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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|Controversial theory which claims gun control laws in Nazi Germany are partially to blame for the Holocaust}}
{{about|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust|the history of German gun laws|Gun legislation in Germany}}
[[File:Reichsgesetz 1938.jpg|thumb|255px|[[Gun legislation in Germany#Gun Regulation of the Third Reich|German Weapons Act of 18 March 1938]] (RGBl I, 265)]]
The '''Nazi gun control argument''' is a belief that gun regulations in the [[Third Reich]] helped to facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=Kohn2004p187>{{cite book |last=Kohn |first=Abigail |year=2004 |title=Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=187 |isbn=0-19-515051-1 |accessdate=24 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bryant |first=Michael S. |editor-first1=Gregg Lee |editor1-last=Carter |encyclopedia=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law |title=Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 |edition=2nd |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |volume=2 |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=9780313386701 |oclc=833189121 |pages=411–415 |accessdate=2014-03-21 }}</ref> The majority of historians and [[fact-checker]]s have described the argument as "dubious,"<ref name=Nuckols130131/> "questionable,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/> "preposterous,"<ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news|last1=Steinweis|first1=Alan|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0|accessdate=2016-03-15|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> "tendentious,"<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> or "problematic."<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> This argument is frequently employed by opponents of [[gun control]] in debates on [[Gun politics in the United States|U.S. gun politics]]. Questions about its validity, and about the motives behind its inception, have been raised by scholars. Proponents in the United States have used it as part of a "[[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|security against tyranny]]" argument, while opponents have referred to it as a form of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109 />
== Background information ==
{{main|Disarmament of the German Jews}}
Few German citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms in Germany in the early 1930s;<ref name="Kohn2004p187" /> the [[Weimar Republic]] having strict gun control laws.<ref name="Hitler">{{cite web |url= http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ |title=The Hitler gun control lie |author=Alex Seitz-Wald |work=salon.com |date=January 11, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref> When the [[Nazi party]] gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened, such as allowing firearm ownership for Nazi party members and the military.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp|672}} The laws were tightened in other ways. Nazi laws systematically disarmed "unreliable" persons, especially [[Jews]], but relaxed restrictions for so-called "ordinary" German citizens.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp|670,676}} The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<ref name="Halbrook2000" />{{rp|533,536}}
== Argument ==
According to [[Gun politics in the United States|gun rights]] activist [[Neal Knox]], the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested by Jay Simkin and [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]] (JPFO) founder [[Aaron S. Zelman]] in a book they published in 1992. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings for what became the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref name=Knox2009p286>{{cite book |last=Knox |first=Neal |year=2009 |title=The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 |publisher=MacFarlane |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=286 |isbn=9780976863304 }}</ref>{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=339}}
In a 2000 article, NRA attorney [[Stephen Halbrook]] said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp|485}} In the article, he cites an [[Adolf Hitler]] quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp|483}}<ref>{{cite book | title=Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations | author=Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321 | year=2008 | publisher=Enigma Books | edition= new | page=321 | isbn=978-1936274932}}</ref>{{rp|403}} Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and [[National Rifle Association]] (NRA) leader [[Wayne LaPierre]] have proposed that [[Nazi Party]] policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective [[German Resistance to Nazism|resistance]].<ref name="Harcourt2004">{{cite journal |last=Harcourt |first=Bernard E. |year=2004 |title=On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians) |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=653–680 }}</ref>{{rp|653–5}}<ref name="Halbrook2000">{{cite journal |last=Halbrook |first=Stephen P. |title=Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews |journal=[[Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law]] |year=2000 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=483–535 |url=http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|484}}<ref name="LaPierre1994">{{cite book |last=LaPierre |first=Wayne |year=1994 |title=Guns, Crime, and Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0|url-access=registration |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Regnery |pages= |oclc=246629786 }}</ref>{{rp|87–8,167–8}} Associate professor of criminal justice M Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."<ref name="McGuire2011">{{cite book |last=McGuire |first=M. Dyan |editor-first=William |editor-last=Chambliss |title= Courts, Law, and Justice |publisher=SAGE |date=2011 |page=119 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119|chapter=Gun Control Laws |isbn= 978-1412978576}}</ref>
The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|U.S. gun politics]].{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=83}}<ref name=Cottrol991107/>
Legal scholar and historian [[Robert J. Cottrol|Robert Cottrol]] has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the [[Khmer Rouge]] could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.<ref name=Cottrol991107>{{cite news |last=Cottrol |first=Robert |date=November 7, 1999 |title=The Last Line of Defense |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |type=opinion |location= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>
A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to [[Kristallnacht]] and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"<ref name=Coscarelli2011>{{cite web |url= http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php |title=Jewish Firearms Group Compares Bloomberg Gun Control to Genocide, Nazis |author=Coscarelli, Joe |work=The Village Voice |date=March 9, 2011 |accessdate=2016-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rabbi Defends Comparison of Gun Owners to Holocaust Victims |url=http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims |location=Chicago |publisher=Fox 32 News |date=May 3, 2011 |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=2016-08-22 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims }}</ref>
In October 2015, U.S. Republican Presidential Primaries candidate [[Ben Carson]] said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html |title=Carson suggests that gun rights might have changed history for Jews in WWII |author=Williams, Vanessa |work=Washington Post |date=October 8, 2015 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
In February 2018, U.S. Republican Representative [[Don Young]], proposed the question "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/ |title=Rep. Don Young suggests armed Jews could have prevented the Holocaust |author=Savransky, Rebecca |work=Washington Post |date=February 28, 2018 |accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref>
=== Criticism ===
Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked."<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/|title=Fact-checking Ben Carson's claim that gun control laws allowed the Nazis to carry out Holocaust|website=@politifact|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/|title=Florida lawmaker mangles Nazi gun control history|website=@politifact|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|title=Facebook post claiming guns could have prevented the Holocaust met with backlash|last=|first=|date=2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate|title=Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate|website=Channel 4 News|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor [[Mark Nuckols]] says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."<ref name="Nuckols130131">{{cite journal |last=Nuckols |first=Mark |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Why the 'Citizen Militia' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/ |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |volume= |issue= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> In his 2011 book, fellow law professor [[Adam Winkler]] says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=83}} He says the militia groups that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=84}} Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act|Brady Bill]] "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=85}}
Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler,<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Spitzer2004>{{Cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=Robert J. |year=2004 |title=Don't Know Much About History, Politics, or Theory: A Comment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/ |journal=[[Fordham Law Review]] |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=721–730 }}</ref> gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of ''[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109>{{cite news |last1=McMorris-Santoro |first1=Evan |date=January 9, 2013|title=Opponents Play The Hitler Card On Gun Control, Supporters Say It's Not Gonna Work This Time |url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time |publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] |accessdate=2015-04-21 }}</ref> In a 2004 issue of the ''[[Fordham Law Review]]'', legal scholar [[Bernard Harcourt]] said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|669–670}} Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|679–680}} According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|676}} but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the [[Weimar Republic]] that preceded it.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|671,677}} He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist [[Robert Spitzer (political scientist)|Robert Spitzer]] said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of [[nation-building]] and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."<ref name=Spitzer2004/>{{rp|728}}
Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory," anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><blockquote>Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.</blockquote>
In the encyclopedic 2012 book, ''Guns in American Society'', Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, [[Dave Kopel]], and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/>
In January 2013, [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) director [[Abraham Foxman]] said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."<ref name=ADL130124>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 24, 2013 |title=ADL Says Nazi Analogies Have No Place In Gun Control Debate |url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html |location=New York |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref> Later that year, Jewish groups and [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], mayor [[Steven Fulop]] criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.<ref name=Giambusso131217>{{cite news |last=Giambusso |first=David |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html |newspaper=Star-Ledger |location= |access-date=2015-04-19}}</ref> The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."<ref name=Giambusso131217/>
In October 2015, in response to comments made by Ben Carson, history professor [[Alan E. Steinweis]] wrote in a ''New York Times'' piece:<blockquote>The Jews of Germany constituted less than 1 percent of the country's population. It is preposterous to argue that the possession of firearms would have enabled them to mount resistance against a systematic program of persecution implemented by a modern bureaucracy, enforced by a well-armed police state, and either supported or tolerated by the majority of the German population. Mr. Carson's suggestion that ordinary Germans, had they had guns, would have risked their lives in armed resistance against the regime simply does not comport with the regrettable historical reality of a regime that was quite popular at home. Inside Germany, only the army possessed the physical force necessary for defying or overthrowing the Nazis, but the generals had thrown in their lot with Hitler early on.<ref name= Steinweis2015/></blockquote>
== See also ==
* [[Disarmament of the German Jews]]
* [[Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)]]
* [[Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe]]
* [[Warsaw Uprising]]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book| ref=harv |last=Winkler |first= Adam |title=Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |location=New York |isbn=9780393077414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83 }}
== Further reading ==
'''Works that endorse Nazi gun control theories'''
* {{cite book |last1=Beck |first1= Glenn |last2=Balfe |first2=Kevin |last3=Beck |first3=Hannah |year=2013 |title= Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location= |pages=108–128 |isbn= 978-1476739878 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook | title=How the Nazis Used Gun Control | website=National Review | date=2 December 2013 | accessdate=6 April 2015 | last=Halbrook | first = Stephen}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kopel |first1=David |year=1995 |title=Lethal Laws |url= http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf |journal= New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=355–398 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Polsby |first1=Daniel D. |last2=Kates |first2=Don B. |year=1997 |title=Of Holocausts and Gun Control |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/ |journal=Washington University Law Quarterly |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=1237–1275 |accessdate= |authorlink1=Daniel D. Polsby|authorlink2=Don Kates}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simkin |first1=Jay |last2=Zelman |first2=Aaron |year=1992 |title=Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny |url= |publisher=Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |pages=139 |oclc=29535251 |accessdate= }}
'''Works that criticize Nazi gun control theories'''
* {{cite journal |last=Aronsen |first=Gavin |date=January 11, 2013 |title=Was Hitler Really a Fan of Gun Control? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control |journal=Mother Jones |volume= |issue= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite news |last=Frank |first=Monte |date=July 13, 2013 |title=The Holocaust taken in vain to promote gun rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights |newspaper=The Guardian |location= |publisher=Guardian News and Media |accessdate= }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Homsher |first1=Deborah |year=2004 |title=Response to Bernard E. Harcourt's On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr |journal= Fordham Law Review |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=715–719 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite news |last=Robberson |first=Tod |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Let's stick to the facts when discussing gun control |url=http://dallasmorningviewsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lets-stick-to-the-facts-when-discussing-gun-control.html/ |type=Opinion |newspaper=[[Dallas Morning News]] |location= |access-date= }}
* {{cite news |last=Seitz-Wald |first=Alex |date=January 11, 2013 |title=The Hitler gun control lie |url=http://www.salon.com/2013/0/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ |newspaper=Salon |location= |publisher=Salon Media Group |accessdate= }}
[[Category:1992 introductions]]
[[Category:Fringe theories]]
[[Category:Gun politics in the United States]]
[[Category:Law in Nazi Germany]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'This is not questionable at all, the Nazi’s implication of gun control was A direct correlation towards the take over of Germany.
== Background information ==
{{main|Disarmament of the German Jews}}
Few German citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms in Germany in the early 1930s;<ref name="Kohn2004p187" /> the [[Weimar Republic]] having strict gun control laws.<ref name="Hitler">{{cite web |url= http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ |title=The Hitler gun control lie |author=Alex Seitz-Wald |work=salon.com |date=January 11, 2013 |accessdate=2013-01-19}}</ref> When the [[Nazi party]] gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened, such as allowing firearm ownership for Nazi party members and the military.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp|672}} The laws were tightened in other ways. Nazi laws systematically disarmed "unreliable" persons, especially [[Jews]], but relaxed restrictions for so-called "ordinary" German citizens.<ref name="Harcourt2004" />{{rp|670,676}} The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<ref name="Halbrook2000" />{{rp|533,536}}
== Argument ==
According to [[Gun politics in the United States|gun rights]] activist [[Neal Knox]], the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested by Jay Simkin and [[Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership]] (JPFO) founder [[Aaron S. Zelman]] in a book they published in 1992. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings for what became the [[Gun Control Act of 1968]].<ref name=Knox2009p286>{{cite book |last=Knox |first=Neal |year=2009 |title=The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286 |publisher=MacFarlane |location=Phoenix, Arizona |page=286 |isbn=9780976863304 }}</ref>{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=339}}
In a 2000 article, NRA attorney [[Stephen Halbrook]] said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp|485}} In the article, he cites an [[Adolf Hitler]] quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."<ref name=Halbrook2000/>{{rp|483}}<ref>{{cite book | title=Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations | author=Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321 | year=2008 | publisher=Enigma Books | edition= new | page=321 | isbn=978-1936274932}}</ref>{{rp|403}} Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and [[National Rifle Association]] (NRA) leader [[Wayne LaPierre]] have proposed that [[Nazi Party]] policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective [[German Resistance to Nazism|resistance]].<ref name="Harcourt2004">{{cite journal |last=Harcourt |first=Bernard E. |year=2004 |title=On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians) |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr |journal=Fordham Law Review |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=653–680 }}</ref>{{rp|653–5}}<ref name="Halbrook2000">{{cite journal |last=Halbrook |first=Stephen P. |title=Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews |journal=[[Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law]] |year=2000 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=483–535 |url=http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf }}</ref>{{rp|484}}<ref name="LaPierre1994">{{cite book |last=LaPierre |first=Wayne |year=1994 |title=Guns, Crime, and Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0|url-access=registration |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Regnery |pages= |oclc=246629786 }}</ref>{{rp|87–8,167–8}} Associate professor of criminal justice M Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."<ref name="McGuire2011">{{cite book |last=McGuire |first=M. Dyan |editor-first=William |editor-last=Chambliss |title= Courts, Law, and Justice |publisher=SAGE |date=2011 |page=119 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119|chapter=Gun Control Laws |isbn= 978-1412978576}}</ref>
The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in [[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|U.S. gun politics]].{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=83}}<ref name=Cottrol991107/>
Legal scholar and historian [[Robert J. Cottrol|Robert Cottrol]] has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the [[Khmer Rouge]] could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.<ref name=Cottrol991107>{{cite news |last=Cottrol |first=Robert |date=November 7, 1999 |title=The Last Line of Defense |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |type=opinion |location= |publisher= |accessdate= }}</ref>
A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]], asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to [[Kristallnacht]] and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"<ref name=Coscarelli2011>{{cite web |url= http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php |title=Jewish Firearms Group Compares Bloomberg Gun Control to Genocide, Nazis |author=Coscarelli, Joe |work=The Village Voice |date=March 9, 2011 |accessdate=2016-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rabbi Defends Comparison of Gun Owners to Holocaust Victims |url=http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims |location=Chicago |publisher=Fox 32 News |date=May 3, 2011 |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |access-date=2016-08-22 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims }}</ref>
In October 2015, U.S. Republican Presidential Primaries candidate [[Ben Carson]] said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html |title=Carson suggests that gun rights might have changed history for Jews in WWII |author=Williams, Vanessa |work=Washington Post |date=October 8, 2015 |accessdate=2016-08-21}}</ref>
In February 2018, U.S. Republican Representative [[Don Young]], proposed the question "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/ |title=Rep. Don Young suggests armed Jews could have prevented the Holocaust |author=Savransky, Rebecca |work=Washington Post |date=February 28, 2018 |accessdate=2018-03-01}}</ref>
=== Criticism ===
Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked."<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/|title=Fact-checking Ben Carson's claim that gun control laws allowed the Nazis to carry out Holocaust|website=@politifact|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/|title=Florida lawmaker mangles Nazi gun control history|website=@politifact|language=en|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html|title=Facebook post claiming guns could have prevented the Holocaust met with backlash|last=|first=|date=2018|work=The Washington Post|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate|title=Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate|website=Channel 4 News|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor [[Mark Nuckols]] says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."<ref name="Nuckols130131">{{cite journal |last=Nuckols |first=Mark |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Why the 'Citizen Militia' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/ |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |volume= |issue= |accessdate=2015-08-19 }}</ref> In his 2011 book, fellow law professor [[Adam Winkler]] says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=83}} He says the militia groups that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=84}} Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act|Brady Bill]] "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."{{sfn|Winkler|2011|p=85}}
Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler,<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><ref name=Harcourt2004/><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/><ref name=Spitzer2004>{{Cite journal |last=Spitzer |first=Robert J. |year=2004 |title=Don't Know Much About History, Politics, or Theory: A Comment |url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/ |journal=[[Fordham Law Review]] |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=721–730 }}</ref> gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of ''[[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109>{{cite news |last1=McMorris-Santoro |first1=Evan |date=January 9, 2013|title=Opponents Play The Hitler Card On Gun Control, Supporters Say It's Not Gonna Work This Time |url=http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time |publisher=[[Talking Points Memo]] |accessdate=2015-04-21 }}</ref> In a 2004 issue of the ''[[Fordham Law Review]]'', legal scholar [[Bernard Harcourt]] said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|669–670}} Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|679–680}} According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|676}} but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the [[Weimar Republic]] that preceded it.<ref name=Harcourt2004/>{{rp|671,677}} He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist [[Robert Spitzer (political scientist)|Robert Spitzer]] said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of [[nation-building]] and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."<ref name=Spitzer2004/>{{rp|728}}
Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory," anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:<ref name=Kohn2004p187/><blockquote>Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.</blockquote>
In the encyclopedic 2012 book, ''Guns in American Society'', Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, [[Dave Kopel]], and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/>
In January 2013, [[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) director [[Abraham Foxman]] said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."<ref name=ADL130124>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=January 24, 2013 |title=ADL Says Nazi Analogies Have No Place In Gun Control Debate |url=http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html |location=New York |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref> Later that year, Jewish groups and [[Jersey City, New Jersey]], mayor [[Steven Fulop]] criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.<ref name=Giambusso131217>{{cite news |last=Giambusso |first=David |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments |url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html |newspaper=Star-Ledger |location= |access-date=2015-04-19}}</ref> The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."<ref name=Giambusso131217/>
In October 2015, in response to comments made by Ben Carson, history professor [[Alan E. Steinweis]] wrote in a ''New York Times'' piece:<blockquote>The Jews of Germany constituted less than 1 percent of the country's population. It is preposterous to argue that the possession of firearms would have enabled them to mount resistance against a systematic program of persecution implemented by a modern bureaucracy, enforced by a well-armed police state, and either supported or tolerated by the majority of the German population. Mr. Carson's suggestion that ordinary Germans, had they had guns, would have risked their lives in armed resistance against the regime simply does not comport with the regrettable historical reality of a regime that was quite popular at home. Inside Germany, only the army possessed the physical force necessary for defying or overthrowing the Nazis, but the generals had thrown in their lot with Hitler early on.<ref name= Steinweis2015/></blockquote>
== See also ==
* [[Disarmament of the German Jews]]
* [[Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)]]
* [[Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe]]
* [[Warsaw Uprising]]
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book| ref=harv |last=Winkler |first= Adam |title=Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2011 |location=New York |isbn=9780393077414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83 }}
== Further reading ==
'''Works that endorse Nazi gun control theories'''
* {{cite book |last1=Beck |first1= Glenn |last2=Balfe |first2=Kevin |last3=Beck |first3=Hannah |year=2013 |title= Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location= |pages=108–128 |isbn= 978-1476739878 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook | title=How the Nazis Used Gun Control | website=National Review | date=2 December 2013 | accessdate=6 April 2015 | last=Halbrook | first = Stephen}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kopel |first1=David |year=1995 |title=Lethal Laws |url= http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf |journal= New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=355–398 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Polsby |first1=Daniel D. |last2=Kates |first2=Don B. |year=1997 |title=Of Holocausts and Gun Control |url=https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/ |journal=Washington University Law Quarterly |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=1237–1275 |accessdate= |authorlink1=Daniel D. Polsby|authorlink2=Don Kates}}
* {{cite book |last1=Simkin |first1=Jay |last2=Zelman |first2=Aaron |year=1992 |title=Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny |url= |publisher=Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership |location=Milwaukee, Wisconsin |pages=139 |oclc=29535251 |accessdate= }}
'''Works that criticize Nazi gun control theories'''
* {{cite journal |last=Aronsen |first=Gavin |date=January 11, 2013 |title=Was Hitler Really a Fan of Gun Control? |url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control |journal=Mother Jones |volume= |issue= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control |archivedate=January 12, 2013 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite news |last=Frank |first=Monte |date=July 13, 2013 |title=The Holocaust taken in vain to promote gun rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights |newspaper=The Guardian |location= |publisher=Guardian News and Media |accessdate= }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Homsher |first1=Deborah |year=2004 |title=Response to Bernard E. Harcourt's On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr |journal= Fordham Law Review |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=715–719 |accessdate= }}
* {{cite news |last=Robberson |first=Tod |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Let's stick to the facts when discussing gun control |url=http://dallasmorningviewsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lets-stick-to-the-facts-when-discussing-gun-control.html/ |type=Opinion |newspaper=[[Dallas Morning News]] |location= |access-date= }}
* {{cite news |last=Seitz-Wald |first=Alex |date=January 11, 2013 |title=The Hitler gun control lie |url=http://www.salon.com/2013/0/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/ |newspaper=Salon |location= |publisher=Salon Media Group |accessdate= }}
[[Category:1992 introductions]]
[[Category:Fringe theories]]
[[Category:Gun politics in the United States]]
[[Category:Law in Nazi Germany]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-{{short description|Controversial theory which claims gun control laws in Nazi Germany are partially to blame for the Holocaust}}
-{{about|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust|the history of German gun laws|Gun legislation in Germany}}
-[[File:Reichsgesetz 1938.jpg|thumb|255px|[[Gun legislation in Germany#Gun Regulation of the Third Reich|German Weapons Act of 18 March 1938]] (RGBl I, 265)]]
-The '''Nazi gun control argument''' is a belief that gun regulations in the [[Third Reich]] helped to facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=Kohn2004p187>{{cite book |last=Kohn |first=Abigail |year=2004 |title=Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=187 |isbn=0-19-515051-1 |accessdate=24 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bryant |first=Michael S. |editor-first1=Gregg Lee |editor1-last=Carter |encyclopedia=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law |title=Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 |edition=2nd |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |volume=2 |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=9780313386701 |oclc=833189121 |pages=411–415 |accessdate=2014-03-21 }}</ref> The majority of historians and [[fact-checker]]s have described the argument as "dubious,"<ref name=Nuckols130131/> "questionable,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/> "preposterous,"<ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news|last1=Steinweis|first1=Alan|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0|accessdate=2016-03-15|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> "tendentious,"<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> or "problematic."<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> This argument is frequently employed by opponents of [[gun control]] in debates on [[Gun politics in the United States|U.S. gun politics]]. Questions about its validity, and about the motives behind its inception, have been raised by scholars. Proponents in the United States have used it as part of a "[[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|security against tyranny]]" argument, while opponents have referred to it as a form of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109 />
+This is not questionable at all, the Nazi’s implication of gun control was A direct correlation towards the take over of Germany.
== Background information ==
' |
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0 => '{{short description|Controversial theory which claims gun control laws in Nazi Germany are partially to blame for the Holocaust}}',
1 => '{{about|the claim that Nazi gun control facilitated the Holocaust|the history of German gun laws|Gun legislation in Germany}}',
2 => '[[File:Reichsgesetz 1938.jpg|thumb|255px|[[Gun legislation in Germany#Gun Regulation of the Third Reich|German Weapons Act of 18 March 1938]] (RGBl I, 265)]]',
3 => 'The '''Nazi gun control argument''' is a belief that gun regulations in the [[Third Reich]] helped to facilitate the rise of the Nazis and the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]].<ref name=":22" /><ref name=Kohn2004p187>{{cite book |last=Kohn |first=Abigail |year=2004 |title=Shooters: Myths and Realities of America's Gun Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187 |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=187 |isbn=0-19-515051-1 |accessdate=24 June 2019 }}</ref><ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bryant |first=Michael S. |editor-first1=Gregg Lee |editor1-last=Carter |encyclopedia=Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law |title=Holocaust Imagery and Gun Control |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411 |edition=2nd |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |volume=2 |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=9780313386701 |oclc=833189121 |pages=411–415 |accessdate=2014-03-21 }}</ref> The majority of historians and [[fact-checker]]s have described the argument as "dubious,"<ref name=Nuckols130131/> "questionable,"<ref name=Harcourt2004/> "preposterous,"<ref name= Steinweis2015>{{cite news|last1=Steinweis|first1=Alan|title=Ben Carson Is Wrong on Guns and the Holocaust|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0|accessdate=2016-03-15|work=The New York Times|date=October 14, 2015}}</ref> "tendentious,"<ref name=Bryant-HolocaustImagery/> or "problematic."<ref name=Kohn2004p187/> This argument is frequently employed by opponents of [[gun control]] in debates on [[Gun politics in the United States|U.S. gun politics]]. Questions about its validity, and about the motives behind its inception, have been raised by scholars. Proponents in the United States have used it as part of a "[[Gun politics in the United States#Security against tyranny|security against tyranny]]" argument, while opponents have referred to it as a form of ''[[reductio ad Hitlerum]]''.<ref name=TPM130109 />'
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8 => 'http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850',
9 => 'http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php',
10 => 'https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims',
11 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html',
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13 => 'https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/',
14 => 'https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/',
15 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html',
16 => 'https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate',
17 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/',
18 => 'http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/',
19 => 'http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time',
20 => 'http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html',
21 => 'http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108',
24 => 'http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook',
25 => 'http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf',
26 => 'https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/',
27 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29535251',
28 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control',
29 => 'https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control',
30 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights',
31 => 'http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr',
32 => 'http://dallasmorningviewsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lets-stick-to-the-facts-when-discussing-gun-control.html/',
33 => 'http://www.salon.com/2013/0/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/246629786',
1 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/246629786',
2 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29535251',
3 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29535251',
4 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/833189121',
5 => '//www.worldcat.org/oclc/833189121',
6 => 'http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850',
7 => 'http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php',
8 => 'http://dallasmorningviewsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/01/lets-stick-to-the-facts-when-discussing-gun-control.html/',
9 => 'http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr',
10 => 'http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4031&context=flr',
11 => 'http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/',
12 => 'http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time',
13 => 'http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html',
14 => 'http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf',
15 => 'http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook',
16 => 'http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html',
17 => 'http://www.salon.com/2013/0/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/',
18 => 'http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/',
19 => 'http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf',
20 => 'https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0',
21 => 'https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83',
25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=T20AHxh2qZUC&pg=PA187',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286',
27 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=oD46JBOhMU0C&pg=PA411',
29 => 'https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/',
30 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control',
31 => 'https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate',
32 => 'https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control',
33 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/15/opinion/ben-carson-is-wrong-on-guns-and-the-holocaust.html?_r=0',
34 => 'https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/',
35 => 'https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/',
36 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/',
37 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/13/holocaust-promote-gun-rights',
38 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html',
39 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/',
40 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>This is not questionable at all, the Nazi’s implication of gun control was A direct correlation towards the take over of Germany.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background_information"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background information</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Argument"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Argument</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background_information">Background information</span></h2>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_German_Jews" title="Disarmament of the German Jews">Disarmament of the German Jews</a></div>
<p>Few German citizens owned, or were entitled to own firearms in Germany in the early 1930s;<sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1">[1]</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> having strict gun control laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitler_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitler-2">[2]</a></sup> When the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi party">Nazi party</a> gained power, some aspects of gun regulation were loosened, such as allowing firearm ownership for Nazi party members and the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>672</span></sup> The laws were tightened in other ways. Nazi laws systematically disarmed "unreliable" persons, especially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, but relaxed restrictions for so-called "ordinary" German citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>670,676</span></sup> The policies were later expanded to include the confiscation of arms in occupied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>533,536</span></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Argument">Argument</span></h2>
<p>According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">gun rights</a> activist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neal_Knox" title="Neal Knox">Neal Knox</a>, the Nazi gun control hypothesis was first suggested by Jay Simkin and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jews_for_the_Preservation_of_Firearms_Ownership" title="Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership">Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership</a> (JPFO) founder <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aaron_S._Zelman" title="Aaron S. Zelman">Aaron S. Zelman</a> in a book they published in 1992. In it, they compared the German gun laws of 1928 and 1938, and the U.S. Congressional hearings for what became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_Control_Act_of_1968" title="Gun Control Act of 1968">Gun Control Act of 1968</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knox2009p286_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knox2009p286-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a 2000 article, NRA attorney <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Halbrook" title="Stephen Halbrook">Stephen Halbrook</a> said he was presenting "the first scholarly analysis of the use of gun control laws and policies to establish the Hitler regime and to render political opponents and especially German Jews defenseless."<sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>485</span></sup> In the article, he cites an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> quote: "the most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms."<sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>483</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>403</span></sup> Other gun advocates such as Halbrook, Zelman, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> (NRA) leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayne_LaPierre" title="Wayne LaPierre">Wayne LaPierre</a> have proposed that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> policies and laws were an enabling factor in the Holocaust, that prevented its victims from implementing an effective <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Resistance_to_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Resistance to Nazism">resistance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>653–5</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbrook2000-4">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>484</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaPierre1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaPierre1994-8">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>87–8,167–8</span></sup> Associate professor of criminal justice M Dyan McGuire wrote in her 2011 book: "It is frequently argued that these laws, which resulted in the confiscation of weapons not belonging to supporters of the Nazis, rendered the Jews and other disfavored groups like the Gypsies, homosexuals, Poles, and their potential allies defenseless and set the stage for the slaughter of the Holocaust that followed."<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire2011-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Nazi gun control argument has been used as a "security against tyranny" argument in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States#Security_against_tyranny" title="Gun politics in the United States">U.S. gun politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183-10">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cottrol991107_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottrol991107-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Legal scholar and historian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_J._Cottrol" title="Robert J. Cottrol">Robert Cottrol</a> has argued that other authoritarian regimes such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> could have been inhibited by more private gun ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Cottrol991107_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottrol991107-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>A 2011 open letter from Dovid Bendory, who was the rabbinic director of JPFO, to then New York City mayor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, asked: "Are you aware that the Nazis disarmed Jews prior to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> and that those same Nazi gun laws are the foundation of the U.S. Gun Control Act of 1968?"<sup id="cite_ref-Coscarelli2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coscarelli2011-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2015, U.S. Republican Presidential Primaries candidate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> said that Hitler's mass murder of Jews "would have been greatly diminished" if Germans had not been disarmed by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2018, U.S. Republican Representative <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Don Young</a>, proposed the question "How many Jews were put in the ovens because they were unarmed?"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span></h3>
<p>Fact-checkers have described this theory as "false" or "debunked."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a 2011 magazine piece, law professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Nuckols" title="Mark Nuckols">Mark Nuckols</a> says Nazi gun control hypotheses are part of a "shaky intellectual edifice" underlying "belief in widespread gun ownership as a defense against tyrannical government." He says the idea is "gaining traction with members of Congress as well as fringe conspiracy theorists."<sup id="cite_ref-Nuckols130131_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuckols130131-20">[20]</a></sup> In his 2011 book, fellow law professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Winkler" title="Adam Winkler">Adam Winkler</a> says: "This radical wing of the gun rights movement focuses less on the value of guns for self-defense against criminals than on their value for fighting tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183-10">[10]</a></sup> He says the militia groups that grew in number across the U.S. after the early 1990s organized "to fight off what they saw as an increasingly tyrannical federal government and what they imagined was the inevitable invasion of the United States by the United Nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201184_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201184-21">[21]</a></sup> Winkler wrote that "[to] some on the fringe," the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Bill</a> "was proof that the government was determined to deprive Americans of their constitutional rights."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201185_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201185-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>Because mainstream scholars argue that gun laws in Germany were already strict prior to Hitler,<sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer2004-24">[24]</a></sup> gun-control advocates may view the hypothesis as a form of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reductio_ad_Hitlerum" title="Reductio ad Hitlerum">Reductio ad Hitlerum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TPM130109_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPM130109-25">[25]</a></sup> In a 2004 issue of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordham_Law_Review" title="Fordham Law Review">Fordham Law Review</a></i>, legal scholar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Bernard Harcourt</a> said Halbrook "perhaps rightly" could say that he made the first scholarly analysis of his Nazi-gun-registration subject, but as a gun-rights litigator, not as a historian.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>669–670</span></sup> Harcourt called on historians for more research and serious scholarship on Nazi gun laws. "Apparently," Harcourt wrote, "the historians have paid scant attention to the history of firearms regulation in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich."<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>679–680</span></sup> According to Harcourt, "Nazis were intent on killing Jewish persons and used the gun laws and regulations to further the genocide,"<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>676</span></sup> but the disarming and killing of Jews was unconnected with Nazi gun control policy, and it is "absurd to even try to characterize this as either pro- or anti-gun control." If he had to choose, Harcourt said, the Nazi regime was pro-gun compared with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> that preceded it.<sup id="cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harcourt2004-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>671,677</span></sup> He says that gun rights advocates disagree about the relationship between Nazi gun control and the Holocaust, with many distancing themselves from the idea. Political scientist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Spitzer_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Spitzer (political scientist)">Robert Spitzer</a> said (in the same law review as Harcourt, who stated the same thing) the quality of Halbrook's historical research is poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-23">[23]</a></sup> In reference to Halbrook's hypothesis that gun control leads to authoritarian regimes, Spitzer says that "actual cases of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> and regime change, including but not limited to Germany, if anything support the opposite position."<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer2004-24">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:<span>728</span></sup>
</p><p>
Regarding the "Nazi gun control theory," anthropologist Abigail Kohn wrote in her 2004 book:<sup id="cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1">[1]</a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Such counterfactual arguments are problematic because they reinvent the past to imagine a possible future. In fact, Jews were not well-armed and were not able to adequately defend themselves against Nazi aggression. Thus, reimagining a past in which they were and did does not provide a legitimate basis for arguments about what might have followed.</p></blockquote>
<p>In the encyclopedic 2012 book, <i>Guns in American Society</i>, Holocaust scholar Michael Bryant says Halbrook, LaPierre, Zelman, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dave_Kopel" title="Dave Kopel">Dave Kopel</a>, and others' "use of history has selected factual inaccuracies, and their methodology can be questioned."<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-23">[23]</a></sup>
</p><p>In January 2013, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL) director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abraham_Foxman" title="Abraham Foxman">Abraham Foxman</a> said in a press release: "The idea that supporters of gun control are doing something akin to what Hitler's Germany did to strip citizens of guns in the run-up to the Second World War is historically inaccurate and offensive, especially to Holocaust survivors and their families."<sup id="cite_ref-ADL130124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADL130124-26">[26]</a></sup> Later that year, Jewish groups and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a>, mayor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steven_Fulop" title="Steven Fulop">Steven Fulop</a> criticized the NRA for comparing gun control supporters to Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Giambusso131217_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giambusso131217-27">[27]</a></sup> The Jewish Federation of Greater MetroWest NJ released a statement saying: "Access to guns and the systematic murder of six million Jews have no basis for comparison in the United States or in New Jersey. The Holocaust has no place in this discussion and it is offensive to link this tragedy to such a debate."<sup id="cite_ref-Giambusso131217_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giambusso131217-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>
In October 2015, in response to comments made by Ben Carson, history professor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_E._Steinweis" title="Alan E. Steinweis">Alan E. Steinweis</a> wrote in a <i>New York Times</i> piece:</p><blockquote><p>The Jews of Germany constituted less than 1 percent of the country's population. It is preposterous to argue that the possession of firearms would have enabled them to mount resistance against a systematic program of persecution implemented by a modern bureaucracy, enforced by a well-armed police state, and either supported or tolerated by the majority of the German population. Mr. Carson's suggestion that ordinary Germans, had they had guns, would have risked their lives in armed resistance against the regime simply does not comport with the regrettable historical reality of a regime that was quite popular at home. Inside Germany, only the army possessed the physical force necessary for defying or overthrowing the Nazis, but the generals had thrown in their lot with Hitler early on.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinweis2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinweis2015-28">[28]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_German_Jews" title="Disarmament of the German Jews">Disarmament of the German Jews</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_Control_in_the_Third_Reich_(book)" title="Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)">Gun Control in the Third Reich (book)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Kohn2004p187-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kohn2004p187_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Kohn2004p187</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Hitler-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hitler_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Seitz-Wald2013" class="citation web cs1">Alex Seitz-Wald (January 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2013/01/11/stop_talking_about_hitler/">"The Hitler gun control lie"</a>. <i>salon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=salon.com&rft.atitle=The+Hitler+gun+control+lie&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.au=Alex+Seitz-Wald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F01%2F11%2Fstop_talking_about_hitler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Harcourt2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harcourt2004_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHarcourt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Harcourt, Bernard E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4029&context=flr">"On Gun Registration, the NRA, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi Gun Laws: Exploding the Gun Culture Wars (A Call to Historians)"</a>. <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 653–680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=On+Gun+Registration%2C+the+NRA%2C+Adolf+Hitler%2C+and+Nazi+Gun+Laws%3A+Exploding+the+Gun+Culture+Wars+%28A+Call+to+Historians%29&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=653-680&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Harcourt&rft.aufirst=Bernard+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4029%26context%3Dflr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Halbrook2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halbrook2000_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHalbrook2000" class="citation journal cs1">Halbrook, Stephen P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenhalbrook.com/article-nazilaw.pdf">"Nazi Firearms Law and the Disarming of the German Jews"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona_Journal_of_International_and_Comparative_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law">Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 483–535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Nazi+Firearms+Law+and+the+Disarming+of+the+German+Jews&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-535&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Halbrook&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephenhalbrook.com%2Farticle-nazilaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Knox2009p286-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knox2009p286_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2009" class="citation book cs1">Knox, Neal (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA3pGSYG2yIC&pg=PA286"><i>The Gun Rights War: Dispatches from the Front Lines 1966 - 2000</i></a>. Phoenix, Arizona: MacFarlane. p. 286. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780976863304" title="Special:BookSources/9780976863304"><bdi>9780976863304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gun+Rights+War%3A+Dispatches+from+the+Front+Lines+1966+-+2000&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=MacFarlane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780976863304&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA3pGSYG2yIC%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler2011339_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2011">Winkler 2011</a>, p. 339.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper,_Hugh_R.2008" class="citation book cs1">Trevor-Roper, Hugh R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fk-aXlliu6cC&pg=PA321"><i>Hitler's Table Talk 1941-44: His Private Conversations</i></a> (new ed.). Enigma Books. p. 321. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1936274932" title="Special:BookSources/978-1936274932"><bdi>978-1936274932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Table+Talk+1941-44%3A+His+Private+Conversations&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1936274932&rft.au=Trevor-Roper%2C+Hugh+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfk-aXlliu6cC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-LaPierre1994-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaPierre1994_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaPierre1994" class="citation book cs1">LaPierre, Wayne (1994). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunscrimefreedom00lapi_0"><i>Guns, Crime, and Freedom</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/246629786">246629786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Crime%2C+and+Freedom&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246629786&rft.aulast=LaPierre&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunscrimefreedom00lapi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-McGuire2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGuire2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2011" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, M. Dyan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-nv-sCMBYC&pg=PA119">"Gun Control Laws"</a>. In Chambliss, William (ed.). <i>Courts, Law, and Justice</i>. SAGE. p. 119. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412978576" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412978576"><bdi>978-1412978576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gun+Control+Laws&rft.btitle=Courts%2C+Law%2C+and+Justice&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1412978576&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=M.+Dyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Z-nv-sCMBYC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201183_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2011">Winkler 2011</a>, p. 83.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Cottrol991107-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cottrol991107_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cottrol991107_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCottrol1999" class="citation news cs1">Cottrol, Robert (November 7, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.latimes.com/1999/nov/07/opinion/op-30850">"The Last Line of Defense"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i> (opinion).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Last+Line+of+Defense&rft.date=1999-11-07&rft.aulast=Cottrol&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.latimes.com%2F1999%2Fnov%2F07%2Fopinion%2Fop-30850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Coscarelli2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coscarelli2011_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCoscarelli,_Joe2011" class="citation web cs1">Coscarelli, Joe (March 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2011/03/jewish_firearms.php">"Jewish Firearms Group Compares Bloomberg Gun Control to Genocide, Nazis"</a>. <i>The Village Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Jewish+Firearms+Group+Compares+Bloomberg+Gun+Control+to+Genocide%2C+Nazis&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.au=Coscarelli%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.villagevoice.com%2Frunninscared%2F2011%2F03%2Fjewish_firearms.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140227031314/http://www.myfoxchicago.com/story/17853676/rabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims">"Rabbi Defends Comparison of Gun Owners to Holocaust Victims"</a> (Press release). Chicago: Fox 32 News. May 3, 2011. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Defends+Comparison+of+Gun+Owners+to+Holocaust+Victims&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Fox+32+News&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfoxchicago.com%2Fstory%2F17853676%2Frabbi-defends-comparison-of-gun-owners-to-holocaust-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Vanessa2015" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Vanessa (October 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/carson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust/2015/10/08/99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html">"Carson suggests that gun rights might have changed history for Jews in WWII"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Carson+suggests+that+gun+rights+might+have+changed+history+for+Jews+in+WWII&rft.date=2015-10-08&rft.au=Williams%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcarson-suggests-that-gun-rights-might-have-prevented-the-holocaust%2F2015%2F10%2F08%2F99a82d9e-6df2-11e5-9bfe-e59f5e244f92_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSavransky,_Rebecca2018" class="citation web cs1">Savransky, Rebecca (February 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/02/28/rep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust/">"Rep. Don Young suggests armed Jews could have prevented the Holocaust"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rep.+Don+Young+suggests+armed+Jews+could+have+prevented+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft.au=Savransky%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpowerpost%2Fwp%2F2018%2F02%2F28%2Frep-don-young-suggests-armed-jews-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:02-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2015/oct/26/ben-carson/fact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns/">"Fact-checking Ben Carson's claim that gun control laws allowed the Nazis to carry out Holocaust"</a>. <i>@politifact</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40politifact&rft.atitle=Fact-checking+Ben+Carson%27s+claim+that+gun+control+laws+allowed+the+Nazis+to+carry+out+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Ftruth-o-meter%2Fstatements%2F2015%2Foct%2F26%2Fben-carson%2Ffact-checking-ben-carson-nazi-guns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2018/mar/06/david-simmons/florida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history/">"Florida lawmaker mangles Nazi gun control history"</a>. <i>@politifact</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%40politifact&rft.atitle=Florida+lawmaker+mangles+Nazi+gun+control+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fflorida%2Fstatements%2F2018%2Fmar%2F06%2Fdavid-simmons%2Fflorida-lawmaker-mangles-nazis-gun-control-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:32-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/facebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash/2018/04/01/04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html">"Facebook post claiming guns could have prevented the Holocaust met with backlash"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Facebook+post+claiming+guns+could+have+prevented+the+Holocaust+met+with+backlash&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fvirginia-politics%2Ffacebook-post-claiming-guns-could-have-prevented-the-holocaust-met-with-backlash%2F2018%2F04%2F01%2F04036e20-35e1-11e8-8fd2-49fe3c675a89_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:22-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/shot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate">"Shot down: the myths distorting the US gun debate"</a>. <i>Channel 4 News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channel+4+News&rft.atitle=Shot+down%3A+the+myths+distorting+the+US+gun+debate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fnews%2Ffactcheck%2Fshot-down-the-myths-distorting-the-gun-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nuckols130131-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nuckols130131_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNuckols2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nuckols, Mark (January 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/01/why-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever/272734/">"Why the 'Citizen Militia' Theory Is the Worst Pro-Gun Argument Ever"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. The Atlantic Monthly Group<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Why+the+%27Citizen+Militia%27+Theory+Is+the+Worst+Pro-Gun+Argument+Ever&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.aulast=Nuckols&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F01%2Fwhy-the-citizen-militia-theory-is-the-worst-pro-gun-argument-ever%2F272734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201184-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201184_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2011">Winkler 2011</a>, p. 84.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkler201185-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinkler201185_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinkler2011">Winkler 2011</a>, p. 85.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Bryant-HolocaustImagery-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant-HolocaustImagery_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Bryant-HolocaustImagery</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-Spitzer2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer2004_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitzer2004_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Spitzer, Robert J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/flr/vol73/iss2/14/">"Don't Know Much About History, Politics, or Theory: A Comment"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fordham_Law_Review" title="Fordham Law Review">Fordham Law Review</a></i>. <b>73</b> (2): 721–730.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Know+Much+About+History%2C+Politics%2C+or+Theory%3A+A+Comment&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=721-730&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fflr%2Fvol73%2Fiss2%2F14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TPM130109-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TPM130109_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcMorris-Santoro2013" class="citation news cs1">McMorris-Santoro, Evan (January 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkingpointsmemo.com/dc/opponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time">"Opponents Play The Hitler Card On Gun Control, Supporters Say It's Not Gonna Work This Time"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talking_Points_Memo" title="Talking Points Memo">Talking Points Memo</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Opponents+Play+The+Hitler+Card+On+Gun+Control%2C+Supporters+Say+It%27s+Not+Gonna+Work+This+Time&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=McMorris-Santoro&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftalkingpointsmemo.com%2Fdc%2Fopponents-play-the-hitler-card-on-gun-control-supporters-say-it-s-not-gonna-work-this-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ADL130124-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADL130124_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/press-center/press-releases/holocaust-nazis/adl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html">"ADL Says Nazi Analogies Have No Place In Gun Control Debate"</a> (Press release). New York: Anti-Defamation League. January 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADL+Says+Nazi+Analogies+Have+No+Place+In+Gun+Control+Debate&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fpress-center%2Fpress-releases%2Fholocaust-nazis%2Fadl-says-nazi-analogies-have.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Giambusso131217-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giambusso131217_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giambusso131217_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGiambusso2013" class="citation news cs1">Giambusso, David (December 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/jewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html">"Jewish groups, Jersey City Mayor Fulop slam NRA for Holocaust comments"</a>. <i>Star-Ledger</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star-Ledger&rft.atitle=Jewish+groups%2C+Jersey+City+Mayor+Fulop+slam+NRA+for+Holocaust+comments&rft.date=2013-12-17&rft.aulast=Giambusso&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2013%2F12%2Fjewish_groups_fulop_slam_nra_for_holocaust_comments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Steinweis2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steinweis2015_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Steinweis2015</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2011" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Adam (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CR1YBPB5nmkC&pg=PA83"><i>Gunfight:The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393077414" title="Special:BookSources/9780393077414"><bdi>9780393077414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunfight%3AThe+Battle+Over+the+Right+to+Bear+Arms+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780393077414&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCR1YBPB5nmkC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>
<p><b>Works that endorse Nazi gun control theories</b>
</p>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeckBalfeBeck2013" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Glenn; Balfe, Kevin; Beck, Hannah (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iNKX98B8OUC&pg=PA108"><i>Control: Exposing the Truth About Guns</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 108–128. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476739878" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476739878"><bdi>978-1476739878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Control%3A+Exposing+the+Truth+About+Guns&rft.pages=108-128&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1476739878&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Balfe%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Beck%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0iNKX98B8OUC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFHalbrook2013" class="citation web cs1">Halbrook, Stephen (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/365103/how-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook">"How the Nazis Used Gun Control"</a>. <i>National Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=How+the+Nazis+Used+Gun+Control&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft.aulast=Halbrook&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F365103%2Fhow-nazis-used-gun-control-stephen-p-halbrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKopel1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kopel, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/2ll/2ndschol/61lethal.pdf">"Lethal Laws"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 355–398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Law+School+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Lethal+Laws&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=355-398&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kopel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2F2ll%2F2ndschol%2F61lethal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFPolsbyKates1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_D._Polsby" title="Daniel D. Polsby">Polsby, Daniel D.</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Don_Kates" title="Don Kates">Kates, Don B.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol75/iss3/4/">"Of Holocausts and Gun Control"</a>. <i>Washington University Law Quarterly</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 1237–1275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Of+Holocausts+and+Gun+Control&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1237-1275&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Polsby&rft.aufirst=Daniel+D.&rft.au=Kates%2C+Don+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenscholarship.wustl.edu%2Flaw_lawreview%2Fvol75%2Fiss3%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFSimkinZelman1992" class="citation book cs1">Simkin, Jay; Zelman, Aaron (1992). <i>Gun Control: Gateway to Tyranny</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. p. 139. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29535251">29535251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gun+Control%3A+Gateway+to+Tyranny&rft.place=Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Jews+for+the+Preservation+of+Firearms+Ownership&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29535251&rft.aulast=Simkin&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Zelman%2C+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li></ul>
<p><b>Works that criticize Nazi gun control theories</b>
</p>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAronsen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Aronsen, Gavin (January 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112184532/https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control">"Was Hitler Really a Fan of Gun Control?"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2013/01/hitler-stalin-gun-control">the original</a> on January 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=Was+Hitler+Really+a+Fan+of+Gun+Control%3F&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.aulast=Aronsen&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fmojo%2F2013%2F01%2Fhitler-stalin-gun-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+gun+control+argument" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></li>
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' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1605958334 |
