegit%2C+notis%2C+observationibus+et+adumbrationibus+illustravit+Ph.+Fr.+de+Siebold.+Mammalia&rft.place=Lugduni+Batavorum&rft.pages=1-59&rft.pub=Arnz+et+Socius&rft.date=1844&rft.au=Temminck%2C+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffaunajaponicasi00sieb%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pocock1929-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pocock1929_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPocock,_R._I.1929" class="citation journal cs1">Pocock, R. I. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/154233">"Tigers"</a>. <i>Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society</i>. <b>33</b>: 505–541.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Bombay+Natural+History+Society&rft.atitle=Tigers&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=505-541&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Pocock%2C+R.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F154233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pocock1939-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pocock1939_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPocock,_R._I.1939" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, R. I. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n247/mode/2up">"<i>Panthera tigris</i>"</a>. <i>The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1</i>. London: T. Taylor and Francis, Ltd. pp. 197–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panthera+tigris&rft.btitle=The+Fauna+of+British+India%2C+Including+Ceylon+and+Burma.+Mammalia%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pages=197-210&rft.pub=T.+Taylor+and+Francis%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Pocock%2C+R.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPocockMammalia1%2Fpocock1%23page%2Fn247%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mazak1981-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazak1981_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazak1981_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazak1981_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazák,_V.1981" class="citation journal cs1">Mazák, V. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-152-01-0001.pdf">"<i>Panthera tigris</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mammalian Species</i>. <b>152</b> (152): 1–8. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504004">10.2307/3504004</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/3504004">3504004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Panthera+tigris&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=152&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3504004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3504004&rft.au=Maz%C3%A1k%2C+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fdepartments%2FBiology%2FVHAYSSEN%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2Fi0076-3519-152-01-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-seidensticker1986-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seidensticker1986_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seidensticker1986_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seidensticker1986_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeidensticker,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Seidensticker, J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/8206/71440cc3-e3f8-487f-981f-2c9a3309783e.pdf">"Large Carnivores and the Consequences of Habitat Insularization: ecology and conservation of Tigers in Indonesia and Bangladesh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Miller, S. D.; Everett, D. D. (eds.). <i>Cats of the world: biology, conservation and management</i>. Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation. pp. 1−41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Large+Carnivores+and+the+Consequences+of+Habitat+Insularization%3A+ecology+and+conservation+of+Tigers+in+Indonesia+and+Bangladesh&rft.btitle=Cats+of+the+world%3A+biology%2C+conservation+and+management&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=1%E2%88%9241&rft.pub=National+Wildlife+Federation&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Seidensticker%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.si.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10088%2F8206%2F71440cc3-e3f8-487f-981f-2c9a3309783e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Partington1835-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Partington1835_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPartington,_C._F.1835" class="citation book cs1">Partington, C. F. (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DThEAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA718">"<i>Felis</i>, the cat tribe"</a>. <i>The British cyclopæedia of natural history</i>. Orr & Smith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Felis%2C+the+cat+tribe&rft.btitle=The+British+cyclop%C3%A6edia+of+natural+history&rft.pub=Orr+%26+Smith&rft.date=1835&rft.au=Partington%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDThEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTreep,_L.1973" class="citation report cs1">Treep, L. (1973). On the Tiger in Indonesia (with special reference to its status and conservation. Report no. 164 (Report). Wageningen, The Netherlands: Department of Nature Conservation and Nature Management.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=On+the+Tiger+in+Indonesia+%28with+special+reference+to+its+status+and+conservation.+Report+no.+164&rft.place=Wageningen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Department+of+Nature+Conservation+and+Nature+Management&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Treep%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-seidensticker1980-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seidensticker1980_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSeidensticker,_J.Suyono,_I.1980" class="citation book cs1">Seidensticker, J.; Suyono, I. (1980). <i>The Javan Tiger and the Meri-Betiri Reserve, a plan for management</i>. Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Javan+Tiger+and+the+Meri-Betiri+Reserve%2C+a+plan+for+management&rft.pub=Gland%3A+International+Union+for+the+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Seidensticker%2C+J.&rft.au=Suyono%2C+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-zgap1991-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zgap1991_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zgap1991_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIstiadi,_Y.Panekenan,_N.Novendri,_Y.Mathys,_A.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Istiadi, Y.; Panekenan, N.; Novendri, Y.; Mathys, A.; Mathys, Y. & Priatna, D. (1991). "Untersuchung über die Carnivoren des Gunung Halimun Naturschutzgebietes". <i>Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft für Arten- und Populationsschutz</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 3–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+der+Zoologischen+Gesellschaft+f%C3%BCr+Arten-+und+Populationsschutz&rft.atitle=Untersuchung+%C3%BCber+die+Carnivoren+des+Gunung+Halimun+Naturschutzgebietes&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Istiadi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Panekenan%2C+N.&rft.au=Novendri%2C+Y.&rft.au=Mathys%2C+A.&rft.au=Mathys%2C+Y.&rft.au=Priatna%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRafiastanto,_A.1994" class="citation report cs1">Rafiastanto, A. (1994). Camera trapping survey of Javan tiger and other wild animals in Meru Betiri National Park. Project ID 0084-02 (Report). WWF Indonesia Programme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Camera+trapping+survey+of+Javan+tiger+and+other+wild+animals+in+Meru+Betiri+National+Park.+Project+ID+0084-02&rft.pub=WWF+Indonesia+Programme&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Rafiastanto%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJackson,_P.Kemf,_E.1994" class="citation report cs1">Jackson, P. & Kemf, E. (1994). Wanted alive! Tigers in the wild: 1994 WWF species status report (Report). Gland: WWF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Wanted+alive%21+Tigers+in+the+wild%3A+1994+WWF+species+status+report&rft.place=Gland&rft.pub=WWF&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Jackson%2C+P.&rft.au=Kemf%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{cite report <author=Tilson, R. |year=1999 |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm">http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm</a> |title=Sumatran Tiger Project Report No. 17 & 18: July − December 1999. Grant number 1998-0093-059 |publisher=Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Steering Committee |location=Jakarta}} <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145733/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=8714&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBreining,_G.2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Breining, G. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigers.ca/home/Zoostory.pdf">"What's Our Zoo Got to Do With It?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Minnesota Conservation Volunteer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Conservation+Volunteer&rft.atitle=What%27s+Our+Zoo+Got+to+Do+With+It%3F&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Breining%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tigers.ca%2Fhome%2FZoostory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBokkel,_ten1890" class="citation book cs1">Bokkel, ten, J. G. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/?/zoom/index/&language=indonesie_onafhankelijk_-_fotos_1947-1953&i=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Agvn%3AMULM01%3ABr-A-1890-D1%26count%3D164"><i>Dominee, pastoor of rabbi? Populaire kritiek</i></a> (in Dutch). Amsterdam: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_Vrije_Gedachte" title="De Vrije Gedachte">De Dageraad</a>. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dominee%2C+pastoor+of+rabbi%3F+Populaire+kritiek.&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=De+Dageraad&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Bokkel%2C+ten&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geheugenvannederland.nl%2F%3F%2Fzoom%2Findex%2F%26language%3Dindonesie_onafhankelijk_-_fotos_1947-1953%26i%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fresolver.kb.nl%252Fresolve%253Furn%253Durn%253Agvn%253AMULM01%253ABr-A-1890-D1%2526count%253D164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bambang M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html"><i>In search of 'extinct' Javan tiger.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607061138/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/10/30/in-search-039extinct039-javan-tiger.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Jakarta Post, October 30, 2002.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detiknews.com/read/2008/11/17/191947/1038555/10/pendaki-wanita-tewas-di-gunung-merbabu-diduga-diterkam-harimau">DetikNews Nov 17, 2008: <i>Pendaki Wanita Tewas di Gunung Merbabu, Diduga Diterkam Harimau</i></a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail&rid=60292">JawaPos 24 Januari 2009: <i>Harimau Teror Warga Ringin Agung</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218023528/http://www.jawapos.co.id/radar/index.php?act=detail">Archived</a> 2009-02-18 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sydney Morning Herald (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/tiger-rumours-swirl-below-indon-volcano-20101102-17ce0.html"><i>Tiger rumours swirl below Indon volcano</i></a> The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 November 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.profauna.net/en/content/hot-news-sight-javan-tiger-mt-arjuno-went-viral#.WbvhwfkrKJB">"Sight of Javan Tiger in Mount Arjuno Went Viral"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sight+of+Javan+Tiger+in+Mount+Arjuno+Went+Viral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.profauna.net%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fhot-news-sight-javan-tiger-mt-arjuno-went-viral%23.WbvhwfkrKJB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3640860/dibilang-punah-harimau-jawa-terpotret-di-ujung-kulon">Dibilang Punah, Harimau Jawa Terpotret di Ujung Kulon</a> DetikNews, 13 September 2017.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3091664/aneh-harimau-jawa-yang-disebut-punah-kedapatan-terkam-banteng"><i>Aneh, Harimau Jawa yang Disebut Punah Kedapatan Terkam Banteng</i></a><i> Liputan 6, 12 September 2017.</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/world/asia/indonesia-tiger-species.html">"Tiger Species Thought Extinct Is Possibly Spotted in Indonesia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiger+Species+Thought+Extinct+Is+Possibly+Spotted+in+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F15%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findonesia-tiger-species.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigris_sondaica" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Panthera tigris sondaica">Panthera tigris sondaica</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=570">"Tiger Javan tiger (<i>P. t. sondaica</i>)"</a>. <i>IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN%2FSSC+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft.atitle=Tiger+Javan+tiger+%28P.+t.+sondaica%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tigers.ca/Foundation%20overview/program/javan/javan.htm">"Javan Tigers in Meru Betiri National Park"</a>. <i>The Tiger Foundation (Canada)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tiger+Foundation+%28Canada%29&rft.atitle=Javan+Tigers+in+Meru+Betiri+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tigers.ca%2FFoundation%2520overview%2Fprogram%2Fjavan%2Fjavan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39276106">"West Javan tiger statue"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=West+Javan+tiger+statue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-39276106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJavan+tiger" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200381" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q200381">Q200381</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_tigris_sondaica" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Panthera tigris sondaica">Panthera tigris sondaica</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id2050">2050</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1271384">1271384</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219422">5219422</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/130799">130799</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=726476">726476</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/enwiki/api/v3/taxonredirect/41681">41681</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000265">14000265</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=644771">644771</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1605705171 |
