Edit count of the user (user_editcount) | null |
Name of the user account (user_name) | '83.97.165.30' |
Age of the user account (user_age) | 0 |
Groups (including implicit) the user is in (user_groups) | [
0 => '*'
] |
Rights that the user has (user_rights) | [
0 => 'createaccount',
1 => 'read',
2 => 'edit',
3 => 'createtalk',
4 => 'writeapi',
5 => 'viewmywatchlist',
6 => 'editmywatchlist',
7 => 'viewmyprivateinfo',
8 => 'editmyprivateinfo',
9 => 'editmyoptions',
10 => 'abusefilter-log-detail',
11 => 'centralauth-merge',
12 => 'abusefilter-view',
13 => 'abusefilter-log',
14 => 'vipsscaler-test'
] |
Whether the user is editing from mobile app (user_app) | false |
Whether or not a user is editing through the mobile interface (user_mobile) | false |
Page ID (page_id) | 253655 |
Page namespace (page_namespace) | 0 |
Page title without namespace (page_title) | 'Sword-and-sandal' |
Full page title (page_prefixedtitle) | 'Sword-and-sandal' |
Edit protection level of the page (page_restrictions_edit) | [] |
Last ten users to contribute to the page (page_recent_contributors) | [
0 => '83.97.165.30',
1 => '37.159.25.134',
2 => '37.159.23.13',
3 => 'WikiCleanerBot',
4 => 'Citation bot',
5 => 'Ffranc',
6 => 'Bellerophon5685',
7 => 'Usernamekiran',
8 => 'Maximajorian Viridio',
9 => 'CLCStudent'
] |
Page age in seconds (page_age) | 551993117 |
Action (action) | 'edit' |
Edit summary/reason (summary) | '' |
Old content model (old_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
New content model (new_content_model) | 'wikitext' |
Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{hatnote|Peplum (film genre) redirects here. Not to be confused with [[Sword and sorcery]], a subgenre of fantasy fiction.}}
[[File:GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg|thumb|This poster for ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' illustrates many people's expectations from films of this genre]]
'''Sword-and-sandal''', also known as '''peplum''' ('''pepla''' plural), is a [[subgenre]] of largely [[Italy|Italian]]-made historical or Biblical epics mostly set in the [[Greco-Roman antiquity|Greco-Roman]] or medieval period. These films attempted to emulate the big-budget Hollywood historical epics of the time, such as ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'', ''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]'', ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'', ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' and ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]''.<ref>Patrick Lucanio, ''With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968'' (Scarecrow Press, 1994; {{ISBN|0810828162}})</ref> These films dominated the Italian film industry from 1958 to 1965, eventually being replaced in 1965 by the [[spaghetti Western]] and [[Eurospy]] films.<ref name=O'Brien>{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=D. |title=Classical Masculinity and the Spectacular Body on Film: The Mighty Sons of Hercules |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137384713 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhhHBQAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Kinnard1>{{cite book |last1=Kinnard |first1=Roy |last2=Crnkovich |first2=Tony |title=Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990 |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476662916 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IO08DgAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
The term "peplum" (a Latin word referring to the Ancient Greek garment ''[[peplos]]''), was introduced by French film critics in the 1960s.<ref name=O'Brien /><ref name=Kinnard1 /> The terms "[[Peplos|peplum]]" and "sword-and-sandal" were used in a condescending way by film critics. Later, the terms were embraced by fans of the films, similar to the terms "spaghetti Western" or "shoot-'em-ups". In their English versions, peplum films can be immediately differentiated from their Hollywood counterparts by their use of "clumsy and inadequate" English language [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]].<ref name="A History of Italian Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Bondanella |first1=Peter |last2=Pacchioni |first2=Federico |title=A History of Italian Cinema |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=9781501307645 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbM2DwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A 100-minute documentary on the history of Italy's peplum genre was produced and directed by Antonio Avati in 1977 entitled ''Kolossal: i magnifici Maciste'' (aka ''Kino Kolossal'').<ref>Della Casa, Steve; Giusti, Marco (2013). "Il Grande Libro di Ercole". ''Edizione Sabinae''. Page 194. {{ISBN|978-88-98623-051}}</ref><ref>https://letterboxd.com/film/kino-kolossal-herkules-maciste-co/</ref>
Italian epic films set in antiquity that were produced before the 1958 peplum wave proper, such as ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949) and ''[[Ulysses (1954 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954), have been called '''proto-peplum'''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cineforum |date=1989 |volume=29 |issue=#1–6 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPYHAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |publisher=Federazione italiana cineforum |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pomeroy |first1=Arthur J. |title='Then it Was Destroyed by the Volcano': The Ancient World in Film and on Television |date=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780715630266 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh3uAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nikoloutsos |first1=Konstantinos P. |title=Ancient Greek Women in Film |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780199678921 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0cXAgAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayman |first1=Louis |title=Directory of World Cinema: Italy |date=2011 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=9781841504001 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QX3v03WY5cC |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and recent films set in such Greco-Roman times (made after the peplum wave ended in 1965) have been called '''neo-peplum'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diak |first1=Nicholas |title=The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s |date=2018 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476631509 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dThCDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hähnel-Mesnard |first1=Carola |last2=Liénard-Yeterian |first2=Marie |last3=Marinas |first3=Cristina |title=Culture et mémoire: représentations contemporaines de la mémoire dans les espaces mémoriels, les arts du visuel, la littérature et le théâtre |date=2008 |publisher=Editions Ecole Polytechnique |isbn=9782730214926 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgeXnZBzY64C |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brenner-Idan |first1=Athalya |title=Feminist Companion to Esther, Judith and Susanna |date=1995 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9780567491459 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-jhVJH1cMsC |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ4MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22sword+and+sandal%22 |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritzer |first1=Ivo |last2=Schulze |first2=Peter W. |title=Genre Hybridisation: Global Cinematic Flow |date=2016 |publisher=Schüren Verlag |isbn=9783741000416 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPl4DwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
==Genre characteristics==
Sword-and-sandal films are a specific class of Italian [[Adventure film|adventure]] films that have subjects set in Biblical or [[classical antiquity]], often with plots based more or less loosely on [[mythology]], [[Greco-Roman]] history or the other contemporary cultures of the time, such as the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], [[Assyria]]ns, and [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], as well as medieval times. Not all of the films were fantasy-based by any means. Many of the plots featured actual historical personalities such as [[Julius Caesar]], [[Cleopatra]], and [[Hannibal]], although great liberties were taken with the storylines. [[Gladiators]] and [[slaves]] rebelling against tyrannical rulers, pirates and swashbucklers were also popular subjects.
As Robert Rushing defines it, peplum, "in its most stereotypical form, [...] depicts muscle-bound heroes (professional bodybuilders, athletes, wrestlers, or brawny actors) in mythological antiquity, fighting fantastic monsters and saving scantily clad beauties. Rather than lavish epics set in the classical world, they are low-budget films that focus on the hero's extraordinary body."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Amanda Ann |last2=Palmer |first2=R. Barton |title=Cycles, Sequels, Spin-offs, Remakes, and Reboots: Multiplicities in Film and Television |date=2016 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9781477308196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VS1YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Thus, most sword-and-sandal films featured a superhumanly strong man as the protagonist, such as [[Hercules]], [[Samson]], [[Goliath]], [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] or Italy's own popular folk hero [[Maciste]]. In addition, the plots typically involved two women vying for the affection of the bodybuilder hero: the good love interest (a [[damsel in distress]] needing rescue), and an evil femme fatale queen who sought to dominate the hero.
Also, the films typically featured an ambitious ruler who would ascend the throne by murdering those who stood in his path, and often it was only the muscular hero who could depose him. Thus, Maria Elena D'Amelio points out the hero's often political goal: "to restore a legitimate sovereign against an evil dictator."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cornelius |first1=Michael G. |title=Of Muscles and Men: Essays on the Sword and Sandal Film |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786489022 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyTXCoiaAe4C |language=en}}</ref>
Many of the peplum films involved a clash between two populations, one civilized and the other barbaric, which typically included a scene of a village or city being burned to the ground by invaders. For their musical content, most films contained a colorful dancing girls sequence, meant to underline pagan [[decadence]].
==List of Peplums in chronological order==
*''The Sack of Rome'' (1905)
*''[[Agrippina (film)|Agrippina]]'' (1911)
*''[[The Fall of Troy (film)|The Fall of Troy]]'' (1911)
*''The Queen of Nineveh'' (1911, directed by [[Luigi Maggi]])
* ''[[Brutus (1911 film)|Brutus]]'' (1911)
*''[[Quo Vadis (1913 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1913, directed by [[Enrico Guazzoni]])
* ''[[Antony and Cleopatra (1913 film)|Antony and Cleopatra]]'' (1913)
*''[[Cabiria]]'' (1914, directed by [[Giovanni Pastrone]])
* ''[[Julius Caesar (1914 film)|Julius Caesar]]'' (1914)
*''Maciste'' (1915) {{a.k.a.}} "The Marvelous Maciste"
*''Maciste bersagliere'' ("Maciste the Ranger", 1916)
*''Maciste alpino'' ("Maciste The Warrior", 1916)
*''Maciste atleta'' ("Maciste the Athlete", 1917)
*''Maciste medium'' ("Maciste the Clairvoyant", 1917)
*''Maciste poliziotto'' ("Maciste the Detective", 1917)
*''Maciste turista'' ("Maciste the Tourist", 1917)
*''Saffo'' (''Sappho'', 1918, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''[[The Crusaders (1918 film)|The Crusaders]]'' (1918)
* ''[[Fabiola (1918 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1918)
*''Maciste sonnambulo'' ("Maciste the Sleepwalker", 1918)
*''Attila'' (1919, directed by F. Mari)
*''Venere'' (''Venus'', 1919, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''Il mistero di Osiris'' (''The Mystery of Osiris'', 1919, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''[[Giuliano l'Apostata]]'' (1919, directed by [[Ugo Falena]])
*''La Rivincita di Maciste'' ("The Revenge of Maciste", 1919)
*''Il Testamento di Maciste'' ("Maciste's Will", 1919)
*''Il Viaggio di Maciste'' ("Maciste's Journey", 1919)
*''Maciste I'' ("Maciste the First", 1919)
*''Maciste contro la morte'' ("Maciste vs Death", 1919)
*''Maciste innamorato'' ("Maciste in Love", 1919)
*''Maciste in vacanza'' ("Maciste on Vacation", 1920)
*''Maciste salvato dalle acque'' ("Maciste Rescued from the Waters", 1920)
*''Giuditta e Oloferne'' (''Judith and Holofernes'', 1920, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''[[The Sack of Rome (film)|The Sack of Rome]]'', (1920)
*''Maciste e la figlia del re della plata'' ("Maciste and the Silver King's Daughter", 1922)
*''Maciste und die Japanerin'' ("Maciste and the Japanese", 1922)
*''Maciste contro Maciste'' ("Maciste vs. Maciste", 1923)
*''Maciste und die chinesische truhe'' ("Maciste and the Chinese Trunk", 1923)
*''Maciste e il nipote di America'' ("Maciste's American Nephew", 1924)
*''Maciste imperatore'' ("Emperor Maciste", 1924)
*''[[Messalina (1924 film)|Messalina]]'' (1924)
*''Maciste contro lo sceicco'' ("Maciste vs. the Sheik", 1925)
*''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1926 film)|Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei]]'' (''The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1926) directed by [[Carmine Gallone]] and [[Amleto Palermi]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michelakis |first1=Pantelis |last2=Wyke |first2=Maria |last3=Pucci |first3=Giuseppe |title=The Ancient World in Silent Cinema |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107016101 |pages=247–261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaQ0AAAAQBAJ |accessdate=11 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*''Maciste all'inferno'' ("Maciste in Hell", 1926)
*''Maciste nella gabbia dei leoni'' ("Maciste in the Lions' Den", 1926)
*''il Gigante delle Dolemite'' ("The Giant From the Dolomite", released in 1927)
*''Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal'' in 1937. In 1949, the postwar Italian film industry remade ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (which had been previously filmed twice in the silent era). The film was released in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 1951 in an edited, English-dubbed version. ''Fabiola'' was an Italian-French co-production like the following films ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1950) and ''[[Messalina (1951 film)|Messalina]]'' (1951).
During the 1950s, a number of American historical epics shot in Italy were released. In 1951, [[MGM]] producer [[Sam Zimbalist]] cleverly used the lower production costs, use of frozen funds and the expertise of the Italian film industry to shoot the large-scale [[Technicolor]] epic ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' in Rome. In addition to its fictional account linking the [[Great Fire of Rome]], the [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] and Emperor [[Nero]], the film - following the novel "Quo vadis" by the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz - featured also a mighty protagonist named [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] (Italian filmmakers later made several pepla in the 1960s exploiting the Ursus character). MGM also planned ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'' to be filmed in Italy as early as 1952.<ref>Pryor, Thomas M. "''Ben-Hur'' to Ride for Metro Again." ''New York Times.'' December 8, 1952.</ref>
[[Riccardo Freda]]'s ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' was filmed in 1953 and released by [[RKO]] in an edited, English-dubbed version the following year. Unlike ''Quo Vadis'', there were no American actors or production crew. The Anthony Quinn film ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (directed by [[Pietro Francisci]] in 1954), the Kirk Douglas epic ''[[Ulysses (1955 film)|Ulysses]]'' (co-directed by an uncredited [[Mario Bava]] in 1954) and ''[[Helen of Troy (film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (directed by [[Robert Wise]] with [[Sergio Leone]] as an uncredited [[second unit director]] in 1955) were the first of the big peplum films of the 1950s. Riccardo Freda directed another peplum, ''[[Theodora, Slave Empress]]'' in 1954, starring his wife [[Gianna Maria Canale]]. Howard Hawks directed his ''[[Land of the Pharaohs]]'' (starring Joan Collins) in Italy and Egypt in 1955. [[Robert Rossen]] made his film ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander the Great]]'' in Egypt in 1956, with a music score by famed Italian composer Mario Nascimbene.
==The main sword-and-sandal period (1958-1965)==
To cash in on the success of the Kirk Douglas film ''Ulysses'', Pietro Francisci planned to make a film about [[Hercules]], but searched unsuccessfully for years for a physically convincing yet experienced actor. His daughter spotted [[United States|American]] [[bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] [[Steve Reeves]] in the American film ''[[Athena (film)|Athena]]'' and he was hired to play Hercules in 1957 when the film was made. (Reeves was paid $10,000 to star in the film).<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-04-mn-26532-story.html</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|editor-first=Roy|editor-last=Frumkes|url=http://www.drkrm.com/reeves.html|title=An Interview with Steve Reeves from ''The Perfect Vision Magazine''|volume=6|issue=22|date=July 1994}}</ref>
The genre's instantaneous growth began with the U.S. theatrical release of ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' in 1959. American producer [[Joseph E. Levine]] acquired the U.S. distribution rights for $120,000, spent $1 million promoting the film and made more than $5 million profit.<ref>p.73 Frayling, Christopher ''Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone'' I.B.Tauris, 2006</ref> This spawned the [[1959 in film|1959]] Steve Reeves sequel ''[[Hercules Unchained]]'', the 1959 re-release of [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' (1949), and literally dozens of imitations that followed in their wake. Italian filmmakers resurrected their 1920s Maciste character in a brand new 1960s sound film series (1960–1964), followed rapidly by Ursus, Samson, Goliath and various other mighty-muscled heroes.
Almost all peplum films of this period featured bodybuilder stars, the most popular being [[Steve Reeves]], [[Reg Park]] and [[Gordon Scott]].<ref name="Hugh2">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Howard |title=Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781848856080 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIyNKi9XUgIC |accessdate=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Some of these stars, such as [[Mickey Hargitay]], [[Reg Lewis (bodybuilder)|Reg Lewis]], [[Mark Forest]], [[Gordon Mitchell]] and [[Dan Vadis]], had starred in [[Mae West]]'s touring stage review in the United States in the 1950s.<ref name="Hugh2" /> Bodybuilders of Italian origin, on the other hand, would adopt English pseudonyms for the screen; thus, stuntman Sergio Ciani became [[Alan Steel]], and ex-gondolier Adriano Bellini was called [[Kirk Morris]].<ref name="Hugh2" />
To be sure, many of the films enjoyed widespread popularity among general audiences, and had production values that were typical for popular films of their day. Some films included frequent re-use of the impressive film sets that had been created for ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' and ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''.
Although many of the bigger budget pepla were released theatrically in the US, fourteen of them were released directly to [[Embassy Pictures]] [[television]] in a syndicated TV package called ''[[The Sons of Hercules]]''. Since few American viewers had a familiarity with Italian film heroes such as Maciste or Ursus, the characters were re-named<ref name="Hugh2" /> and the films molded into a [[Film series|series]] of sorts by splicing on the same opening and closing theme song and newly designed voice-over narration that attempted to link the protagonist of each film to the Hercules mythos. These films ran on Saturday afternoons in the 1960s.
Peplum films were, and still are, often ridiculed for their low budgets and bad English dubbing. The contrived plots, poorly [[overdub]]bed [[dialogue]], novice acting skills of the bodybuilder leads, and primitive [[special effects]] that were often inadequate to depict the [[mythological creature]]s on screen all conspire to give these films a certain [[Camp (style)|camp]] appeal now. In the 1990s, several of them have been subjects of riffing and satire in the United States comedy series ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''.
However, in the early 1960s, a group of French critics, mostly writing for the [[Cahiers du cinéma]], such as [[Luc Moullet]], started to celebrate the genre and some of its directors, including [[Vittorio Cottafavi]], [[Riccardo Freda]], [[Mario Bava]], [[Pietro Francisci]], [[Duccio Tessari]], and [[Sergio Leone]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunetta |first1=Gian Piero |title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano |date=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=9788842073468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |page=329 |language=it}}</ref> Not only directors, but also some of the screenwriters, often put together in teams, worked past the typically formulaic plot structure to include a mixture of "bits of philosophical readings and scraps of psychoanalysis, reflections on the biggest political systems, the fate of the world and humanity, fatalistic notions of accepting the will of destiny and the gods, anthropocentric belief in the powers of the human physique, and brilliant syntheses of military treatises".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunetta |first1=Gian Piero |title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano |date=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=9788842073468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |pages=329–330 |language=it |quote=frammenti di letture filosofiche e briciole di psicanalisi, meditazioni sui massimi sistemi politici, sul destino del mondo e dell'umanità, concezioni fatalistiche di accetazione della volontà del destino e degli dei, fiducia antropocentrica nella potenza fisica e sintesi fulminee di trattatistica militare}}</ref>
With reference to the genre's free use of ancient mythology and other influences, Italian director [[Vittorio Cottafavi]], who directed a number of peplum films, used the term "neo-mythologism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Winkler |first1=Martin M. |title=Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405178549 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
===Hercules series (1958–1965)===
[[File:HerculesMagazine.jpg|thumb|A poster for ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' starring [[Steve Reeves]]]]
A series of 19 Hercules movies were made in Italy in the late '50s and early '60s. The films were all sequels to the successful Steve Reeves peplum ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958), and each film was a stand-alone story not connected to the others. The actors who played Hercules in these films were [[Steve Reeves]] followed by [[Gordon Scott]], Kirk Morris, [[Mickey Hargitay]], [[Mark Forest]], [[Alan Steel]], [[Dan Vadis]], [[Brad Harris]], [[Reg Park]], [[Peter Lupus]] (billed as [[Rock Stevens]]) and [[Mike Lane]]. In a 1997 interview, Reeves said he felt his two Hercules films could not be topped by another sequel, so he declined to do any more Hercules films.<ref>Labbe, Rod "Steve Reeves: Demi-God on Horseback" ''Films of the Golden Age''</ref>
The films are listed below by their American release titles, and the titles in parentheses are their original Italian titles with an approximate English translation. Dates shown are the original Italian theatrical release dates, not the U.S. release dates (which were years later in some cases).
*''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (''Le fatiche di Ercole'' / ''The Labors of Hercules'', 1958) starring Steve Reeves
*''[[Hercules Unchained]]'' (''Ercole e la regina di Lidia'' / ''Hercules and the Queen of Lydia'', 1959) starring Steve Reeves
*''[[Goliath and the Dragon]]'' (''La vendetta di Ercole'' / ''The Revenge of Hercules'', 1960) starring Mark Forest as Hercules (Hercules' name was changed to ''Goliath'' when this film was dubbed in English and distributed in the U.S.)
*''[[Hercules Vs The Hydra]]'' (''Gli amori di Ercole'' / ''[[The Loves of Hercules]]'', 1960) co-starring Mickey Hargitay (as Hercules) and [[Jayne Mansfield]]
*''[[Hercules and the Captive Women]]'' (''Ercole alla conquista di Atlantide'' / ''Hercules at the Conquest of Atlantis'', 1961) starring Reg Park as Hercules (alternate U.S. title: ''Hercules and the Haunted Women'')
*''[[Hercules in the Haunted World]]'' (''Ercole al centro della terra'' / ''Hercules at the Center of the Earth'', 1961) directed by Mario Bava, starring Reg Park as Hercules
*''[[Hercules in the Valley of Woe|Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'' (''[[Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai]]'' / ''[[Maciste vs Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'') comedy starring Frank Gordon as Hercules, 1961
*''[[Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Ulisse contro Ercole'' / ''Ulysses vs. Hercules'') starring Mike Lane as Hercules, 1962
*''[[The Fury of Hercules]]'' (''La furia di Ercole'' / ''The Fury of Hercules'') starring Brad Harris as Hercules, 1962 (alternate U.S. title: ''The Fury of Samson'')
*''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]'' (''Ercole sfida Sansone'' / ''Hercules Challenges Samson'') starring Kirk Morris as Hercules, 1963
*''[[Hercules Against Moloch]]'' (''Ercole contro Molock'' / ''Hercules vs. Molock'') starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1963 ({{a.k.a.}} ''The Conquest of Mycenae'')
*''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness]]'' (''Ercole l'invincibile'' / ''[[Hercules the Invincible]]'') starring Dan Vadis as Hercules, 1964. (this was originally a Hercules film that was re-titled for inclusion in the U.S. syndicated TV package ''[[The Sons of Hercules]]'').
*''[[Hercules vs The Giant Warriors]]'' (''il trionfo di Ercole'' / ''[[The Triumph of Hercules]]'') starring Dan Vadis as Hercules, 1964 (alternate U.S. title: ''Hercules and the Ten Avengers'')
*''[[Hercules Against Rome]]'' (''Ercole contro Roma'' / ''Hercules vs. Rome'') starring Alan Steel as Hercules, 1964
*''[[Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun]]'' (''Ercole contro i figli del sole'' / ''Hercules vs. the Sons of the Sun'') starring Mark Forest as Hercules, 1964
*''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]'' (''Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili'' / ''Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles'') starring Alan Steel as Hercules, 1964 ({{a.k.a.}} ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Defi'')
*''[[Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon]]'' (''Ercole contro i tiranni di Babilonia'' / ''Hercules vs. the Tyrants of Babylon'') starring Rock Stevens as Hercules, 1964
*''[[Hercules and the Princess of Troy]]'' (no Italian title) starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1965 ({{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules vs. the Sea Monster''; this U.S./ Italian co-production was made as a pilot for a [[Charles Band]]-produced TV series that never materialized and it was later distributed as a feature film)
*''[[Hercules the Avenger]]'' (''Sfida dei giganti'' / ''Challenge of the Giants'') starring Reg Park as Hercules, 1965 (this film was composed mostly of re-edited footage from the two 1961 Reg Park Hercules films)
A number of English-dubbed Italian films that featured the word "Hercules" in the title were not made as Hercules movies originally, such as:
* ''[[Hercules Against the Moon Men]]'', ''Hercules Against the Barbarians'', ''Hercules Against the Mongols'' and ''Hercules of the Desert'' were all originally Maciste films. (See "Maciste" section below)
* ''Hercules and the Black Pirate'' and ''Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas'' were both re-titled Samson movies. (See "Samson" section below)
* ''Hercules, Prisoner of Evil'' was actually a re-titled Ursus film. (See "Ursus" section below)
* ''Hercules and the Masked Rider'' was actually a re-titled Goliath movie. (See "Goliath" section below)
None of these films in their original Italian versions involved the Hercules character in any way. Likewise, most of the ''Sons of Hercules'' movies shown on American TV in the 1960s had nothing to do with Hercules in their original Italian versions.
(see also ''[[The Three Stooges Meet Hercules]]'' (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star [[Samson Burke]] as Hercules)
===Goliath series (1959–1964)===
The Italians used Goliath as the superhero protagonist in a series of adventure films (pepla) in the early 1960s. He was a man possessed of amazing strength, although he seemed to be a different person in each film. After the classic ''[[Hercules (1957 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958) became a blockbuster sensation in the film industry, a 1959 Steve Reeves film ''[[Il terrore dei barbari]]'' (''[[Terror of the Barbarians]]'') was re-titled ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' in the U.S. The film was so successful at the box office, it inspired Italian filmmakers to do a series of four more films featuring a generic beefcake hero named Goliath, although the films were not related to each other in any way (the 1960 Italian peplum ''[[David and Goliath (1960 film)|David and Goliath]]'' starring [[Orson Welles]] was not part of this series, since that movie was just a historical retelling of the Biblical story).
The titles in the Italian ''Goliath'' adventure series were as follows: (the first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses)
* ''[[Il terrore dei barbari]]'' / ''[[Terror of the Barbarians]]'' (1959) ('''''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]''''' in the U.S.), starring Steve Reeves as Goliath (although he is referred to as "Emiliano" in the original Italian-language version)
* ''[[Goliath contro i giganti]]'' / ''Goliath Against the Giants'' ('''''[[Goliath Against the Giants]]''''') (1960) starring Brad Harris
* ''[[Goliath e la schiava ribelle]]'' / ''[[Goliath and the Rebel Slave]]'' ('''''[[Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules]]''''') (1963) starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Golia e il cavaliere mascherato]]'' / ''Goliath and the Masked Rider'' ('''''[[Hercules and the Masked Rider]]''''') (1964) starring Alan Steel (note: Goliath is referred to as "Hercules" in English-dubbed prints)
* ''[[Golia alla conquista di Bagdad]]'' / ''[[Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad]]'' ('''''[[Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus]]''''', 1964) starring Rock Stevens (aka Peter Lupus)
The name Goliath was also inserted into the English titles of three other Italian pepla that were re-titled for U.S. distribution in an attempt to cash in on the Goliath craze, but these films were not originally made as "Goliath movies" in Italy.
Both ''[[Goliath and the Vampires]]'' (1961) and ''[[Goliath and the Sins of Babylon]]'' (1963) actually featured the famed Italian folk hero Maciste in the original Italian versions, but American distributors did not feel the name "Maciste" meant anything to American audiences.
''[[Goliath and the Dragon]]'' (1960) was originally an Italian Hercules movie called ''[[The Revenge of Hercules]]'', but it was re-titled ''Goliath and the Dragon'' in the U.S. since at the time ''Goliath and the Barbarians'' was breaking box-office records, and the distributors may have thought the name "Hercules" was trademarked by distributor [[Joseph E. Levine]].
===Maciste series (1960–1965)===
{{main|Maciste}}
There were a total of 25 Maciste films from the 1960s peplum craze (not counting the two dozen silent Maciste films made in Italy pre-1930). By 1960, seeing how well the two Steve Reeves ''Hercules'' films were doing at the box office, Italian producers decided to revive the 1920s silent film character ''Maciste'' in a new series of color/sound films. Unlike the other Italian peplum protagonists, Maciste found himself in a variety of time periods ranging from the [[Ice Age]] to 16th century Scotland. Maciste was never given an origin, and the source of his mighty powers was never revealed. However, in the first film of the 1960s series, he mentions to another character that the name "Maciste" means "born of the rock" (almost as if he was a god who would just appear out of the earth itself in times of need). One of the 1920s silent Maciste films was actually entitled "The Giant from the Dolomite", hinting that Maciste may be more god than man, which would explain his great strength. <br>
The first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses (note how many times Maciste's name in the Italian title is altered to an entirely different name in the American title):
* ''[[Maciste nella valle dei re]]'' / ''Maciste in the Valley of the Kings'' ('''[[Son of Samson]]''', 1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Maciste the Mighty'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Maciste the Giant'', starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste nella terra dei ciclopi]]'' / ''[[Maciste in the Land of the Cyclops]]'' ('''[[Atlas in the Land of the Cyclops]]''', 1961) starring Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Maciste contro il vampiro]]'' / ''[[Maciste Vs. the Vampire]]'' ('''[[Goliath and the Vampires]]''', 1961) starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Il trionfo di Maciste]]'' / ''The Triumph of Maciste'' ('''[[Triumph of the Son of Hercules]]''', 1961) starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Maciste alla corte del gran khan]]'' / ''[[Maciste at the Court of the Great Khan]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World]]''', 1961) starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Maciste, l'uomo più forte del mondo]]'' / ''[[Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World]]'' ('''[[Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules]]''', 1961) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'' ('''[[Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]''', 1961) starring Kirk Morris as Maciste; this was a satire/spoof featuring the comedy team of Franco and Ciccio
* ''[[Totò contro Maciste]]'' / ''Totò vs. Maciste'' (no American title, 1962) starring Samson Burke; this was a comedy satirizing the peplum genre (part of the Italian "Toto" film series) and was never distributed in the U.S.; it is apparently not even available in English
* ''[[Maciste all'inferno]]'' / ''[[Maciste in Hell]]'' ('''[[The Witch's Curse]]''', 1962) starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Maciste contro lo sceicco]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Sheik]]'' ('''[[Samson Against the Sheik]]''', 1962) starring Ed Fury
* ''Maciste, il gladiatore piu forte del mondo'' / ''Maciste, the World's Strongest Gladiator'' ('''[[Colossus of the Arena]]''', 1962) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste contro i mostri]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Monsters]]'' ('''[[Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules]]''', 1962) starring Reg Lewis
* ''[[Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Headhunters]]'' ('''[[Colossus and the Headhunters]]''', 1962) starring Kirk Morris; {{a.k.a.}} ''Fury of the Headhunters''
* ''Maciste, l'eroe piu grande del mondo'' / ''Maciste, the World's Greatest Hero'' ('''[[Goliath and the Sins of Babylon]]''', 1963) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Zorro contro Maciste]]'' / ''[[Zorro Against Maciste]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Slave Queen]]''', 1963) starring Alan Steel
* ''[[Maciste contro i mongoli]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Mongols]]'' ('''[[Hercules Against the Mongols]]''', 1963) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan]]'' / ''[[Maciste in Genghis Khan's Hell]]'' ('''[[Hercules Against the Barbarians]]''', 1963) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste alla corte dello zar]]'' / ''[[Maciste at the Court of the Czar]]'' ('''[[Atlas Against The Czar]]''', 1964) starring Kirk Morris ({{a.k.a.}} ''[[Samson vs. the Giant King]]'')
* ''Maciste, gladiatore di Sparta'' / ''Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta'' ('''[[Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules]]''', 1964) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste nelle miniere de re salomone]]'' / ''[[Maciste in King Solomon's Mines]]'' ('''[[Samson in King Solomon's Mines]]''', 1964) starring Reg Park
* ''[[Maciste e la regina de Samar]]'' / ''[[Maciste and the Queen of Samar]]'' ('''[[Hercules Against the Moon Men]]''', 1964) starring Alan Steel
* ''[[La valle dell'eco tonante]]'' / ''Valley of the Thundering Echo'' ('''[[Hercules of the Desert]]''', 1964) starring Kirk Morris, {{a.k.a.}} ''Desert Raiders'', {{a.k.a.}} in France as ''Maciste and the Women of the Valley''
* ''[[Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili]]'' / ''[[Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles]]'' ('''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]''', 1964) starring Renato Rossini as Maciste ({{a.k.a.}} ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Defi'')
* ''[[Gli invicibili fratelli Maciste]]'' / ''The Invincible Maciste Brothers'' ('''[[The Invincible Brothers Maciste]]''', 1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Gladiators'', starring Richard Lloyd as Maciste
* ''[[Maciste il Vendicatore dei Mayas]]'' / ''[[Maciste, Avenger of the Mayans]]'' (has no American title, 1965) (Note:* this Maciste film was made up almost entirely of re-edited stock footage from two older Maciste films, ''[[Maciste contro i mostri]]'' and ''[[Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste]]'', so Maciste switches from Kirk Morris to Reg Lewis in various scenes; this movie is very scarce since it was never distributed in the U.S. and is apparently not even available in English)
In 1973, the Spanish cult film director [[Jesus Franco]] directed two low-budget "Maciste films" for French producers: ''Maciste contre la Reine des Amazones'' (''Maciste vs the Queen of the Amazons'') and ''Les exploits érotiques de Maciste dans l'Atlantide'' (''The Erotic Exploits of Maciste in Atlantis''). The films had almost identical casts, both starring Val Davis as Maciste, and appear to have been shot back-to-back. The former was distributed in Italy as a "Karzan" movie (a cheap Tarzan imitation), while the latter film was released only in France with hardcore inserts as ''Les Gloutonnes'' ("The Gobblers"). These two films were totally unrelated to the 1960s Italian Maciste series.
===Ursus series (1960–1964)===
{{main|Ursus (film character)}}
Following [[Buddy Baer]]'s portrayal of Ursus in the classic 1951 film ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'', [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] was used as a superhuman Roman-era character who became the protagonist in a series of Italian adventure films made in the early 1960s.
When the "Hercules" film craze hit in 1959, Italian filmmakers were looking for other muscleman characters similar to Hercules whom they could exploit, resulting in the nine-film Ursus series listed below. Ursus was referred to as a "Son of Hercules" in two of the films when they were dubbed in English (in an attempt to cash in on the then-popular "Hercules" craze), although in the original Italian films, Ursus had no connection to Hercules whatsoever. In the English-dubbed version of one Ursus film (retitled ''Hercules, Prisoner of Evil''), Ursus was actually referred to throughout the entire film as "Hercules".
There were a total of nine Italian films that featured Ursus as the main character, listed below as follows: Italian title / English translation of the Italian title (American release title);
* ''Ursus'' / ''Ursus'' ('''[[Ursus, Son of Hercules]]''', 1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Mighty Ursus]]'' (United Kingdom), starring Ed Fury
* ''[[La Vendetta di Ursus]]'' / ''[[The Revenge of Ursus]]'' ('''[[The Vengeance of Ursus]]''', 1961) starring Samson Burke
* ''Ursus e la Ragazza Tartara'' / ''Ursus and the Tartar Girl'' ('''[[Ursus and the Tartar Princess]]''', 1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tartar Invasion'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tartar Girl''; starring Joe Robinson, Akim Tamiroff, Yoko Tani; directed by Remigio Del Grosso
* ''[[Ursus Nella Valle dei Leoni]]'' / ''Ursus in the Valley of the Lions'' ('''[[Valley of the Lions]]''', 1962) starring Ed Fury; this film revealed the origin story of Ursus
* ''Ursus il gladiatore ribelle'' / ''[[Ursus the Rebel Gladiator]]'' ('''[[The Rebel Gladiators]]''', 1962) starring Dan Vadis
* ''Ursus Nella Terra di Fuoco'' / ''[[Ursus in the Land of Fire]]'' ('''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire]]''', 1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Son of Atlas in the Land of Fire''; starring Ed Fury
* ''[[Ursus il terrore dei Kirghisi]]'' / ''[[Ursus, the Terror of the Kirghiz]]'' ('''[[Hercules, Prisoner of Evil]]''', 1964) starring Reg Park
* ''[[Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili]]'' / ''[[Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles]]'' ('''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]''', 1964) starring Yan Larvor as Ursus ({{a.k.a.}} ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Defi'')
* ''Gli Invincibili Tre'' / ''The Invincible Three'' ('''[[Three Avengers]]''', 1964) starring Alan Steel as Ursus
===Samson series (1961–1964)===
A character named Samson was featured in a series of five Italian peplum films in the 1960s, no doubt inspired by the 1959 re-release of the epic [[Victor Mature]] film ''Samson and Delilah''. The character was similar to the Biblical Samson in the third and fifth films only; in the other three, he just appears to be a very strong man (not related at all to the Biblical figure).
The titles are listed as follows: Italian title / its English translation (U.S. release title in parentheses);
* ''[[Samson (1961 Italian film)|Sansone]]'' / ''[[Samson (1961 Italian film)|Samson]]'' ('''Samson''') 1961, starring Brad Harris, {{a.k.a.}} in France as ''Samson Against Hercules''
* ''[[Sansone contro i pirati]]'' / ''[[Samson Against the Pirates]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Sea Beast]]''') 1963, starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Ercole sfida Sansone]]'' / ''[[Hercules challenges Samson]]'' ('''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]''') 1963, starring Richard Lloyd
* ''Sansone contro il corsaro nero'' / ''Samson Against the Black Pirate'' ('''[[Hercules and the Black Pirate]]''') 1963, starring Alan Steel
* ''[[Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili]]'' / ''[[Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Mighty Challenge]]''') 1964, starring Nadir Baltimore as Samson ({{a.k.a.}} ''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]'', ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Défi'')
The name Samson was also inserted into the U.S. titles of six other Italian movies when they were dubbed in English for U.S. distribution, although these films actually featured the adventures of the famed Italian folk hero Maciste.
''[[Samson Against the Sheik]]'' (1962), ''Son of Samson'' (1960), ''[[Samson and the Slave Queen]]'' (1963), ''[[Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World]]'' (1961), ''[[Samson vs. the Giant King]]'' (1964), and ''[[Samson in King Solomon's Mines]]'' (1964) were all re-titled Maciste movies, because the American distributors did not feel the name Maciste was marketable to U.S. filmgoers.
''Samson and the Treasure of the Incas'' ({{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas'') (1965) sounds like a peplum title, but was actually a spaghetti Western.
===''The Sons of Hercules'' (TV syndication package)===
{{main|The Sons of Hercules}}
''The Sons of Hercules'' was a syndicated television show that aired in the United States in the 1960s. The series repackaged 14 randomly chosen Italian peplum films by unifying them with memorable title and end title theme songs and a standard voice-over intro relating the main hero in each film to Hercules any way they could. In some areas, each film was split into two one-hour episodes, so the 14 films were shown as 28 weekly episodes. None of the films were ever theatrically released in the U.S.
The films are not listed in chronological order, since they were not really related to each other in any way. The first title listed below for each film was its American broadcast television title, followed in parentheses by the English translation of its original Italian theatrical title:
* ''[[Ursus, Son of Hercules]]'' (''Ursus'') 1961, starring Ed Fury, {{a.k.a.}} ''Mighty Ursus'' in England
* ''[[Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World]]'') 1961, starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Triumph of the Son of Hercules]]'' (''The Triumph of Maciste'') 1961, starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Maciste vs. the Monsters'') 1962, starring Reg Lewis
* ''[[Venus Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Mars, God Of War'') 1962, starring Roger Browne
* ''[[Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Ulysses against Hercules]]'') 1962, starring Mike Lane
* ''Medusa Against the Son of Hercules'' (''Perseus The Invincible'') 1962, starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire]]'' (''Ursus In The Land Of Fire'') 1963, starring Ed Fury
* ''[[Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Goliath and the Rebel Slave]]'') 1963, starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Messalina Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''The Last Gladiator'') 1963, starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Hero of Babylon'') 1963, starring Gordon Scott, {{a.k.a.}} ''Goliath, King of the Slaves''
* ''[[Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta'') 1964, starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness]]'' (''[[Hercules the Invincible]]'') 1964, starring Dan Vadis
* ''[[Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Anthar the Invincible]]'') 1964, starring Kirk Morris, directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]], {{a.k.a.}} ''The Slave Merchants'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Soraya, Queen of the Desert''
===Steve Reeves pepla (in chronological order of production)===
{{main|Steve Reeves}}
Steve Reeves appeared in 14 pepla made in Italy from 1958 to 1964, and most of his films are highly regarded examples of the genre. His pepla are listed below in order of production, not in order of release. The U.S. release titles are shown below, followed by the original Italian title and its translation (in parentheses)
* ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958) (''Le fatiche di Ercole'' / ''The Labors of Hercules'') actually filmed in 1957, released in Italy in 1958, released in the U.S. in 1959
* ''[[Hercules Unchained]]'' (1959) (''Ercole e la regina di Lidia'' / ''Hercules and the Queen of Lydia'') released in the U.S. in 1960
* ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' (1959) (''Il terrore dei barbari'' / ''Terror of the Barbarians'')
* ''[[The Giant of Marathon]]'' (1959) (''La battaglia di Maratona'' / ''The Battle of Marathon'')
* ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1959 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1959) (''Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei'' / ''The Last Days of Pompeii'')
* ''[[The White Warrior]]'' (1959) (''Hadji Murad il Diavolo Bianco'' / ''Hadji Murad, The White Devil'') directed by [[Riccardo Freda]]
* ''[[Morgan, the Pirate]]'' (1960) (''Morgan, il pirata''/ ''Morgan, the Pirate'')
* ''[[Il Ladro di Bagdad|The Thief of Baghdad]]'' (1960) (''Il Ladro di Bagdad'' / ''[[The Thief of Baghdad (1961 film)|The Thief of Baghdad]]'')
* ''[[The Trojan Horse (film)|The Trojan Horse]]'' (1961) (''La guerra di Troia''/ ''The Trojan War'')
* ''[[Duel of the Titans]]'' (1961) (''Romolo e Remo'' / ''Romulus And Remus'')
* ''[[The Slave (1962 film)|The Slave]]'' (1962) (''Il Figlio di Spartaco'' / ''Son of [[Spartacus]]'')
* ''[[The Avenger (1962 film)|The Avenger]]'' (1962) (''La leggenda di Enea'' / ''The Legend Of Aeneas'') {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Glory of Troy''; (this was a sequel to ''The Trojan Horse'')
* ''[[Sandokan the Great (film)|Sandokan the Great]]'' (1963) (''Sandokan, la tigre di Mompracem''/ ''Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem'') directed by [[Umberto Lenzi]]
* ''[[Pirates of Malaysia]]'' (1964) {{aka}} ''Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Pirates of the Seven Seas''; this was a sequel to ''Sandokan the Great'', directed by Umberto Lenzi
==Other (non-series) Italian pepla==
There were many 1950s and 1960s Italian pepla that did not feature a major superhero (such as Hercules, Maciste or Samson), and as such they fall into a sort of miscellaneous category. Many were of the ''Cappa e spada'' ([[swashbuckler]]) variety, though they often feature well-known characters such as Ali Baba, Julius Caesar, Ulysses, Cleopatra, the Three Musketeers, Zorro, Theseus, Perseus, Achilles, Robin Hood, and [[Sandokan]]. The first really successful Italian films of this kind were ''[[Black Eagle (1946 film)|Black Eagle]]'' (1946) and ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949).
* ''[[The Adventurer of Tortuga|Adventurer of Tortuga, The]]'' (1964), starring [[Guy Madison]]
* ''[[Le avventure di Mandrin|Adventures of Mandrin, The]]'' (1952) {{a.k.a.}} ''Captain Adventure'' {{a.k.a.}} ''Don Juan's Night of Love'', starring [[Raf Vallone]] and [[Silvana Pampanini]]
* ''Adventures of Scaramouche, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mask of Scaramouche'', starring [[Gérard Barray]] and [[Gianna Maria Canale]]
* ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander The Great]]'' (1956), starring [[Richard Burton]] (U.S. film with music score by [[Mario Nascimbene]])
* ''[[The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba|Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba'', starring Richard Lloyd
* ''[[Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sinbad Against the Seven Saracens'', starring [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* ''[[Alone Against Rome]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Vengeance of the Gladiators'', starring [[Lang Jeffries]] and [[Rossana Podestà]]
* ''[[Anthar the Invincible]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules]]'', starring [[Kirk Morris]], directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]
* ''[[Antigone (1961 film)|Antigone]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Rites for the Dead]]'', starring [[Irene Papas]], a Greek production
* ''[[The Arena (1974 film)|Arena, The]]'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Naked Warriors'', directed by [[Steve Carver]] and [[Joe D'Amato]], starring [[Pam Grier]] and [[Margaret Markov]] (a late entry in the genre)
* ''[[Atlas (film)|Atlas]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Atlas, the Winner of Athena'', directed in Greece by [[Roger Corman]], starring [[Michael Forest]]
* ''[[Attack of the Moors]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Kings of France''
* ''[[Attack of the Normans]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Normans'', starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (1954), directed by [[Pietro Francisci]], starring [[Anthony Quinn]] and [[Sophia Loren]]
* ''[[Avenger of the Seven Seas]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Executioner of the Seas'', starring [[Richard Harrison (actor)|Richard Harrison]] and [[Michèle Mercier]]
* ''[[The Avenger of Venice|Avenger of Venice, The]]'' (1963), starring [[Brett Halsey]] and [[Gianna Maria Canale]]
* ''[[The Bacchantes (film)|Bacchantes, The]]'' (1961), starring [[Pierre Brice]] and [[Akim Tamiroff]]
* ''Balboa'' (Spanish, 1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Conquistadors of the Pacific''
* ''[[Barabbas (1961 film)|Barabbas]]'' (1961) produced by Dino de Laurentiis, starring Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy
* ''Battle of the Amazons'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons: Women of Love and War'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Beauty of the Barbarian'' (directed by Alfonso Brescia)
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci
* ''[[Behind the Mask of Zorro]]'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Oath of Zorro'', Tony Russel
* ''[[The Bible: In the Beginning...|Bible, The]]'' (1966) ({{a.k.a.}} ''La Bibbia''), Dino de Laurentiis, Ennio Morricone music, filmed in Italy
* ''Black Archer, The'' (1959)
* ''[[The Black Devil (film)|Black Devil, The]]'' (1957) starred Gerard Landry
* ''Black Duke, The'' (1963), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Black Eagle (1946 film)|Black Eagle, The]]'' (1946) {{a.k.a.}} ''Return of the Black Eagle'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Charge of the Black Lancers|Black Lancers, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Charge of the Black Lancers'', Mel Ferrer
* ''[[Brennus, Enemy of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Valiant'', Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[The Magnificent Adventurer|Burning of Rome, The]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Magnificent Adventurer'', Brett Halsey
* ''Caesar Against the Pirates'' (1962) Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Caesar the Conqueror]]'' (1962), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''Captain Falcon'' (1958) Lex Barker
* ''Captain from Toledo, The'' (1966)
* ''Captain of Iron, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Mercenaries'', Barbara Steele
* ''Captain Phantom'' (1953)
* ''Captains of Adventure'' (1961) starring Paul Muller, Gerard Landry
* ''Caribbean Hawk, The'' (1963) Yvonne Monlaur
* ''[[Carthage in Flames]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Castilian|Castillian, The]]'' (1963) Cesare Romero
* ''[[Catherine of Russia (film)|Catherine of Russia]]'' (1963) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''[[Cavalier in Devil's Castle|Cavalier in the Devil’s Castle]]'' (1959)
* ''[[The Centurion (film)|Centurion, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Conqueror of Corinth''
* ''[[Challenge of the Gladiator]]'' (1965) Peter Lupus
* ''[[Cleopatra's Daughter]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tomb of the Kings'', Debra Paget
* ''[[Colossus and the Amazon Queen]]'' (1960), Ed Fury and Rod Taylor
* ''[[The Colossus of Rhodes (film)|Colossus of Rhodes, The]]'' (1960) directed by [[Sergio Leone]]
* ''[[Conqueror of Atlantis]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Kingdom in the Sand'', Kirk Morris (U.S. dubbed version calls the hero "Hercules")
* ''Conqueror of Maracaibo, The'' (1961)
* ''Conqueror of the Orient'' (1961) starring Rik Battaglia
* ''[[Constantine and the Cross]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Constantine the Great'', starring Cornel Wilde
* ''[[Coriolanus: Hero without a Country]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder of Battle'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Cossacks (1961 film)|Cossacks, The]]'' (1959) Edmund Purdom
* ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (1961 film)|Count of Monte Cristo, The]]'' (1961) Louis Jourdan
* ''[[Damon and Pythias (film)|Damon and Pythias]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tyrant of Syracuse'', Guy Williams
* ''[[David and Goliath (1960 film)|David and Goliath]]'' (1960) Orson Welles
* ''[[Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal|Defeat of Hannibal, The]]'' (1937) {{a.k.a.}} ''Scipione l'Africano''
* ''Defeat of the Barbarians'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''King Manfred''
* ''[[Desert Desperadoes]]'' (1959) Akim Tamiroff
* ''[[Desert Warrior (film)|Desert Warrior]]'' (1957) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Desert Lovers'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''[[A Girl Against Napoleon|Devil Made a Woman, The]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''A Girl Against Napoleon''
* ''[[Devil's Cavaliers|Devil's Cavaliers, The]]'' (1959)
* ''Diary of a Roman Virgin'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Livia, una vergine per l'impero romano'', directed by [[Joe D'Amato]] (used stock footage from ''The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1959) and ''The Arena'' (1974))
* ''Dragon's Blood, The'' (1957)<ref name="Kinnard, Roy 2017">Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). ''Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990''. McFarland. {{ISBN|1476662916}}.</ref> {{a.k.a.}} ''Sigfrido'', based on the legend of the Niebelungen, special effects by [[Carlo Rambaldi]]
* ''[[Duel of Champions]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Horatio and Curiazi'', Alan Ladd
* ''[[Erik the Conqueror]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gli Invasori/ The Invaders'', directed by Mario Bava, starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Esther and the King]]'' (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan
* ''Executioner of Venice, The'' (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison
* ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Fighting Gladiator''
* ''Falcon of the Desert'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Magnificent Challenge'', starring Kirk Morris
* ''Fall of Rome, The'' (1961) directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]
* ''[[The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)|Fall of the Roman Empire, The]]'' (1964) U.S. production filmed in Spain, [[Sophia Loren]]
* ''Fighting Musketeers, The'' (1961)
* ''[[Fire Over Rome]]'' (1963)
* ''[[The Fury of Achilles|Fury of Achilles, The]]'' (1962) [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* ''[[Fury of the Pagans]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fury of the Barbarians''
* ''[[The Giant of Metropolis|Giant of Metropolis, The]]'' (1961) Gordon Mitchell (this peplum had a science fiction theme instead of fantasy)
* ''[[Giant of the Evil Island]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mystery of the Cursed Island'', Peter Lupus
* ''[[Giants of Rome]]'' (1964) directed by Antonio Margheriti, starring Richard Harrison
* ''Giants of Thessaly'' (1960) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Gladiator of Rome]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Gladiators'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Gladiators Seven]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Gladiators'', Richard Harrison
* ''[[The Golden Arrow (1962 film)|Golden Arrow, The]]'' (1962) directed by Antonio Margheriti
* ''[[Oro per i Cesari|Gold for the Caesars]]'' (1963) Jeffrey Hunter
* ''[[Golgotha (1935 film)|Golgotha]]'' (1935) {{a.k.a.}} ''Behold the Man'' (made in France)
* ''[[Guns of the Black Witch]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Sea'', Don Megowan
* ''[[Hannibal (1959 film)|Hannibal]]'' (1959) Victor Mature
* ''[[Hawk of the Caribbean]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Caribbean Hawk''
* ''[[Head of a Tyrant]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Judith and Holophernes''
* ''[[Helen of Troy (1956 film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (1956) starring Jacques Sernas
* ''[[Hero of Babylon]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Beast of Babylon vs. the Son of Hercules'', [[Gordon Scott]]
* ''[[Hero of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Colossus of Rome'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Herod the Great (film)|Herod the Great]]'' (1958)
* ''Huns, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Queen of the Tartars''
* ''[[Invasion 1700]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''With Iron and Fire'', {{a.k.a.}} ''With Fire and Sword'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Daggers of Blood''
* ''[[Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman]]'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada normanna'', directed by Roberto Mauri
* ''[[The Invincible Gladiator|Invincible Gladiator, The]]'' (1961) [[Richard Harrison (actor)|Richard Harrison]]
* ''Invincible Swordsman, The'' (1963)
* ''[[The Iron Swordsman]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''Count Ugolino'', directed by [[Riccardo Freda]]
* ''Jacob, The Man Who Fought With God'' (1963)
* ''[[Kampf um Rom]]'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Roman'', starring [[Laurence Harvey]], [[Honor Blackman]], [[Orson Welles]]
* ''Kindar, the Invulnerable'' (1965) [[Mark Forest]]
* ''[[The Prince in Chains|King of the Vikings]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[The Prince in Chains|Prince in Chains, The]]''
* ''Knight of a Hundred Faces, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Silver Knight'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Knight of a Thousand Faces, The'', starring Lex Barker
* ''Knights of Terror'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Red Capes'', Tony Russel
* ''Knight Without a Country'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Faceless Rider''
* ''Knives of the Avenger'' (1967) {{a.k.a.}} ''Viking Massacre'', directed by Mario Bava, starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''Last Gladiator, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Messalina Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Last of the Vikings'' (1961), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Legions of the Nile]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Legions of Cleopatra''
* ''Lion of St. Mark, The'' (1964) Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Lion of Thebes|Lion of Thebes, The]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Helen of Troy'', Mark Forest
* ''[[The Loves of Salammbo|Loves of Salammbo, The]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Salambo''
* ''[[The Magnificent Gladiator|Magnificent Gladiator, The]]'' (1964) Mark Forest
* ''[[Marco Polo (1961 film)|Marco Polo]]'' (1962) Rory Calhoun
* ''Marco the Magnificent'' (1965) Anthony Quinn, Orson Welles
* ''Mars, God of War'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Venus Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Masked Conqueror, The'' (1962)
* ''Masked Man Against the Pirates, The'' (1965)
* ''Mask of the Musketeers'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Zorro and the Three Musketeers'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Massacre in the Black Forest]]'' (1967), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Messalina (1960 film)|Messalina]]'' (1960) Belinda Lee
* ''[[Michel Strogoff (1956 film)|Michael Strogoff]]'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revolt of the Tartars''
* ''[[The Mighty Crusaders (film)|Mighty Crusaders, The]]'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''Jerusalem Set Free'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[Minotaur, the Wild Beast of Crete|Minotaur, The]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Theseus Against the Minotaur'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Warlord of Crete''
* ''[[Le Miracle des loups (1961 film)|Miracle of the Wolves]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Blood on his Sword'', starring Jean Marais
* ''Missione sabbie roventi'' (''Mission Burning Sands'') (1966) starring Renato Rossini, directed by Alfonso Brescia
* ''[[I mongoli|Mongols, The]]'' (1961) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring [[Jack Palance]]
* ''[[Musketeers of the Sea]]'' (1962)
* ''My Son, The Hero'' (1961) {{aka}} ''Arrivano i Titani'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Titans''
* ''Mysterious Rider, The'' (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda <ref name="Roberto Chiti 1991">Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. ''Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film.'' Gremese 1991. {{ISBN|8876055487}}.</ref>
* ''Mysterious Swordsman, The'' (1956) starring Gerard Landry
* ''[[Nero and the Burning of Rome]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nero and Messalina''
* ''Night of the Great Attack'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Borgias''
* ''Night They Killed Rasputin, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Czar''
* ''Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The'' (1959)
* ''Odyssey, The'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''L'Odissea'', Cyclops segment directed by Mario Bava; Samson Burke played Polyphemus the Cyclops
* ''[[The Old Testament (film)|Old Testament, The]]'' (1962) starred [[Brad Harris]]
* ''Perseus the Invincible'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Medusa vs. the Son of Hercules''
* ''[[The Pharaohs' Woman|Pharaoh's Woman, The]]'' (1960)
* ''Pia of Ptolomey'' (1962)
* ''[[The Pirate and the Slave Girl|Pirate and the Slave Girl, The]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Scimitar of the Saracen'', [[Lex Barker]]
* ''[[Pirate of the Black Hawk|Pirate of the Black Hawk, The]]'' (1958) Gérard Landry
* ''[[Pirate of the Half Moon]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Pirates of the Coast]]'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''[[Pontius Pilate (film)|Pontius Pilate]]'' (1962) [[Basil Rathbone]]
* ''Prince with the Red Mask, The'' (1955) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Red Eagle''
* ''[[The Prisoner of the Iron Mask|Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of the Iron Mask''
* ''Pugni, Pirati e Karatè'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fists, Pirates and Karate'', directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)
* ''[[A Queen for Caesar|Queen for Caesar, A]]'' (1962) Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)|Queen of Sheba]]'' (1952) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''Queen of the Amazons'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Colossus and the Amazon Queen]]''
* ''[[Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile|Queen of the Nile]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nefertiti'', Vincent Price
* ''[[Queen of the Pirates]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Venus of the Pirates'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[Queen of the Seas]]'' (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1951) filmed in Italy, Sergio Leone asst. dir.
* ''[[Rage of the Buccaneers]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gordon, The Black Pirate'', starring Vincent Price
* ''[[Romulus and the Sabines|Rape of the Sabine Women, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Romulus and the Sabines'', Roger Moore
* ''Red Cloak, The'' (1955) Bruce Cabot
* ''Red Sheik, The'' (1962)
* ''[[Revak the Rebel]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Revenge of Black Eagle|Revenge of Black Eagle, The]]'' (1951) Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[The Revenge of Ivanhoe|Revenge of Ivanhoe, The]]'' (1965) Rik Battaglia
* ''[[The Revenge of Spartacus|Revenge of Spartacus, The]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Gladiators'', Roger Browne
* ''[[Revenge of the Barbarians]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Revenge of the Black Eagle]]'' (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Revenge of the Conquered]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Drakut the Avenger''
* ''[[Revenge of the Gladiators]]'' (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay
* ''[[Revenge of the Musketeers (1964 film)|Revenge of the Musketeers]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers'', starring Fernando Lamas
* ''[[Revolt of the Barbarians]]'' (1964) directed by Guido Malatesta
* ''Revolt of the Mercenaries'' (1961)
* ''[[Revolt of the Praetorians]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Warriors'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[Revolt of the Seven]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Spartan Gladiator'', starring Helga Line
* ''[[The Revolt of the Slaves|Revolt of the Slaves, The]]'' (1960) Rhonda Fleming
* ''[[Robin Hood and the Pirates]]'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''[[Roland the Mighty]]'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''Orlando'', directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''[[Rome Against Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''War of the Zombies''
* ''Rome 1585'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenaries'', Debra Paget
* ''[[The Rover (1967 film)|Rover, The]]'' (1967) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Adventurer'', starring Anthony Quinn
* ''[[The Pagans (film)|Sack of Rome, The]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Pagans''
* ''Samson and Gideon'' (1965) Fernando Rey, Biblical film
* ''Sandokan Fights Back'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandokan to the Rescue'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Sandokan''
* ''Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Throne of Vengeance''
* ''Saracens, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Pirate'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Flag of Death'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''Saul and David'' (1964)
* ''[[Shéhérazade (film)|Scheherazade]]'' (1963) starring Anna Karina
* ''[[The Sea Pirate|Sea Pirate, The]]'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder Over the Indian Ocean'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas''
* ''Secret Mark of D'Artagnan, The'' (1962)
* ''Secret Seven, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Seven''
* ''Seven from Thebes'' (1964)
* ''Seven Rebel Gladiators'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Against All'', starring Roger Browne
* ''[[The Seven Revenges|Seven Revenges, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Challenges'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Ivan the Conqueror'', starring Ed Fury
* ''[[Seven Seas to Calais]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas'', Rod Taylor
* ''[[Seven Slaves Against the World]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Slaves Against Rome'', starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell
* ''Seven Tasks of Ali Baba, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown''
* ''[[The Seventh Sword|Seventh Sword, The]]'' (1962) Brett Halsey
* ''79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum'' (1962) Brad Harris
* ''Shadow of Zorro, The'' (1962)
* ''Sheba and the Gladiator'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sign of Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sign of the Gladiator'', Anita Ekberg
* ''[[Siege of Syracuse (film)|Siege of Syracuse]]'' (1960) Tina Louise
* ''Simbad e il califfo di Bagdad'' (1973) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''Spartacus'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Slave Girls of Sheba]]'' (1963) starring Linda Cristal
* ''Slave of Rome'' (1960) starring Guy Madison
* ''Slave Queen of Babylon'' (1963) Yvonne Furneaux
* ''Slaves of Carthage, The'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sword and the Cross'', Gianna Maria Canale (not to be confused with ''Mary Magdalene''; see below)
* ''[[Sodom and Gomorrah (1962 film)|Sodom and Gomorrah]]'' (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy, co-directed by Sergio Leone
* ''Son of Black Eagle'' (1968)
* ''[[The Son of Captain Blood|Son of Captain Blood, The]]'' (1962)
* ''Son of Cleopatra, The'' (1965) Mark Damon
* ''[[Son of d'Artagnan]]'' (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[100 Horsemen|Son of El Cid, The]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''100 Horsemen'', Mark Damon
* ''[[Son of the Red Corsair]]'' (1959) a.k.a. ''Son of the Red Pirate'', Lex Barker
* ''Son of the Sheik'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Kerim, Son of the Sheik'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ten Invincible Gladiators'', starring Dan Vadis
* ''Spartan Gladiator, The'' (1965) Tony Russel
* ''[[The Story of Joseph and His Brethren|Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The]]'' (1961)
* ''Suleiman the Conqueror'' (1961)
* ''[[The Sword and the Cross|Sword and the Cross, The]]'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mary Magdalene''
* ''Sword in the Shadow, A'' (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon
* ''Sword of Damascus, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Thief of Damascus''
* ''Sword of El Cid, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Daughters of El Cid''
* ''Sword of Islam, The'' (1961)
* ''Sword of the Conqueror'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rosamund and Alboino'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Sword of the Empire|Sword for the Empire, A]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sword of the Empire''
* ''Sword of the Rebellion, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Rebel of Castelmonte''
* ''[[Swordsman of Siena]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenary''
* ''Sword of Vengeance'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada della vendetta''
* ''Sword Without a Country'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sword Without a Flag''
* ''[[Taras Bulba (1962 film)|Taras Bulba]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Plains of Battle''
* ''[[The Tartars|Tartars, The]]'' (1961) starring Victor Mature
* ''Taur, the Mighty'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Tor the Warrior'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Taur, the King of Brute Force'', starring Joe Robinson
* ''Temple of the White Elephant'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandok, the Giant of the Jungle'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandok, the Maciste of the Jungle'' (not a Maciste film, however, in spite of the alternate title)
* ''[[The Ten Gladiators|Ten Gladiators, The]]'' (1963) starring Dan Vadis
* ''Terror of the Black Mask'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Masked Rider''
* ''Terror of the Red Mask'' (1960) starring Lex Barker
* ''Terror of the Steppes'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mighty Khan'', Kirk Morris
* ''Tharus, Son of Attila'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Colossus and the Huns'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''[[Theodora, Slave Empress]]'' (1954) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Thor and the Amazon Women]]'' (1963) starring Joe Robinson
* ''[[The 300 Spartans|Three Hundred Spartans, The]]'' (1963) starring Richard Egan; U.S. film filmed in Greece using Italian screenwriters
* ''Three Swords for Rome'' (1965) starring Roger Browne
* ''Three Swords of Zorro, The'' (1963)
* ''[[Tiger of the Seven Seas]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Treasure of the Petrified Forest|Treasure of the Petrified Forest, The]]'' (1965) starring Gordon Mitchell
* ''Triumph of Robin Hood'' (1962) starring Samson Burke
* ''Triumph of the Ten Gladiators'' (1965) starring Dan Vadis
* ''Two Gladiators, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fight or Die'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''Tyrant of Castile, The'' (1964) starring Mark Damon
* ''[[Ulysses (1954 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954) produced by Dino De Laurentiis, starring Kirk Douglas and Anthony Quinn
* ''[[Amazons of Rome|Virgins of Rome, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons of Rome''
* ''Vulcan, Son of Jupiter'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Vulcan, Son of Jove'', Gordon Mitchell, Richard Lloyd, Roger Browne
* ''[[War Goddess]]'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Bare-Breasted Warriors'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Le guerriere dal seno nudo'', directed by [[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]]
* ''[[War Gods of Babylon]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seventh Thunderbolt'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Glories of Assur''
* ''[[The Warrior and the Slave Girl|Warrior and the Slave Girl, The]]'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revolt of the Gladiators'', starring Gianna Maria Canale
* ''Warrior Empress, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sappho, Venus of Lesbos'', Kerwin Matthews, Tina Louise
* ''White Slave Ship'' (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio
* ''[[The Wonders of Aladdin|Wonders of Aladdin, The]]'' (1961) starring Donald O'Connor
* ''Zorikan the Barbarian'' (1964) starring Dan Vadis
* ''[[Zorro (1975 Italian film)|Zorro]]'' (1975) [[Alain Delon]]
* ''[[Zorro and the Three Musketeers]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mask of the Musketeers'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Zorro in the Court of England]]'' (1970) starring [[Spiros Focás]]
* ''Zorro at the Court of Spain'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Masked Conqueror'', George Ardisson
* ''Zorro of Monterrey'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro de Monterrey'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro, Rider of Vengeance'' (1971) Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro's Last Adventure'' (1970) {{a.k.a.}} ''La última aventura del Zorro'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro the Avenger'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Zorro'', Frank Latimore
* ''[[The Avenger, Zorro|Zorro the Avenger]]'' (1969) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro justiciero'' (1969) starring Fabio Testi
* ''Zorro the Fox'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro'', George Ardisson
* ''Zorro, the Navarra Marquis'' (1969) Nino Vingelli
* ''Zorro the Rebel'' (1966) [[Howard Ross (actor)|Howard Ross]]
* ''[[Samson and the Slave Queen|Zorro Against Maciste]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Samson and the Slave Queen'' (1963) starring [[Pierre Brice]], [[Alan Steel]]
===Gladiator films===
Inspired by the success of ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'', there were a number of Italian peplums that heavily emphasized the gladiatorial arena in their plots, with it becoming almost a peplum subgenre in itself; one group of supermen known as "The Ten Gladiators" appeared in a trilogy; all three films starred [[Dan Vadis]] in the lead role.
* ''Alone Against Rome'' (1962) {{aka}} ''Vengeance of the Gladiators''
* ''[[The Arena (1974 film)|The Arena]]'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Naked Warriors'', co-directed by Joe D'Amato, starring [[Pam Grier]], Paul Muller and [[Rosalba Neri]]
* ''Challenge of the Gladiator'' (1965) starring Peter Lupus ({{aka}} Rock Stevens)
* ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Fighting Gladiator''
* ''Gladiator of Rome'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Gladiators'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''Gladiators Seven'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Gladiators'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[The Invincible Gladiator|Invincible Gladiator, The]]'' (1961) Richard Harrison
* ''Last Gladiator, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Messalina Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Revenge of Spartacus, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Gladiators'', starring Roger Browne
* ''[[Revenge of The Gladiators]]'' (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay
* ''Revolt of the Seven'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Spartan Gladiator'', starring Tony Russel and Helga Line
* ''Revolt of the Slaves'' (1961) Rhonda Fleming
* ''[[Seven Rebel Gladiators]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Against All'', starring Roger Browne
* ''[[Seven Slaves Against the World]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Slaves Against Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Strongest Slaves in the World'', starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell
* ''Sheba and the Gladiator'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sign of Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sign of the Gladiator'', Anita Ekberg
* ''Sins of Rome'' (1952) {{a.k.a.}} ''Spartacus'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Slave, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Son of Spartacus'', Steve Reeves
* ''Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ten Invincible Gladiators'', [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''Spartan Gladiator, The'' (1965) Tony Russel
* ''Ten Gladiators, The'' (1963) [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''Triumph of the Ten Gladiators'' (1965) [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''Two Gladiators, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fight or Die'', Richard Harrison
* ''Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rebel Gladiators'', Dan Vadis
* ''Warrior and the Slave Girl, The'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revolt of the Gladiators'', Gianna Maria Canale
===Ancient Rome===
* ''[[Brennus, Enemy of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Valiant'', Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Caesar Against the Pirates]]'' (1962) Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Caesar the Conqueror]]'' (1962) Cameron Mitchell, Rik Battaglia
* ''[[Carthage in Flames]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Cartagine in fiamme'', directed by Carmine Gallone
* ''[[The Centurion (film)|Centurion The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Conqueror of Corinth''
* ''Colossus of Rhodes, The'' (1960) directed by Sergio Leone
* ''[[Constantine and the Cross]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Constantine the Great''
* ''[[Coriolanus: Hero without a Country]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder of Battle'', Gordon Scott
* ''Diary of a Roman Virgin'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Livia, una vergine per l'impero romano'', directed by [[Joe D'Amato]] (used stock footage from ''The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1959) and ''The Arena'' (1974))
* ''[[Duel of Champions]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Horatio and Curiazi'', Alan Ladd
* ''[[Duel of the Titans]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Romulus and Remus'', Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott
* ''Fall of Rome, The'' (1961) directed by Antonio Margheriti
* ''[[Fire Over Rome]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Giants of Rome]]'' (1963) directed by Antonio Margheriti, starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[Oro per i Cesari|Gold for the Caesars]]'' (1963) Jeffrey Hunter
* ''[[Hannibal (1959 film)|Hannibal]]'' (1959) Victor Mature
* ''[[Hero of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Colossus of Rome'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Kampf um Rom]]'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Roman'', starring [[Laurence Harvey]], [[Honor Blackman]], [[Orson Welles]]
* ''[[Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1959) Steve Reeves
* ''Massacre in the Black Forest'' (1967) Cameron Mitchell
* ''Messalina'' (1960)
* ''Nero and the Burning of Rome'' (1955) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nero and Messalina''
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1951) assistant director Sergio Leone
* ''Rape of the Sabine Women, The'' (1961) Roger Moore
* ''Revenge of Spartacus, The'' (1965) Roger Browne
* ''[[Revenge of the Barbarians]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Revolt of the Praetorians]]'' (1965) Richard Harrison
* ''[[Rome Against Rome]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''War of the Zombies''
* ''[[The Secret Seven]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Seven''
* ''[[79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum]]'' (1962) Brad Harris
* ''Sheba and the Gladiator'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sign of Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sign of the Gladiator'', Anita Ekberg
* ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' (1952) {{aka}} ''Spartaco'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[The Slave of Rome]]'' (1960) starring Guy Madison
* ''Slaves of Carthage, The'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sword and the Cross'', Gianna Maria Canale (not to be confused with ''Mary Magdalene'')
* ''Theodora, Slave Empress'' (1954) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Three Swords for Rome'' (1965) Roger Browne
* ''Virgins of Rome, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons of Rome''
===Greek mythology===
* ''[[The Avenger (1962 film)|The Avenger]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Legend of Aeneas'', Steve Reeves
* ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander The Great]]'' (1956) U.S. film with music score by Mario Nascimbene
* ''[[Antigone (1961 film)|Antigone]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rites for the Dead'', a Greek production
* ''[[The Bacchantes (film)|Bacchantes, The]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Battle of the Amazons]]'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons: Women of Love and War'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Beauty of the Barbarian'' (directed by Alfonso Brescia)
* ''[[The Colossus of Rhodes (film)|The Colossus of Rhodes]]'' (1961) directed by Sergio Leone
* ''[[Conqueror of Atlantis]]'' (1965) starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Damon and Pythias (film)|Damon and Pythias]] ''(1962) Guy Williams
* ''[[Fury of Achilles]]'' (1962) Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Giant of Marathon]]'' (1959) (''The Battle of Marathon'') Steve Reeves
* ''[[Giants of Thessaly]]'' (1960) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Helen of Troy (film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (1956) directed by Robert Wise
* ''Hercules Challenges Samson'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]''
* ''[[The Lion of Thebes|Lion of Thebes, The]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Helen of Troy'', Mark Forest
* ''[[Mars, God of War]]'' (1962) {{aka}} ''Venus Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''[[The Minotaur (1961 film)|The Minotaur]]'' (1961) {{aka}} ''Theseus Against the Minotaur'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Warlord of Crete''
* ''[[My Son, the Hero]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Arrivano i Titani'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Titans''
* ''[[L'Odissea|Odyssey, The]]'' (1968) Cyclops segment directed by Mario Bava; Samson Burke played Polyphemus the Cyclops
* ''[[Perseus the Invincible]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Medusa vs. the Son of Hercules''
* ''Queen of the Amazons'' (1960) {{aka}} ''[[Colossus and the Amazon Queen]]''
* ''[[Seven from Thebes]]'' (1964) André Lawrence
* ''[[Siege of Syracuse (film)|Siege of Syracuse]], The'' (1962) Tina Louise
* ''[[Treasure of the Petrified Forest]]'' (1965) Gordon Mitchell (the plot involves Amazons)
* ''[[The Trojan Horse (film)|Trojan Horse, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Trojan War'', Steve Reeves
* ''[[Ulysses (1955 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954) starring Kirk Douglas and Anthony Quinn
* ''[[Vulcan, Son of Jupiter]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Vulcan, Son of Jove'', Gordon Mitchell, Richard Lloyd, Roger Browne
* ''Warrior Empress, The'' (1960) {{aka}} ''Sappho, Venus of Lesbos'', Kerwin Matthews, Tina Louise
===Barbarian and Viking films===
* ''[[Attack of the Normans]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Normans'', Cameron Mitchell
* ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (1954) directed by Pietro Francisci, Anthony Quinn, Sophia Loren
* ''[[The Cossacks (1960 film)|The Cossacks]]'' (1960)
* ''Defeat of the Barbarians'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''King Manfred''
* ''Dragon's Blood, The'' (1957)<ref name="Kinnard, Roy 2017"/> {{a.k.a.}} ''Sigfrido'', based on the legend of the Niebelungen, special effects by [[Carlo Rambaldi]]
* ''[[Erik the Conqueror]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invaders'', directed by Mario Bava, starring Cameron Mitchell
* ''[[Fury of the Pagans]]'' (1960) {{aka}} ''Fury of the Barbarians''
* ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Barbarians'', Steve Reeves
* ''[[The Huns (film)|The Huns]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Queen of the Tartars''
* ''[[Invasion 1700]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''With Iron and Fire'', {{a.k.a.}} ''With Fire and Sword'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Daggers of Blood''
* ''[[The Prince in Chains|King of the Vikings]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[The Prince in Chains]]''
* ''[[The Last of the Vikings]]'' (1961) starring Cameron Mitchell and Broderick Crawford
* ''[[Marco Polo (1961 film)|Marco Polo]]'' (1962) Rory Calhoun
* ''[[Marco the Magnificent]]'' (1965) Anthony Quinn, Orson Welles
* ''[[Michel Strogoff (1956 film)|Michel Strogoff]]'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revolt of the Tartars''
* ''[[The Mongols (film)|The Mongols]]'' (1961) starring Jack Palance
* ''[[Revak the Rebel]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Revolt of the Barbarians]]'' (1964) directed by Guido Malatesta
* ''[[Roland the Mighty]]'' (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''Saracens, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Pirate'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Flag of Death''
* ''[[The Seven Revenges]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Challenges'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Ivan the Conqueror'', starring Ed Fury
* ''Suleiman the Conqueror'' (1961)
* ''[[Sword of the Conqueror]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rosamund and Alboino'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Sword of the Empire]]'' (1964)
* ''Taras Bulba, The Cossack'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Plains of Battle''
* ''[[The Tartars]]'' (1961) Victor Mature, Orson Welles
* ''[[Terror of the Steppes]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mighty Khan'', starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Tharus Son of Attila]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Colossus and the Huns'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''Zorikan the Barbarian'' (1964) Dan Vadis
===Swashbucklers / pirates===
* ''Adventurer of Tortuga'' (1965) starring Guy Madison
* ''Adventures of Mandrin, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Captain Adventure''
* ''Adventures of Scaramouche, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mask of Scaramouche'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''At Sword's Edge'' (1952) dir. by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
* ''[[Attack of the Moors]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Kings of France''
* ''Avenger of the Seven Seas'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Executioner of the Seas'', Richard Harrison
* ''Avenger of Venice, The'' (1963) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring Brett Halsey
* ''Balboa'' (Spanish, 1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Conquistadors of the Pacific''
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci
* ''Behind the Mask of Zorro'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Oath of Zorro'', Tony Russel
* ''Black Archer, The'' (1959) Gerard Landry
* ''Black Devil, The'' (1957) Gerard Landry
* ''Black Duke, The'' (1963) Cameron Mitchell
* ''Black Eagle, The'' (1946) {{a.k.a.}} ''Return of the Black Eagle'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Black Lancers, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Charge of the Black Lancers'', Mel Ferrer
* ''Captain from Toledo, The'' (1966)
* ''Captain of Iron, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Mercenaries'', Barbara Steele
* ''Captain Phantom'' (1953)
* ''Captains of Adventure'' (1961) starring Paul Muller and Gerard Landry
* ''Caribbean Hawk, The'' (1963) Yvonne Monlaur
* ''Castillian, The'' (1963) Cesare Romero, U.S./Spanish co-production
* ''Catherine of Russia'' (1962) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''Cavalier in Devil’s Castle'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Cavalier of Devil's Island''
* ''Conqueror of Maracaibo, The'' (1961)
* ''Count of Monte Cristo, The'' (1962) Louis Jourdan
* ''Devil Made a Woman, The'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''A Girl Against Napoleon''
* ''Devil's Cavaliers, The'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Riders'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''El Cid'' (1961) Sophia Loren, Charlton Heston, U.S./ Italian film shot in Italy
* ''Executioner of Venice, The'' (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison
* ''Fighting Musketeers, The'' (1961)
* ''Giant of the Evil Island'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mystery of the Cursed Island'', Peter Lupus
* ''Goliath and the Masked Rider'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules and the Masked Rider'', Alan Steel
* ''Guns of the Black Witch'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Sea'', Don Megowan
* ''Hawk of the Caribbean'' (1963)
* ''Invincible Swordsman, The'' (1963)
* ''[[The Iron Swordsman]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''Count Ugolino'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman]]'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada normanna'', directed by Roberto Mauri
* ''Knight of a Hundred Faces, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Silver Knight'', starring Lex Barker
* ''Knights of Terror'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Red Capes'', Tony Russel
* ''Knight Without a Country'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Faceless Rider''
* ''Lawless Mountain, The'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''La montaña sin ley'' (stars Zorro)
* ''Lion of St. Mark, The'' (1964) Gordon Scott
* ''Mark of Zorro'' (1975) made in France, [[Monica Swinn]]
* ''Mark of Zorro'' (1976) [[George Hilton (actor)|George Hilton]]
* ''Masked Conqueror, The'' (1962)
* ''Mask of the Musketeers'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Zorro and the Three Musketeers'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''Michael Strogoff'' (1956) {{aka}} ''Revolt of the Tartars''
* ''[[Miracle of the Wolves]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Blood on his Sword'', starring Jean Marais
* ''[[Morgan, the Pirate]]'' (1960) Steve Reeves
* ''Musketeers of the Sea'' (1960)
* ''Mysterious Rider, The'' (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda <ref name="Roberto Chiti 1991"/>
* ''Mysterious Swordsman, The'' (1956) starred Gerard Landry
* ''Nephews of Zorro, The'' (1968) Italian comedy with Franco and Ciccio
* ''Night of the Great Attack'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Borgias''
* ''Night They Killed Rasputin, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Czar''
* ''Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The'' (1959)
* ''Pirate and the Slave Girl, The'' (1959) Lex Barker
* ''Pirate of the Black Hawk, The'' (1958)
* ''Pirate of the Half Moon'' (1957)
* ''Pirates of the Coast'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''Prince with the Red Mask, The'' (1955) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Red Eagle''
* ''Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of the Iron Mask''
* ''Pugni, Pirati e Karatè'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fists, Pirates and Karate'', directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)
* ''Queen of the Pirates'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Venus of the Pirates'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''Queen of the Seas'' (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''Rage of the Buccaneers'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gordon, The Black Pirate'', starring Vincent Price
* ''Red Cloak, The'' (1955) Bruce Cabot
* ''Revenge of Ivanhoe, The'' (1965) Rik Battaglia
* ''Revenge of the Black Eagle'' (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Revenge of the Musketeers'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers'', Fernando Lamas
* ''Revenge of Spartacus, The'' (1965) Roger Browne
* ''Revolt of the Mercenaries'' (1961)
* ''Robin Hood and the Pirates'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''Roland, the Mighty'' (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''Rome 1585'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenaries'', Debra Paget, set in the 1500s
* ''Rover, The'' (1967) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Adventurer'', starring Anthony Quinn
* ''[[The Sack of Rome (film)|The Sack of Rome]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Pagans'' (set in the 1500s)
* ''Samson vs. the Black Pirate'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules and the Black Pirate'', Alan Steel
* ''Samson vs. the Pirates'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Samson and the Sea Beast'', Kirk Morris
* ''Sandokan Fights Back'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandokan to the Rescue'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Sandokan'', Guy Madison
* ''[[Sandokan the Great]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem'', Steve Reeves
* ''Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Pirates of Malaysia]]'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Pirates of the Seven Seas'', Steve Reeves, directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Throne of Vengeance'', Guy Madison
* ''Saracens, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Pirate'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Flag of Death'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''Sea Pirate, The'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder Over the Indian Ocean'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas''
* ''Secret Mark of D'artagnan, The'' (1962)
* ''Seven Seas to Calais'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas'', Rod Taylor
* ''Seventh Sword, The'' (1960) Brett Halsey
* ''Shadow of Zorro'' (1962) Frank Latimore
* ''Sign of Zorro, The'' (1952)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Il segno di Zorro|it|3=Il segno di Zorro (film 1963)|lt=Sign of Zorro}}'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Duel at the Rio Grande'', [[Sean Flynn (film actor)|Sean Flynn]]
* ''Son of Black Eagle'' (1968)
* ''Son of Captain Blood'' (1962)
* ''[[Son of d'Artagnan]]'' (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Son of El Cid, The'' (1965) Mark Damon
* ''Son of the Red Corsair'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Son of the Red Pirate'', Lex Barker
* ''Son of Zorro'' (1973) [[Alberto Dell'Acqua]]
* ''Sword in the Shadow, A'' (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon
* ''Sword of Rebellion, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Rebel of Castelmonte''
* ''Sword of Vengeance'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada della vendetta''
* ''Swordsman of Siena, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenary''
* ''Sword Without a Country'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sword Without a Flag''
* ''Terror of the Black Mask'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Masked Rider''
* ''Terror of the Red Mask'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''Three Swords of Zorro, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sword of Zorro'', [[Guy Stockwell]]
* ''Tiger of the Seven Seas'' (1963)
* ''Triumph of Robin Hood'' (1962) starring Samson Burke
* ''Tyrant of Castile, The'' (1964) Mark Damon
* ''White Slave Ship'' (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio
* ''[[The White Warrior]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Hadji Murad, the White Devil'', Steve Reeves
* ''Zorro'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Zorro the Fox'', George Ardisson
* ''[[Zorro (1975 Italian film)|Zorro]]'' (1975) [[Alain Delon]]
* ''Zorro and the Three Musketeers'' (1963) [[Gordon Scott]]
* ''Zorro at the Court of England'' (1969) [[Spiros Focás]] as Zorro
* ''Zorro at the Court of Spain'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Masked Conqueror'', Georgio Ardisson
* ''Zorro of Monterrey'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro de Monterrey'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro, Rider of Vengeance'' (1971) Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro's Last Adventure'' (1970) {{a.k.a.}} ''La última aventura del Zorro'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro the Avenger'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Zorro'', [[Frank Latimore]]
* ''[[The Avenger, Zorro|Zorro the Avenger]]'' (1969) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro justiciero'' (1969) [[Fabio Testi]]
* ''Zorro, the Navarra Marquis'' (1969) [[Nadir Moretti]] as Zorro
* ''Zorro the Rebel'' (1966) [[Howard Ross (actor)|Howard Ross]]
* ''[[Samson and the Slave Queen|Zorro Against Maciste]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Samson and the Slave Queen'' (1963) starring [[Pierre Brice]], [[Alan Steel]]
===Biblical===
* ''[[Barabbas (1961 film)|Barabbas]]'' (1961) Dino de Laurentiis, Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy
* ''Bible, The'' (1966) Dino de Laurentiis, John Huston, filmed in Italy
* ''[[David and Goliath (1960 film)|David and Goliath]]'' (1960) Orson Welles
* ''Desert Desperadoes'' (1956) plot involves King Herod
* ''[[Esther and the King]]'' (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan
* ''Head of a Tyrant, The'' (1959)
* ''[[Herod the Great]]'' (1958) Edmund Purdom
* ''Jacob, the Man Who Fought with God'' (1964) Giorgio Cerioni
* ''Mighty Crusaders, The'' (1957) {{a.k.a.}} ''Jerusalem Set Free'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[The Old Testament (film)|Old Testament, The]]'' (1962) Brad Harris
* ''[[Pontius Pilate (1962 film)|Pontius Pilate]]'' (1962) Jean Marais
* ''[[The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)|The Queen of Sheba]]'' (1952), directed by [[Pietro Francisci]]
* ''[[Samson and Gideon]]'' (1965) Fernando Rey
* ''[[Saul and David]]'' (1963) Gianni Garko
* ''Sodom and Gomorrah'' (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy
* ''Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The'' (1960)
* ''Sword and the Cross, The'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mary Magdalene'', Gianna Maria Canale
===Ancient Egypt===
* ''[[Cleopatra's Daughter]]'' (1960) starring Debra Paget
* ''[[Legions of the Nile]]'' (1959) starring Linda Cristal
* ''[[The Pharaohs' Woman|Pharaoh's Woman, The]]'' (1960) with John Drew Barrymore
* ''[[A Queen for Caesar|Queen for Caesar, A]]'' (1962) Gordon Scott
* ''[[Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile|Queen of the Nile]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nefertiti'', Vincent Price
* ''[[Son of Cleopatra]]'' (1964) Mark Damon
===Babylon / the Middle East===
* ''[[Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sinbad Against the 7 Saracens'',<ref>Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. ''Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film.'' Gremese Editore 2007. {{ISBN|8884405033}}.</ref> starring Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Anthar, The Invincible]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules]]'', starring Kirk Morris, directed by Antonio Margheriti
* ''[[Desert Warrior (film)|Desert Warrior]]'' (1957) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Desert Lovers'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''[[Falcon of the Desert]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Magnificent Challenge'', starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[The Golden Arrow (1962 film)|Golden Arrow, The]]'' (1962) directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]
* ''[[Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus'', Peter Lupus
* ''[[Goliath and the Rebel Slave]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tyrant of Lydia vs. The Son of Hercules'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Goliath and the Sins of Babylon]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Maciste, the World's Greatest Hero'', Mark Forest
* ''[[Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Hero of Babylon]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Beast of Babylon vs. the Son of Hercules'', Gordon Scott
* ''Kindar, the Invulnerable'' (1965) Mark Forest, Rosalba Neri <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5_3AgAAQBAJ&q=rosalba+neri+kindar&pg=PA38 |title = Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult|isbn = 9780857730442|last1 = Hughes|first1 = Howard|date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>
* ''Missione sabbie roventi'' (''Mission Burning Sands'') (1966) starring Renato Rossini, directed by Alfonso Brescia
* ''[[The Red Shiek|Red Sheik, The]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Shéhérazade (film)|Scheherazade]]'' (1963) starring Anna Karina
* ''[[The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba|Seven Tasks of Ali Baba, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown'', starring Richard Lloyd
* ''[[Slave Girls of Sheba]]'' (1963) starring Linda Cristal
* ''[[Slave Queen of Babylon]]'' (1962) Yvonne Furneaux
* ''[[Son of the Sheik]]'' (1961) {{aka}} ''Kerim, Son of the Sheik'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Sword of Damascus|Sword of Damascus, The]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Thief of Damascus''
* ''[[The Sword of Islam|Sword of Islam, The]]'' (1961)
* ''[[The Thief of Baghdad (1961 film)|Thief of Baghdad, The]]'' (1961) Steve Reeves
* ''[[War Gods of Babylon]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seventh Thunderbolt''
* ''[[The Wonders of Aladdin|Wonders of Aladdin, The]]'' (1961) Donald O'Connor
==The second peplum wave: the 1980s==
After the peplum gave way to the [[spaghetti Western]] and [[Eurospy]] films in 1965, the genre lay dormant for close to 20 years. Then in 1982, the box-office successes of [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]]'s ''[[Quest for Fire (film)|Quest for Fire]]'' (1981) and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]'s ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982) spurred a second renaissance of [[sword and sorcery]] Italian pepla in the five years immediately following. Most of these films had low budgets, focusing more on barbarians and pirates so as to avoid the need for expensive Greco-Roman sets. The filmmakers tried to compensate for their shortcomings with the addition of some graphic gore and nudity. Many of these 1980s entries were helmed by noted Italian horror film directors ([[Joe D'Amato]], [[Lucio Fulci]], [[Luigi Cozzi]], etc.) and many featured actors [[Lou Ferrigno]], [[Miles O'Keefe]] and [[Sabrina Siani]]. Here is a list of the 1980s pepla:
* ''Adam and Eve'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''Adamo ed Eva, la prima storia d'amore'', contains stock footage from ''One Million Years B.C.'' (1966)
* ''[[Ator, the Fighting Eagle]]'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ator the Invincible'', starring [[Miles O'Keefe]] and [[Sabrina Siani]], directed by [[Joe D'Amato]]
* ''Ator 2: [[The Blade Master]]'' (1985) {{a.k.a.}} ''Cave Dwellers'', starring Miles O’Keefe, directed by Joe D’Amato
* ''[[Ator 3: Iron Warrior]]'' (1986) {{a.k.a.}} ''Iron Warrior'', starring Miles O'Keefe, directed by [[Alfonso Brescia]] (Joe D'Amato disowned this entry in the ''Ator'' saga, since it was done without his involvement)
* ''[[Ator 4: Quest for the Mighty Sword]]'' (1989) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Quest for the Mighty Sword]]'', starring [[Eric Allan Kramer]] (as the son of Ator), [[Laura Gemser]] and [[Marisa Mell]], directed by Joe D'Amato
* ''[[Barbarian Master]]'' (1984) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sangraal, the Sword of Fire'', {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Sword of the Barbarians]]'', starring [[Sabrina Siani]]
* ''[[The Barbarians (1987 film)|The Barbarians]]'' (1987) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians and Company'', semi-comedy starring Peter and David Paul, directed by [[Ruggero Deodato]]
* ''[[The Cantabrians]]'' (1980) {{a.k.a.}} ''Los Cantabros'', directed by [[Paul Naschy]] in Spain
* ''Conqueror of the World'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''I padroni del mondo'' / ''Fathers of the World'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Master of the World'' (a barbarian movie set in prehistoric times) directed by Alberto Cavallone
* ''[[Conquest (1983 film)|Conquest]]'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''Conquest of the Lost Land'', starring Sabrina Siani, directed by [[Lucio Fulci]]
* ''[[Hercules (1983 film)|Hercules]]'' (1983) starring [[Lou Ferrigno]] and [[Sybil Danning]], directed by [[Luigi Cozzi]]
* ''[[The Adventures of Hercules|Hercules 2]]'' (1984) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Adventures of Hercules'', starring Lou Ferrigno, directed by Luigi Cozzi
* ''[[Hundra]]'' (1983) Italian/ Spanish Conan ripoff directed by [[Matt Cimber]]<ref>http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/</ref>
* ''[[The Invincible Barbarian]]'' (1982) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gunan, the Warrior'', {{aka}} ''[[Gunan, King of the Barbarians]]'', starring Sabrina Siani, directed by [[Franco Prosperi]]
* ''[[Ironmaster (film)|Ironmaster]]'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''The War of Iron'', co-starring [[Luigi Montefiori]], directed by [[Umberto Lenzi]]
* ''The Seven Magnificent Gladiators'' (1983) starring Lou Ferrigno and [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''[[She (1982 film)|She]]'' (1982) starring [[Sandahl Bergman]] and [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* ''[[Sinbad of the Seven Seas]]'' (1988) starring Lou Ferrigno, directed by Luigi Cozzi
* ''Thor, the Conqueror'' (1983) directed by [[Tonino Ricci]]
* ''[[The Throne of Fire (film)|The Throne of Fire]]'' (1983) starring Sabrina Siani, directed by [[Franco Prosperi]]
* ''[[Yor, the Hunter from the Future]]'' (1983) starring [[Reb Brown]], directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]] (a barbarian film that has science fiction elements in the story)
A group of so-called "porno peplum" films were devoted to Roman emperors, especially - but not only - to [[Caligula]] and [[Claudius]]' spouse [[Messalina]]:
* ''[[Caligula (film)|Caligula]]'' (1979) directed by Tinto Brass
* ''A Filha de Calígula'' (1981) directed by Ody Fraga
* ''Caligula and Messalina'' (1981) directed by Bruno Mattei
* ''My Nights with Messalina'' (1982) directed by Jaime J. Puig
* ''Nerone and Poppea'' (1982) directed by Bruno Mattei
* ''[[Caligula... The Untold Story]]'' (1982) directed by Joe D'Amato
* ''[[Orgies of Caligula]]'' (1984) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Caligula's Slaves]]'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Roma, l'antica chiave dei sensi''
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*Diak, Nicholas, editor. ''The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s''. McFarland and Company, Inc. 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6762-1}}
*Richard Dyer: "The White Man's Muscles" in R. Dyer: ''White'': London: Routledge: 1997: {{ISBN|0-415-09537-9}}
*David Chapman: ''Retro Studs: Muscle Movie Posters from Around the World'': Portland: Collectors Press: 2002: {{ISBN|1-888054-69-7}}
*Hervé Dumont, ''L'Antiquité au cinéma. Vérités, légendes et manipulations'' (Nouveau-Monde, 2009; {{ISBN|2-84736-434-X}})
*Florent Fourcart, ''Le Péplum italien (1946–1966) : Grandeur et décadence d'une antiquité populaire'' (2012, CinExploitation; {{ISBN|291551786X}})
*Maggie Gunsberg: "Heroic Bodies: The Culture of Masculinity in Peplums" in M. Gunsberg: ''Italian Cinema: Gender and Genre'': Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan: 2005: {{ISBN|0-333-75115-9}}
*Patrick Lucanio, ''With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968'' (Scarecrow Press, 1994; {{ISBN|0810828162}})
*Irmbert Schenk: "The Cinematic Support to Nationalist(ic) Mythology: The Italian Peplum 1910–1930" in Natascha Gentz and Stefan Kramer (eds.) ''Globalization, Cultural Identities and Media Representations'' Albany: State University of New York Press: 2006: {{ISBN|0-7914-6684-1}}
*Stephen Flacassier: "Muscles, Myths and Movies": Rabbit's Garage: 1994 : {{ISBN|0-9641643-0-2}}
==External links==
===Films===
*[https://archive.org/details/PublicDomainMercuryFilmsSiriusCICCAvalaFilmandMedallionPicturesTheAvengerTheLegendofAeneas ''The Avenger''] by [[Georgia Rivalta]]. [[Steve Reeves]] stars as [[Aeneas]].
*[https://archive.org/details/HerculesUnchained ''Hercules Unchained''] ([[Pietro Francisci]], director.)
*[https://archive.org/details/TheGiantOfMetropolis1961 ''The Giant of Metropolis''] (starring [[Gordon Mitchell]]; [[Umberto Scarpelli]], director)
*[https://archive.org/details/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon ''Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon''] ([[Domenico Paolella]], dir.)
===Images and discussion===
*[http://www.briansdriveintheater.com/hercules.html ''The Many Faces of Hercules'' at Brian's Drive-In Theatre]
*[http://www.peplums.info PEPLVM - Images de l'Antiquité, par Michel Eloy] (in French)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130703120325/http://www.hervedumont.ch/content/fr/antiquite_maj.php Cinéma & Histoire: L'Antiquité au Cinéma] (in French), by Hervé Dumont.
*http://www.sinistercinema.com (source of peplum DVD's)
*http://www.somethingweird.com (source of peplum DVD's)
*http://www.santoandfriends.com ; (filmography of Mexican muscleman films)
{{Exploitation film}}
{{Historical fiction}}
{{Italian film genres}}
{{film genres}}
{{fantasy fiction}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Historical fiction]]
[[Category:Peplum films| ]]
[[Category:Italian films by genre]]
[[Category:20th century in Italy]]
[[Category:Fantasy genres]]
[[Category:Classical antiquity in modern art and culture]]
[[Category:Sword and sandal| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{hatnote|Peplum (film genre) redirects here. Not to be confused with [[Sword and sorcery]], a subgenre of fantasy fiction.}}
[[File:GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg|thumb|This poster for ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' illustrates many people's expectations from films of this genre]]
'''Sword-and-sandal''', also known as '''peplum''' ('''pepla''' plural), is a [[subgenre]] of largely [[Italy|Italian]]-made historical or Biblical epics mostly set in the [[Greco-Roman antiquity|Greco-Roman]] or medieval period. These films attempted to emulate the big-budget Hollywood historical epics of the time, such as ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'', ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]'', ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'', ''[[The Robe (film)|The Robe]]'', ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'', ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' and ''[[The Ten Commandments (1956 film)|The Ten Commandments]]''.<ref>Patrick Lucanio, ''With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968'' (Scarecrow Press, 1994; {{ISBN|0810828162}})</ref> These films dominated the Italian film industry from 1958 to 1965, eventually being replaced in 1965 by the [[spaghetti Western]] and [[Eurospy]] films.<ref name=O'Brien>{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=D. |title=Classical Masculinity and the Spectacular Body on Film: The Mighty Sons of Hercules |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137384713 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhhHBQAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Kinnard1>{{cite book |last1=Kinnard |first1=Roy |last2=Crnkovich |first2=Tony |title=Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990 |date=2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476662916 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IO08DgAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
The term "peplum" (a Latin word referring to the Ancient Greek garment ''[[peplos]]''), was introduced by French film critics in the 1960s.<ref name=O'Brien /><ref name=Kinnard1 /> The terms "[[Peplos|peplum]]" and "sword-and-sandal" were used in a condescending way by film critics. Later, the terms were embraced by fans of the films, similar to the terms "spaghetti Western" or "shoot-'em-ups". In their English versions, peplum films can be immediately differentiated from their Hollywood counterparts by their use of "clumsy and inadequate" English language [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]].<ref name="A History of Italian Cinema">{{cite book |last1=Bondanella |first1=Peter |last2=Pacchioni |first2=Federico |title=A History of Italian Cinema |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=9781501307645 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbM2DwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> A 100-minute documentary on the history of Italy's peplum genre was produced and directed by Antonio Avati in 1977 entitled ''Kolossal: i magnifici Maciste'' (aka ''Kino Kolossal'').<ref>Della Casa, Steve; Giusti, Marco (2013). "Il Grande Libro di Ercole". ''Edizione Sabinae''. Page 194. {{ISBN|978-88-98623-051}}</ref><ref>https://letterboxd.com/film/kino-kolossal-herkules-maciste-co/</ref>
Italian epic films set in antiquity that were produced before the 1958 peplum wave proper, such as ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949) and ''[[Ulysses (1954 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954), have been called '''proto-peplum'''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Cineforum |date=1989 |volume=29 |issue=#1–6 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RPYHAQAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |publisher=Federazione italiana cineforum |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pomeroy |first1=Arthur J. |title='Then it Was Destroyed by the Volcano': The Ancient World in Film and on Television |date=2008 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9780715630266 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh3uAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nikoloutsos |first1=Konstantinos P. |title=Ancient Greek Women in Film |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780199678921 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0cXAgAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayman |first1=Louis |title=Directory of World Cinema: Italy |date=2011 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=9781841504001 |page=177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QX3v03WY5cC |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and recent films set in such Greco-Roman times (made after the peplum wave ended in 1965) have been called '''neo-peplum'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diak |first1=Nicholas |title=The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s |date=2018 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9781476631509 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dThCDwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hähnel-Mesnard |first1=Carola |last2=Liénard-Yeterian |first2=Marie |last3=Marinas |first3=Cristina |title=Culture et mémoire: représentations contemporaines de la mémoire dans les espaces mémoriels, les arts du visuel, la littérature et le théâtre |date=2008 |publisher=Editions Ecole Polytechnique |isbn=9782730214926 |page=245 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sgeXnZBzY64C |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brenner-Idan |first1=Athalya |title=Feminist Companion to Esther, Judith and Susanna |date=1995 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=9780567491459 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-jhVJH1cMsC |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London |date=2008 |publisher=Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ4MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22sword+and+sandal%22 |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ritzer |first1=Ivo |last2=Schulze |first2=Peter W. |title=Genre Hybridisation: Global Cinematic Flow |date=2016 |publisher=Schüren Verlag |isbn=9783741000416 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPl4DwAAQBAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
==Genre characteristics==
Sword-and-sandal films are a specific class of Italian [[Adventure film|adventure]] films that have subjects set in Biblical or [[classical antiquity]], often with plots based more or less loosely on [[mythology]], [[Greco-Roman]] history or the other contemporary cultures of the time, such as the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], [[Assyria]]ns, and [[Etruscan civilization|Etruscans]], as well as medieval times. Not all of the films were fantasy-based by any means. Many of the plots featured actual historical personalities such as [[Julius Caesar]], [[Cleopatra]], and [[Hannibal]], although great liberties were taken with the storylines. [[Gladiators]] and [[slaves]] rebelling against tyrannical rulers, pirates and swashbucklers were also popular subjects.
As Robert Rushing defines it, peplum, "in its most stereotypical form, [...] depicts muscle-bound heroes (professional bodybuilders, athletes, wrestlers, or brawny actors) in mythological antiquity, fighting fantastic monsters and saving scantily clad beauties. Rather than lavish epics set in the classical world, they are low-budget films that focus on the hero's extraordinary body."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Amanda Ann |last2=Palmer |first2=R. Barton |title=Cycles, Sequels, Spin-offs, Remakes, and Reboots: Multiplicities in Film and Television |date=2016 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9781477308196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VS1YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |accessdate=6 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Thus, most sword-and-sandal films featured a superhumanly strong man as the protagonist, such as [[Hercules]], [[Samson]], [[Goliath]], [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] or Italy's own popular folk hero [[Maciste]]. In addition, the plots typically involved two women vying for the affection of the bodybuilder hero: the good love interest (a [[damsel in distress]] needing rescue), and an evil femme fatale queen who sought to dominate the hero.
Also, the films typically featured an ambitious ruler who would ascend the throne by murdering those who stood in his path, and often it was only the muscular hero who could depose him. Thus, Maria Elena D'Amelio points out the hero's often political goal: "to restore a legitimate sovereign against an evil dictator."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cornelius |first1=Michael G. |title=Of Muscles and Men: Essays on the Sword and Sandal Film |date=2011 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=9780786489022 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fyTXCoiaAe4C |language=en}}</ref>
Many of the peplum films involved a clash between two populations, one civilized and the other barbaric, which typically included a scene of a village or city being burned to the ground by invaders. For their musical content, most films contained a colorful dancing girls sequence, meant to underline pagan [[decadence]].
==List of Peplums in chronological order==
*''The Sack of Rome'' (1905)
*''[[Agrippina (film)|Agrippina]]'' (1911)
*''[[The Fall of Troy (film)|The Fall of Troy]]'' (1911)
*''The Queen of Nineveh'' (1911, directed by [[Luigi Maggi]])
* ''[[Brutus (1911 film)|Brutus]]'' (1911)
*''[[Quo Vadis (1913 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1913, directed by [[Enrico Guazzoni]])
* ''[[Antony and Cleopatra (1913 film)|Antony and Cleopatra]]'' (1913)
*''[[Cabiria]]'' (1914, directed by [[Giovanni Pastrone]])
* ''[[Julius Caesar (1914 film)|Julius Caesar]]'' (1914)
*''Maciste'' (1915) {{a.k.a.}} "The Marvelous Maciste"
*''Maciste bersagliere'' ("Maciste the Ranger", 1916)
*''Maciste alpino'' ("Maciste The Warrior", 1916)
*''Maciste atleta'' ("Maciste the Athlete", 1917)
*''Maciste medium'' ("Maciste the Clairvoyant", 1917)
*''Maciste poliziotto'' ("Maciste the Detective", 1917)
*''Maciste turista'' ("Maciste the Tourist", 1917)
*''Saffo'' (''Sappho'', 1918, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''[[The Crusaders (1918 film)|The Crusaders]]'' (1918)
* ''[[Fabiola (1918 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1918)
*''Maciste sonnambulo'' ("Maciste the Sleepwalker", 1918)
*''Attila'' (1919, directed by F. Mari)
*''Venere'' (''Venus'', 1919, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''Il mistero di Osiris'' (''The Mystery of Osiris'', 1919, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''[[Giuliano l'Apostata]]'' (1919, directed by [[Ugo Falena]])
*''La Rivincita di Maciste'' ("The Revenge of Maciste", 1919)
*''Il Testamento di Maciste'' ("Maciste's Will", 1919)
*''Il Viaggio di Maciste'' ("Maciste's Journey", 1919)
*''Maciste I'' ("Maciste the First", 1919)
*''Maciste contro la morte'' ("Maciste vs Death", 1919)
*''Maciste innamorato'' ("Maciste in Love", 1919)
*''Maciste in vacanza'' ("Maciste on Vacation", 1920)
*''Maciste salvato dalle acque'' ("Maciste Rescued from the Waters", 1920)
*''Giuditta e Oloferne'' (''Judith and Holofernes'', 1920, directed by Antonio Molinari)
*''[[The Sack of Rome (film)|The Sack of Rome]]'', (1920)
*''Maciste e la figlia del re della plata'' ("Maciste and the Silver King's Daughter", 1922)
*''Maciste und die Japanerin'' ("Maciste and the Japanese", 1922)
*''Maciste contro Maciste'' ("Maciste vs. Maciste", 1923)
*''Maciste und die chinesische truhe'' ("Maciste and the Chinese Trunk", 1923)
*''Maciste e il nipote di America'' ("Maciste's American Nephew", 1924)
*''Maciste imperatore'' ("Emperor Maciste", 1924)
*''[[Messalina (1924 film)|Messalina]]'' (1924)
*''Maciste contro lo sceicco'' ("Maciste vs. the Sheik", 1925)
*''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1926 film)|Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei]]'' (''The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1926) directed by [[Carmine Gallone]] and [[Amleto Palermi]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michelakis |first1=Pantelis |last2=Wyke |first2=Maria |last3=Pucci |first3=Giuseppe |title=The Ancient World in Silent Cinema |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107016101 |pages=247–261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaQ0AAAAQBAJ |accessdate=11 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*''Maciste all'inferno'' ("Maciste in Hell", 1926)
*''Maciste nella gabbia dei leoni'' ("Maciste in the Lions' Den", 1926)
*''il Gigante delle Dolemite'' ("The Giant From the Dolomite", released in 1927)
*''Scipione l'africano'' ("Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal", 1937)
*''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]''
*''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]''
*''[[Messalina (1951 film)|Messalina]]'' (1951)
*''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (''Le fatiche di Ercole'' / ''The Labors of Hercules'', 1958) starring Steve Reeves
*''[[Hercules Unchained]]'' (''Ercole e la regina di Lidia'' / ''Hercules and the Queen of Lydia'', 1959) starring Steve Reeves
*''[[Goliath and the Dragon]]'' (''La vendetta di Ercole'' / ''The Revenge of Hercules'', 1960) starring Mark Forest as Hercules (Hercules' name was changed to ''Goliath'' when this film was dubbed in English and distributed in the U.S.)
*''[[Hercules Vs The Hydra]]'' (''Gli amori di Ercole'' / ''[[The Loves of Hercules]]'', 1960) co-starring Mickey Hargitay (as Hercules) and [[Jayne Mansfield]]
*''[[Hercules and the Captive Women]]'' (''Ercole alla conquista di Atlantide'' / ''Hercules at the Conquest of Atlantis'', 1961) starring Reg Park as Hercules (alternate U.S. title: ''Hercules and the Haunted Women'')
*''[[Hercules in the Haunted World]]'' (''Ercole al centro della terra'' / ''Hercules at the Center of the Earth'', 1961) directed by Mario Bava, starring Reg Park as Hercules
*''[[Hercules in the Valley of Woe|Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'' (''[[Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai]]'' / ''[[Maciste vs Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'') comedy starring Frank Gordon as Hercules, 1961
*''[[Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Ulisse contro Ercole'' / ''Ulysses vs. Hercules'') starring Mike Lane as Hercules, 1962
*''[[The Three Stooges Meet Hercules]]'' (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star [[Samson Burke]] as Hercules)
*''[[The Fury of Hercules]]'' (''La furia di Ercole'' / ''The Fury of Hercules'') starring Brad Harris as Hercules, 1962 (alternate U.S. title: ''The Fury of Samson'')
*''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]'' (''Ercole sfida Sansone'' / ''Hercules Challenges Samson'') starring Kirk Morris as Hercules, 1963
*''[[Hercules Against Moloch]]'' (''Ercole contro Molock'' / ''Hercules vs. Molock'') starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1963 ({{a.k.a.}} ''The Conquest of Mycenae'')
*''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness]]'' (''Ercole l'invincibile'' / ''[[Hercules the Invincible]]'') starring Dan Vadis as Hercules, 1964. (this was originally a Hercules film that was re-titled for inclusion in the U.S. syndicated TV package ''[[The Sons of Hercules]]'').
*''[[Hercules vs The Giant Warriors]]'' (''il trionfo di Ercole'' / ''[[The Triumph of Hercules]]'') starring Dan Vadis as Hercules, 1964 (alternate U.S. title: ''Hercules and the Ten Avengers'')
*''[[Hercules Against Rome]]'' (''Ercole contro Roma'' / ''Hercules vs. Rome'') starring Alan Steel as Hercules, 1964
*''[[Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun]]'' (''Ercole contro i figli del sole'' / ''Hercules vs. the Sons of the Sun'') starring Mark Forest as Hercules, 1964
*''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]'' (''Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili'' / ''Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles'') starring Alan Steel as Hercules, 1964 ({{a.k.a.}} ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Defi'')
*''[[Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon]]'' (''Ercole contro i tiranni di Babilonia'' / ''Hercules vs. the Tyrants of Babylon'') starring Rock Stevens as Hercules, 1964
*''[[Hercules and the Princess of Troy]]'' (no Italian title) starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1965 ({{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules vs. the Sea Monster''; this U.S./ Italian co-production was made as a pilot for a [[Charles Band]]-produced TV series that never materialized and it was later distributed as a feature film)
*''[[Hercules the Avenger]]'' (''Sfida dei giganti'' / ''Challenge of the Giants'') starring Reg Park as Hercules, 1965 (this film was composed mostly of re-edited footage from the two 1961 Reg Park Hercules films)
===Goliath series (1959–1964)===
The Italians used Goliath as the superhero protagonist in a series of adventure films (pepla) in the early 1960s. He was a man possessed of amazing strength, although he seemed to be a different person in each film. After the classic ''[[Hercules (1957 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958) became a blockbuster sensation in the film industry, a 1959 Steve Reeves film ''[[Il terrore dei barbari]]'' (''[[Terror of the Barbarians]]'') was re-titled ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' in the U.S. The film was so successful at the box office, it inspired Italian filmmakers to do a series of four more films featuring a generic beefcake hero named Goliath, although the films were not related to each other in any way (the 1960 Italian peplum ''[[David and Goliath (1960 film)|David and Goliath]]'' starring [[Orson Welles]] was not part of this series, since that movie was just a historical retelling of the Biblical story).
The titles in the Italian ''Goliath'' adventure series were as follows: (the first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses)
* ''[[Il terrore dei barbari]]'' / ''[[Terror of the Barbarians]]'' (1959) ('''''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]''''' in the U.S.), starring Steve Reeves as Goliath (although he is referred to as "Emiliano" in the original Italian-language version)
* ''[[Goliath contro i giganti]]'' / ''Goliath Against the Giants'' ('''''[[Goliath Against the Giants]]''''') (1960) starring Brad Harris
* ''[[Goliath e la schiava ribelle]]'' / ''[[Goliath and the Rebel Slave]]'' ('''''[[Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules]]''''') (1963) starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Golia e il cavaliere mascherato]]'' / ''Goliath and the Masked Rider'' ('''''[[Hercules and the Masked Rider]]''''') (1964) starring Alan Steel (note: Goliath is referred to as "Hercules" in English-dubbed prints)
* ''[[Golia alla conquista di Bagdad]]'' / ''[[Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad]]'' ('''''[[Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus]]''''', 1964) starring Rock Stevens (aka Peter Lupus)
The name Goliath was also inserted into the English titles of three other Italian pepla that were re-titled for U.S. distribution in an attempt to cash in on the Goliath craze, but these films were not originally made as "Goliath movies" in Italy.
Both ''[[Goliath and the Vampires]]'' (1961) and ''[[Goliath and the Sins of Babylon]]'' (1963) actually featured the famed Italian folk hero Maciste in the original Italian versions, but American distributors did not feel the name "Maciste" meant anything to American audiences.
''[[Goliath and the Dragon]]'' (1960) was originally an Italian Hercules movie called ''[[The Revenge of Hercules]]'', but it was re-titled ''Goliath and the Dragon'' in the U.S. since at the time ''Goliath and the Barbarians'' was breaking box-office records, and the distributors may have thought the name "Hercules" was trademarked by distributor [[Joseph E. Levine]].
===Maciste series (1960–1965)===
{{main|Maciste}}
There were a total of 25 Maciste films from the 1960s peplum craze (not counting the two dozen silent Maciste films made in Italy pre-1930). By 1960, seeing how well the two Steve Reeves ''Hercules'' films were doing at the box office, Italian producers decided to revive the 1920s silent film character ''Maciste'' in a new series of color/sound films. Unlike the other Italian peplum protagonists, Maciste found himself in a variety of time periods ranging from the [[Ice Age]] to 16th century Scotland. Maciste was never given an origin, and the source of his mighty powers was never revealed. However, in the first film of the 1960s series, he mentions to another character that the name "Maciste" means "born of the rock" (almost as if he was a god who would just appear out of the earth itself in times of need). One of the 1920s silent Maciste films was actually entitled "The Giant from the Dolomite", hinting that Maciste may be more god than man, which would explain his great strength. <br>
The first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses (note how many times Maciste's name in the Italian title is altered to an entirely different name in the American title):
* ''[[Maciste nella valle dei re]]'' / ''Maciste in the Valley of the Kings'' ('''[[Son of Samson]]''', 1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Maciste the Mighty'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Maciste the Giant'', starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste nella terra dei ciclopi]]'' / ''[[Maciste in the Land of the Cyclops]]'' ('''[[Atlas in the Land of the Cyclops]]''', 1961) starring Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Maciste contro il vampiro]]'' / ''[[Maciste Vs. the Vampire]]'' ('''[[Goliath and the Vampires]]''', 1961) starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Il trionfo di Maciste]]'' / ''The Triumph of Maciste'' ('''[[Triumph of the Son of Hercules]]''', 1961) starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Maciste alla corte del gran khan]]'' / ''[[Maciste at the Court of the Great Khan]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World]]''', 1961) starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Maciste, l'uomo più forte del mondo]]'' / ''[[Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World]]'' ('''[[Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules]]''', 1961) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'' ('''[[Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]''', 1961) starring Kirk Morris as Maciste; this was a satire/spoof featuring the comedy team of Franco and Ciccio
* ''[[Totò contro Maciste]]'' / ''Totò vs. Maciste'' (no American title, 1962) starring Samson Burke; this was a comedy satirizing the peplum genre (part of the Italian "Toto" film series) and was never distributed in the U.S.; it is apparently not even available in English
* ''[[Maciste all'inferno]]'' / ''[[Maciste in Hell]]'' ('''[[The Witch's Curse]]''', 1962) starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Maciste contro lo sceicco]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Sheik]]'' ('''[[Samson Against the Sheik]]''', 1962) starring Ed Fury
* ''Maciste, il gladiatore piu forte del mondo'' / ''Maciste, the World's Strongest Gladiator'' ('''[[Colossus of the Arena]]''', 1962) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste contro i mostri]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Monsters]]'' ('''[[Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules]]''', 1962) starring Reg Lewis
* ''[[Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Headhunters]]'' ('''[[Colossus and the Headhunters]]''', 1962) starring Kirk Morris; {{a.k.a.}} ''Fury of the Headhunters''
* ''Maciste, l'eroe piu grande del mondo'' / ''Maciste, the World's Greatest Hero'' ('''[[Goliath and the Sins of Babylon]]''', 1963) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Zorro contro Maciste]]'' / ''[[Zorro Against Maciste]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Slave Queen]]''', 1963) starring Alan Steel
* ''[[Maciste contro i mongoli]]'' / ''[[Maciste Against the Mongols]]'' ('''[[Hercules Against the Mongols]]''', 1963) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan]]'' / ''[[Maciste in Genghis Khan's Hell]]'' ('''[[Hercules Against the Barbarians]]''', 1963) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste alla corte dello zar]]'' / ''[[Maciste at the Court of the Czar]]'' ('''[[Atlas Against The Czar]]''', 1964) starring Kirk Morris ({{a.k.a.}} ''[[Samson vs. the Giant King]]'')
* ''Maciste, gladiatore di Sparta'' / ''Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta'' ('''[[Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules]]''', 1964) starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Maciste nelle miniere de re salomone]]'' / ''[[Maciste in King Solomon's Mines]]'' ('''[[Samson in King Solomon's Mines]]''', 1964) starring Reg Park
* ''[[Maciste e la regina de Samar]]'' / ''[[Maciste and the Queen of Samar]]'' ('''[[Hercules Against the Moon Men]]''', 1964) starring Alan Steel
* ''[[La valle dell'eco tonante]]'' / ''Valley of the Thundering Echo'' ('''[[Hercules of the Desert]]''', 1964) starring Kirk Morris, {{a.k.a.}} ''Desert Raiders'', {{a.k.a.}} in France as ''Maciste and the Women of the Valley''
* ''[[Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili]]'' / ''[[Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles]]'' ('''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]''', 1964) starring Renato Rossini as Maciste ({{a.k.a.}} ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Defi'')
* ''[[Gli invicibili fratelli Maciste]]'' / ''The Invincible Maciste Brothers'' ('''[[The Invincible Brothers Maciste]]''', 1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Gladiators'', starring Richard Lloyd as Maciste
* ''[[Maciste il Vendicatore dei Mayas]]'' / ''[[Maciste, Avenger of the Mayans]]'' (has no American title, 1965) (Note:* this Maciste film was made up almost entirely of re-edited stock footage from two older Maciste films, ''[[Maciste contro i mostri]]'' and ''[[Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste]]'', so Maciste switches from Kirk Morris to Reg Lewis in various scenes; this movie is very scarce since it was never distributed in the U.S. and is apparently not even available in English)
In 1973, the Spanish cult film director [[Jesus Franco]] directed two low-budget "Maciste films" for French producers: ''Maciste contre la Reine des Amazones'' (''Maciste vs the Queen of the Amazons'') and ''Les exploits érotiques de Maciste dans l'Atlantide'' (''The Erotic Exploits of Maciste in Atlantis''). The films had almost identical casts, both starring Val Davis as Maciste, and appear to have been shot back-to-back. The former was distributed in Italy as a "Karzan" movie (a cheap Tarzan imitation), while the latter film was released only in France with hardcore inserts as ''Les Gloutonnes'' ("The Gobblers"). These two films were totally unrelated to the 1960s Italian Maciste series.
===Ursus series (1960–1964)===
{{main|Ursus (film character)}}
Following [[Buddy Baer]]'s portrayal of Ursus in the classic 1951 film ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'', [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] was used as a superhuman Roman-era character who became the protagonist in a series of Italian adventure films made in the early 1960s.
When the "Hercules" film craze hit in 1959, Italian filmmakers were looking for other muscleman characters similar to Hercules whom they could exploit, resulting in the nine-film Ursus series listed below. Ursus was referred to as a "Son of Hercules" in two of the films when they were dubbed in English (in an attempt to cash in on the then-popular "Hercules" craze), although in the original Italian films, Ursus had no connection to Hercules whatsoever. In the English-dubbed version of one Ursus film (retitled ''Hercules, Prisoner of Evil''), Ursus was actually referred to throughout the entire film as "Hercules".
There were a total of nine Italian films that featured Ursus as the main character, listed below as follows: Italian title / English translation of the Italian title (American release title);
* ''Ursus'' / ''Ursus'' ('''[[Ursus, Son of Hercules]]''', 1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Mighty Ursus]]'' (United Kingdom), starring Ed Fury
* ''[[La Vendetta di Ursus]]'' / ''[[The Revenge of Ursus]]'' ('''[[The Vengeance of Ursus]]''', 1961) starring Samson Burke
* ''Ursus e la Ragazza Tartara'' / ''Ursus and the Tartar Girl'' ('''[[Ursus and the Tartar Princess]]''', 1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tartar Invasion'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tartar Girl''; starring Joe Robinson, Akim Tamiroff, Yoko Tani; directed by Remigio Del Grosso
* ''[[Ursus Nella Valle dei Leoni]]'' / ''Ursus in the Valley of the Lions'' ('''[[Valley of the Lions]]''', 1962) starring Ed Fury; this film revealed the origin story of Ursus
* ''Ursus il gladiatore ribelle'' / ''[[Ursus the Rebel Gladiator]]'' ('''[[The Rebel Gladiators]]''', 1962) starring Dan Vadis
* ''Ursus Nella Terra di Fuoco'' / ''[[Ursus in the Land of Fire]]'' ('''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire]]''', 1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Son of Atlas in the Land of Fire''; starring Ed Fury
* ''[[Ursus il terrore dei Kirghisi]]'' / ''[[Ursus, the Terror of the Kirghiz]]'' ('''[[Hercules, Prisoner of Evil]]''', 1964) starring Reg Park
* ''[[Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili]]'' / ''[[Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles]]'' ('''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]''', 1964) starring Yan Larvor as Ursus ({{a.k.a.}} ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Defi'')
* ''Gli Invincibili Tre'' / ''The Invincible Three'' ('''[[Three Avengers]]''', 1964) starring Alan Steel as Ursus
===Samson series (1961–1964)===
A character named Samson was featured in a series of five Italian peplum films in the 1960s, no doubt inspired by the 1959 re-release of the epic [[Victor Mature]] film ''Samson and Delilah''. The character was similar to the Biblical Samson in the third and fifth films only; in the other three, he just appears to be a very strong man (not related at all to the Biblical figure).
The titles are listed as follows: Italian title / its English translation (U.S. release title in parentheses);
* ''[[Samson (1961 Italian film)|Sansone]]'' / ''[[Samson (1961 Italian film)|Samson]]'' ('''Samson''') 1961, starring Brad Harris, {{a.k.a.}} in France as ''Samson Against Hercules''
* ''[[Sansone contro i pirati]]'' / ''[[Samson Against the Pirates]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Sea Beast]]''') 1963, starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Ercole sfida Sansone]]'' / ''[[Hercules challenges Samson]]'' ('''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]''') 1963, starring Richard Lloyd
* ''Sansone contro il corsaro nero'' / ''Samson Against the Black Pirate'' ('''[[Hercules and the Black Pirate]]''') 1963, starring Alan Steel
* ''[[Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili]]'' / ''[[Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles]]'' ('''[[Samson and the Mighty Challenge]]''') 1964, starring Nadir Baltimore as Samson ({{a.k.a.}} ''[[Samson and His Mighty Challenge]]'', ''Combate dei Gigantes'' or ''Le Grand Défi'')
The name Samson was also inserted into the U.S. titles of six other Italian movies when they were dubbed in English for U.S. distribution, although these films actually featured the adventures of the famed Italian folk hero Maciste.
''[[Samson Against the Sheik]]'' (1962), ''Son of Samson'' (1960), ''[[Samson and the Slave Queen]]'' (1963), ''[[Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World]]'' (1961), ''[[Samson vs. the Giant King]]'' (1964), and ''[[Samson in King Solomon's Mines]]'' (1964) were all re-titled Maciste movies, because the American distributors did not feel the name Maciste was marketable to U.S. filmgoers.
''Samson and the Treasure of the Incas'' ({{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas'') (1965) sounds like a peplum title, but was actually a spaghetti Western.
===''The Sons of Hercules'' (TV syndication package)===
{{main|The Sons of Hercules}}
''The Sons of Hercules'' was a syndicated television show that aired in the United States in the 1960s. The series repackaged 14 randomly chosen Italian peplum films by unifying them with memorable title and end title theme songs and a standard voice-over intro relating the main hero in each film to Hercules any way they could. In some areas, each film was split into two one-hour episodes, so the 14 films were shown as 28 weekly episodes. None of the films were ever theatrically released in the U.S.
The films are not listed in chronological order, since they were not really related to each other in any way. The first title listed below for each film was its American broadcast television title, followed in parentheses by the English translation of its original Italian theatrical title:
* ''[[Ursus, Son of Hercules]]'' (''Ursus'') 1961, starring Ed Fury, {{a.k.a.}} ''Mighty Ursus'' in England
* ''[[Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World]]'') 1961, starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Triumph of the Son of Hercules]]'' (''The Triumph of Maciste'') 1961, starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Maciste vs. the Monsters'') 1962, starring Reg Lewis
* ''[[Venus Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Mars, God Of War'') 1962, starring Roger Browne
* ''[[Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Ulysses against Hercules]]'') 1962, starring Mike Lane
* ''Medusa Against the Son of Hercules'' (''Perseus The Invincible'') 1962, starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire]]'' (''Ursus In The Land Of Fire'') 1963, starring Ed Fury
* ''[[Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Goliath and the Rebel Slave]]'') 1963, starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Messalina Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''The Last Gladiator'') 1963, starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Hero of Babylon'') 1963, starring Gordon Scott, {{a.k.a.}} ''Goliath, King of the Slaves''
* ''[[Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta'') 1964, starring Mark Forest
* ''[[Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness]]'' (''[[Hercules the Invincible]]'') 1964, starring Dan Vadis
* ''[[Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''[[Anthar the Invincible]]'') 1964, starring Kirk Morris, directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]], {{a.k.a.}} ''The Slave Merchants'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Soraya, Queen of the Desert''
===Steve Reeves pepla (in chronological order of production)===
{{main|Steve Reeves}}
Steve Reeves appeared in 14 pepla made in Italy from 1958 to 1964, and most of his films are highly regarded examples of the genre. His pepla are listed below in order of production, not in order of release. The U.S. release titles are shown below, followed by the original Italian title and its translation (in parentheses)
* ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958) (''Le fatiche di Ercole'' / ''The Labors of Hercules'') actually filmed in 1957, released in Italy in 1958, released in the U.S. in 1959
* ''[[Hercules Unchained]]'' (1959) (''Ercole e la regina di Lidia'' / ''Hercules and the Queen of Lydia'') released in the U.S. in 1960
* ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' (1959) (''Il terrore dei barbari'' / ''Terror of the Barbarians'')
* ''[[The Giant of Marathon]]'' (1959) (''La battaglia di Maratona'' / ''The Battle of Marathon'')
* ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1959 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1959) (''Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei'' / ''The Last Days of Pompeii'')
* ''[[The White Warrior]]'' (1959) (''Hadji Murad il Diavolo Bianco'' / ''Hadji Murad, The White Devil'') directed by [[Riccardo Freda]]
* ''[[Morgan, the Pirate]]'' (1960) (''Morgan, il pirata''/ ''Morgan, the Pirate'')
* ''[[Il Ladro di Bagdad|The Thief of Baghdad]]'' (1960) (''Il Ladro di Bagdad'' / ''[[The Thief of Baghdad (1961 film)|The Thief of Baghdad]]'')
* ''[[The Trojan Horse (film)|The Trojan Horse]]'' (1961) (''La guerra di Troia''/ ''The Trojan War'')
* ''[[Duel of the Titans]]'' (1961) (''Romolo e Remo'' / ''Romulus And Remus'')
* ''[[The Slave (1962 film)|The Slave]]'' (1962) (''Il Figlio di Spartaco'' / ''Son of [[Spartacus]]'')
* ''[[The Avenger (1962 film)|The Avenger]]'' (1962) (''La leggenda di Enea'' / ''The Legend Of Aeneas'') {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Glory of Troy''; (this was a sequel to ''The Trojan Horse'')
* ''[[Sandokan the Great (film)|Sandokan the Great]]'' (1963) (''Sandokan, la tigre di Mompracem''/ ''Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem'') directed by [[Umberto Lenzi]]
* ''[[Pirates of Malaysia]]'' (1964) {{aka}} ''Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Pirates of the Seven Seas''; this was a sequel to ''Sandokan the Great'', directed by Umberto Lenzi
==Other (non-series) Italian pepla==
There were many 1950s and 1960s Italian pepla that did not feature a major superhero (such as Hercules, Maciste or Samson), and as such they fall into a sort of miscellaneous category. Many were of the ''Cappa e spada'' ([[swashbuckler]]) variety, though they often feature well-known characters such as Ali Baba, Julius Caesar, Ulysses, Cleopatra, the Three Musketeers, Zorro, Theseus, Perseus, Achilles, Robin Hood, and [[Sandokan]]. The first really successful Italian films of this kind were ''[[Black Eagle (1946 film)|Black Eagle]]'' (1946) and ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949).
* ''[[The Adventurer of Tortuga|Adventurer of Tortuga, The]]'' (1964), starring [[Guy Madison]]
* ''[[Le avventure di Mandrin|Adventures of Mandrin, The]]'' (1952) {{a.k.a.}} ''Captain Adventure'' {{a.k.a.}} ''Don Juan's Night of Love'', starring [[Raf Vallone]] and [[Silvana Pampanini]]
* ''Adventures of Scaramouche, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mask of Scaramouche'', starring [[Gérard Barray]] and [[Gianna Maria Canale]]
* ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander The Great]]'' (1956), starring [[Richard Burton]] (U.S. film with music score by [[Mario Nascimbene]])
* ''[[The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba|Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba'', starring Richard Lloyd
* ''[[Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sinbad Against the Seven Saracens'', starring [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* ''[[Alone Against Rome]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Vengeance of the Gladiators'', starring [[Lang Jeffries]] and [[Rossana Podestà]]
* ''[[Anthar the Invincible]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules]]'', starring [[Kirk Morris]], directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]
* ''[[Antigone (1961 film)|Antigone]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Rites for the Dead]]'', starring [[Irene Papas]], a Greek production
* ''[[The Arena (1974 film)|Arena, The]]'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Naked Warriors'', directed by [[Steve Carver]] and [[Joe D'Amato]], starring [[Pam Grier]] and [[Margaret Markov]] (a late entry in the genre)
* ''[[Atlas (film)|Atlas]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Atlas, the Winner of Athena'', directed in Greece by [[Roger Corman]], starring [[Michael Forest]]
* ''[[Attack of the Moors]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Kings of France''
* ''[[Attack of the Normans]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Normans'', starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (1954), directed by [[Pietro Francisci]], starring [[Anthony Quinn]] and [[Sophia Loren]]
* ''[[Avenger of the Seven Seas]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Executioner of the Seas'', starring [[Richard Harrison (actor)|Richard Harrison]] and [[Michèle Mercier]]
* ''[[The Avenger of Venice|Avenger of Venice, The]]'' (1963), starring [[Brett Halsey]] and [[Gianna Maria Canale]]
* ''[[The Bacchantes (film)|Bacchantes, The]]'' (1961), starring [[Pierre Brice]] and [[Akim Tamiroff]]
* ''Balboa'' (Spanish, 1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Conquistadors of the Pacific''
* ''[[Barabbas (1961 film)|Barabbas]]'' (1961) produced by Dino de Laurentiis, starring Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy
* ''Battle of the Amazons'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons: Women of Love and War'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Beauty of the Barbarian'' (directed by Alfonso Brescia)
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci
* ''[[Behind the Mask of Zorro]]'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Oath of Zorro'', Tony Russel
* ''[[The Bible: In the Beginning...|Bible, The]]'' (1966) ({{a.k.a.}} ''La Bibbia''), Dino de Laurentiis, Ennio Morricone music, filmed in Italy
* ''Black Archer, The'' (1959)
* ''[[The Black Devil (film)|Black Devil, The]]'' (1957) starred Gerard Landry
* ''Black Duke, The'' (1963), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Black Eagle (1946 film)|Black Eagle, The]]'' (1946) {{a.k.a.}} ''Return of the Black Eagle'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Charge of the Black Lancers|Black Lancers, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Charge of the Black Lancers'', Mel Ferrer
* ''[[Brennus, Enemy of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Valiant'', Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[The Magnificent Adventurer|Burning of Rome, The]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Magnificent Adventurer'', Brett Halsey
* ''Caesar Against the Pirates'' (1962) Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Caesar the Conqueror]]'' (1962), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''Captain Falcon'' (1958) Lex Barker
* ''Captain from Toledo, The'' (1966)
* ''Captain of Iron, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Mercenaries'', Barbara Steele
* ''Captain Phantom'' (1953)
* ''Captains of Adventure'' (1961) starring Paul Muller, Gerard Landry
* ''Caribbean Hawk, The'' (1963) Yvonne Monlaur
* ''[[Carthage in Flames]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Castilian|Castillian, The]]'' (1963) Cesare Romero
* ''[[Catherine of Russia (film)|Catherine of Russia]]'' (1963) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''[[Cavalier in Devil's Castle|Cavalier in the Devil’s Castle]]'' (1959)
* ''[[The Centurion (film)|Centurion, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Conqueror of Corinth''
* ''[[Challenge of the Gladiator]]'' (1965) Peter Lupus
* ''[[Cleopatra's Daughter]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tomb of the Kings'', Debra Paget
* ''[[Colossus and the Amazon Queen]]'' (1960), Ed Fury and Rod Taylor
* ''[[The Colossus of Rhodes (film)|Colossus of Rhodes, The]]'' (1960) directed by [[Sergio Leone]]
* ''[[Conqueror of Atlantis]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Kingdom in the Sand'', Kirk Morris (U.S. dubbed version calls the hero "Hercules")
* ''Conqueror of Maracaibo, The'' (1961)
* ''Conqueror of the Orient'' (1961) starring Rik Battaglia
* ''[[Constantine and the Cross]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Constantine the Great'', starring Cornel Wilde
* ''[[Coriolanus: Hero without a Country]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder of Battle'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Cossacks (1961 film)|Cossacks, The]]'' (1959) Edmund Purdom
* ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (1961 film)|Count of Monte Cristo, The]]'' (1961) Louis Jourdan
* ''[[Damon and Pythias (film)|Damon and Pythias]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tyrant of Syracuse'', Guy Williams
* ''[[David and Goliath (1960 film)|David and Goliath]]'' (1960) Orson Welles
* ''[[Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal|Defeat of Hannibal, The]]'' (1937) {{a.k.a.}} ''Scipione l'Africano''
* ''Defeat of the Barbarians'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''King Manfred''
* ''[[Desert Desperadoes]]'' (1959) Akim Tamiroff
* ''[[Desert Warrior (film)|Desert Warrior]]'' (1957) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Desert Lovers'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''[[A Girl Against Napoleon|Devil Made a Woman, The]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''A Girl Against Napoleon''
* ''[[Devil's Cavaliers|Devil's Cavaliers, The]]'' (1959)
* ''Diary of a Roman Virgin'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Livia, una vergine per l'impero romano'', directed by [[Joe D'Amato]] (used stock footage from ''The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1959) and ''The Arena'' (1974))
* ''Dragon's Blood, The'' (1957)<ref name="Kinnard, Roy 2017">Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). ''Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990''. McFarland. {{ISBN|1476662916}}.</ref> {{a.k.a.}} ''Sigfrido'', based on the legend of the Niebelungen, special effects by [[Carlo Rambaldi]]
* ''[[Duel of Champions]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Horatio and Curiazi'', Alan Ladd
* ''[[Erik the Conqueror]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gli Invasori/ The Invaders'', directed by Mario Bava, starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Esther and the King]]'' (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan
* ''Executioner of Venice, The'' (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison
* ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Fighting Gladiator''
* ''Falcon of the Desert'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Magnificent Challenge'', starring Kirk Morris
* ''Fall of Rome, The'' (1961) directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]
* ''[[The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)|Fall of the Roman Empire, The]]'' (1964) U.S. production filmed in Spain, [[Sophia Loren]]
* ''Fighting Musketeers, The'' (1961)
* ''[[Fire Over Rome]]'' (1963)
* ''[[The Fury of Achilles|Fury of Achilles, The]]'' (1962) [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* ''[[Fury of the Pagans]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fury of the Barbarians''
* ''[[The Giant of Metropolis|Giant of Metropolis, The]]'' (1961) Gordon Mitchell (this peplum had a science fiction theme instead of fantasy)
* ''[[Giant of the Evil Island]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mystery of the Cursed Island'', Peter Lupus
* ''[[Giants of Rome]]'' (1964) directed by Antonio Margheriti, starring Richard Harrison
* ''Giants of Thessaly'' (1960) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Gladiator of Rome]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Gladiators'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Gladiators Seven]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Gladiators'', Richard Harrison
* ''[[The Golden Arrow (1962 film)|Golden Arrow, The]]'' (1962) directed by Antonio Margheriti
* ''[[Oro per i Cesari|Gold for the Caesars]]'' (1963) Jeffrey Hunter
* ''[[Golgotha (1935 film)|Golgotha]]'' (1935) {{a.k.a.}} ''Behold the Man'' (made in France)
* ''[[Guns of the Black Witch]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Sea'', Don Megowan
* ''[[Hannibal (1959 film)|Hannibal]]'' (1959) Victor Mature
* ''[[Hawk of the Caribbean]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Caribbean Hawk''
* ''[[Head of a Tyrant]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Judith and Holophernes''
* ''[[Helen of Troy (1956 film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (1956) starring Jacques Sernas
* ''[[Hero of Babylon]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Beast of Babylon vs. the Son of Hercules'', [[Gordon Scott]]
* ''[[Hero of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Colossus of Rome'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Herod the Great (film)|Herod the Great]]'' (1958)
* ''Huns, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Queen of the Tartars''
* ''[[Invasion 1700]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''With Iron and Fire'', {{a.k.a.}} ''With Fire and Sword'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Daggers of Blood''
* ''[[Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman]]'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada normanna'', directed by Roberto Mauri
* ''[[The Invincible Gladiator|Invincible Gladiator, The]]'' (1961) [[Richard Harrison (actor)|Richard Harrison]]
* ''Invincible Swordsman, The'' (1963)
* ''[[The Iron Swordsman]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''Count Ugolino'', directed by [[Riccardo Freda]]
* ''Jacob, The Man Who Fought With God'' (1963)
* ''[[Kampf um Rom]]'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Roman'', starring [[Laurence Harvey]], [[Honor Blackman]], [[Orson Welles]]
* ''Kindar, the Invulnerable'' (1965) [[Mark Forest]]
* ''[[The Prince in Chains|King of the Vikings]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[The Prince in Chains|Prince in Chains, The]]''
* ''Knight of a Hundred Faces, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Silver Knight'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Knight of a Thousand Faces, The'', starring Lex Barker
* ''Knights of Terror'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Red Capes'', Tony Russel
* ''Knight Without a Country'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Faceless Rider''
* ''Knives of the Avenger'' (1967) {{a.k.a.}} ''Viking Massacre'', directed by Mario Bava, starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''Last Gladiator, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Messalina Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Last of the Vikings'' (1961), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Legions of the Nile]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Legions of Cleopatra''
* ''Lion of St. Mark, The'' (1964) Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Lion of Thebes|Lion of Thebes, The]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Helen of Troy'', Mark Forest
* ''[[The Loves of Salammbo|Loves of Salammbo, The]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Salambo''
* ''[[The Magnificent Gladiator|Magnificent Gladiator, The]]'' (1964) Mark Forest
* ''[[Marco Polo (1961 film)|Marco Polo]]'' (1962) Rory Calhoun
* ''Marco the Magnificent'' (1965) Anthony Quinn, Orson Welles
* ''Mars, God of War'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Venus Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Masked Conqueror, The'' (1962)
* ''Masked Man Against the Pirates, The'' (1965)
* ''Mask of the Musketeers'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Zorro and the Three Musketeers'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Massacre in the Black Forest]]'' (1967), starring [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]]
* ''[[Messalina (1960 film)|Messalina]]'' (1960) Belinda Lee
* ''[[Michel Strogoff (1956 film)|Michael Strogoff]]'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revolt of the Tartars''
* ''[[The Mighty Crusaders (film)|Mighty Crusaders, The]]'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''Jerusalem Set Free'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[Minotaur, the Wild Beast of Crete|Minotaur, The]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Theseus Against the Minotaur'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Warlord of Crete''
* ''[[Le Miracle des loups (1961 film)|Miracle of the Wolves]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Blood on his Sword'', starring Jean Marais
* ''Missione sabbie roventi'' (''Mission Burning Sands'') (1966) starring Renato Rossini, directed by Alfonso Brescia
* ''[[I mongoli|Mongols, The]]'' (1961) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring [[Jack Palance]]
* ''[[Musketeers of the Sea]]'' (1962)
* ''My Son, The Hero'' (1961) {{aka}} ''Arrivano i Titani'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Titans''
* ''Mysterious Rider, The'' (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda <ref name="Roberto Chiti 1991">Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. ''Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film.'' Gremese 1991. {{ISBN|8876055487}}.</ref>
* ''Mysterious Swordsman, The'' (1956) starring Gerard Landry
* ''[[Nero and the Burning of Rome]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nero and Messalina''
* ''Night of the Great Attack'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Borgias''
* ''Night They Killed Rasputin, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Czar''
* ''Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The'' (1959)
* ''Odyssey, The'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''L'Odissea'', Cyclops segment directed by Mario Bava; Samson Burke played Polyphemus the Cyclops
* ''[[The Old Testament (film)|Old Testament, The]]'' (1962) starred [[Brad Harris]]
* ''Perseus the Invincible'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Medusa vs. the Son of Hercules''
* ''[[The Pharaohs' Woman|Pharaoh's Woman, The]]'' (1960)
* ''Pia of Ptolomey'' (1962)
* ''[[The Pirate and the Slave Girl|Pirate and the Slave Girl, The]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Scimitar of the Saracen'', [[Lex Barker]]
* ''[[Pirate of the Black Hawk|Pirate of the Black Hawk, The]]'' (1958) Gérard Landry
* ''[[Pirate of the Half Moon]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Pirates of the Coast]]'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''[[Pontius Pilate (film)|Pontius Pilate]]'' (1962) [[Basil Rathbone]]
* ''Prince with the Red Mask, The'' (1955) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Red Eagle''
* ''[[The Prisoner of the Iron Mask|Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of the Iron Mask''
* ''Pugni, Pirati e Karatè'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fists, Pirates and Karate'', directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)
* ''[[A Queen for Caesar|Queen for Caesar, A]]'' (1962) Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)|Queen of Sheba]]'' (1952) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''Queen of the Amazons'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Colossus and the Amazon Queen]]''
* ''[[Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile|Queen of the Nile]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nefertiti'', Vincent Price
* ''[[Queen of the Pirates]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Venus of the Pirates'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[Queen of the Seas]]'' (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1951) filmed in Italy, Sergio Leone asst. dir.
* ''[[Rage of the Buccaneers]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gordon, The Black Pirate'', starring Vincent Price
* ''[[Romulus and the Sabines|Rape of the Sabine Women, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Romulus and the Sabines'', Roger Moore
* ''Red Cloak, The'' (1955) Bruce Cabot
* ''Red Sheik, The'' (1962)
* ''[[Revak the Rebel]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Revenge of Black Eagle|Revenge of Black Eagle, The]]'' (1951) Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[The Revenge of Ivanhoe|Revenge of Ivanhoe, The]]'' (1965) Rik Battaglia
* ''[[The Revenge of Spartacus|Revenge of Spartacus, The]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Gladiators'', Roger Browne
* ''[[Revenge of the Barbarians]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Revenge of the Black Eagle]]'' (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Revenge of the Conquered]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Drakut the Avenger''
* ''[[Revenge of the Gladiators]]'' (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay
* ''[[Revenge of the Musketeers (1964 film)|Revenge of the Musketeers]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers'', starring Fernando Lamas
* ''[[Revolt of the Barbarians]]'' (1964) directed by Guido Malatesta
* ''Revolt of the Mercenaries'' (1961)
* ''[[Revolt of the Praetorians]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Warriors'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[Revolt of the Seven]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Spartan Gladiator'', starring Helga Line
* ''[[The Revolt of the Slaves|Revolt of the Slaves, The]]'' (1960) Rhonda Fleming
* ''[[Robin Hood and the Pirates]]'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''[[Roland the Mighty]]'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''Orlando'', directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''[[Rome Against Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''War of the Zombies''
* ''Rome 1585'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenaries'', Debra Paget
* ''[[The Rover (1967 film)|Rover, The]]'' (1967) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Adventurer'', starring Anthony Quinn
* ''[[The Pagans (film)|Sack of Rome, The]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Pagans''
* ''Samson and Gideon'' (1965) Fernando Rey, Biblical film
* ''Sandokan Fights Back'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandokan to the Rescue'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Sandokan''
* ''Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Throne of Vengeance''
* ''Saracens, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Pirate'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Flag of Death'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''Saul and David'' (1964)
* ''[[Shéhérazade (film)|Scheherazade]]'' (1963) starring Anna Karina
* ''[[The Sea Pirate|Sea Pirate, The]]'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder Over the Indian Ocean'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas''
* ''Secret Mark of D'Artagnan, The'' (1962)
* ''Secret Seven, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Seven''
* ''Seven from Thebes'' (1964)
* ''Seven Rebel Gladiators'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Against All'', starring Roger Browne
* ''[[The Seven Revenges|Seven Revenges, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Challenges'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Ivan the Conqueror'', starring Ed Fury
* ''[[Seven Seas to Calais]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas'', Rod Taylor
* ''[[Seven Slaves Against the World]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Slaves Against Rome'', starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell
* ''Seven Tasks of Ali Baba, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown''
* ''[[The Seventh Sword|Seventh Sword, The]]'' (1962) Brett Halsey
* ''79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum'' (1962) Brad Harris
* ''Shadow of Zorro, The'' (1962)
* ''Sheba and the Gladiator'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sign of Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sign of the Gladiator'', Anita Ekberg
* ''[[Siege of Syracuse (film)|Siege of Syracuse]]'' (1960) Tina Louise
* ''Simbad e il califfo di Bagdad'' (1973) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''Spartacus'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Slave Girls of Sheba]]'' (1963) starring Linda Cristal
* ''Slave of Rome'' (1960) starring Guy Madison
* ''Slave Queen of Babylon'' (1963) Yvonne Furneaux
* ''Slaves of Carthage, The'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sword and the Cross'', Gianna Maria Canale (not to be confused with ''Mary Magdalene''; see below)
* ''[[Sodom and Gomorrah (1962 film)|Sodom and Gomorrah]]'' (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy, co-directed by Sergio Leone
* ''Son of Black Eagle'' (1968)
* ''[[The Son of Captain Blood|Son of Captain Blood, The]]'' (1962)
* ''Son of Cleopatra, The'' (1965) Mark Damon
* ''[[Son of d'Artagnan]]'' (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[100 Horsemen|Son of El Cid, The]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''100 Horsemen'', Mark Damon
* ''[[Son of the Red Corsair]]'' (1959) a.k.a. ''Son of the Red Pirate'', Lex Barker
* ''Son of the Sheik'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Kerim, Son of the Sheik'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ten Invincible Gladiators'', starring Dan Vadis
* ''Spartan Gladiator, The'' (1965) Tony Russel
* ''[[The Story of Joseph and His Brethren|Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The]]'' (1961)
* ''Suleiman the Conqueror'' (1961)
* ''[[The Sword and the Cross|Sword and the Cross, The]]'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mary Magdalene''
* ''Sword in the Shadow, A'' (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon
* ''Sword of Damascus, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Thief of Damascus''
* ''Sword of El Cid, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Daughters of El Cid''
* ''Sword of Islam, The'' (1961)
* ''Sword of the Conqueror'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rosamund and Alboino'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Sword of the Empire|Sword for the Empire, A]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sword of the Empire''
* ''Sword of the Rebellion, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Rebel of Castelmonte''
* ''[[Swordsman of Siena]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenary''
* ''Sword of Vengeance'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada della vendetta''
* ''Sword Without a Country'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sword Without a Flag''
* ''[[Taras Bulba (1962 film)|Taras Bulba]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Plains of Battle''
* ''[[The Tartars|Tartars, The]]'' (1961) starring Victor Mature
* ''Taur, the Mighty'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Tor the Warrior'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Taur, the King of Brute Force'', starring Joe Robinson
* ''Temple of the White Elephant'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandok, the Giant of the Jungle'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandok, the Maciste of the Jungle'' (not a Maciste film, however, in spite of the alternate title)
* ''[[The Ten Gladiators|Ten Gladiators, The]]'' (1963) starring Dan Vadis
* ''Terror of the Black Mask'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Masked Rider''
* ''Terror of the Red Mask'' (1960) starring Lex Barker
* ''Terror of the Steppes'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mighty Khan'', Kirk Morris
* ''Tharus, Son of Attila'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Colossus and the Huns'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''[[Theodora, Slave Empress]]'' (1954) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Thor and the Amazon Women]]'' (1963) starring Joe Robinson
* ''[[The 300 Spartans|Three Hundred Spartans, The]]'' (1963) starring Richard Egan; U.S. film filmed in Greece using Italian screenwriters
* ''Three Swords for Rome'' (1965) starring Roger Browne
* ''Three Swords of Zorro, The'' (1963)
* ''[[Tiger of the Seven Seas]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Treasure of the Petrified Forest|Treasure of the Petrified Forest, The]]'' (1965) starring Gordon Mitchell
* ''Triumph of Robin Hood'' (1962) starring Samson Burke
* ''Triumph of the Ten Gladiators'' (1965) starring Dan Vadis
* ''Two Gladiators, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fight or Die'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''Tyrant of Castile, The'' (1964) starring Mark Damon
* ''[[Ulysses (1954 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954) produced by Dino De Laurentiis, starring Kirk Douglas and Anthony Quinn
* ''[[Amazons of Rome|Virgins of Rome, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons of Rome''
* ''Vulcan, Son of Jupiter'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Vulcan, Son of Jove'', Gordon Mitchell, Richard Lloyd, Roger Browne
* ''[[War Goddess]]'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Bare-Breasted Warriors'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Le guerriere dal seno nudo'', directed by [[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]]
* ''[[War Gods of Babylon]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seventh Thunderbolt'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Glories of Assur''
* ''[[The Warrior and the Slave Girl|Warrior and the Slave Girl, The]]'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revolt of the Gladiators'', starring Gianna Maria Canale
* ''Warrior Empress, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sappho, Venus of Lesbos'', Kerwin Matthews, Tina Louise
* ''White Slave Ship'' (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio
* ''[[The Wonders of Aladdin|Wonders of Aladdin, The]]'' (1961) starring Donald O'Connor
* ''Zorikan the Barbarian'' (1964) starring Dan Vadis
* ''[[Zorro (1975 Italian film)|Zorro]]'' (1975) [[Alain Delon]]
* ''[[Zorro and the Three Musketeers]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mask of the Musketeers'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[Zorro in the Court of England]]'' (1970) starring [[Spiros Focás]]
* ''Zorro at the Court of Spain'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Masked Conqueror'', George Ardisson
* ''Zorro of Monterrey'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro de Monterrey'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro, Rider of Vengeance'' (1971) Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro's Last Adventure'' (1970) {{a.k.a.}} ''La última aventura del Zorro'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro the Avenger'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Zorro'', Frank Latimore
* ''[[The Avenger, Zorro|Zorro the Avenger]]'' (1969) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro justiciero'' (1969) starring Fabio Testi
* ''Zorro the Fox'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro'', George Ardisson
* ''Zorro, the Navarra Marquis'' (1969) Nino Vingelli
* ''Zorro the Rebel'' (1966) [[Howard Ross (actor)|Howard Ross]]
* ''[[Samson and the Slave Queen|Zorro Against Maciste]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Samson and the Slave Queen'' (1963) starring [[Pierre Brice]], [[Alan Steel]]
===Gladiator films===
Inspired by the success of ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]'', there were a number of Italian peplums that heavily emphasized the gladiatorial arena in their plots, with it becoming almost a peplum subgenre in itself; one group of supermen known as "The Ten Gladiators" appeared in a trilogy; all three films starred [[Dan Vadis]] in the lead role.
* ''Alone Against Rome'' (1962) {{aka}} ''Vengeance of the Gladiators''
* ''[[The Arena (1974 film)|The Arena]]'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Naked Warriors'', co-directed by Joe D'Amato, starring [[Pam Grier]], Paul Muller and [[Rosalba Neri]]
* ''Challenge of the Gladiator'' (1965) starring Peter Lupus ({{aka}} Rock Stevens)
* ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Fighting Gladiator''
* ''Gladiator of Rome'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Gladiators'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''Gladiators Seven'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Gladiators'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[The Invincible Gladiator|Invincible Gladiator, The]]'' (1961) Richard Harrison
* ''Last Gladiator, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Messalina Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''Revenge of Spartacus, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Gladiators'', starring Roger Browne
* ''[[Revenge of The Gladiators]]'' (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay
* ''Revolt of the Seven'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Spartan Gladiator'', starring Tony Russel and Helga Line
* ''Revolt of the Slaves'' (1961) Rhonda Fleming
* ''[[Seven Rebel Gladiators]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Against All'', starring Roger Browne
* ''[[Seven Slaves Against the World]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Seven Slaves Against Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Strongest Slaves in the World'', starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell
* ''Sheba and the Gladiator'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sign of Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sign of the Gladiator'', Anita Ekberg
* ''Sins of Rome'' (1952) {{a.k.a.}} ''Spartacus'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Slave, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Son of Spartacus'', Steve Reeves
* ''Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ten Invincible Gladiators'', [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''Spartan Gladiator, The'' (1965) Tony Russel
* ''Ten Gladiators, The'' (1963) [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''Triumph of the Ten Gladiators'' (1965) [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''Two Gladiators, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fight or Die'', Richard Harrison
* ''Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rebel Gladiators'', Dan Vadis
* ''Warrior and the Slave Girl, The'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revolt of the Gladiators'', Gianna Maria Canale
===Ancient Rome===
* ''[[Brennus, Enemy of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Battle of the Valiant'', Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Caesar Against the Pirates]]'' (1962) Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Caesar the Conqueror]]'' (1962) Cameron Mitchell, Rik Battaglia
* ''[[Carthage in Flames]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Cartagine in fiamme'', directed by Carmine Gallone
* ''[[The Centurion (film)|Centurion The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Conqueror of Corinth''
* ''Colossus of Rhodes, The'' (1960) directed by Sergio Leone
* ''[[Constantine and the Cross]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Constantine the Great''
* ''[[Coriolanus: Hero without a Country]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder of Battle'', Gordon Scott
* ''Diary of a Roman Virgin'' (1974) {{a.k.a.}} ''Livia, una vergine per l'impero romano'', directed by [[Joe D'Amato]] (used stock footage from ''The Last Days of Pompeii'' (1959) and ''The Arena'' (1974))
* ''[[Duel of Champions]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Horatio and Curiazi'', Alan Ladd
* ''[[Duel of the Titans]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Romulus and Remus'', Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott
* ''Fall of Rome, The'' (1961) directed by Antonio Margheriti
* ''[[Fire Over Rome]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Giants of Rome]]'' (1963) directed by Antonio Margheriti, starring Richard Harrison
* ''[[Oro per i Cesari|Gold for the Caesars]]'' (1963) Jeffrey Hunter
* ''[[Hannibal (1959 film)|Hannibal]]'' (1959) Victor Mature
* ''[[Hero of Rome]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Colossus of Rome'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Kampf um Rom]]'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Roman'', starring [[Laurence Harvey]], [[Honor Blackman]], [[Orson Welles]]
* ''[[Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1959) Steve Reeves
* ''Massacre in the Black Forest'' (1967) Cameron Mitchell
* ''Messalina'' (1960)
* ''Nero and the Burning of Rome'' (1955) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nero and Messalina''
* ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' (1951) assistant director Sergio Leone
* ''Rape of the Sabine Women, The'' (1961) Roger Moore
* ''Revenge of Spartacus, The'' (1965) Roger Browne
* ''[[Revenge of the Barbarians]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Revolt of the Praetorians]]'' (1965) Richard Harrison
* ''[[Rome Against Rome]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''War of the Zombies''
* ''[[The Secret Seven]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Seven''
* ''[[79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum]]'' (1962) Brad Harris
* ''Sheba and the Gladiator'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sign of Rome'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Sign of the Gladiator'', Anita Ekberg
* ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' (1952) {{aka}} ''Spartaco'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[The Slave of Rome]]'' (1960) starring Guy Madison
* ''Slaves of Carthage, The'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sword and the Cross'', Gianna Maria Canale (not to be confused with ''Mary Magdalene'')
* ''Theodora, Slave Empress'' (1954) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Three Swords for Rome'' (1965) Roger Browne
* ''Virgins of Rome, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons of Rome''
===Greek mythology===
* ''[[The Avenger (1962 film)|The Avenger]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Legend of Aeneas'', Steve Reeves
* ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander The Great]]'' (1956) U.S. film with music score by Mario Nascimbene
* ''[[Antigone (1961 film)|Antigone]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rites for the Dead'', a Greek production
* ''[[The Bacchantes (film)|Bacchantes, The]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Battle of the Amazons]]'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Amazons: Women of Love and War'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Beauty of the Barbarian'' (directed by Alfonso Brescia)
* ''[[The Colossus of Rhodes (film)|The Colossus of Rhodes]]'' (1961) directed by Sergio Leone
* ''[[Conqueror of Atlantis]]'' (1965) starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Damon and Pythias (film)|Damon and Pythias]] ''(1962) Guy Williams
* ''[[Fury of Achilles]]'' (1962) Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Giant of Marathon]]'' (1959) (''The Battle of Marathon'') Steve Reeves
* ''[[Giants of Thessaly]]'' (1960) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Helen of Troy (film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (1956) directed by Robert Wise
* ''Hercules Challenges Samson'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]''
* ''[[The Lion of Thebes|Lion of Thebes, The]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Helen of Troy'', Mark Forest
* ''[[Mars, God of War]]'' (1962) {{aka}} ''Venus Against the Son of Hercules''
* ''[[The Minotaur (1961 film)|The Minotaur]]'' (1961) {{aka}} ''Theseus Against the Minotaur'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Warlord of Crete''
* ''[[My Son, the Hero]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Arrivano i Titani'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Titans''
* ''[[L'Odissea|Odyssey, The]]'' (1968) Cyclops segment directed by Mario Bava; Samson Burke played Polyphemus the Cyclops
* ''[[Perseus the Invincible]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Medusa vs. the Son of Hercules''
* ''Queen of the Amazons'' (1960) {{aka}} ''[[Colossus and the Amazon Queen]]''
* ''[[Seven from Thebes]]'' (1964) André Lawrence
* ''[[Siege of Syracuse (film)|Siege of Syracuse]], The'' (1962) Tina Louise
* ''[[Treasure of the Petrified Forest]]'' (1965) Gordon Mitchell (the plot involves Amazons)
* ''[[The Trojan Horse (film)|Trojan Horse, The]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Trojan War'', Steve Reeves
* ''[[Ulysses (1955 film)|Ulysses]]'' (1954) starring Kirk Douglas and Anthony Quinn
* ''[[Vulcan, Son of Jupiter]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Vulcan, Son of Jove'', Gordon Mitchell, Richard Lloyd, Roger Browne
* ''Warrior Empress, The'' (1960) {{aka}} ''Sappho, Venus of Lesbos'', Kerwin Matthews, Tina Louise
===Barbarian and Viking films===
* ''[[Attack of the Normans]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Normans'', Cameron Mitchell
* ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (1954) directed by Pietro Francisci, Anthony Quinn, Sophia Loren
* ''[[The Cossacks (1960 film)|The Cossacks]]'' (1960)
* ''Defeat of the Barbarians'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''King Manfred''
* ''Dragon's Blood, The'' (1957)<ref name="Kinnard, Roy 2017"/> {{a.k.a.}} ''Sigfrido'', based on the legend of the Niebelungen, special effects by [[Carlo Rambaldi]]
* ''[[Erik the Conqueror]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invaders'', directed by Mario Bava, starring Cameron Mitchell
* ''[[Fury of the Pagans]]'' (1960) {{aka}} ''Fury of the Barbarians''
* ''[[Goliath and the Barbarians]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Barbarians'', Steve Reeves
* ''[[The Huns (film)|The Huns]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Queen of the Tartars''
* ''[[Invasion 1700]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''With Iron and Fire'', {{a.k.a.}} ''With Fire and Sword'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Daggers of Blood''
* ''[[The Prince in Chains|King of the Vikings]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[The Prince in Chains]]''
* ''[[The Last of the Vikings]]'' (1961) starring Cameron Mitchell and Broderick Crawford
* ''[[Marco Polo (1961 film)|Marco Polo]]'' (1962) Rory Calhoun
* ''[[Marco the Magnificent]]'' (1965) Anthony Quinn, Orson Welles
* ''[[Michel Strogoff (1956 film)|Michel Strogoff]]'' (1956) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revolt of the Tartars''
* ''[[The Mongols (film)|The Mongols]]'' (1961) starring Jack Palance
* ''[[Revak the Rebel]]'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Revolt of the Barbarians]]'' (1964) directed by Guido Malatesta
* ''[[Roland the Mighty]]'' (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''Saracens, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Pirate'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Flag of Death''
* ''[[The Seven Revenges]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seven Challenges'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Ivan the Conqueror'', starring Ed Fury
* ''Suleiman the Conqueror'' (1961)
* ''[[Sword of the Conqueror]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Rosamund and Alboino'', Jack Palance
* ''[[Sword of the Empire]]'' (1964)
* ''Taras Bulba, The Cossack'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Plains of Battle''
* ''[[The Tartars]]'' (1961) Victor Mature, Orson Welles
* ''[[Terror of the Steppes]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mighty Khan'', starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[Tharus Son of Attila]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Colossus and the Huns'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''Zorikan the Barbarian'' (1964) Dan Vadis
===Swashbucklers / pirates===
* ''Adventurer of Tortuga'' (1965) starring Guy Madison
* ''Adventures of Mandrin, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Captain Adventure''
* ''Adventures of Scaramouche, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mask of Scaramouche'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''At Sword's Edge'' (1952) dir. by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia
* ''[[Attack of the Moors]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Kings of France''
* ''Avenger of the Seven Seas'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Executioner of the Seas'', Richard Harrison
* ''Avenger of Venice, The'' (1963) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring Brett Halsey
* ''Balboa'' (Spanish, 1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Conquistadors of the Pacific''
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Beatrice Cenci'' (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci
* ''Behind the Mask of Zorro'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Oath of Zorro'', Tony Russel
* ''Black Archer, The'' (1959) Gerard Landry
* ''Black Devil, The'' (1957) Gerard Landry
* ''Black Duke, The'' (1963) Cameron Mitchell
* ''Black Eagle, The'' (1946) {{a.k.a.}} ''Return of the Black Eagle'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Black Lancers, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Charge of the Black Lancers'', Mel Ferrer
* ''Captain from Toledo, The'' (1966)
* ''Captain of Iron, The'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Mercenaries'', Barbara Steele
* ''Captain Phantom'' (1953)
* ''Captains of Adventure'' (1961) starring Paul Muller and Gerard Landry
* ''Caribbean Hawk, The'' (1963) Yvonne Monlaur
* ''Castillian, The'' (1963) Cesare Romero, U.S./Spanish co-production
* ''Catherine of Russia'' (1962) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''Cavalier in Devil’s Castle'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Cavalier of Devil's Island''
* ''Conqueror of Maracaibo, The'' (1961)
* ''Count of Monte Cristo, The'' (1962) Louis Jourdan
* ''Devil Made a Woman, The'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''A Girl Against Napoleon''
* ''Devil's Cavaliers, The'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Riders'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''El Cid'' (1961) Sophia Loren, Charlton Heston, U.S./ Italian film shot in Italy
* ''Executioner of Venice, The'' (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison
* ''Fighting Musketeers, The'' (1961)
* ''Giant of the Evil Island'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mystery of the Cursed Island'', Peter Lupus
* ''Goliath and the Masked Rider'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules and the Masked Rider'', Alan Steel
* ''Guns of the Black Witch'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Sea'', Don Megowan
* ''Hawk of the Caribbean'' (1963)
* ''Invincible Swordsman, The'' (1963)
* ''[[The Iron Swordsman]]'' (1949) {{a.k.a.}} ''Count Ugolino'', directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''[[Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman]]'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada normanna'', directed by Roberto Mauri
* ''Knight of a Hundred Faces, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Silver Knight'', starring Lex Barker
* ''Knights of Terror'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Terror of the Red Capes'', Tony Russel
* ''Knight Without a Country'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Faceless Rider''
* ''Lawless Mountain, The'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''La montaña sin ley'' (stars Zorro)
* ''Lion of St. Mark, The'' (1964) Gordon Scott
* ''Mark of Zorro'' (1975) made in France, [[Monica Swinn]]
* ''Mark of Zorro'' (1976) [[George Hilton (actor)|George Hilton]]
* ''Masked Conqueror, The'' (1962)
* ''Mask of the Musketeers'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Zorro and the Three Musketeers'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''Michael Strogoff'' (1956) {{aka}} ''Revolt of the Tartars''
* ''[[Miracle of the Wolves]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Blood on his Sword'', starring Jean Marais
* ''[[Morgan, the Pirate]]'' (1960) Steve Reeves
* ''Musketeers of the Sea'' (1960)
* ''Mysterious Rider, The'' (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda <ref name="Roberto Chiti 1991"/>
* ''Mysterious Swordsman, The'' (1956) starred Gerard Landry
* ''Nephews of Zorro, The'' (1968) Italian comedy with Franco and Ciccio
* ''Night of the Great Attack'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Revenge of the Borgias''
* ''Night They Killed Rasputin, The'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Last Czar''
* ''Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The'' (1959)
* ''Pirate and the Slave Girl, The'' (1959) Lex Barker
* ''Pirate of the Black Hawk, The'' (1958)
* ''Pirate of the Half Moon'' (1957)
* ''Pirates of the Coast'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''Prince with the Red Mask, The'' (1955) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Red Eagle''
* ''Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of the Iron Mask''
* ''Pugni, Pirati e Karatè'' (1973) {{a.k.a.}} ''Fists, Pirates and Karate'', directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)
* ''Queen of the Pirates'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Venus of the Pirates'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''Queen of the Seas'' (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''Rage of the Buccaneers'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gordon, The Black Pirate'', starring Vincent Price
* ''Red Cloak, The'' (1955) Bruce Cabot
* ''Revenge of Ivanhoe, The'' (1965) Rik Battaglia
* ''Revenge of the Black Eagle'' (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Revenge of the Musketeers'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers'', Fernando Lamas
* ''Revenge of Spartacus, The'' (1965) Roger Browne
* ''Revolt of the Mercenaries'' (1961)
* ''Robin Hood and the Pirates'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''Roland, the Mighty'' (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci
* ''Rome 1585'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenaries'', Debra Paget, set in the 1500s
* ''Rover, The'' (1967) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Adventurer'', starring Anthony Quinn
* ''[[The Sack of Rome (film)|The Sack of Rome]]'' (1953) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Pagans'' (set in the 1500s)
* ''Samson vs. the Black Pirate'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules and the Black Pirate'', Alan Steel
* ''Samson vs. the Pirates'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Samson and the Sea Beast'', Kirk Morris
* ''Sandokan Fights Back'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandokan to the Rescue'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Sandokan'', Guy Madison
* ''[[Sandokan the Great]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem'', Steve Reeves
* ''Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Pirates of Malaysia]]'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Pirates of the Seven Seas'', Steve Reeves, directed by Umberto Lenzi
* ''Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Throne of Vengeance'', Guy Madison
* ''Saracens, The'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Devil's Pirate'', {{a.k.a.}} ''The Flag of Death'', starring Richard Harrison
* ''Sea Pirate, The'' (1966) {{a.k.a.}} ''Thunder Over the Indian Ocean'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas''
* ''Secret Mark of D'artagnan, The'' (1962)
* ''Seven Seas to Calais'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas'', Rod Taylor
* ''Seventh Sword, The'' (1960) Brett Halsey
* ''Shadow of Zorro'' (1962) Frank Latimore
* ''Sign of Zorro, The'' (1952)
* ''{{Interlanguage link multi|Il segno di Zorro|it|3=Il segno di Zorro (film 1963)|lt=Sign of Zorro}}'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Duel at the Rio Grande'', [[Sean Flynn (film actor)|Sean Flynn]]
* ''Son of Black Eagle'' (1968)
* ''Son of Captain Blood'' (1962)
* ''[[Son of d'Artagnan]]'' (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda
* ''Son of El Cid, The'' (1965) Mark Damon
* ''Son of the Red Corsair'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Son of the Red Pirate'', Lex Barker
* ''Son of Zorro'' (1973) [[Alberto Dell'Acqua]]
* ''Sword in the Shadow, A'' (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon
* ''Sword of Rebellion, The'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Rebel of Castelmonte''
* ''Sword of Vengeance'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''La spada della vendetta''
* ''Swordsman of Siena, The'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Mercenary''
* ''Sword Without a Country'' (1960) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sword Without a Flag''
* ''Terror of the Black Mask'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Invincible Masked Rider''
* ''Terror of the Red Mask'' (1960) Lex Barker
* ''Three Swords of Zorro, The'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Sword of Zorro'', [[Guy Stockwell]]
* ''Tiger of the Seven Seas'' (1963)
* ''Triumph of Robin Hood'' (1962) starring Samson Burke
* ''Tyrant of Castile, The'' (1964) Mark Damon
* ''White Slave Ship'' (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio
* ''[[The White Warrior]]'' (1959) {{a.k.a.}} ''Hadji Murad, the White Devil'', Steve Reeves
* ''Zorro'' (1968) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Zorro the Fox'', George Ardisson
* ''[[Zorro (1975 Italian film)|Zorro]]'' (1975) [[Alain Delon]]
* ''Zorro and the Three Musketeers'' (1963) [[Gordon Scott]]
* ''Zorro at the Court of England'' (1969) [[Spiros Focás]] as Zorro
* ''Zorro at the Court of Spain'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Masked Conqueror'', Georgio Ardisson
* ''Zorro of Monterrey'' (1971) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro de Monterrey'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro, Rider of Vengeance'' (1971) Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro's Last Adventure'' (1970) {{a.k.a.}} ''La última aventura del Zorro'', Carlos Quiney
* ''Zorro the Avenger'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Revenge of Zorro'', [[Frank Latimore]]
* ''[[The Avenger, Zorro|Zorro the Avenger]]'' (1969) {{a.k.a.}} ''El Zorro justiciero'' (1969) [[Fabio Testi]]
* ''Zorro, the Navarra Marquis'' (1969) [[Nadir Moretti]] as Zorro
* ''Zorro the Rebel'' (1966) [[Howard Ross (actor)|Howard Ross]]
* ''[[Samson and the Slave Queen|Zorro Against Maciste]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Samson and the Slave Queen'' (1963) starring [[Pierre Brice]], [[Alan Steel]]
===Biblical===
* ''[[Barabbas (1961 film)|Barabbas]]'' (1961) Dino de Laurentiis, Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy
* ''Bible, The'' (1966) Dino de Laurentiis, John Huston, filmed in Italy
* ''[[David and Goliath (1960 film)|David and Goliath]]'' (1960) Orson Welles
* ''Desert Desperadoes'' (1956) plot involves King Herod
* ''[[Esther and the King]]'' (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan
* ''Head of a Tyrant, The'' (1959)
* ''[[Herod the Great]]'' (1958) Edmund Purdom
* ''Jacob, the Man Who Fought with God'' (1964) Giorgio Cerioni
* ''Mighty Crusaders, The'' (1957) {{a.k.a.}} ''Jerusalem Set Free'', Gianna Maria Canale
* ''[[The Old Testament (film)|Old Testament, The]]'' (1962) Brad Harris
* ''[[Pontius Pilate (1962 film)|Pontius Pilate]]'' (1962) Jean Marais
* ''[[The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)|The Queen of Sheba]]'' (1952), directed by [[Pietro Francisci]]
* ''[[Samson and Gideon]]'' (1965) Fernando Rey
* ''[[Saul and David]]'' (1963) Gianni Garko
* ''Sodom and Gomorrah'' (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy
* ''Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The'' (1960)
* ''Sword and the Cross, The'' (1958) {{a.k.a.}} ''Mary Magdalene'', Gianna Maria Canale
===Ancient Egypt===
* ''[[Cleopatra's Daughter]]'' (1960) starring Debra Paget
* ''[[Legions of the Nile]]'' (1959) starring Linda Cristal
* ''[[The Pharaohs' Woman|Pharaoh's Woman, The]]'' (1960) with John Drew Barrymore
* ''[[A Queen for Caesar|Queen for Caesar, A]]'' (1962) Gordon Scott
* ''[[Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile|Queen of the Nile]]'' (1961) {{a.k.a.}} ''Nefertiti'', Vincent Price
* ''[[Son of Cleopatra]]'' (1964) Mark Damon
===Babylon / the Middle East===
* ''[[Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sinbad Against the 7 Saracens'',<ref>Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. ''Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film.'' Gremese Editore 2007. {{ISBN|8884405033}}.</ref> starring Gordon Mitchell
* ''[[Anthar, The Invincible]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules]]'', starring Kirk Morris, directed by Antonio Margheriti
* ''[[Desert Warrior (film)|Desert Warrior]]'' (1957) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Desert Lovers'', Ricardo Montalban
* ''[[Falcon of the Desert]]'' (1965) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Magnificent Challenge'', starring Kirk Morris
* ''[[The Golden Arrow (1962 film)|Golden Arrow, The]]'' (1962) directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]]
* ''[[Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus'', Peter Lupus
* ''[[Goliath and the Rebel Slave]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Tyrant of Lydia vs. The Son of Hercules'', Gordon Scott
* ''[[Goliath and the Sins of Babylon]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''Maciste, the World's Greatest Hero'', Mark Forest
* ''[[Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Hero of Babylon]]'' (1963) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Beast of Babylon vs. the Son of Hercules'', Gordon Scott
* ''Kindar, the Invulnerable'' (1965) Mark Forest, Rosalba Neri <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5_3AgAAQBAJ&q=rosalba+neri+kindar&pg=PA38 |title = Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult|isbn = 9780857730442|last1 = Hughes|first1 = Howard|date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>
* ''Missione sabbie roventi'' (''Mission Burning Sands'') (1966) starring Renato Rossini, directed by Alfonso Brescia
* ''[[The Red Shiek|Red Sheik, The]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Shéhérazade (film)|Scheherazade]]'' (1963) starring Anna Karina
* ''[[The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba|Seven Tasks of Ali Baba, The]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown'', starring Richard Lloyd
* ''[[Slave Girls of Sheba]]'' (1963) starring Linda Cristal
* ''[[Slave Queen of Babylon]]'' (1962) Yvonne Furneaux
* ''[[Son of the Sheik]]'' (1961) {{aka}} ''Kerim, Son of the Sheik'', starring Gordon Scott
* ''[[The Sword of Damascus|Sword of Damascus, The]]'' (1964) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Thief of Damascus''
* ''[[The Sword of Islam|Sword of Islam, The]]'' (1961)
* ''[[The Thief of Baghdad (1961 film)|Thief of Baghdad, The]]'' (1961) Steve Reeves
* ''[[War Gods of Babylon]]'' (1962) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Seventh Thunderbolt''
* ''[[The Wonders of Aladdin|Wonders of Aladdin, The]]'' (1961) Donald O'Connor
==The second peplum wave: the 1980s==
After the peplum gave way to the [[spaghetti Western]] and [[Eurospy]] films in 1965, the genre lay dormant for close to 20 years. Then in 1982, the box-office successes of [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]]'s ''[[Quest for Fire (film)|Quest for Fire]]'' (1981) and [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]'s ''[[Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)|Conan the Barbarian]]'' (1982) spurred a second renaissance of [[sword and sorcery]] Italian pepla in the five years immediately following. Most of these films had low budgets, focusing more on barbarians and pirates so as to avoid the need for expensive Greco-Roman sets. The filmmakers tried to compensate for their shortcomings with the addition of some graphic gore and nudity. Many of these 1980s entries were helmed by noted Italian horror film directors ([[Joe D'Amato]], [[Lucio Fulci]], [[Luigi Cozzi]], etc.) and many featured actors [[Lou Ferrigno]], [[Miles O'Keefe]] and [[Sabrina Siani]]. Here is a list of the 1980s pepla:
* ''Adam and Eve'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''Adamo ed Eva, la prima storia d'amore'', contains stock footage from ''One Million Years B.C.'' (1966)
* ''[[Ator, the Fighting Eagle]]'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''Ator the Invincible'', starring [[Miles O'Keefe]] and [[Sabrina Siani]], directed by [[Joe D'Amato]]
* ''Ator 2: [[The Blade Master]]'' (1985) {{a.k.a.}} ''Cave Dwellers'', starring Miles O’Keefe, directed by Joe D’Amato
* ''[[Ator 3: Iron Warrior]]'' (1986) {{a.k.a.}} ''Iron Warrior'', starring Miles O'Keefe, directed by [[Alfonso Brescia]] (Joe D'Amato disowned this entry in the ''Ator'' saga, since it was done without his involvement)
* ''[[Ator 4: Quest for the Mighty Sword]]'' (1989) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Quest for the Mighty Sword]]'', starring [[Eric Allan Kramer]] (as the son of Ator), [[Laura Gemser]] and [[Marisa Mell]], directed by Joe D'Amato
* ''[[Barbarian Master]]'' (1984) {{a.k.a.}} ''Sangraal, the Sword of Fire'', {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Sword of the Barbarians]]'', starring [[Sabrina Siani]]
* ''[[The Barbarians (1987 film)|The Barbarians]]'' (1987) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Barbarians and Company'', semi-comedy starring Peter and David Paul, directed by [[Ruggero Deodato]]
* ''[[The Cantabrians]]'' (1980) {{a.k.a.}} ''Los Cantabros'', directed by [[Paul Naschy]] in Spain
* ''Conqueror of the World'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''I padroni del mondo'' / ''Fathers of the World'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Master of the World'' (a barbarian movie set in prehistoric times) directed by Alberto Cavallone
* ''[[Conquest (1983 film)|Conquest]]'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''Conquest of the Lost Land'', starring Sabrina Siani, directed by [[Lucio Fulci]]
* ''[[Hercules (1983 film)|Hercules]]'' (1983) starring [[Lou Ferrigno]] and [[Sybil Danning]], directed by [[Luigi Cozzi]]
* ''[[The Adventures of Hercules|Hercules 2]]'' (1984) {{a.k.a.}} ''The Adventures of Hercules'', starring Lou Ferrigno, directed by Luigi Cozzi
* ''[[Hundra]]'' (1983) Italian/ Spanish Conan ripoff directed by [[Matt Cimber]]<ref>http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/</ref>
* ''[[The Invincible Barbarian]]'' (1982) {{a.k.a.}} ''Gunan, the Warrior'', {{aka}} ''[[Gunan, King of the Barbarians]]'', starring Sabrina Siani, directed by [[Franco Prosperi]]
* ''[[Ironmaster (film)|Ironmaster]]'' (1983) {{a.k.a.}} ''The War of Iron'', co-starring [[Luigi Montefiori]], directed by [[Umberto Lenzi]]
* ''The Seven Magnificent Gladiators'' (1983) starring Lou Ferrigno and [[Dan Vadis]]
* ''[[She (1982 film)|She]]'' (1982) starring [[Sandahl Bergman]] and [[Gordon Mitchell]]
* ''[[Sinbad of the Seven Seas]]'' (1988) starring Lou Ferrigno, directed by Luigi Cozzi
* ''Thor, the Conqueror'' (1983) directed by [[Tonino Ricci]]
* ''[[The Throne of Fire (film)|The Throne of Fire]]'' (1983) starring Sabrina Siani, directed by [[Franco Prosperi]]
* ''[[Yor, the Hunter from the Future]]'' (1983) starring [[Reb Brown]], directed by [[Antonio Margheriti]] (a barbarian film that has science fiction elements in the story)
A group of so-called "porno peplum" films were devoted to Roman emperors, especially - but not only - to [[Caligula]] and [[Claudius]]' spouse [[Messalina]]:
* ''[[Caligula (film)|Caligula]]'' (1979) directed by Tinto Brass
* ''A Filha de Calígula'' (1981) directed by Ody Fraga
* ''Caligula and Messalina'' (1981) directed by Bruno Mattei
* ''My Nights with Messalina'' (1982) directed by Jaime J. Puig
* ''Nerone and Poppea'' (1982) directed by Bruno Mattei
* ''[[Caligula... The Untold Story]]'' (1982) directed by Joe D'Amato
* ''[[Orgies of Caligula]]'' (1984) {{a.k.a.}} ''[[Caligula's Slaves]]'', {{a.k.a.}} ''Roma, l'antica chiave dei sensi''
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*Diak, Nicholas, editor. ''The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s''. McFarland and Company, Inc. 2018. {{ISBN|978-1-4766-6762-1}}
*Richard Dyer: "The White Man's Muscles" in R. Dyer: ''White'': London: Routledge: 1997: {{ISBN|0-415-09537-9}}
*David Chapman: ''Retro Studs: Muscle Movie Posters from Around the World'': Portland: Collectors Press: 2002: {{ISBN|1-888054-69-7}}
*Hervé Dumont, ''L'Antiquité au cinéma. Vérités, légendes et manipulations'' (Nouveau-Monde, 2009; {{ISBN|2-84736-434-X}})
*Florent Fourcart, ''Le Péplum italien (1946–1966) : Grandeur et décadence d'une antiquité populaire'' (2012, CinExploitation; {{ISBN|291551786X}})
*Maggie Gunsberg: "Heroic Bodies: The Culture of Masculinity in Peplums" in M. Gunsberg: ''Italian Cinema: Gender and Genre'': Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan: 2005: {{ISBN|0-333-75115-9}}
*Patrick Lucanio, ''With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968'' (Scarecrow Press, 1994; {{ISBN|0810828162}})
*Irmbert Schenk: "The Cinematic Support to Nationalist(ic) Mythology: The Italian Peplum 1910–1930" in Natascha Gentz and Stefan Kramer (eds.) ''Globalization, Cultural Identities and Media Representations'' Albany: State University of New York Press: 2006: {{ISBN|0-7914-6684-1}}
*Stephen Flacassier: "Muscles, Myths and Movies": Rabbit's Garage: 1994 : {{ISBN|0-9641643-0-2}}
==External links==
===Films===
*[https://archive.org/details/PublicDomainMercuryFilmsSiriusCICCAvalaFilmandMedallionPicturesTheAvengerTheLegendofAeneas ''The Avenger''] by [[Georgia Rivalta]]. [[Steve Reeves]] stars as [[Aeneas]].
*[https://archive.org/details/HerculesUnchained ''Hercules Unchained''] ([[Pietro Francisci]], director.)
*[https://archive.org/details/TheGiantOfMetropolis1961 ''The Giant of Metropolis''] (starring [[Gordon Mitchell]]; [[Umberto Scarpelli]], director)
*[https://archive.org/details/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon ''Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon''] ([[Domenico Paolella]], dir.)
===Images and discussion===
*[http://www.briansdriveintheater.com/hercules.html ''The Many Faces of Hercules'' at Brian's Drive-In Theatre]
*[http://www.peplums.info PEPLVM - Images de l'Antiquité, par Michel Eloy] (in French)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130703120325/http://www.hervedumont.ch/content/fr/antiquite_maj.php Cinéma & Histoire: L'Antiquité au Cinéma] (in French), by Hervé Dumont.
*http://www.sinistercinema.com (source of peplum DVD's)
*http://www.somethingweird.com (source of peplum DVD's)
*http://www.santoandfriends.com ; (filmography of Mexican muscleman films)
{{Exploitation film}}
{{Historical fiction}}
{{Italian film genres}}
{{film genres}}
{{fantasy fiction}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Historical fiction]]
[[Category:Peplum films| ]]
[[Category:Italian films by genre]]
[[Category:20th century in Italy]]
[[Category:Fantasy genres]]
[[Category:Classical antiquity in modern art and culture]]
[[Category:Sword and sandal| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -65,34 +65,8 @@
*''Maciste nella gabbia dei leoni'' ("Maciste in the Lions' Den", 1926)
*''il Gigante delle Dolemite'' ("The Giant From the Dolomite", released in 1927)
-*''Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal'' in 1937. In 1949, the postwar Italian film industry remade ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (which had been previously filmed twice in the silent era). The film was released in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 1951 in an edited, English-dubbed version. ''Fabiola'' was an Italian-French co-production like the following films ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1950) and ''[[Messalina (1951 film)|Messalina]]'' (1951).
-
-During the 1950s, a number of American historical epics shot in Italy were released. In 1951, [[MGM]] producer [[Sam Zimbalist]] cleverly used the lower production costs, use of frozen funds and the expertise of the Italian film industry to shoot the large-scale [[Technicolor]] epic ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' in Rome. In addition to its fictional account linking the [[Great Fire of Rome]], the [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] and Emperor [[Nero]], the film - following the novel "Quo vadis" by the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz - featured also a mighty protagonist named [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] (Italian filmmakers later made several pepla in the 1960s exploiting the Ursus character). MGM also planned ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'' to be filmed in Italy as early as 1952.<ref>Pryor, Thomas M. "''Ben-Hur'' to Ride for Metro Again." ''New York Times.'' December 8, 1952.</ref>
-
-[[Riccardo Freda]]'s ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' was filmed in 1953 and released by [[RKO]] in an edited, English-dubbed version the following year. Unlike ''Quo Vadis'', there were no American actors or production crew. The Anthony Quinn film ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (directed by [[Pietro Francisci]] in 1954), the Kirk Douglas epic ''[[Ulysses (1955 film)|Ulysses]]'' (co-directed by an uncredited [[Mario Bava]] in 1954) and ''[[Helen of Troy (film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (directed by [[Robert Wise]] with [[Sergio Leone]] as an uncredited [[second unit director]] in 1955) were the first of the big peplum films of the 1950s. Riccardo Freda directed another peplum, ''[[Theodora, Slave Empress]]'' in 1954, starring his wife [[Gianna Maria Canale]]. Howard Hawks directed his ''[[Land of the Pharaohs]]'' (starring Joan Collins) in Italy and Egypt in 1955. [[Robert Rossen]] made his film ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander the Great]]'' in Egypt in 1956, with a music score by famed Italian composer Mario Nascimbene.
-
-==The main sword-and-sandal period (1958-1965)==
-
-To cash in on the success of the Kirk Douglas film ''Ulysses'', Pietro Francisci planned to make a film about [[Hercules]], but searched unsuccessfully for years for a physically convincing yet experienced actor. His daughter spotted [[United States|American]] [[bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] [[Steve Reeves]] in the American film ''[[Athena (film)|Athena]]'' and he was hired to play Hercules in 1957 when the film was made. (Reeves was paid $10,000 to star in the film).<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-04-mn-26532-story.html</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|editor-first=Roy|editor-last=Frumkes|url=http://www.drkrm.com/reeves.html|title=An Interview with Steve Reeves from ''The Perfect Vision Magazine''|volume=6|issue=22|date=July 1994}}</ref>
-
-The genre's instantaneous growth began with the U.S. theatrical release of ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' in 1959. American producer [[Joseph E. Levine]] acquired the U.S. distribution rights for $120,000, spent $1 million promoting the film and made more than $5 million profit.<ref>p.73 Frayling, Christopher ''Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone'' I.B.Tauris, 2006</ref> This spawned the [[1959 in film|1959]] Steve Reeves sequel ''[[Hercules Unchained]]'', the 1959 re-release of [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' (1949), and literally dozens of imitations that followed in their wake. Italian filmmakers resurrected their 1920s Maciste character in a brand new 1960s sound film series (1960–1964), followed rapidly by Ursus, Samson, Goliath and various other mighty-muscled heroes.
-
-Almost all peplum films of this period featured bodybuilder stars, the most popular being [[Steve Reeves]], [[Reg Park]] and [[Gordon Scott]].<ref name="Hugh2">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Howard |title=Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781848856080 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIyNKi9XUgIC |accessdate=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Some of these stars, such as [[Mickey Hargitay]], [[Reg Lewis (bodybuilder)|Reg Lewis]], [[Mark Forest]], [[Gordon Mitchell]] and [[Dan Vadis]], had starred in [[Mae West]]'s touring stage review in the United States in the 1950s.<ref name="Hugh2" /> Bodybuilders of Italian origin, on the other hand, would adopt English pseudonyms for the screen; thus, stuntman Sergio Ciani became [[Alan Steel]], and ex-gondolier Adriano Bellini was called [[Kirk Morris]].<ref name="Hugh2" />
-
-To be sure, many of the films enjoyed widespread popularity among general audiences, and had production values that were typical for popular films of their day. Some films included frequent re-use of the impressive film sets that had been created for ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' and ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''.
-
-Although many of the bigger budget pepla were released theatrically in the US, fourteen of them were released directly to [[Embassy Pictures]] [[television]] in a syndicated TV package called ''[[The Sons of Hercules]]''. Since few American viewers had a familiarity with Italian film heroes such as Maciste or Ursus, the characters were re-named<ref name="Hugh2" /> and the films molded into a [[Film series|series]] of sorts by splicing on the same opening and closing theme song and newly designed voice-over narration that attempted to link the protagonist of each film to the Hercules mythos. These films ran on Saturday afternoons in the 1960s.
-
-Peplum films were, and still are, often ridiculed for their low budgets and bad English dubbing. The contrived plots, poorly [[overdub]]bed [[dialogue]], novice acting skills of the bodybuilder leads, and primitive [[special effects]] that were often inadequate to depict the [[mythological creature]]s on screen all conspire to give these films a certain [[Camp (style)|camp]] appeal now. In the 1990s, several of them have been subjects of riffing and satire in the United States comedy series ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''.
-
-However, in the early 1960s, a group of French critics, mostly writing for the [[Cahiers du cinéma]], such as [[Luc Moullet]], started to celebrate the genre and some of its directors, including [[Vittorio Cottafavi]], [[Riccardo Freda]], [[Mario Bava]], [[Pietro Francisci]], [[Duccio Tessari]], and [[Sergio Leone]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunetta |first1=Gian Piero |title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano |date=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=9788842073468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |page=329 |language=it}}</ref> Not only directors, but also some of the screenwriters, often put together in teams, worked past the typically formulaic plot structure to include a mixture of "bits of philosophical readings and scraps of psychoanalysis, reflections on the biggest political systems, the fate of the world and humanity, fatalistic notions of accepting the will of destiny and the gods, anthropocentric belief in the powers of the human physique, and brilliant syntheses of military treatises".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunetta |first1=Gian Piero |title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano |date=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=9788842073468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |pages=329–330 |language=it |quote=frammenti di letture filosofiche e briciole di psicanalisi, meditazioni sui massimi sistemi politici, sul destino del mondo e dell'umanità, concezioni fatalistiche di accetazione della volontà del destino e degli dei, fiducia antropocentrica nella potenza fisica e sintesi fulminee di trattatistica militare}}</ref>
-
-With reference to the genre's free use of ancient mythology and other influences, Italian director [[Vittorio Cottafavi]], who directed a number of peplum films, used the term "neo-mythologism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Winkler |first1=Martin M. |title=Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405178549 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
-
-===Hercules series (1958–1965)===
-[[File:HerculesMagazine.jpg|thumb|A poster for ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' starring [[Steve Reeves]]]]
-A series of 19 Hercules movies were made in Italy in the late '50s and early '60s. The films were all sequels to the successful Steve Reeves peplum ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958), and each film was a stand-alone story not connected to the others. The actors who played Hercules in these films were [[Steve Reeves]] followed by [[Gordon Scott]], Kirk Morris, [[Mickey Hargitay]], [[Mark Forest]], [[Alan Steel]], [[Dan Vadis]], [[Brad Harris]], [[Reg Park]], [[Peter Lupus]] (billed as [[Rock Stevens]]) and [[Mike Lane]]. In a 1997 interview, Reeves said he felt his two Hercules films could not be topped by another sequel, so he declined to do any more Hercules films.<ref>Labbe, Rod "Steve Reeves: Demi-God on Horseback" ''Films of the Golden Age''</ref>
-
-The films are listed below by their American release titles, and the titles in parentheses are their original Italian titles with an approximate English translation. Dates shown are the original Italian theatrical release dates, not the U.S. release dates (which were years later in some cases).
-
+*''Scipione l'africano'' ("Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal", 1937)
+*''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]''
+*''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]''
+*''[[Messalina (1951 film)|Messalina]]'' (1951)
*''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (''Le fatiche di Ercole'' / ''The Labors of Hercules'', 1958) starring Steve Reeves
*''[[Hercules Unchained]]'' (''Ercole e la regina di Lidia'' / ''Hercules and the Queen of Lydia'', 1959) starring Steve Reeves
@@ -103,4 +77,5 @@
*''[[Hercules in the Valley of Woe|Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'' (''[[Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai]]'' / ''[[Maciste vs Hercules in the Vale of Woe]]'') comedy starring Frank Gordon as Hercules, 1961
*''[[Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules]]'' (''Ulisse contro Ercole'' / ''Ulysses vs. Hercules'') starring Mike Lane as Hercules, 1962
+*''[[The Three Stooges Meet Hercules]]'' (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star [[Samson Burke]] as Hercules)
*''[[The Fury of Hercules]]'' (''La furia di Ercole'' / ''The Fury of Hercules'') starring Brad Harris as Hercules, 1962 (alternate U.S. title: ''The Fury of Samson'')
*''[[Hercules, Samson and Ulysses]]'' (''Ercole sfida Sansone'' / ''Hercules Challenges Samson'') starring Kirk Morris as Hercules, 1963
@@ -114,13 +89,4 @@
*''[[Hercules and the Princess of Troy]]'' (no Italian title) starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1965 ({{a.k.a.}} ''Hercules vs. the Sea Monster''; this U.S./ Italian co-production was made as a pilot for a [[Charles Band]]-produced TV series that never materialized and it was later distributed as a feature film)
*''[[Hercules the Avenger]]'' (''Sfida dei giganti'' / ''Challenge of the Giants'') starring Reg Park as Hercules, 1965 (this film was composed mostly of re-edited footage from the two 1961 Reg Park Hercules films)
-
-A number of English-dubbed Italian films that featured the word "Hercules" in the title were not made as Hercules movies originally, such as:
-* ''[[Hercules Against the Moon Men]]'', ''Hercules Against the Barbarians'', ''Hercules Against the Mongols'' and ''Hercules of the Desert'' were all originally Maciste films. (See "Maciste" section below)
-* ''Hercules and the Black Pirate'' and ''Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas'' were both re-titled Samson movies. (See "Samson" section below)
-* ''Hercules, Prisoner of Evil'' was actually a re-titled Ursus film. (See "Ursus" section below)
-* ''Hercules and the Masked Rider'' was actually a re-titled Goliath movie. (See "Goliath" section below)
-None of these films in their original Italian versions involved the Hercules character in any way. Likewise, most of the ''Sons of Hercules'' movies shown on American TV in the 1960s had nothing to do with Hercules in their original Italian versions.
-
-(see also ''[[The Three Stooges Meet Hercules]]'' (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star [[Samson Burke]] as Hercules)
===Goliath series (1959–1964)===
' |
New page size (new_size) | 92184 |
Old page size (old_size) | 102839 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -10655 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '*''Scipione l'africano'' ("Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal", 1937)',
1 => '*''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]''',
2 => '*''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]''',
3 => '*''[[Messalina (1951 film)|Messalina]]'' (1951)',
4 => '*''[[The Three Stooges Meet Hercules]]'' (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star [[Samson Burke]] as Hercules)'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '*''Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal'' in 1937. In 1949, the postwar Italian film industry remade ''[[Fabiola (1949 film)|Fabiola]]'' (which had been previously filmed twice in the silent era). The film was released in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 1951 in an edited, English-dubbed version. ''Fabiola'' was an Italian-French co-production like the following films ''[[The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)|The Last Days of Pompeii]]'' (1950) and ''[[Messalina (1951 film)|Messalina]]'' (1951).',
1 => '',
2 => 'During the 1950s, a number of American historical epics shot in Italy were released. In 1951, [[MGM]] producer [[Sam Zimbalist]] cleverly used the lower production costs, use of frozen funds and the expertise of the Italian film industry to shoot the large-scale [[Technicolor]] epic ''[[Quo Vadis (1951 film)|Quo Vadis]]'' in Rome. In addition to its fictional account linking the [[Great Fire of Rome]], the [[Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire]] and Emperor [[Nero]], the film - following the novel "Quo vadis" by the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz - featured also a mighty protagonist named [[Ursus (film character)|Ursus]] (Italian filmmakers later made several pepla in the 1960s exploiting the Ursus character). MGM also planned ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben Hur]]'' to be filmed in Italy as early as 1952.<ref>Pryor, Thomas M. "''Ben-Hur'' to Ride for Metro Again." ''New York Times.'' December 8, 1952.</ref>',
3 => '',
4 => '[[Riccardo Freda]]'s ''[[Sins of Rome]]'' was filmed in 1953 and released by [[RKO]] in an edited, English-dubbed version the following year. Unlike ''Quo Vadis'', there were no American actors or production crew. The Anthony Quinn film ''[[Attila (1954 film)|Attila]]'' (directed by [[Pietro Francisci]] in 1954), the Kirk Douglas epic ''[[Ulysses (1955 film)|Ulysses]]'' (co-directed by an uncredited [[Mario Bava]] in 1954) and ''[[Helen of Troy (film)|Helen of Troy]]'' (directed by [[Robert Wise]] with [[Sergio Leone]] as an uncredited [[second unit director]] in 1955) were the first of the big peplum films of the 1950s. Riccardo Freda directed another peplum, ''[[Theodora, Slave Empress]]'' in 1954, starring his wife [[Gianna Maria Canale]]. Howard Hawks directed his ''[[Land of the Pharaohs]]'' (starring Joan Collins) in Italy and Egypt in 1955. [[Robert Rossen]] made his film ''[[Alexander the Great (1956 film)|Alexander the Great]]'' in Egypt in 1956, with a music score by famed Italian composer Mario Nascimbene.',
5 => '',
6 => '==The main sword-and-sandal period (1958-1965)==',
7 => '',
8 => 'To cash in on the success of the Kirk Douglas film ''Ulysses'', Pietro Francisci planned to make a film about [[Hercules]], but searched unsuccessfully for years for a physically convincing yet experienced actor. His daughter spotted [[United States|American]] [[bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] [[Steve Reeves]] in the American film ''[[Athena (film)|Athena]]'' and he was hired to play Hercules in 1957 when the film was made. (Reeves was paid $10,000 to star in the film).<ref>https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-04-mn-26532-story.html</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|editor-first=Roy|editor-last=Frumkes|url=http://www.drkrm.com/reeves.html|title=An Interview with Steve Reeves from ''The Perfect Vision Magazine''|volume=6|issue=22|date=July 1994}}</ref>',
9 => '',
10 => 'The genre's instantaneous growth began with the U.S. theatrical release of ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' in 1959. American producer [[Joseph E. Levine]] acquired the U.S. distribution rights for $120,000, spent $1 million promoting the film and made more than $5 million profit.<ref>p.73 Frayling, Christopher ''Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone'' I.B.Tauris, 2006</ref> This spawned the [[1959 in film|1959]] Steve Reeves sequel ''[[Hercules Unchained]]'', the 1959 re-release of [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s ''[[Samson and Delilah (1949 film)|Samson and Delilah]]'' (1949), and literally dozens of imitations that followed in their wake. Italian filmmakers resurrected their 1920s Maciste character in a brand new 1960s sound film series (1960–1964), followed rapidly by Ursus, Samson, Goliath and various other mighty-muscled heroes.',
11 => '',
12 => 'Almost all peplum films of this period featured bodybuilder stars, the most popular being [[Steve Reeves]], [[Reg Park]] and [[Gordon Scott]].<ref name="Hugh2">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Howard |title=Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult |date=2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781848856080 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CIyNKi9XUgIC |accessdate=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Some of these stars, such as [[Mickey Hargitay]], [[Reg Lewis (bodybuilder)|Reg Lewis]], [[Mark Forest]], [[Gordon Mitchell]] and [[Dan Vadis]], had starred in [[Mae West]]'s touring stage review in the United States in the 1950s.<ref name="Hugh2" /> Bodybuilders of Italian origin, on the other hand, would adopt English pseudonyms for the screen; thus, stuntman Sergio Ciani became [[Alan Steel]], and ex-gondolier Adriano Bellini was called [[Kirk Morris]].<ref name="Hugh2" />',
13 => '',
14 => 'To be sure, many of the films enjoyed widespread popularity among general audiences, and had production values that were typical for popular films of their day. Some films included frequent re-use of the impressive film sets that had been created for ''[[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]]'' and ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''.',
15 => '',
16 => 'Although many of the bigger budget pepla were released theatrically in the US, fourteen of them were released directly to [[Embassy Pictures]] [[television]] in a syndicated TV package called ''[[The Sons of Hercules]]''. Since few American viewers had a familiarity with Italian film heroes such as Maciste or Ursus, the characters were re-named<ref name="Hugh2" /> and the films molded into a [[Film series|series]] of sorts by splicing on the same opening and closing theme song and newly designed voice-over narration that attempted to link the protagonist of each film to the Hercules mythos. These films ran on Saturday afternoons in the 1960s.',
17 => '',
18 => 'Peplum films were, and still are, often ridiculed for their low budgets and bad English dubbing. The contrived plots, poorly [[overdub]]bed [[dialogue]], novice acting skills of the bodybuilder leads, and primitive [[special effects]] that were often inadequate to depict the [[mythological creature]]s on screen all conspire to give these films a certain [[Camp (style)|camp]] appeal now. In the 1990s, several of them have been subjects of riffing and satire in the United States comedy series ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]''.',
19 => '',
20 => 'However, in the early 1960s, a group of French critics, mostly writing for the [[Cahiers du cinéma]], such as [[Luc Moullet]], started to celebrate the genre and some of its directors, including [[Vittorio Cottafavi]], [[Riccardo Freda]], [[Mario Bava]], [[Pietro Francisci]], [[Duccio Tessari]], and [[Sergio Leone]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunetta |first1=Gian Piero |title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano |date=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=9788842073468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |page=329 |language=it}}</ref> Not only directors, but also some of the screenwriters, often put together in teams, worked past the typically formulaic plot structure to include a mixture of "bits of philosophical readings and scraps of psychoanalysis, reflections on the biggest political systems, the fate of the world and humanity, fatalistic notions of accepting the will of destiny and the gods, anthropocentric belief in the powers of the human physique, and brilliant syntheses of military treatises".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brunetta |first1=Gian Piero |title=Cent'anni di cinema italiano |date=2004 |publisher=Laterza |isbn=9788842073468 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ |accessdate=14 February 2019 |pages=329–330 |language=it |quote=frammenti di letture filosofiche e briciole di psicanalisi, meditazioni sui massimi sistemi politici, sul destino del mondo e dell'umanità, concezioni fatalistiche di accetazione della volontà del destino e degli dei, fiducia antropocentrica nella potenza fisica e sintesi fulminee di trattatistica militare}}</ref>',
21 => '',
22 => 'With reference to the genre's free use of ancient mythology and other influences, Italian director [[Vittorio Cottafavi]], who directed a number of peplum films, used the term "neo-mythologism".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Winkler |first1=Martin M. |title=Troy: From Homer's Iliad to Hollywood Epic |date=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781405178549 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C |accessdate=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>',
23 => '',
24 => '===Hercules series (1958–1965)===',
25 => '[[File:HerculesMagazine.jpg|thumb|A poster for ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' starring [[Steve Reeves]]]]',
26 => 'A series of 19 Hercules movies were made in Italy in the late '50s and early '60s. The films were all sequels to the successful Steve Reeves peplum ''[[Hercules (1958 film)|Hercules]]'' (1958), and each film was a stand-alone story not connected to the others. The actors who played Hercules in these films were [[Steve Reeves]] followed by [[Gordon Scott]], Kirk Morris, [[Mickey Hargitay]], [[Mark Forest]], [[Alan Steel]], [[Dan Vadis]], [[Brad Harris]], [[Reg Park]], [[Peter Lupus]] (billed as [[Rock Stevens]]) and [[Mike Lane]]. In a 1997 interview, Reeves said he felt his two Hercules films could not be topped by another sequel, so he declined to do any more Hercules films.<ref>Labbe, Rod "Steve Reeves: Demi-God on Horseback" ''Films of the Golden Age''</ref>',
27 => '',
28 => 'The films are listed below by their American release titles, and the titles in parentheses are their original Italian titles with an approximate English translation. Dates shown are the original Italian theatrical release dates, not the U.S. release dates (which were years later in some cases).',
29 => '',
30 => '',
31 => 'A number of English-dubbed Italian films that featured the word "Hercules" in the title were not made as Hercules movies originally, such as:',
32 => '* ''[[Hercules Against the Moon Men]]'', ''Hercules Against the Barbarians'', ''Hercules Against the Mongols'' and ''Hercules of the Desert'' were all originally Maciste films. (See "Maciste" section below)',
33 => '* ''Hercules and the Black Pirate'' and ''Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas'' were both re-titled Samson movies. (See "Samson" section below)',
34 => '* ''Hercules, Prisoner of Evil'' was actually a re-titled Ursus film. (See "Ursus" section below)',
35 => '* ''Hercules and the Masked Rider'' was actually a re-titled Goliath movie. (See "Goliath" section below)',
36 => 'None of these films in their original Italian versions involved the Hercules character in any way. Likewise, most of the ''Sons of Hercules'' movies shown on American TV in the 1960s had nothing to do with Hercules in their original Italian versions.',
37 => '',
38 => '(see also ''[[The Three Stooges Meet Hercules]]'' (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star [[Samson Burke]] as Hercules)'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.drkrm.com/reeves.html',
1 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CIyNKi9XUgIC',
2 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C',
3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ',
4 => 'https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-04-mn-26532-story.html'
] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xhhHBQAAQBAJ',
1 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IO08DgAAQBAJ',
2 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=tbM2DwAAQBAJ',
3 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=RPYHAQAAMAAJ',
4 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh3uAAAAMAAJ',
5 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=h0cXAgAAQBAJ',
6 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=1QX3v03WY5cC',
7 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dThCDwAAQBAJ',
8 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=sgeXnZBzY64C',
9 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=0-jhVJH1cMsC',
10 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ4MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22sword+and+sandal%22',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WPl4DwAAQBAJ',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VS1YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fyTXCoiaAe4C',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kaQ0AAAAQBAJ',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=C5_3AgAAQBAJ&q=rosalba+neri+kindar&pg=PA38',
16 => 'https://letterboxd.com/film/kino-kolossal-herkules-maciste-co/',
17 => 'http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/',
18 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433443#identifiers',
19 => 'https://archive.org/details/PublicDomainMercuryFilmsSiriusCICCAvalaFilmandMedallionPicturesTheAvengerTheLegendofAeneas',
20 => 'https://archive.org/details/HerculesUnchained',
21 => 'https://archive.org/details/TheGiantOfMetropolis1961',
22 => 'https://archive.org/details/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon',
23 => 'http://www.briansdriveintheater.com/hercules.html',
24 => 'http://www.peplums.info',
25 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130703120325/http://www.hervedumont.ch/content/fr/antiquite_maj.php',
26 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/7565752-1',
27 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2002001446',
28 => 'http://www.sinistercinema.com',
29 => 'http://www.somethingweird.com',
30 => 'http://www.santoandfriends.com'
] |
Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
0 => 'http://www.briansdriveintheater.com/hercules.html',
1 => 'http://www.drkrm.com/reeves.html',
2 => 'http://www.peplums.info',
3 => 'http://www.santoandfriends.com',
4 => 'http://www.sinistercinema.com',
5 => 'http://www.somethingweird.com',
6 => 'http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/',
7 => 'https://archive.org/details/HerculesUnchained',
8 => 'https://archive.org/details/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon',
9 => 'https://archive.org/details/PublicDomainMercuryFilmsSiriusCICCAvalaFilmandMedallionPicturesTheAvengerTheLegendofAeneas',
10 => 'https://archive.org/details/TheGiantOfMetropolis1961',
11 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=0-jhVJH1cMsC',
12 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=1QX3v03WY5cC',
13 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=C5_3AgAAQBAJ&q=rosalba+neri+kindar&pg=PA38',
14 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=CIyNKi9XUgIC',
15 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ4MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22sword+and+sandal%22',
16 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh3uAAAAMAAJ',
17 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=IO08DgAAQBAJ',
18 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=RPYHAQAAMAAJ',
19 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=VS1YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44',
20 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=WPl4DwAAQBAJ',
21 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=dThCDwAAQBAJ',
22 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=fyTXCoiaAe4C',
23 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=h0cXAgAAQBAJ',
24 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=kaQ0AAAAQBAJ',
25 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=sgeXnZBzY64C',
26 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=tDv2znATTy4C',
27 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=tbM2DwAAQBAJ',
28 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=vxmjQgAACAAJ',
29 => 'https://books.google.com/books?id=xhhHBQAAQBAJ',
30 => 'https://d-nb.info/gnd/7565752-1',
31 => 'https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2002001446',
32 => 'https://letterboxd.com/film/kino-kolossal-herkules-maciste-co/',
33 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130703120325/http://www.hervedumont.ch/content/fr/antiquite_maj.php',
34 => 'https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-may-04-mn-26532-story.html',
35 => 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433443#identifiers'
] |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Peplum (film genre) redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a>, a subgenre of fantasy fiction.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg/220px-GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg/330px-GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg/440px-GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="2784" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:GoliathAndBarbarians-poster.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>This poster for <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Barbarians" title="Goliath and the Barbarians">Goliath and the Barbarians</a></i> illustrates many people's expectations from films of this genre</div></div></div>
<p><b>Sword-and-sandal</b>, also known as <b>peplum</b> (<b>pepla</b> plural), is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of largely <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a>-made historical or Biblical epics mostly set in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greco-Roman_antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman antiquity">Greco-Roman</a> or medieval period. These films attempted to emulate the big-budget Hollywood historical epics of the time, such as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1959_film)" title="Ben-Hur (1959 film)">Ben-Hur</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra_(1963_film)" title="Cleopatra (1963 film)">Cleopatra</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Robe_(film)" title="The Robe (film)">The Robe</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></i>, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(1949_film)" title="Samson and Delilah (1949 film)">Samson and Delilah</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> These films dominated the Italian film industry from 1958 to 1965, eventually being replaced in 1965 by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">spaghetti Western</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurospy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurospy">Eurospy</a> films.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Brien_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinnard1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinnard1-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The term "peplum" (a Latin word referring to the Ancient Greek garment <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplos</a></i>), was introduced by French film critics in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Brien_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kinnard1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinnard1-3">[3]</a></sup> The terms "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">peplum</a>" and "sword-and-sandal" were used in a condescending way by film critics. Later, the terms were embraced by fans of the films, similar to the terms "spaghetti Western" or "shoot-'em-ups". In their English versions, peplum films can be immediately differentiated from their Hollywood counterparts by their use of "clumsy and inadequate" English language <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">dubbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_History_of_Italian_Cinema_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_History_of_Italian_Cinema-4">[4]</a></sup> A 100-minute documentary on the history of Italy's peplum genre was produced and directed by Antonio Avati in 1977 entitled <i>Kolossal: i magnifici Maciste</i> (aka <i>Kino Kolossal</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Italian epic films set in antiquity that were produced before the 1958 peplum wave proper, such as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabiola_(1949_film)" title="Fabiola (1949 film)">Fabiola</a></i> (1949) and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954), have been called <b>proto-peplum</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> and recent films set in such Greco-Roman times (made after the peplum wave ended in 1965) have been called <b>neo-peplum</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Genre_characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Genre characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#List_of_Peplums_in_chronological_order"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">List of Peplums in chronological order</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Goliath_series_(1959–1964)"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Goliath series (1959–1964)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Maciste_series_(1960–1965)"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Maciste series (1960–1965)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ursus_series_(1960–1964)"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ursus series (1960–1964)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Samson_series_(1961–1964)"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Samson series (1961–1964)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#The_Sons_of_Hercules_(TV_syndication_package)"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>The Sons of Hercules</i> (TV syndication package)</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Steve_Reeves_pepla_(in_chronological_order_of_production)"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Steve Reeves pepla (in chronological order of production)</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_(non-series)_Italian_pepla"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other (non-series) Italian pepla</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Gladiator_films"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Gladiator films</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Ancient_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Rome</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Greek_mythology"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greek mythology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Barbarian_and_Viking_films"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Barbarian and Viking films</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Swashbucklers_/_pirates"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Swashbucklers / pirates</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Biblical"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Biblical</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ancient_Egypt"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Egypt</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Babylon_/_the_Middle_East"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">Babylon / the Middle East</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#The_second_peplum_wave:_the_1980s"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The second peplum wave: the 1980s</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Films"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Films</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Images_and_discussion"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Images and discussion</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Genre_characteristics">Genre characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Genre characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Sword-and-sandal films are a specific class of Italian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">adventure</a> films that have subjects set in Biblical or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, often with plots based more or less loosely on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> history or the other contemporary cultures of the time, such as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, as well as medieval times. Not all of the films were fantasy-based by any means. Many of the plots featured actual historical personalities such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>, although great liberties were taken with the storylines. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gladiators" class="mw-redirect" title="Gladiators">Gladiators</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> rebelling against tyrannical rulers, pirates and swashbucklers were also popular subjects.
</p><p>As Robert Rushing defines it, peplum, "in its most stereotypical form, [...] depicts muscle-bound heroes (professional bodybuilders, athletes, wrestlers, or brawny actors) in mythological antiquity, fighting fantastic monsters and saving scantily clad beauties. Rather than lavish epics set in the classical world, they are low-budget films that focus on the hero's extraordinary body."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Thus, most sword-and-sandal films featured a superhumanly strong man as the protagonist, such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_(film_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (film character)">Ursus</a> or Italy's own popular folk hero <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste" title="Maciste">Maciste</a>. In addition, the plots typically involved two women vying for the affection of the bodybuilder hero: the good love interest (a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a> needing rescue), and an evil femme fatale queen who sought to dominate the hero.
</p><p>Also, the films typically featured an ambitious ruler who would ascend the throne by murdering those who stood in his path, and often it was only the muscular hero who could depose him. Thus, Maria Elena D'Amelio points out the hero's often political goal: "to restore a legitimate sovereign against an evil dictator."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many of the peplum films involved a clash between two populations, one civilized and the other barbaric, which typically included a scene of a village or city being burned to the ground by invaders. For their musical content, most films contained a colorful dancing girls sequence, meant to underline pagan <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_Peplums_in_chronological_order">List of Peplums in chronological order</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: List of Peplums in chronological order">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><i>The Sack of Rome</i> (1905)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agrippina_(film)" title="Agrippina (film)">Agrippina</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fall_of_Troy_(film)" title="The Fall of Troy (film)">The Fall of Troy</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i>The Queen of Nineveh</i> (1911, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luigi_Maggi" title="Luigi Maggi">Luigi Maggi</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brutus_(1911_film)" title="Brutus (1911 film)">Brutus</a></i> (1911)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1913_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1913 film)">Quo Vadis</a></i> (1913, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrico_Guazzoni" title="Enrico Guazzoni">Enrico Guazzoni</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1913_film)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1913 film)">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i> (1913)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabiria" title="Cabiria">Cabiria</a></i> (1914, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giovanni_Pastrone" title="Giovanni Pastrone">Giovanni Pastrone</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1914_film)" title="Julius Caesar (1914 film)">Julius Caesar</a></i> (1914)</li>
<li><i>Maciste</i> (1915) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> "The Marvelous Maciste"</li>
<li><i>Maciste bersagliere</i> ("Maciste the Ranger", 1916)</li>
<li><i>Maciste alpino</i> ("Maciste The Warrior", 1916)</li>
<li><i>Maciste atleta</i> ("Maciste the Athlete", 1917)</li>
<li><i>Maciste medium</i> ("Maciste the Clairvoyant", 1917)</li>
<li><i>Maciste poliziotto</i> ("Maciste the Detective", 1917)</li>
<li><i>Maciste turista</i> ("Maciste the Tourist", 1917)</li>
<li><i>Saffo</i> (<i>Sappho</i>, 1918, directed by Antonio Molinari)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Crusaders_(1918_film)" title="The Crusaders (1918 film)">The Crusaders</a></i> (1918)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabiola_(1918_film)" title="Fabiola (1918 film)">Fabiola</a></i> (1918)</li>
<li><i>Maciste sonnambulo</i> ("Maciste the Sleepwalker", 1918)</li>
<li><i>Attila</i> (1919, directed by F. Mari)</li>
<li><i>Venere</i> (<i>Venus</i>, 1919, directed by Antonio Molinari)</li>
<li><i>Il mistero di Osiris</i> (<i>The Mystery of Osiris</i>, 1919, directed by Antonio Molinari)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giuliano_l%27Apostata" title="Giuliano l'Apostata">Giuliano l'Apostata</a></i> (1919, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ugo_Falena" title="Ugo Falena">Ugo Falena</a>)</li>
<li><i>La Rivincita di Maciste</i> ("The Revenge of Maciste", 1919)</li>
<li><i>Il Testamento di Maciste</i> ("Maciste's Will", 1919)</li>
<li><i>Il Viaggio di Maciste</i> ("Maciste's Journey", 1919)</li>
<li><i>Maciste I</i> ("Maciste the First", 1919)</li>
<li><i>Maciste contro la morte</i> ("Maciste vs Death", 1919)</li>
<li><i>Maciste innamorato</i> ("Maciste in Love", 1919)</li>
<li><i>Maciste in vacanza</i> ("Maciste on Vacation", 1920)</li>
<li><i>Maciste salvato dalle acque</i> ("Maciste Rescued from the Waters", 1920)</li>
<li><i>Giuditta e Oloferne</i> (<i>Judith and Holofernes</i>, 1920, directed by Antonio Molinari)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sack_of_Rome_(film)" title="The Sack of Rome (film)">The Sack of Rome</a></i>, (1920)</li>
<li><i>Maciste e la figlia del re della plata</i> ("Maciste and the Silver King's Daughter", 1922)</li>
<li><i>Maciste und die Japanerin</i> ("Maciste and the Japanese", 1922)</li>
<li><i>Maciste contro Maciste</i> ("Maciste vs. Maciste", 1923)</li>
<li><i>Maciste und die chinesische truhe</i> ("Maciste and the Chinese Trunk", 1923)</li>
<li><i>Maciste e il nipote di America</i> ("Maciste's American Nephew", 1924)</li>
<li><i>Maciste imperatore</i> ("Emperor Maciste", 1924)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messalina_(1924_film)" title="Messalina (1924 film)">Messalina</a></i> (1924)</li>
<li><i>Maciste contro lo sceicco</i> ("Maciste vs. the Sheik", 1925)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Pompeii_(1926_film)" title="The Last Days of Pompeii (1926 film)">Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei</a></i> (<i>The Last Days of Pompeii</i> (1926) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carmine_Gallone" title="Carmine Gallone">Carmine Gallone</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amleto_Palermi" title="Amleto Palermi">Amleto Palermi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Maciste all'inferno</i> ("Maciste in Hell", 1926)</li>
<li><i>Maciste nella gabbia dei leoni</i> ("Maciste in the Lions' Den", 1926)</li>
<li><i>il Gigante delle Dolemite</i> ("The Giant From the Dolomite", released in 1927)</li>
<li><i>Scipione l'africano</i> ("Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal", 1937)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabiola_(1949_film)" title="Fabiola (1949 film)">Fabiola</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Pompeii_(1950_film)" title="The Last Days of Pompeii (1950 film)">The Last Days of Pompeii</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messalina_(1951_film)" title="Messalina (1951 film)">Messalina</a></i> (1951)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_(1958_film)" title="Hercules (1958 film)">Hercules</a></i> (<i>Le fatiche di Ercole</i> / <i>The Labors of Hercules</i>, 1958) starring Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Unchained" title="Hercules Unchained">Hercules Unchained</a></i> (<i>Ercole e la regina di Lidia</i> / <i>Hercules and the Queen of Lydia</i>, 1959) starring Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Dragon" title="Goliath and the Dragon">Goliath and the Dragon</a></i> (<i>La vendetta di Ercole</i> / <i>The Revenge of Hercules</i>, 1960) starring Mark Forest as Hercules (Hercules' name was changed to <i>Goliath</i> when this film was dubbed in English and distributed in the U.S.)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Vs_The_Hydra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules Vs The Hydra">Hercules Vs The Hydra</a></i> (<i>Gli amori di Ercole</i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Loves_of_Hercules" title="The Loves of Hercules">The Loves of Hercules</a></i>, 1960) co-starring Mickey Hargitay (as Hercules) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jayne_Mansfield" title="Jayne Mansfield">Jayne Mansfield</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Captive_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules and the Captive Women">Hercules and the Captive Women</a></i> (<i>Ercole alla conquista di Atlantide</i> / <i>Hercules at the Conquest of Atlantis</i>, 1961) starring Reg Park as Hercules (alternate U.S. title: <i>Hercules and the Haunted Women</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_in_the_Haunted_World" title="Hercules in the Haunted World">Hercules in the Haunted World</a></i> (<i>Ercole al centro della terra</i> / <i>Hercules at the Center of the Earth</i>, 1961) directed by Mario Bava, starring Reg Park as Hercules</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_in_the_Valley_of_Woe" title="Hercules in the Valley of Woe">Hercules in the Vale of Woe</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_Ercole_nella_valle_dei_guai" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai">Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_vs_Hercules_in_the_Vale_of_Woe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste vs Hercules in the Vale of Woe">Maciste vs Hercules in the Vale of Woe</a></i>) comedy starring Frank Gordon as Hercules, 1961</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules">Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>Ulisse contro Ercole</i> / <i>Ulysses vs. Hercules</i>) starring Mike Lane as Hercules, 1962</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Stooges_Meet_Hercules" title="The Three Stooges Meet Hercules">The Three Stooges Meet Hercules</a></i> (1962), an American-made genre parody starring peplum star <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_Burke" title="Samson Burke">Samson Burke</a> as Hercules)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fury_of_Hercules" title="The Fury of Hercules">The Fury of Hercules</a></i> (<i>La furia di Ercole</i> / <i>The Fury of Hercules</i>) starring Brad Harris as Hercules, 1962 (alternate U.S. title: <i>The Fury of Samson</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Samson_and_Ulysses" title="Hercules, Samson and Ulysses">Hercules, Samson and Ulysses</a></i> (<i>Ercole sfida Sansone</i> / <i>Hercules Challenges Samson</i>) starring Kirk Morris as Hercules, 1963</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Against_Moloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules Against Moloch">Hercules Against Moloch</a></i> (<i>Ercole contro Molock</i> / <i>Hercules vs. Molock</i>) starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1963 (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Conquest of Mycenae</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_Hercules_in_the_Land_of_Darkness" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness">Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness</a></i> (<i>Ercole l'invincibile</i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_the_Invincible" title="Hercules the Invincible">Hercules the Invincible</a></i>) starring Dan Vadis as Hercules, 1964. (this was originally a Hercules film that was re-titled for inclusion in the U.S. syndicated TV package <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sons_of_Hercules" title="The Sons of Hercules">The Sons of Hercules</a></i>).</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_vs_The_Giant_Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules vs The Giant Warriors">Hercules vs The Giant Warriors</a></i> (<i>il trionfo di Ercole</i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Hercules" title="The Triumph of Hercules">The Triumph of Hercules</a></i>) starring Dan Vadis as Hercules, 1964 (alternate U.S. title: <i>Hercules and the Ten Avengers</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Against_Rome" title="Hercules Against Rome">Hercules Against Rome</a></i> (<i>Ercole contro Roma</i> / <i>Hercules vs. Rome</i>) starring Alan Steel as Hercules, 1964</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Against_the_Sons_of_the_Sun" title="Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun">Hercules Against the Sons of the Sun</a></i> (<i>Ercole contro i figli del sole</i> / <i>Hercules vs. the Sons of the Sun</i>) starring Mark Forest as Hercules, 1964</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_His_Mighty_Challenge" title="Samson and His Mighty Challenge">Samson and His Mighty Challenge</a></i> (<i>Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili</i> / <i>Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles</i>) starring Alan Steel as Hercules, 1964 (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Combate dei Gigantes</i> or <i>Le Grand Defi</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon" title="Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon">Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon</a></i> (<i>Ercole contro i tiranni di Babilonia</i> / <i>Hercules vs. the Tyrants of Babylon</i>) starring Rock Stevens as Hercules, 1964</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Princess_of_Troy" title="Hercules and the Princess of Troy">Hercules and the Princess of Troy</a></i> (no Italian title) starring Gordon Scott as Hercules, 1965 (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Hercules vs. the Sea Monster</i>; this U.S./ Italian co-production was made as a pilot for a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Band" title="Charles Band">Charles Band</a>-produced TV series that never materialized and it was later distributed as a feature film)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_the_Avenger" title="Hercules the Avenger">Hercules the Avenger</a></i> (<i>Sfida dei giganti</i> / <i>Challenge of the Giants</i>) starring Reg Park as Hercules, 1965 (this film was composed mostly of re-edited footage from the two 1961 Reg Park Hercules films)</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Goliath_series_.281959.E2.80.931964.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Goliath_series_(1959–1964)">Goliath series (1959–1964)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Goliath series (1959–1964)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Italians used Goliath as the superhero protagonist in a series of adventure films (pepla) in the early 1960s. He was a man possessed of amazing strength, although he seemed to be a different person in each film. After the classic <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_(1957_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules (1957 film)">Hercules</a></i> (1958) became a blockbuster sensation in the film industry, a 1959 Steve Reeves film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Il_terrore_dei_barbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Il terrore dei barbari">Il terrore dei barbari</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terror_of_the_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror of the Barbarians">Terror of the Barbarians</a></i>) was re-titled <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Barbarians" title="Goliath and the Barbarians">Goliath and the Barbarians</a></i> in the U.S. The film was so successful at the box office, it inspired Italian filmmakers to do a series of four more films featuring a generic beefcake hero named Goliath, although the films were not related to each other in any way (the 1960 Italian peplum <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_and_Goliath_(1960_film)" title="David and Goliath (1960 film)">David and Goliath</a></i> starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> was not part of this series, since that movie was just a historical retelling of the Biblical story).
</p><p>The titles in the Italian <i>Goliath</i> adventure series were as follows: (the first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses)
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Il_terrore_dei_barbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Il terrore dei barbari">Il terrore dei barbari</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terror_of_the_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror of the Barbarians">Terror of the Barbarians</a></i> (1959) (<i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Barbarians" title="Goliath and the Barbarians">Goliath and the Barbarians</a></b></i> in the U.S.), starring Steve Reeves as Goliath (although he is referred to as "Emiliano" in the original Italian-language version)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_contro_i_giganti" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath contro i giganti">Goliath contro i giganti</a></i> / <i>Goliath Against the Giants</i> (<i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_Against_the_Giants" title="Goliath Against the Giants">Goliath Against the Giants</a></b></i>) (1960) starring Brad Harris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_e_la_schiava_ribelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath e la schiava ribelle">Goliath e la schiava ribelle</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Rebel_Slave" title="Goliath and the Rebel Slave">Goliath and the Rebel Slave</a></i> (<i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyrant_of_Lydia_Against_The_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules">Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules</a></b></i>) (1963) starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golia_e_il_cavaliere_mascherato" class="mw-redirect" title="Golia e il cavaliere mascherato">Golia e il cavaliere mascherato</a></i> / <i>Goliath and the Masked Rider</i> (<i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Masked_Rider" title="Hercules and the Masked Rider">Hercules and the Masked Rider</a></b></i>) (1964) starring Alan Steel (note: Goliath is referred to as "Hercules" in English-dubbed prints)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golia_alla_conquista_di_Bagdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Golia alla conquista di Bagdad">Golia alla conquista di Bagdad</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_at_the_Conquest_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad">Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad</a></i> (<i><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_at_the_Conquest_of_Damascus" title="Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus">Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus</a></b></i>, 1964) starring Rock Stevens (aka Peter Lupus)</li></ul>
<p>The name Goliath was also inserted into the English titles of three other Italian pepla that were re-titled for U.S. distribution in an attempt to cash in on the Goliath craze, but these films were not originally made as "Goliath movies" in Italy.
</p><p>Both <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Vampires" title="Goliath and the Vampires">Goliath and the Vampires</a></i> (1961) and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Sins_of_Babylon" title="Goliath and the Sins of Babylon">Goliath and the Sins of Babylon</a></i> (1963) actually featured the famed Italian folk hero Maciste in the original Italian versions, but American distributors did not feel the name "Maciste" meant anything to American audiences.
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Dragon" title="Goliath and the Dragon">Goliath and the Dragon</a></i> (1960) was originally an Italian Hercules movie called <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revenge of Hercules">The Revenge of Hercules</a></i>, but it was re-titled <i>Goliath and the Dragon</i> in the U.S. since at the time <i>Goliath and the Barbarians</i> was breaking box-office records, and the distributors may have thought the name "Hercules" was trademarked by distributor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_E._Levine" title="Joseph E. Levine">Joseph E. Levine</a>.
</p>
<h3><span id="Maciste_series_.281960.E2.80.931965.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Maciste_series_(1960–1965)">Maciste series (1960–1965)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maciste series (1960–1965)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste" title="Maciste">Maciste</a></div>
<p>There were a total of 25 Maciste films from the 1960s peplum craze (not counting the two dozen silent Maciste films made in Italy pre-1930). By 1960, seeing how well the two Steve Reeves <i>Hercules</i> films were doing at the box office, Italian producers decided to revive the 1920s silent film character <i>Maciste</i> in a new series of color/sound films. Unlike the other Italian peplum protagonists, Maciste found himself in a variety of time periods ranging from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ice_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Age">Ice Age</a> to 16th century Scotland. Maciste was never given an origin, and the source of his mighty powers was never revealed. However, in the first film of the 1960s series, he mentions to another character that the name "Maciste" means "born of the rock" (almost as if he was a god who would just appear out of the earth itself in times of need). One of the 1920s silent Maciste films was actually entitled "The Giant from the Dolomite", hinting that Maciste may be more god than man, which would explain his great strength. <br />
The first title listed for each film is the film's original Italian title along with its English translation, while the U.S. release title follows in bold type in parentheses (note how many times Maciste's name in the Italian title is altered to an entirely different name in the American title):
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_nella_valle_dei_re" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste nella valle dei re">Maciste nella valle dei re</a></i> / <i>Maciste in the Valley of the Kings</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_Samson" title="Son of Samson">Son of Samson</a></b>, 1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Maciste the Mighty</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Maciste the Giant</i>, starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_nella_terra_dei_ciclopi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste nella terra dei ciclopi">Maciste nella terra dei ciclopi</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_in_the_Land_of_the_Cyclops" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste in the Land of the Cyclops">Maciste in the Land of the Cyclops</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlas_in_the_Land_of_the_Cyclops" title="Atlas in the Land of the Cyclops">Atlas in the Land of the Cyclops</a></b>, 1961) starring Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_il_vampiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro il vampiro">Maciste contro il vampiro</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_Vs._the_Vampire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste Vs. the Vampire">Maciste Vs. the Vampire</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Vampires" title="Goliath and the Vampires">Goliath and the Vampires</a></b>, 1961) starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Il_trionfo_di_Maciste" class="mw-redirect" title="Il trionfo di Maciste">Il trionfo di Maciste</a></i> / <i>The Triumph of Maciste</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Triumph of the Son of Hercules">Triumph of the Son of Hercules</a></b>, 1961) starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_alla_corte_del_gran_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste alla corte del gran khan">Maciste alla corte del gran khan</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_at_the_Court_of_the_Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste at the Court of the Great Khan">Maciste at the Court of the Great Khan</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Seven_Miracles_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World">Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World</a></b>, 1961) starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste,_l%27uomo_pi%C3%B9_forte_del_mondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste, l'uomo più forte del mondo">Maciste, l'uomo più forte del mondo</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste,_the_Strongest_Man_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World">Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mole_Men_vs_the_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules">Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules</a></b>, 1961) starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_Ercole_nella_valle_dei_guai" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai">Maciste contro Ercole nella valle dei guai</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_Against_Hercules_in_the_Vale_of_Woe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste Against Hercules in the Vale of Woe">Maciste Against Hercules in the Vale of Woe</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_in_the_Vale_of_Woe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules in the Vale of Woe">Hercules in the Vale of Woe</a></b>, 1961) starring Kirk Morris as Maciste; this was a satire/spoof featuring the comedy team of Franco and Ciccio</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tot%C3%B2_contro_Maciste" class="mw-redirect" title="Totò contro Maciste">Totò contro Maciste</a></i> / <i>Totò vs. Maciste</i> (no American title, 1962) starring Samson Burke; this was a comedy satirizing the peplum genre (part of the Italian "Toto" film series) and was never distributed in the U.S.; it is apparently not even available in English</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_all%27inferno" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste all'inferno">Maciste all'inferno</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_in_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste in Hell">Maciste in Hell</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Witch%27s_Curse" title="The Witch's Curse">The Witch's Curse</a></b>, 1962) starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_lo_sceicco" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro lo sceicco">Maciste contro lo sceicco</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_Against_the_Sheik" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste Against the Sheik">Maciste Against the Sheik</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_Against_the_Sheik" title="Samson Against the Sheik">Samson Against the Sheik</a></b>, 1962) starring Ed Fury</li>
<li><i>Maciste, il gladiatore piu forte del mondo</i> / <i>Maciste, the World's Strongest Gladiator</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colossus_of_the_Arena" title="Colossus of the Arena">Colossus of the Arena</a></b>, 1962) starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_i_mostri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro i mostri">Maciste contro i mostri</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_Against_the_Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste Against the Monsters">Maciste Against the Monsters</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_Monsters_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules">Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules</a></b>, 1962) starring Reg Lewis</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_i_cacciatori_di_teste" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste">Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_Against_the_Headhunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste Against the Headhunters">Maciste Against the Headhunters</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colossus_and_the_Headhunters" title="Colossus and the Headhunters">Colossus and the Headhunters</a></b>, 1962) starring Kirk Morris; <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fury of the Headhunters</i></li>
<li><i>Maciste, l'eroe piu grande del mondo</i> / <i>Maciste, the World's Greatest Hero</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Sins_of_Babylon" title="Goliath and the Sins of Babylon">Goliath and the Sins of Babylon</a></b>, 1963) starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorro_contro_Maciste" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorro contro Maciste">Zorro contro Maciste</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorro_Against_Maciste" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorro Against Maciste">Zorro Against Maciste</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Slave_Queen" title="Samson and the Slave Queen">Samson and the Slave Queen</a></b>, 1963) starring Alan Steel</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_i_mongoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro i mongoli">Maciste contro i mongoli</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_Against_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste Against the Mongols">Maciste Against the Mongols</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Against_the_Mongols" title="Hercules Against the Mongols">Hercules Against the Mongols</a></b>, 1963) starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_nell%27inferno_di_Gengis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan">Maciste nell'inferno di Gengis Khan</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_in_Genghis_Khan%27s_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste in Genghis Khan's Hell">Maciste in Genghis Khan's Hell</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Against_the_Barbarians" title="Hercules Against the Barbarians">Hercules Against the Barbarians</a></b>, 1963) starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_alla_corte_dello_zar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste alla corte dello zar">Maciste alla corte dello zar</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_at_the_Court_of_the_Czar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste at the Court of the Czar">Maciste at the Court of the Czar</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlas_Against_The_Czar" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas Against The Czar">Atlas Against The Czar</a></b>, 1964) starring Kirk Morris (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_vs._the_Giant_King" title="Samson vs. the Giant King">Samson vs. the Giant King</a></i>)</li>
<li><i>Maciste, gladiatore di Sparta</i> / <i>Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terror_of_Rome_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules">Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules</a></b>, 1964) starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_nelle_miniere_de_re_salomone" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste nelle miniere de re salomone">Maciste nelle miniere de re salomone</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_in_King_Solomon%27s_Mines" title="Maciste in King Solomon's Mines">Maciste in King Solomon's Mines</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_in_King_Solomon%27s_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson in King Solomon's Mines">Samson in King Solomon's Mines</a></b>, 1964) starring Reg Park</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_e_la_regina_de_Samar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste e la regina de Samar">Maciste e la regina de Samar</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_and_the_Queen_of_Samar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste and the Queen of Samar">Maciste and the Queen of Samar</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Against_the_Moon_Men" title="Hercules Against the Moon Men">Hercules Against the Moon Men</a></b>, 1964) starring Alan Steel</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_valle_dell%27eco_tonante" class="mw-redirect" title="La valle dell'eco tonante">La valle dell'eco tonante</a></i> / <i>Valley of the Thundering Echo</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_of_the_Desert" title="Hercules of the Desert">Hercules of the Desert</a></b>, 1964) starring Kirk Morris, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Desert Raiders</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> in France as <i>Maciste and the Women of the Valley</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ercole,_Sansone,_Maciste_e_Ursus:_gli_invincibili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili">Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Samson,_Maciste_and_Ursus:_The_Invincibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles">Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_His_Mighty_Challenge" title="Samson and His Mighty Challenge">Samson and His Mighty Challenge</a></b>, 1964) starring Renato Rossini as Maciste (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Combate dei Gigantes</i> or <i>Le Grand Defi</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gli_invicibili_fratelli_Maciste" class="mw-redirect" title="Gli invicibili fratelli Maciste">Gli invicibili fratelli Maciste</a></i> / <i>The Invincible Maciste Brothers</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Invincible_Brothers_Maciste" title="The Invincible Brothers Maciste">The Invincible Brothers Maciste</a></b>, 1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invincible Gladiators</i>, starring Richard Lloyd as Maciste</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_il_Vendicatore_dei_Mayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste il Vendicatore dei Mayas">Maciste il Vendicatore dei Mayas</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste,_Avenger_of_the_Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste, Avenger of the Mayans">Maciste, Avenger of the Mayans</a></i> (has no American title, 1965) (Note:* this Maciste film was made up almost entirely of re-edited stock footage from two older Maciste films, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_i_mostri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro i mostri">Maciste contro i mostri</a></i> and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste_contro_i_cacciatori_di_teste" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste">Maciste contro i cacciatori di teste</a></i>, so Maciste switches from Kirk Morris to Reg Lewis in various scenes; this movie is very scarce since it was never distributed in the U.S. and is apparently not even available in English)</li></ul>
<p>In 1973, the Spanish cult film director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jesus_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Franco">Jesus Franco</a> directed two low-budget "Maciste films" for French producers: <i>Maciste contre la Reine des Amazones</i> (<i>Maciste vs the Queen of the Amazons</i>) and <i>Les exploits érotiques de Maciste dans l'Atlantide</i> (<i>The Erotic Exploits of Maciste in Atlantis</i>). The films had almost identical casts, both starring Val Davis as Maciste, and appear to have been shot back-to-back. The former was distributed in Italy as a "Karzan" movie (a cheap Tarzan imitation), while the latter film was released only in France with hardcore inserts as <i>Les Gloutonnes</i> ("The Gobblers"). These two films were totally unrelated to the 1960s Italian Maciste series.
</p>
<h3><span id="Ursus_series_.281960.E2.80.931964.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ursus_series_(1960–1964)">Ursus series (1960–1964)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ursus series (1960–1964)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_(film_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (film character)">Ursus (film character)</a></div>
<p>Following <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_Baer" title="Buddy Baer">Buddy Baer</a>'s portrayal of Ursus in the classic 1951 film <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a></i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_(film_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus (film character)">Ursus</a> was used as a superhuman Roman-era character who became the protagonist in a series of Italian adventure films made in the early 1960s.
</p><p>When the "Hercules" film craze hit in 1959, Italian filmmakers were looking for other muscleman characters similar to Hercules whom they could exploit, resulting in the nine-film Ursus series listed below. Ursus was referred to as a "Son of Hercules" in two of the films when they were dubbed in English (in an attempt to cash in on the then-popular "Hercules" craze), although in the original Italian films, Ursus had no connection to Hercules whatsoever. In the English-dubbed version of one Ursus film (retitled <i>Hercules, Prisoner of Evil</i>), Ursus was actually referred to throughout the entire film as "Hercules".
</p><p>There were a total of nine Italian films that featured Ursus as the main character, listed below as follows: Italian title / English translation of the Italian title (American release title);
</p>
<ul><li><i>Ursus</i> / <i>Ursus</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus,_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus, Son of Hercules">Ursus, Son of Hercules</a></b>, 1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mighty_Ursus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mighty Ursus">Mighty Ursus</a></i> (United Kingdom), starring Ed Fury</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Vendetta_di_Ursus" class="mw-redirect" title="La Vendetta di Ursus">La Vendetta di Ursus</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Ursus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revenge of Ursus">The Revenge of Ursus</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Vengeance_of_Ursus" title="The Vengeance of Ursus">The Vengeance of Ursus</a></b>, 1961) starring Samson Burke</li>
<li><i>Ursus e la Ragazza Tartara</i> / <i>Ursus and the Tartar Girl</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_and_the_Tartar_Princess" title="Ursus and the Tartar Princess">Ursus and the Tartar Princess</a></b>, 1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Tartar Invasion</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Tartar Girl</i>; starring Joe Robinson, Akim Tamiroff, Yoko Tani; directed by Remigio Del Grosso</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_Nella_Valle_dei_Leoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus Nella Valle dei Leoni">Ursus Nella Valle dei Leoni</a></i> / <i>Ursus in the Valley of the Lions</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valley_of_the_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of the Lions">Valley of the Lions</a></b>, 1962) starring Ed Fury; this film revealed the origin story of Ursus</li>
<li><i>Ursus il gladiatore ribelle</i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_the_Rebel_Gladiator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus the Rebel Gladiator">Ursus the Rebel Gladiator</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rebel_Gladiators" title="The Rebel Gladiators">The Rebel Gladiators</a></b>, 1962) starring Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i>Ursus Nella Terra di Fuoco</i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_in_the_Land_of_Fire" title="Ursus in the Land of Fire">Ursus in the Land of Fire</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_Hercules_in_the_Land_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire">Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire</a></b>, 1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Son of Atlas in the Land of Fire</i>; starring Ed Fury</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus_il_terrore_dei_Kirghisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus il terrore dei Kirghisi">Ursus il terrore dei Kirghisi</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus,_the_Terror_of_the_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus, the Terror of the Kirghiz">Ursus, the Terror of the Kirghiz</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Prisoner_of_Evil" title="Hercules, Prisoner of Evil">Hercules, Prisoner of Evil</a></b>, 1964) starring Reg Park</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ercole,_Sansone,_Maciste_e_Ursus:_gli_invincibili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili">Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Samson,_Maciste_and_Ursus:_The_Invincibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles">Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_His_Mighty_Challenge" title="Samson and His Mighty Challenge">Samson and His Mighty Challenge</a></b>, 1964) starring Yan Larvor as Ursus (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Combate dei Gigantes</i> or <i>Le Grand Defi</i>)</li>
<li><i>Gli Invincibili Tre</i> / <i>The Invincible Three</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Three_Avengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Avengers">Three Avengers</a></b>, 1964) starring Alan Steel as Ursus</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Samson_series_.281961.E2.80.931964.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Samson_series_(1961–1964)">Samson series (1961–1964)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Samson series (1961–1964)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A character named Samson was featured in a series of five Italian peplum films in the 1960s, no doubt inspired by the 1959 re-release of the epic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Mature" title="Victor Mature">Victor Mature</a> film <i>Samson and Delilah</i>. The character was similar to the Biblical Samson in the third and fifth films only; in the other three, he just appears to be a very strong man (not related at all to the Biblical figure).
</p><p>The titles are listed as follows: Italian title / its English translation (U.S. release title in parentheses);
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_(1961_Italian_film)" title="Samson (1961 Italian film)">Sansone</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_(1961_Italian_film)" title="Samson (1961 Italian film)">Samson</a></i> (<b>Samson</b>) 1961, starring Brad Harris, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> in France as <i>Samson Against Hercules</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sansone_contro_i_pirati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sansone contro i pirati">Sansone contro i pirati</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_Against_the_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson Against the Pirates">Samson Against the Pirates</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Sea_Beast" title="Samson and the Sea Beast">Samson and the Sea Beast</a></b>) 1963, starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ercole_sfida_Sansone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole sfida Sansone">Ercole sfida Sansone</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_challenges_Samson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules challenges Samson">Hercules challenges Samson</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Samson_and_Ulysses" title="Hercules, Samson and Ulysses">Hercules, Samson and Ulysses</a></b>) 1963, starring Richard Lloyd</li>
<li><i>Sansone contro il corsaro nero</i> / <i>Samson Against the Black Pirate</i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Black_Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules and the Black Pirate">Hercules and the Black Pirate</a></b>) 1963, starring Alan Steel</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ercole,_Sansone,_Maciste_e_Ursus:_gli_invincibili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili">Ercole, Sansone, Maciste e Ursus: gli invincibili</a></i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Samson,_Maciste_and_Ursus:_The_Invincibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles">Hercules, Samson, Maciste and Ursus: The Invincibles</a></i> (<b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Mighty_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson and the Mighty Challenge">Samson and the Mighty Challenge</a></b>) 1964, starring Nadir Baltimore as Samson (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_His_Mighty_Challenge" title="Samson and His Mighty Challenge">Samson and His Mighty Challenge</a></i>, <i>Combate dei Gigantes</i> or <i>Le Grand Défi</i>)</li></ul>
<p>The name Samson was also inserted into the U.S. titles of six other Italian movies when they were dubbed in English for U.S. distribution, although these films actually featured the adventures of the famed Italian folk hero Maciste.
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_Against_the_Sheik" title="Samson Against the Sheik">Samson Against the Sheik</a></i> (1962), <i>Son of Samson</i> (1960), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Slave_Queen" title="Samson and the Slave Queen">Samson and the Slave Queen</a></i> (1963), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Seven_Miracles_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World">Samson and the Seven Miracles of the World</a></i> (1961), <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_vs._the_Giant_King" title="Samson vs. the Giant King">Samson vs. the Giant King</a></i> (1964), and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_in_King_Solomon%27s_Mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson in King Solomon's Mines">Samson in King Solomon's Mines</a></i> (1964) were all re-titled Maciste movies, because the American distributors did not feel the name Maciste was marketable to U.S. filmgoers.
</p><p><i>Samson and the Treasure of the Incas</i> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Hercules and the Treasure of the Incas</i>) (1965) sounds like a peplum title, but was actually a spaghetti Western.
</p>
<h3><span id="The_Sons_of_Hercules_.28TV_syndication_package.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Sons_of_Hercules_(TV_syndication_package)"><i>The Sons of Hercules</i> (TV syndication package)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Sons of Hercules (TV syndication package)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sons_of_Hercules" title="The Sons of Hercules">The Sons of Hercules</a></div>
<p><i>The Sons of Hercules</i> was a syndicated television show that aired in the United States in the 1960s. The series repackaged 14 randomly chosen Italian peplum films by unifying them with memorable title and end title theme songs and a standard voice-over intro relating the main hero in each film to Hercules any way they could. In some areas, each film was split into two one-hour episodes, so the 14 films were shown as 28 weekly episodes. None of the films were ever theatrically released in the U.S.
</p><p>The films are not listed in chronological order, since they were not really related to each other in any way. The first title listed below for each film was its American broadcast television title, followed in parentheses by the English translation of its original Italian theatrical title:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ursus,_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursus, Son of Hercules">Ursus, Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>Ursus</i>) 1961, starring Ed Fury, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Mighty Ursus</i> in England</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mole_Men_vs_the_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules">Mole Men vs the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maciste,_the_Strongest_Man_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World">Maciste, the Strongest Man in the World</a></i>) 1961, starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Triumph of the Son of Hercules">Triumph of the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>The Triumph of Maciste</i>) 1961, starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_Monsters_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules">Fire Monsters Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>Maciste vs. the Monsters</i>) 1962, starring Reg Lewis</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venus_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Venus Against the Son of Hercules">Venus Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>Mars, God Of War</i>) 1962, starring Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules">Ulysses Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_against_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses against Hercules">Ulysses against Hercules</a></i>) 1962, starring Mike Lane</li>
<li><i>Medusa Against the Son of Hercules</i> (<i>Perseus The Invincible</i>) 1962, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_Hercules_in_the_Land_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire">Son of Hercules in the Land of Fire</a></i> (<i>Ursus In The Land Of Fire</i>) 1963, starring Ed Fury</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyrant_of_Lydia_Against_The_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules">Tyrant of Lydia Against The Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Rebel_Slave" title="Goliath and the Rebel Slave">Goliath and the Rebel Slave</a></i>) 1963, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messalina_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Messalina Against the Son of Hercules">Messalina Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>The Last Gladiator</i>) 1963, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Beast_of_Babylon_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules">The Beast of Babylon Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>Hero of Babylon</i>) 1963, starring Gordon Scott, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Goliath, King of the Slaves</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terror_of_Rome_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules">Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i>Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta</i>) 1964, starring Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_Hercules_in_the_Land_of_Darkness" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness">Son of Hercules in the Land of Darkness</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_the_Invincible" title="Hercules the Invincible">Hercules the Invincible</a></i>) 1964, starring Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devil_of_the_Desert_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules">Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules</a></i> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthar_the_Invincible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthar the Invincible">Anthar the Invincible</a></i>) 1964, starring Kirk Morris, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti" title="Antonio Margheriti">Antonio Margheriti</a>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Slave Merchants</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Soraya, Queen of the Desert</i></li></ul>
<h3><span id="Steve_Reeves_pepla_.28in_chronological_order_of_production.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Steve_Reeves_pepla_(in_chronological_order_of_production)">Steve Reeves pepla (in chronological order of production)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Steve Reeves pepla (in chronological order of production)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></div>
<p>Steve Reeves appeared in 14 pepla made in Italy from 1958 to 1964, and most of his films are highly regarded examples of the genre. His pepla are listed below in order of production, not in order of release. The U.S. release titles are shown below, followed by the original Italian title and its translation (in parentheses)
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_(1958_film)" title="Hercules (1958 film)">Hercules</a></i> (1958) (<i>Le fatiche di Ercole</i> / <i>The Labors of Hercules</i>) actually filmed in 1957, released in Italy in 1958, released in the U.S. in 1959</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_Unchained" title="Hercules Unchained">Hercules Unchained</a></i> (1959) (<i>Ercole e la regina di Lidia</i> / <i>Hercules and the Queen of Lydia</i>) released in the U.S. in 1960</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Barbarians" title="Goliath and the Barbarians">Goliath and the Barbarians</a></i> (1959) (<i>Il terrore dei barbari</i> / <i>Terror of the Barbarians</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Giant_of_Marathon" title="The Giant of Marathon">The Giant of Marathon</a></i> (1959) (<i>La battaglia di Maratona</i> / <i>The Battle of Marathon</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Pompeii_(1959_film)" title="The Last Days of Pompeii (1959 film)">The Last Days of Pompeii</a></i> (1959) (<i>Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei</i> / <i>The Last Days of Pompeii</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_White_Warrior" title="The White Warrior">The White Warrior</a></i> (1959) (<i>Hadji Murad il Diavolo Bianco</i> / <i>Hadji Murad, The White Devil</i>) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riccardo_Freda" title="Riccardo Freda">Riccardo Freda</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgan,_the_Pirate" title="Morgan, the Pirate">Morgan, the Pirate</a></i> (1960) (<i>Morgan, il pirata</i>/ <i>Morgan, the Pirate</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Il_Ladro_di_Bagdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Ladro di Bagdad">The Thief of Baghdad</a></i> (1960) (<i>Il Ladro di Bagdad</i> / <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Thief_of_Baghdad_(1961_film)" title="The Thief of Baghdad (1961 film)">The Thief of Baghdad</a></i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Trojan_Horse_(film)" title="The Trojan Horse (film)">The Trojan Horse</a></i> (1961) (<i>La guerra di Troia</i>/ <i>The Trojan War</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duel_of_the_Titans" title="Duel of the Titans">Duel of the Titans</a></i> (1961) (<i>Romolo e Remo</i> / <i>Romulus And Remus</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Slave_(1962_film)" title="The Slave (1962 film)">The Slave</a></i> (1962) (<i>Il Figlio di Spartaco</i> / <i>Son of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a></i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> (1962) (<i>La leggenda di Enea</i> / <i>The Legend Of Aeneas</i>) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Last Glory of Troy</i>; (this was a sequel to <i>The Trojan Horse</i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandokan_the_Great_(film)" title="Sandokan the Great (film)">Sandokan the Great</a></i> (1963) (<i>Sandokan, la tigre di Mompracem</i>/ <i>Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem</i>) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umberto_Lenzi" title="Umberto Lenzi">Umberto Lenzi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_of_Malaysia" title="Pirates of Malaysia">Pirates of Malaysia</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Pirates of the Seven Seas</i>; this was a sequel to <i>Sandokan the Great</i>, directed by Umberto Lenzi</li></ul>
<h2><span id="Other_.28non-series.29_Italian_pepla"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_(non-series)_Italian_pepla">Other (non-series) Italian pepla</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other (non-series) Italian pepla">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There were many 1950s and 1960s Italian pepla that did not feature a major superhero (such as Hercules, Maciste or Samson), and as such they fall into a sort of miscellaneous category. Many were of the <i>Cappa e spada</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swashbuckler" title="Swashbuckler">swashbuckler</a>) variety, though they often feature well-known characters such as Ali Baba, Julius Caesar, Ulysses, Cleopatra, the Three Musketeers, Zorro, Theseus, Perseus, Achilles, Robin Hood, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a>. The first really successful Italian films of this kind were <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Eagle_(1946_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Eagle (1946 film)">Black Eagle</a></i> (1946) and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabiola_(1949_film)" title="Fabiola (1949 film)">Fabiola</a></i> (1949).
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Adventurer_of_Tortuga" title="The Adventurer of Tortuga">Adventurer of Tortuga, The</a></i> (1964), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guy_Madison" title="Guy Madison">Guy Madison</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_avventure_di_Mandrin" title="Le avventure di Mandrin">Adventures of Mandrin, The</a></i> (1952) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Captain Adventure</i> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Don Juan's Night of Love</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raf_Vallone" title="Raf Vallone">Raf Vallone</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silvana_Pampanini" title="Silvana Pampanini">Silvana Pampanini</a></li>
<li><i>Adventures of Scaramouche, The</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mask of Scaramouche</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Barray" title="Gérard Barray">Gérard Barray</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gianna_Maria_Canale" title="Gianna Maria Canale">Gianna Maria Canale</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_(1956_film)" title="Alexander the Great (1956 film)">Alexander The Great</a></i> (1956), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> (U.S. film with music score by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mario_Nascimbene" title="Mario Nascimbene">Mario Nascimbene</a>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seven_Tasks_of_Ali_Baba" title="The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba">Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba</i>, starring Richard Lloyd</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Baba_and_the_Seven_Saracens" title="Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens">Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sinbad Against the Seven Saracens</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell" title="Gordon Mitchell">Gordon Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alone_Against_Rome" title="Alone Against Rome">Alone Against Rome</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Vengeance of the Gladiators</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lang_Jeffries" title="Lang Jeffries">Lang Jeffries</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rossana_Podest%C3%A0" title="Rossana Podestà">Rossana Podestà</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthar_the_Invincible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthar the Invincible">Anthar the Invincible</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devil_of_the_Desert_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules">Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules</a></i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kirk_Morris" title="Kirk Morris">Kirk Morris</a>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti" title="Antonio Margheriti">Antonio Margheriti</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antigone_(1961_film)" title="Antigone (1961 film)">Antigone</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rites_for_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Rites for the Dead">Rites for the Dead</a></i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irene_Papas" title="Irene Papas">Irene Papas</a>, a Greek production</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Arena_(1974_film)" title="The Arena (1974 film)">Arena, The</a></i> (1974) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Naked Warriors</i>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Carver" title="Steve Carver">Steve Carver</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato" title="Joe D'Amato">Joe D'Amato</a>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Margaret_Markov" title="Margaret Markov">Margaret Markov</a> (a late entry in the genre)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlas_(film)" title="Atlas (film)">Atlas</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Atlas, the Winner of Athena</i>, directed in Greece by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Forest" title="Michael Forest">Michael Forest</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_of_the_Moors" title="Attack of the Moors">Attack of the Moors</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Kings of France</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_of_the_Normans" title="Attack of the Normans">Attack of the Normans</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Normans</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attila_(1954_film)" title="Attila (1954 film)">Attila</a></i> (1954), directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pietro_Francisci" title="Pietro Francisci">Pietro Francisci</a>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Quinn" title="Anthony Quinn">Anthony Quinn</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Avenger_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Avenger of the Seven Seas">Avenger of the Seven Seas</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Executioner of the Seas</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Harrison_(actor)" title="Richard Harrison (actor)">Richard Harrison</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Mercier" title="Michèle Mercier">Michèle Mercier</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenger_of_Venice" title="The Avenger of Venice">Avenger of Venice, The</a></i> (1963), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brett_Halsey" title="Brett Halsey">Brett Halsey</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gianna_Maria_Canale" title="Gianna Maria Canale">Gianna Maria Canale</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bacchantes_(film)" title="The Bacchantes (film)">Bacchantes, The</a></i> (1961), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Brice" title="Pierre Brice">Pierre Brice</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akim_Tamiroff" title="Akim Tamiroff">Akim Tamiroff</a></li>
<li><i>Balboa</i> (Spanish, 1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Conquistadors of the Pacific</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barabbas_(1961_film)" title="Barabbas (1961 film)">Barabbas</a></i> (1961) produced by Dino de Laurentiis, starring Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy</li>
<li><i>Battle of the Amazons</i> (1973) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Amazons: Women of Love and War</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Beauty of the Barbarian</i> (directed by Alfonso Brescia)</li>
<li><i>Beatrice Cenci</i> (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Beatrice Cenci</i> (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_of_Zorro" title="Behind the Mask of Zorro">Behind the Mask of Zorro</a></i> (1966) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Oath of Zorro</i>, Tony Russel</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bible:_In_the_Beginning..." title="The Bible: In the Beginning...">Bible, The</a></i> (1966) (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La Bibbia</i>), Dino de Laurentiis, Ennio Morricone music, filmed in Italy</li>
<li><i>Black Archer, The</i> (1959)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Black_Devil_(film)" title="The Black Devil (film)">Black Devil, The</a></i> (1957) starred Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i>Black Duke, The</i> (1963), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Eagle_(1946_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Eagle (1946 film)">Black Eagle, The</a></i> (1946) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Return of the Black Eagle</i>, directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charge_of_the_Black_Lancers" title="Charge of the Black Lancers">Black Lancers, The</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Charge of the Black Lancers</i>, Mel Ferrer</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brennus,_Enemy_of_Rome" title="Brennus, Enemy of Rome">Brennus, Enemy of Rome</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Battle of the Valiant</i>, Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Magnificent_Adventurer" title="The Magnificent Adventurer">Burning of Rome, The</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Magnificent Adventurer</i>, Brett Halsey</li>
<li><i>Caesar Against the Pirates</i> (1962) Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesar_the_Conqueror" title="Caesar the Conqueror">Caesar the Conqueror</a></i> (1962), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i>Captain Falcon</i> (1958) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Captain from Toledo, The</i> (1966)</li>
<li><i>Captain of Iron, The</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revenge of the Mercenaries</i>, Barbara Steele</li>
<li><i>Captain Phantom</i> (1953)</li>
<li><i>Captains of Adventure</i> (1961) starring Paul Muller, Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i>Caribbean Hawk, The</i> (1963) Yvonne Monlaur</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carthage_in_Flames" title="Carthage in Flames">Carthage in Flames</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Castilian" title="The Castilian">Castillian, The</a></i> (1963) Cesare Romero</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_of_Russia_(film)" title="Catherine of Russia (film)">Catherine of Russia</a></i> (1963) directed by Umberto Lenzi</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cavalier_in_Devil%27s_Castle" title="Cavalier in Devil's Castle">Cavalier in the Devil’s Castle</a></i> (1959)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Centurion_(film)" title="The Centurion (film)">Centurion, The</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Conqueror of Corinth</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Challenge_of_the_Gladiator" title="Challenge of the Gladiator">Challenge of the Gladiator</a></i> (1965) Peter Lupus</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Daughter" title="Cleopatra's Daughter">Cleopatra's Daughter</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Tomb of the Kings</i>, Debra Paget</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colossus_and_the_Amazon_Queen" title="Colossus and the Amazon Queen">Colossus and the Amazon Queen</a></i> (1960), Ed Fury and Rod Taylor</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Colossus_of_Rhodes_(film)" title="The Colossus of Rhodes (film)">Colossus of Rhodes, The</a></i> (1960) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conqueror_of_Atlantis" title="Conqueror of Atlantis">Conqueror of Atlantis</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Kingdom in the Sand</i>, Kirk Morris (U.S. dubbed version calls the hero "Hercules")</li>
<li><i>Conqueror of Maracaibo, The</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i>Conqueror of the Orient</i> (1961) starring Rik Battaglia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_and_the_Cross" title="Constantine and the Cross">Constantine and the Cross</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Constantine the Great</i>, starring Cornel Wilde</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coriolanus:_Hero_without_a_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolanus: Hero without a Country">Coriolanus: Hero without a Country</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Thunder of Battle</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Cossacks_(1961_film)" title="The Cossacks (1961 film)">Cossacks, The</a></i> (1959) Edmund Purdom</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(1961_film)" title="The Count of Monte Cristo (1961 film)">Count of Monte Cristo, The</a></i> (1961) Louis Jourdan</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damon_and_Pythias_(film)" title="Damon and Pythias (film)">Damon and Pythias</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Tyrant of Syracuse</i>, Guy Williams</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_and_Goliath_(1960_film)" title="David and Goliath (1960 film)">David and Goliath</a></i> (1960) Orson Welles</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Defeat of Hannibal, The</a></i> (1937) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Scipione l'Africano</i></li>
<li><i>Defeat of the Barbarians</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>King Manfred</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert_Desperadoes" title="Desert Desperadoes">Desert Desperadoes</a></i> (1959) Akim Tamiroff</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert_Warrior_(film)" title="Desert Warrior (film)">Desert Warrior</a></i> (1957) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Desert Lovers</i>, Ricardo Montalban</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Girl_Against_Napoleon" title="A Girl Against Napoleon">Devil Made a Woman, The</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>A Girl Against Napoleon</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devil%27s_Cavaliers" title="Devil's Cavaliers">Devil's Cavaliers, The</a></i> (1959)</li>
<li><i>Diary of a Roman Virgin</i> (1974) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Livia, una vergine per l'impero romano</i>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato" title="Joe D'Amato">Joe D'Amato</a> (used stock footage from <i>The Last Days of Pompeii</i> (1959) and <i>The Arena</i> (1974))</li>
<li><i>Dragon's Blood, The</i> (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-Kinnard,_Roy_2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinnard,_Roy_2017-19">[19]</a></sup> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sigfrido</i>, based on the legend of the Niebelungen, special effects by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlo_Rambaldi" title="Carlo Rambaldi">Carlo Rambaldi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duel_of_Champions" title="Duel of Champions">Duel of Champions</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Horatio and Curiazi</i>, Alan Ladd</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erik_the_Conqueror" title="Erik the Conqueror">Erik the Conqueror</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Gli Invasori/ The Invaders</i>, directed by Mario Bava, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esther_and_the_King" title="Esther and the King">Esther and the King</a></i> (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan</li>
<li><i>Executioner of Venice, The</i> (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabiola_(1949_film)" title="Fabiola (1949 film)">Fabiola</a></i> (1949) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Fighting Gladiator</i></li>
<li><i>Falcon of the Desert</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Magnificent Challenge</i>, starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i>Fall of Rome, The</i> (1961) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti" title="Antonio Margheriti">Antonio Margheriti</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire_(film)" title="The Fall of the Roman Empire (film)">Fall of the Roman Empire, The</a></i> (1964) U.S. production filmed in Spain, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a></li>
<li><i>Fighting Musketeers, The</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_Over_Rome" title="Fire Over Rome">Fire Over Rome</a></i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fury_of_Achilles" title="The Fury of Achilles">Fury of Achilles, The</a></i> (1962) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell" title="Gordon Mitchell">Gordon Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fury_of_the_Pagans" title="Fury of the Pagans">Fury of the Pagans</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fury of the Barbarians</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Giant_of_Metropolis" title="The Giant of Metropolis">Giant of Metropolis, The</a></i> (1961) Gordon Mitchell (this peplum had a science fiction theme instead of fantasy)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant_of_the_Evil_Island" title="Giant of the Evil Island">Giant of the Evil Island</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Mystery of the Cursed Island</i>, Peter Lupus</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giants_of_Rome" title="Giants of Rome">Giants of Rome</a></i> (1964) directed by Antonio Margheriti, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Giants of Thessaly</i> (1960) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gladiator_of_Rome" title="Gladiator of Rome">Gladiator of Rome</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Battle of the Gladiators</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gladiators_Seven" title="Gladiators Seven">Gladiators Seven</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seven Gladiators</i>, Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Arrow_(1962_film)" title="The Golden Arrow (1962 film)">Golden Arrow, The</a></i> (1962) directed by Antonio Margheriti</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oro_per_i_Cesari" class="mw-redirect" title="Oro per i Cesari">Gold for the Caesars</a></i> (1963) Jeffrey Hunter</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golgotha_(1935_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha (1935 film)">Golgotha</a></i> (1935) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Behold the Man</i> (made in France)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guns_of_the_Black_Witch" title="Guns of the Black Witch">Guns of the Black Witch</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Terror of the Sea</i>, Don Megowan</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_(1959_film)" title="Hannibal (1959 film)">Hannibal</a></i> (1959) Victor Mature</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hawk_of_the_Caribbean" title="Hawk of the Caribbean">Hawk of the Caribbean</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Caribbean Hawk</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Head_of_a_Tyrant" title="Head of a Tyrant">Head of a Tyrant</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Judith and Holophernes</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(1956_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helen of Troy (1956 film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1956) starring Jacques Sernas</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Babylon">Hero of Babylon</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Beast of Babylon vs. the Son of Hercules</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Scott" title="Gordon Scott">Gordon Scott</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero_of_Rome" title="Hero of Rome">Hero of Rome</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Colossus of Rome</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herod_the_Great_(film)" title="Herod the Great (film)">Herod the Great</a></i> (1958)</li>
<li><i>Huns, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Queen of the Tartars</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_1700" title="Invasion 1700">Invasion 1700</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>With Iron and Fire</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>With Fire and Sword</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Daggers of Blood</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivanhoe,_the_Norman_Swordsman" title="Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman">Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman</a></i> (1971) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La spada normanna</i>, directed by Roberto Mauri</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Invincible_Gladiator" title="The Invincible Gladiator">Invincible Gladiator, The</a></i> (1961) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Harrison_(actor)" title="Richard Harrison (actor)">Richard Harrison</a></li>
<li><i>Invincible Swordsman, The</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Iron_Swordsman" title="The Iron Swordsman">The Iron Swordsman</a></i> (1949) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Count Ugolino</i>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Riccardo_Freda" title="Riccardo Freda">Riccardo Freda</a></li>
<li><i>Jacob, The Man Who Fought With God</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kampf_um_Rom" title="Kampf um Rom">Kampf um Rom</a></i> (1968) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Last Roman</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Harvey" title="Laurence Harvey">Laurence Harvey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor_Blackman" title="Honor Blackman">Honor Blackman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a></li>
<li><i>Kindar, the Invulnerable</i> (1965) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Prince_in_Chains" title="The Prince in Chains">King of the Vikings</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Prince_in_Chains" title="The Prince in Chains">Prince in Chains, The</a></i></li>
<li><i>Knight of a Hundred Faces, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Silver Knight</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Knight of a Thousand Faces, The</i>, starring Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Knights of Terror</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Terror of the Red Capes</i>, Tony Russel</li>
<li><i>Knight Without a Country</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Faceless Rider</i></li>
<li><i>Knives of the Avenger</i> (1967) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Viking Massacre</i>, directed by Mario Bava, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i>Last Gladiator, The</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Messalina Against the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i>Last of the Vikings</i> (1961), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legions_of_the_Nile" title="Legions of the Nile">Legions of the Nile</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Legions of Cleopatra</i></li>
<li><i>Lion of St. Mark, The</i> (1964) Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lion_of_Thebes" title="The Lion of Thebes">Lion of Thebes, The</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Helen of Troy</i>, Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Loves_of_Salammbo" title="The Loves of Salammbo">Loves of Salammbo, The</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Salambo</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Magnificent_Gladiator" title="The Magnificent Gladiator">Magnificent Gladiator, The</a></i> (1964) Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marco_Polo_(1961_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo (1961 film)">Marco Polo</a></i> (1962) Rory Calhoun</li>
<li><i>Marco the Magnificent</i> (1965) Anthony Quinn, Orson Welles</li>
<li><i>Mars, God of War</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Venus Against the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i>Masked Conqueror, The</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>Masked Man Against the Pirates, The</i> (1965)</li>
<li><i>Mask of the Musketeers</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Zorro and the Three Musketeers</i>, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Black_Forest" title="Massacre in the Black Forest">Massacre in the Black Forest</a></i> (1967), starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameron_Mitchell_(actor)" title="Cameron Mitchell (actor)">Cameron Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messalina_(1960_film)" title="Messalina (1960 film)">Messalina</a></i> (1960) Belinda Lee</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Strogoff_(1956_film)" title="Michel Strogoff (1956 film)">Michael Strogoff</a></i> (1956) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revolt of the Tartars</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mighty_Crusaders_(film)" title="The Mighty Crusaders (film)">Mighty Crusaders, The</a></i> (1958) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Jerusalem Set Free</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minotaur,_the_Wild_Beast_of_Crete" title="Minotaur, the Wild Beast of Crete">Minotaur, The</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Theseus Against the Minotaur</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Warlord of Crete</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Le_Miracle_des_loups_(1961_film)" title="Le Miracle des loups (1961 film)">Miracle of the Wolves</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Blood on his Sword</i>, starring Jean Marais</li>
<li><i>Missione sabbie roventi</i> (<i>Mission Burning Sands</i>) (1966) starring Renato Rossini, directed by Alfonso Brescia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_mongoli" class="mw-redirect" title="I mongoli">Mongols, The</a></i> (1961) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Palance" title="Jack Palance">Jack Palance</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musketeers_of_the_Sea" title="Musketeers of the Sea">Musketeers of the Sea</a></i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>My Son, The Hero</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Arrivano i Titani</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Titans</i></li>
<li><i>Mysterious Rider, The</i> (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda <sup id="cite_ref-Roberto_Chiti_1991_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberto_Chiti_1991-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Mysterious Swordsman, The</i> (1956) starring Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nero_and_the_Burning_of_Rome" title="Nero and the Burning of Rome">Nero and the Burning of Rome</a></i> (1953) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Nero and Messalina</i></li>
<li><i>Night of the Great Attack</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revenge of the Borgias</i></li>
<li><i>Night They Killed Rasputin, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Last Czar</i></li>
<li><i>Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The</i> (1959)</li>
<li><i>Odyssey, The</i> (1968) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>L'Odissea</i>, Cyclops segment directed by Mario Bava; Samson Burke played Polyphemus the Cyclops</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Old_Testament_(film)" title="The Old Testament (film)">Old Testament, The</a></i> (1962) starred <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brad_Harris" title="Brad Harris">Brad Harris</a></li>
<li><i>Perseus the Invincible</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Medusa vs. the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pharaohs%27_Woman" title="The Pharaohs' Woman">Pharaoh's Woman, The</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i>Pia of Ptolomey</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pirate_and_the_Slave_Girl" title="The Pirate and the Slave Girl">Pirate and the Slave Girl, The</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Scimitar of the Saracen</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lex_Barker" title="Lex Barker">Lex Barker</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_of_the_Black_Hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate of the Black Hawk">Pirate of the Black Hawk, The</a></i> (1958) Gérard Landry</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirate_of_the_Half_Moon" title="Pirate of the Half Moon">Pirate of the Half Moon</a></i> (1957)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Coast" title="Pirates of the Coast">Pirates of the Coast</a></i> (1960) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontius_Pilate_(film)" title="Pontius Pilate (film)">Pontius Pilate</a></i> (1962) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basil_Rathbone" title="Basil Rathbone">Basil Rathbone</a></li>
<li><i>Prince with the Red Mask, The</i> (1955) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Red Eagle</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_the_Iron_Mask" title="The Prisoner of the Iron Mask">Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revenge of the Iron Mask</i></li>
<li><i>Pugni, Pirati e Karatè</i> (1973) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fists, Pirates and Karate</i>, directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Queen_for_Caesar" title="A Queen for Caesar">Queen for Caesar, A</a></i> (1962) Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1952_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)">Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1952) directed by Pietro Francisci</li>
<li><i>Queen of the Amazons</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colossus_and_the_Amazon_Queen" title="Colossus and the Amazon Queen">Colossus and the Amazon Queen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nefertiti,_Queen_of_the_Nile" title="Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile">Queen of the Nile</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Nefertiti</i>, Vincent Price</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_of_the_Pirates" title="Queen of the Pirates">Queen of the Pirates</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Venus of the Pirates</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queen_of_the_Seas" title="Queen of the Seas">Queen of the Seas</a></i> (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a></i> (1951) filmed in Italy, Sergio Leone asst. dir.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rage_of_the_Buccaneers" title="Rage of the Buccaneers">Rage of the Buccaneers</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Gordon, The Black Pirate</i>, starring Vincent Price</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romulus_and_the_Sabines" title="Romulus and the Sabines">Rape of the Sabine Women, The</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Romulus and the Sabines</i>, Roger Moore</li>
<li><i>Red Cloak, The</i> (1955) Bruce Cabot</li>
<li><i>Red Sheik, The</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revak_the_Rebel" title="Revak the Rebel">Revak the Rebel</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Barbarians</i>, Jack Palance</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_Black_Eagle" title="Revenge of Black Eagle">Revenge of Black Eagle, The</a></i> (1951) Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Ivanhoe" title="The Revenge of Ivanhoe">Revenge of Ivanhoe, The</a></i> (1965) Rik Battaglia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Spartacus" title="The Revenge of Spartacus">Revenge of Spartacus, The</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revenge of the Gladiators</i>, Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Barbarians" title="Revenge of the Barbarians">Revenge of the Barbarians</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Black_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge of the Black Eagle">Revenge of the Black Eagle</a></i> (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Conquered" title="Revenge of the Conquered">Revenge of the Conquered</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Drakut the Avenger</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Revenge_of_the_Gladiators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revenge of the Gladiators (page does not exist)">Revenge of the Gladiators</a></i> (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Musketeers_(1964_film)" title="Revenge of the Musketeers (1964 film)">Revenge of the Musketeers</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers</i>, starring Fernando Lamas</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Barbarians" title="Revolt of the Barbarians">Revolt of the Barbarians</a></i> (1964) directed by Guido Malatesta</li>
<li><i>Revolt of the Mercenaries</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Praetorians" title="Revolt of the Praetorians">Revolt of the Praetorians</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invincible Warriors</i>, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of the Seven">Revolt of the Seven</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Spartan Gladiator</i>, starring Helga Line</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Slaves" title="The Revolt of the Slaves">Revolt of the Slaves, The</a></i> (1960) Rhonda Fleming</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Pirates" title="Robin Hood and the Pirates">Robin Hood and the Pirates</a></i> (1960) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roland_the_Mighty" title="Roland the Mighty">Roland the Mighty</a></i> (1956) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Orlando</i>, directed by Pietro Francisci</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rome_Against_Rome" title="Rome Against Rome">Rome Against Rome</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>War of the Zombies</i></li>
<li><i>Rome 1585</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mercenaries</i>, Debra Paget</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Rover_(1967_film)" title="The Rover (1967 film)">Rover, The</a></i> (1967) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Adventurer</i>, starring Anthony Quinn</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pagans_(film)" title="The Pagans (film)">Sack of Rome, The</a></i> (1953) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Barbarians</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Pagans</i></li>
<li><i>Samson and Gideon</i> (1965) Fernando Rey, Biblical film</li>
<li><i>Sandokan Fights Back</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sandokan to the Rescue</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revenge of Sandokan</i></li>
<li><i>Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Throne of Vengeance</i></li>
<li><i>Saracens, The</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Devil's Pirate</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Flag of Death</i>, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Saul and David</i> (1964)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C3%A9h%C3%A9razade_(film)" title="Shéhérazade (film)">Scheherazade</a></i> (1963) starring Anna Karina</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sea_Pirate" title="The Sea Pirate">Sea Pirate, The</a></i> (1966) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Thunder Over the Indian Ocean</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas</i></li>
<li><i>Secret Mark of D'Artagnan, The</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>Secret Seven, The</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invincible Seven</i></li>
<li><i>Seven from Thebes</i> (1964)</li>
<li><i>Seven Rebel Gladiators</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Seven Against All</i>, starring Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seven_Revenges" title="The Seven Revenges">Seven Revenges, The</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seven Challenges</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ivan the Conqueror</i>, starring Ed Fury</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Seas_to_Calais" title="Seven Seas to Calais">Seven Seas to Calais</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas</i>, Rod Taylor</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Slaves_Against_the_World" title="Seven Slaves Against the World">Seven Slaves Against the World</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Seven Slaves Against Rome</i>, starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i>Seven Tasks of Ali Baba, The</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seventh_Sword" title="The Seventh Sword">Seventh Sword, The</a></i> (1962) Brett Halsey</li>
<li><i>79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum</i> (1962) Brad Harris</li>
<li><i>Shadow of Zorro, The</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>Sheba and the Gladiator</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Sign of Rome</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sign of the Gladiator</i>, Anita Ekberg</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(film)" title="Siege of Syracuse (film)">Siege of Syracuse</a></i> (1960) Tina Louise</li>
<li><i>Simbad e il califfo di Bagdad</i> (1973) directed by Pietro Francisci</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sins_of_Rome" title="Sins of Rome">Sins of Rome</a></i> (1953) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Spartacus</i>, directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_Girls_of_Sheba" title="Slave Girls of Sheba">Slave Girls of Sheba</a></i> (1963) starring Linda Cristal</li>
<li><i>Slave of Rome</i> (1960) starring Guy Madison</li>
<li><i>Slave Queen of Babylon</i> (1963) Yvonne Furneaux</li>
<li><i>Slaves of Carthage, The</i> (1956) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Sword and the Cross</i>, Gianna Maria Canale (not to be confused with <i>Mary Magdalene</i>; see below)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah_(1962_film)" title="Sodom and Gomorrah (1962 film)">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></i> (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy, co-directed by Sergio Leone</li>
<li><i>Son of Black Eagle</i> (1968)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Son_of_Captain_Blood" title="The Son of Captain Blood">Son of Captain Blood, The</a></i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>Son of Cleopatra, The</i> (1965) Mark Damon</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_d%27Artagnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of d'Artagnan">Son of d'Artagnan</a></i> (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/100_Horsemen" title="100 Horsemen">Son of El Cid, The</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>100 Horsemen</i>, Mark Damon</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_the_Red_Corsair" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of the Red Corsair">Son of the Red Corsair</a></i> (1959) a.k.a. <i>Son of the Red Pirate</i>, Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Son of the Sheik</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Kerim, Son of the Sheik</i>, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spartacus_and_the_Ten_Gladiators" title="Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators">Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ten Invincible Gladiators</i>, starring Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i>Spartan Gladiator, The</i> (1965) Tony Russel</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Story_of_Joseph_and_His_Brethren" title="The Story of Joseph and His Brethren">Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The</a></i> (1961)</li>
<li><i>Suleiman the Conqueror</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sword_and_the_Cross" title="The Sword and the Cross">Sword and the Cross, The</a></i> (1958) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Mary Magdalene</i></li>
<li><i>Sword in the Shadow, A</i> (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon</li>
<li><i>Sword of Damascus, The</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Thief of Damascus</i></li>
<li><i>Sword of El Cid, The</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Daughters of El Cid</i></li>
<li><i>Sword of Islam, The</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i>Sword of the Conqueror</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Rosamund and Alboino</i>, Jack Palance</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_of_the_Empire" title="Sword of the Empire">Sword for the Empire, A</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sword of the Empire</i></li>
<li><i>Sword of the Rebellion, The</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Rebel of Castelmonte</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swordsman_of_Siena" title="Swordsman of Siena">Swordsman of Siena</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mercenary</i></li>
<li><i>Sword of Vengeance</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La spada della vendetta</i></li>
<li><i>Sword Without a Country</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sword Without a Flag</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taras_Bulba_(1962_film)" title="Taras Bulba (1962 film)">Taras Bulba</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Plains of Battle</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tartars" title="The Tartars">Tartars, The</a></i> (1961) starring Victor Mature</li>
<li><i>Taur, the Mighty</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Tor the Warrior</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Taur, the King of Brute Force</i>, starring Joe Robinson</li>
<li><i>Temple of the White Elephant</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sandok, the Giant of the Jungle</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sandok, the Maciste of the Jungle</i> (not a Maciste film, however, in spite of the alternate title)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Ten_Gladiators" title="The Ten Gladiators">Ten Gladiators, The</a></i> (1963) starring Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i>Terror of the Black Mask</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invincible Masked Rider</i></li>
<li><i>Terror of the Red Mask</i> (1960) starring Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Terror of the Steppes</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mighty Khan</i>, Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i>Tharus, Son of Attila</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Colossus and the Huns</i>, Ricardo Montalban</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theodora,_Slave_Empress" title="Theodora, Slave Empress">Theodora, Slave Empress</a></i> (1954) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thor_and_the_Amazon_Women" title="Thor and the Amazon Women">Thor and the Amazon Women</a></i> (1963) starring Joe Robinson</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_300_Spartans" title="The 300 Spartans">Three Hundred Spartans, The</a></i> (1963) starring Richard Egan; U.S. film filmed in Greece using Italian screenwriters</li>
<li><i>Three Swords for Rome</i> (1965) starring Roger Browne</li>
<li><i>Three Swords of Zorro, The</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tiger_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Tiger of the Seven Seas">Tiger of the Seven Seas</a></i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treasure_of_the_Petrified_Forest" title="Treasure of the Petrified Forest">Treasure of the Petrified Forest, The</a></i> (1965) starring Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i>Triumph of Robin Hood</i> (1962) starring Samson Burke</li>
<li><i>Triumph of the Ten Gladiators</i> (1965) starring Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i>Two Gladiators, The</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fight or Die</i>, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Tyrant of Castile, The</i> (1964) starring Mark Damon</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954) produced by Dino De Laurentiis, starring Kirk Douglas and Anthony Quinn</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amazons_of_Rome" title="Amazons of Rome">Virgins of Rome, The</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Amazons of Rome</i></li>
<li><i>Vulcan, Son of Jupiter</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Vulcan, Son of Jove</i>, Gordon Mitchell, Richard Lloyd, Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_Goddess" title="War Goddess">War Goddess</a></i> (1973) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Bare-Breasted Warriors</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Le guerriere dal seno nudo</i>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terence_Young_(director)" title="Terence Young (director)">Terence Young</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_Gods_of_Babylon" title="War Gods of Babylon">War Gods of Babylon</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seventh Thunderbolt</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seven Glories of Assur</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Warrior_and_the_Slave_Girl" title="The Warrior and the Slave Girl">Warrior and the Slave Girl, The</a></i> (1958) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revolt of the Gladiators</i>, starring Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i>Warrior Empress, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sappho, Venus of Lesbos</i>, Kerwin Matthews, Tina Louise</li>
<li><i>White Slave Ship</i> (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wonders_of_Aladdin" title="The Wonders of Aladdin">Wonders of Aladdin, The</a></i> (1961) starring Donald O'Connor</li>
<li><i>Zorikan the Barbarian</i> (1964) starring Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorro_(1975_Italian_film)" title="Zorro (1975 Italian film)">Zorro</a></i> (1975) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorro_and_the_Three_Musketeers" title="Zorro and the Three Musketeers">Zorro and the Three Musketeers</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Mask of the Musketeers</i>, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorro_in_the_Court_of_England" title="Zorro in the Court of England">Zorro in the Court of England</a></i> (1970) starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spiros_Foc%C3%A1s" title="Spiros Focás">Spiros Focás</a></li>
<li><i>Zorro at the Court of Spain</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Masked Conqueror</i>, George Ardisson</li>
<li><i>Zorro of Monterrey</i> (1971) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>El Zorro de Monterrey</i>, Carlos Quiney</li>
<li><i>Zorro, Rider of Vengeance</i> (1971) Carlos Quiney</li>
<li><i>Zorro's Last Adventure</i> (1970) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La última aventura del Zorro</i>, Carlos Quiney</li>
<li><i>Zorro the Avenger</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revenge of Zorro</i>, Frank Latimore</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenger,_Zorro" title="The Avenger, Zorro">Zorro the Avenger</a></i> (1969) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>El Zorro justiciero</i> (1969) starring Fabio Testi</li>
<li><i>Zorro the Fox</i> (1968) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>El Zorro</i>, George Ardisson</li>
<li><i>Zorro, the Navarra Marquis</i> (1969) Nino Vingelli</li>
<li><i>Zorro the Rebel</i> (1966) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howard_Ross_(actor)" title="Howard Ross (actor)">Howard Ross</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Slave_Queen" title="Samson and the Slave Queen">Zorro Against Maciste</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Samson and the Slave Queen</i> (1963) starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Brice" title="Pierre Brice">Pierre Brice</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Steel" title="Alan Steel">Alan Steel</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gladiator_films">Gladiator films</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gladiator films">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Inspired by the success of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spartacus_(film)" title="Spartacus (film)">Spartacus</a></i>, there were a number of Italian peplums that heavily emphasized the gladiatorial arena in their plots, with it becoming almost a peplum subgenre in itself; one group of supermen known as "The Ten Gladiators" appeared in a trilogy; all three films starred <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Vadis" title="Dan Vadis">Dan Vadis</a> in the lead role.
</p>
<ul><li><i>Alone Against Rome</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Vengeance of the Gladiators</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Arena_(1974_film)" title="The Arena (1974 film)">The Arena</a></i> (1974) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Naked Warriors</i>, co-directed by Joe D'Amato, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pam_Grier" title="Pam Grier">Pam Grier</a>, Paul Muller and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rosalba_Neri" title="Rosalba Neri">Rosalba Neri</a></li>
<li><i>Challenge of the Gladiator</i> (1965) starring Peter Lupus (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Rock Stevens)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabiola_(1949_film)" title="Fabiola (1949 film)">Fabiola</a></i> (1949) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Fighting Gladiator</i></li>
<li><i>Gladiator of Rome</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Battle of the Gladiators</i>, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i>Gladiators Seven</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seven Gladiators</i>, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Invincible_Gladiator" title="The Invincible Gladiator">Invincible Gladiator, The</a></i> (1961) Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Last Gladiator, The</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Messalina Against the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i>Maciste, Gladiator of Sparta</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Terror of Rome Against the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i>Revenge of Spartacus, The</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revenge of the Gladiators</i>, starring Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_The_Gladiators" title="Revenge of The Gladiators">Revenge of The Gladiators</a></i> (1961) starring Mickey Hargitay</li>
<li><i>Revolt of the Seven</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Spartan Gladiator</i>, starring Tony Russel and Helga Line</li>
<li><i>Revolt of the Slaves</i> (1961) Rhonda Fleming</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Rebel_Gladiators" title="Seven Rebel Gladiators">Seven Rebel Gladiators</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Seven Against All</i>, starring Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seven_Slaves_Against_the_World" title="Seven Slaves Against the World">Seven Slaves Against the World</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Seven Slaves Against Rome</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Strongest Slaves in the World</i>, starring Roger Browne and Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i>Sheba and the Gladiator</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Sign of Rome</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sign of the Gladiator</i>, Anita Ekberg</li>
<li><i>Sins of Rome</i> (1952) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Spartacus</i>, directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Slave, The</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Son of Spartacus</i>, Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i>Spartacus and the Ten Gladiators</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ten Invincible Gladiators</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Vadis" title="Dan Vadis">Dan Vadis</a></li>
<li><i>Spartan Gladiator, The</i> (1965) Tony Russel</li>
<li><i>Ten Gladiators, The</i> (1963) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Vadis" title="Dan Vadis">Dan Vadis</a></li>
<li><i>Triumph of the Ten Gladiators</i> (1965) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Vadis" title="Dan Vadis">Dan Vadis</a></li>
<li><i>Two Gladiators, The</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fight or Die</i>, Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Ursus, the Rebel Gladiator</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Rebel Gladiators</i>, Dan Vadis</li>
<li><i>Warrior and the Slave Girl, The</i> (1958) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revolt of the Gladiators</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brennus,_Enemy_of_Rome" title="Brennus, Enemy of Rome">Brennus, Enemy of Rome</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Battle of the Valiant</i>, Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesar_Against_the_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Against the Pirates">Caesar Against the Pirates</a></i> (1962) Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesar_the_Conqueror" title="Caesar the Conqueror">Caesar the Conqueror</a></i> (1962) Cameron Mitchell, Rik Battaglia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carthage_in_Flames" title="Carthage in Flames">Carthage in Flames</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Cartagine in fiamme</i>, directed by Carmine Gallone</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Centurion_(film)" title="The Centurion (film)">Centurion The</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Conqueror of Corinth</i></li>
<li><i>Colossus of Rhodes, The</i> (1960) directed by Sergio Leone</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constantine_and_the_Cross" title="Constantine and the Cross">Constantine and the Cross</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Constantine the Great</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coriolanus:_Hero_without_a_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolanus: Hero without a Country">Coriolanus: Hero without a Country</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Thunder of Battle</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i>Diary of a Roman Virgin</i> (1974) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Livia, una vergine per l'impero romano</i>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato" title="Joe D'Amato">Joe D'Amato</a> (used stock footage from <i>The Last Days of Pompeii</i> (1959) and <i>The Arena</i> (1974))</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duel_of_Champions" title="Duel of Champions">Duel of Champions</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Horatio and Curiazi</i>, Alan Ladd</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duel_of_the_Titans" title="Duel of the Titans">Duel of the Titans</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Romulus and Remus</i>, Steve Reeves, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i>Fall of Rome, The</i> (1961) directed by Antonio Margheriti</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fire_Over_Rome" title="Fire Over Rome">Fire Over Rome</a></i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giants_of_Rome" title="Giants of Rome">Giants of Rome</a></i> (1963) directed by Antonio Margheriti, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oro_per_i_Cesari" class="mw-redirect" title="Oro per i Cesari">Gold for the Caesars</a></i> (1963) Jeffrey Hunter</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_(1959_film)" title="Hannibal (1959 film)">Hannibal</a></i> (1959) Victor Mature</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero_of_Rome" title="Hero of Rome">Hero of Rome</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Colossus of Rome</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kampf_um_Rom" title="Kampf um Rom">Kampf um Rom</a></i> (1968) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Last Roman</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurence_Harvey" title="Laurence Harvey">Laurence Harvey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor_Blackman" title="Honor Blackman">Honor Blackman</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Last_Days_of_Pompeii" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Days of Pompeii">Last Days of Pompeii</a></i> (1959) Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i>Massacre in the Black Forest</i> (1967) Cameron Mitchell</li>
<li><i>Messalina</i> (1960)</li>
<li><i>Nero and the Burning of Rome</i> (1955) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Nero and Messalina</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(1951_film)" title="Quo Vadis (1951 film)">Quo Vadis</a></i> (1951) assistant director Sergio Leone</li>
<li><i>Rape of the Sabine Women, The</i> (1961) Roger Moore</li>
<li><i>Revenge of Spartacus, The</i> (1965) Roger Browne</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Barbarians" title="Revenge of the Barbarians">Revenge of the Barbarians</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Praetorians" title="Revolt of the Praetorians">Revolt of the Praetorians</a></i> (1965) Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rome_Against_Rome" title="Rome Against Rome">Rome Against Rome</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>War of the Zombies</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Secret_Seven" title="The Secret Seven">The Secret Seven</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invincible Seven</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/79_A.D.,_the_Destruction_of_Herculaneum" class="mw-redirect" title="79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum">79 A.D., the Destruction of Herculaneum</a></i> (1962) Brad Harris</li>
<li><i>Sheba and the Gladiator</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Sign of Rome</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sign of the Gladiator</i>, Anita Ekberg</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sins_of_Rome" title="Sins of Rome">Sins of Rome</a></i> (1952) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Spartaco</i>, directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Slave_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="The Slave of Rome">The Slave of Rome</a></i> (1960) starring Guy Madison</li>
<li><i>Slaves of Carthage, The</i> (1956) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Sword and the Cross</i>, Gianna Maria Canale (not to be confused with <i>Mary Magdalene</i>)</li>
<li><i>Theodora, Slave Empress</i> (1954) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Three Swords for Rome</i> (1965) Roger Browne</li>
<li><i>Virgins of Rome, The</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Amazons of Rome</i></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greek_mythology">Greek mythology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Greek mythology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenger_(1962_film)" title="The Avenger (1962 film)">The Avenger</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Legend of Aeneas</i>, Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_(1956_film)" title="Alexander the Great (1956 film)">Alexander The Great</a></i> (1956) U.S. film with music score by Mario Nascimbene</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antigone_(1961_film)" title="Antigone (1961 film)">Antigone</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Rites for the Dead</i>, a Greek production</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bacchantes_(film)" title="The Bacchantes (film)">Bacchantes, The</a></i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Amazons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Amazons (page does not exist)">Battle of the Amazons</a></i> (1973) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Amazons: Women of Love and War</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Beauty of the Barbarian</i> (directed by Alfonso Brescia)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Colossus_of_Rhodes_(film)" title="The Colossus of Rhodes (film)">The Colossus of Rhodes</a></i> (1961) directed by Sergio Leone</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conqueror_of_Atlantis" title="Conqueror of Atlantis">Conqueror of Atlantis</a></i> (1965) starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damon_and_Pythias_(film)" title="Damon and Pythias (film)">Damon and Pythias</a> </i>(1962) Guy Williams</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fury_of_Achilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Fury of Achilles">Fury of Achilles</a></i> (1962) Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant_of_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant of Marathon">Giant of Marathon</a></i> (1959) (<i>The Battle of Marathon</i>) Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giants_of_Thessaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Giants of Thessaly">Giants of Thessaly</a></i> (1960) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1956) directed by Robert Wise</li>
<li><i>Hercules Challenges Samson</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules,_Samson_and_Ulysses" title="Hercules, Samson and Ulysses">Hercules, Samson and Ulysses</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lion_of_Thebes" title="The Lion of Thebes">Lion of Thebes, The</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Helen of Troy</i>, Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mars,_God_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars, God of War">Mars, God of War</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Venus Against the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Minotaur_(1961_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Minotaur (1961 film)">The Minotaur</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Theseus Against the Minotaur</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Warlord of Crete</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/My_Son,_the_Hero" title="My Son, the Hero">My Son, the Hero</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Arrivano i Titani</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Titans</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L%27Odissea" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Odissea">Odyssey, The</a></i> (1968) Cyclops segment directed by Mario Bava; Samson Burke played Polyphemus the Cyclops</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Perseus_the_Invincible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perseus the Invincible (page does not exist)">Perseus the Invincible</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Medusa vs. the Son of Hercules</i></li>
<li><i>Queen of the Amazons</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colossus_and_the_Amazon_Queen" title="Colossus and the Amazon Queen">Colossus and the Amazon Queen</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Seven_from_Thebes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seven from Thebes (page does not exist)">Seven from Thebes</a></i> (1964) André Lawrence</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(film)" title="Siege of Syracuse (film)">Siege of Syracuse</a>, The</i> (1962) Tina Louise</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treasure_of_the_Petrified_Forest" title="Treasure of the Petrified Forest">Treasure of the Petrified Forest</a></i> (1965) Gordon Mitchell (the plot involves Amazons)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Trojan_Horse_(film)" title="The Trojan Horse (film)">Trojan Horse, The</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Trojan War</i>, Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_(1955_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses (1955 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954) starring Kirk Douglas and Anthony Quinn</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulcan,_Son_of_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcan, Son of Jupiter">Vulcan, Son of Jupiter</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Vulcan, Son of Jove</i>, Gordon Mitchell, Richard Lloyd, Roger Browne</li>
<li><i>Warrior Empress, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sappho, Venus of Lesbos</i>, Kerwin Matthews, Tina Louise</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Barbarian_and_Viking_films">Barbarian and Viking films</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Barbarian and Viking films">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_of_the_Normans" title="Attack of the Normans">Attack of the Normans</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Normans</i>, Cameron Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attila_(1954_film)" title="Attila (1954 film)">Attila</a></i> (1954) directed by Pietro Francisci, Anthony Quinn, Sophia Loren</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Cossacks_(1960_film)" title="The Cossacks (1960 film)">The Cossacks</a></i> (1960)</li>
<li><i>Defeat of the Barbarians</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>King Manfred</i></li>
<li><i>Dragon's Blood, The</i> (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-Kinnard,_Roy_2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinnard,_Roy_2017-19">[19]</a></sup> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sigfrido</i>, based on the legend of the Niebelungen, special effects by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlo_Rambaldi" title="Carlo Rambaldi">Carlo Rambaldi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erik_the_Conqueror" title="Erik the Conqueror">Erik the Conqueror</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invaders</i>, directed by Mario Bava, starring Cameron Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fury_of_the_Pagans" title="Fury of the Pagans">Fury of the Pagans</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fury of the Barbarians</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Barbarians" title="Goliath and the Barbarians">Goliath and the Barbarians</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Terror of the Barbarians</i>, Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Huns_(film)" title="The Huns (film)">The Huns</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Queen of the Tartars</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Invasion_1700" title="Invasion 1700">Invasion 1700</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>With Iron and Fire</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>With Fire and Sword</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Daggers of Blood</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Prince_in_Chains" title="The Prince in Chains">King of the Vikings</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Prince_in_Chains" title="The Prince in Chains">The Prince in Chains</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Vikings" title="The Last of the Vikings">The Last of the Vikings</a></i> (1961) starring Cameron Mitchell and Broderick Crawford</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marco_Polo_(1961_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo (1961 film)">Marco Polo</a></i> (1962) Rory Calhoun</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marco_the_Magnificent" title="Marco the Magnificent">Marco the Magnificent</a></i> (1965) Anthony Quinn, Orson Welles</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Strogoff_(1956_film)" title="Michel Strogoff (1956 film)">Michel Strogoff</a></i> (1956) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revolt of the Tartars</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mongols_(film)" title="The Mongols (film)">The Mongols</a></i> (1961) starring Jack Palance</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revak_the_Rebel" title="Revak the Rebel">Revak the Rebel</a></i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Barbarians</i>, Jack Palance</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Barbarians" title="Revolt of the Barbarians">Revolt of the Barbarians</a></i> (1964) directed by Guido Malatesta</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roland_the_Mighty" title="Roland the Mighty">Roland the Mighty</a></i> (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci</li>
<li><i>Saracens, The</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Devil's Pirate</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Flag of Death</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seven_Revenges" title="The Seven Revenges">The Seven Revenges</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seven Challenges</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ivan the Conqueror</i>, starring Ed Fury</li>
<li><i>Suleiman the Conqueror</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_of_the_Conqueror" title="Sword of the Conqueror">Sword of the Conqueror</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Rosamund and Alboino</i>, Jack Palance</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_of_the_Empire" title="Sword of the Empire">Sword of the Empire</a></i> (1964)</li>
<li><i>Taras Bulba, The Cossack</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Plains of Battle</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tartars" title="The Tartars">The Tartars</a></i> (1961) Victor Mature, Orson Welles</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terror_of_the_Steppes" title="Terror of the Steppes">Terror of the Steppes</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mighty Khan</i>, starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tharus_Son_of_Attila" title="Tharus Son of Attila">Tharus Son of Attila</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Colossus and the Huns</i>, Ricardo Montalban</li>
<li><i>Zorikan the Barbarian</i> (1964) Dan Vadis</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Swashbucklers_.2F_pirates"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Swashbucklers_/_pirates">Swashbucklers / pirates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Swashbucklers / pirates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i>Adventurer of Tortuga</i> (1965) starring Guy Madison</li>
<li><i>Adventures of Mandrin, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Captain Adventure</i></li>
<li><i>Adventures of Scaramouche, The</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mask of Scaramouche</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i>At Sword's Edge</i> (1952) dir. by Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_of_the_Moors" title="Attack of the Moors">Attack of the Moors</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Kings of France</i></li>
<li><i>Avenger of the Seven Seas</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Executioner of the Seas</i>, Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Avenger of Venice, The</i> (1963) directed by Riccardo Freda, starring Brett Halsey</li>
<li><i>Balboa</i> (Spanish, 1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Conquistadors of the Pacific</i></li>
<li><i>Beatrice Cenci</i> (1956) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Beatrice Cenci</i> (1969) directed by Lucio Fulci</li>
<li><i>Behind the Mask of Zorro</i> (1966) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Oath of Zorro</i>, Tony Russel</li>
<li><i>Black Archer, The</i> (1959) Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i>Black Devil, The</i> (1957) Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i>Black Duke, The</i> (1963) Cameron Mitchell</li>
<li><i>Black Eagle, The</i> (1946) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Return of the Black Eagle</i>, directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Black Lancers, The</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Charge of the Black Lancers</i>, Mel Ferrer</li>
<li><i>Captain from Toledo, The</i> (1966)</li>
<li><i>Captain of Iron, The</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revenge of the Mercenaries</i>, Barbara Steele</li>
<li><i>Captain Phantom</i> (1953)</li>
<li><i>Captains of Adventure</i> (1961) starring Paul Muller and Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i>Caribbean Hawk, The</i> (1963) Yvonne Monlaur</li>
<li><i>Castillian, The</i> (1963) Cesare Romero, U.S./Spanish co-production</li>
<li><i>Catherine of Russia</i> (1962) directed by Umberto Lenzi</li>
<li><i>Cavalier in Devil’s Castle</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Cavalier of Devil's Island</i></li>
<li><i>Conqueror of Maracaibo, The</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i>Count of Monte Cristo, The</i> (1962) Louis Jourdan</li>
<li><i>Devil Made a Woman, The</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>A Girl Against Napoleon</i></li>
<li><i>Devil's Cavaliers, The</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Devil's Riders</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i>El Cid</i> (1961) Sophia Loren, Charlton Heston, U.S./ Italian film shot in Italy</li>
<li><i>Executioner of Venice, The</i> (1963) Lex Barker, Guy Madison</li>
<li><i>Fighting Musketeers, The</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i>Giant of the Evil Island</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Mystery of the Cursed Island</i>, Peter Lupus</li>
<li><i>Goliath and the Masked Rider</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Hercules and the Masked Rider</i>, Alan Steel</li>
<li><i>Guns of the Black Witch</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Terror of the Sea</i>, Don Megowan</li>
<li><i>Hawk of the Caribbean</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i>Invincible Swordsman, The</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Iron_Swordsman" title="The Iron Swordsman">The Iron Swordsman</a></i> (1949) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Count Ugolino</i>, directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivanhoe,_the_Norman_Swordsman" title="Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman">Ivanhoe, the Norman Swordsman</a></i> (1971) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La spada normanna</i>, directed by Roberto Mauri</li>
<li><i>Knight of a Hundred Faces, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Silver Knight</i>, starring Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Knights of Terror</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Terror of the Red Capes</i>, Tony Russel</li>
<li><i>Knight Without a Country</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Faceless Rider</i></li>
<li><i>Lawless Mountain, The</i> (1953) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La montaña sin ley</i> (stars Zorro)</li>
<li><i>Lion of St. Mark, The</i> (1964) Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i>Mark of Zorro</i> (1975) made in France, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monica_Swinn" title="Monica Swinn">Monica Swinn</a></li>
<li><i>Mark of Zorro</i> (1976) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Hilton_(actor)" title="George Hilton (actor)">George Hilton</a></li>
<li><i>Masked Conqueror, The</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>Mask of the Musketeers</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Zorro and the Three Musketeers</i>, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i>Michael Strogoff</i> (1956) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revolt of the Tartars</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle of the Wolves">Miracle of the Wolves</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Blood on his Sword</i>, starring Jean Marais</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morgan,_the_Pirate" title="Morgan, the Pirate">Morgan, the Pirate</a></i> (1960) Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i>Musketeers of the Sea</i> (1960)</li>
<li><i>Mysterious Rider, The</i> (1948) directed by Riccardo Freda <sup id="cite_ref-Roberto_Chiti_1991_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberto_Chiti_1991-20">[20]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Mysterious Swordsman, The</i> (1956) starred Gerard Landry</li>
<li><i>Nephews of Zorro, The</i> (1968) Italian comedy with Franco and Ciccio</li>
<li><i>Night of the Great Attack</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Revenge of the Borgias</i></li>
<li><i>Night They Killed Rasputin, The</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Last Czar</i></li>
<li><i>Nights of Lucretia Borgia, The</i> (1959)</li>
<li><i>Pirate and the Slave Girl, The</i> (1959) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Pirate of the Black Hawk, The</i> (1958)</li>
<li><i>Pirate of the Half Moon</i> (1957)</li>
<li><i>Pirates of the Coast</i> (1960) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Prince with the Red Mask, The</i> (1955) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Red Eagle</i></li>
<li><i>Prisoner of the Iron Mask, The</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revenge of the Iron Mask</i></li>
<li><i>Pugni, Pirati e Karatè</i> (1973) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Fists, Pirates and Karate</i>, directed by Joe D'Amato, starring Richard Harrison (a 1970s Italian spoof of pirate movies)</li>
<li><i>Queen of the Pirates</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Venus of the Pirates</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i>Queen of the Seas</i> (1961) directed by Umberto Lenzi</li>
<li><i>Rage of the Buccaneers</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Gordon, The Black Pirate</i>, starring Vincent Price</li>
<li><i>Red Cloak, The</i> (1955) Bruce Cabot</li>
<li><i>Revenge of Ivanhoe, The</i> (1965) Rik Battaglia</li>
<li><i>Revenge of the Black Eagle</i> (1951) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Revenge of the Musketeers</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Dartagnan vs. the Three Musketeers</i>, Fernando Lamas</li>
<li><i>Revenge of Spartacus, The</i> (1965) Roger Browne</li>
<li><i>Revolt of the Mercenaries</i> (1961)</li>
<li><i>Robin Hood and the Pirates</i> (1960) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Roland, the Mighty</i> (1956) directed by Pietro Francisci</li>
<li><i>Rome 1585</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mercenaries</i>, Debra Paget, set in the 1500s</li>
<li><i>Rover, The</i> (1967) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Adventurer</i>, starring Anthony Quinn</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sack_of_Rome_(film)" title="The Sack of Rome (film)">The Sack of Rome</a></i> (1953) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Barbarians</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Pagans</i> (set in the 1500s)</li>
<li><i>Samson vs. the Black Pirate</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Hercules and the Black Pirate</i>, Alan Steel</li>
<li><i>Samson vs. the Pirates</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Samson and the Sea Beast</i>, Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i>Sandokan Fights Back</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sandokan to the Rescue</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revenge of Sandokan</i>, Guy Madison</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandokan_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandokan the Great">Sandokan the Great</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sandokan, the Tiger of Mompracem</i>, Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i>Sandokan, the Pirate of Malaysia</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_of_Malaysia" title="Pirates of Malaysia">Pirates of Malaysia</a></i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Pirates of the Seven Seas</i>, Steve Reeves, directed by Umberto Lenzi</li>
<li><i>Sandokan vs. the Leopard of Sarawak</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Throne of Vengeance</i>, Guy Madison</li>
<li><i>Saracens, The</i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Devil's Pirate</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Flag of Death</i>, starring Richard Harrison</li>
<li><i>Sea Pirate, The</i> (1966) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Thunder Over the Indian Ocean</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Surcouf, Hero of the Seven Seas</i></li>
<li><i>Secret Mark of D'artagnan, The</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i>Seven Seas to Calais</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sir Francis Drake, King of the Seven Seas</i>, Rod Taylor</li>
<li><i>Seventh Sword, The</i> (1960) Brett Halsey</li>
<li><i>Shadow of Zorro</i> (1962) Frank Latimore</li>
<li><i>Sign of Zorro, The</i> (1952)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Il_segno_di_Zorro" class="mw-redirect" title="Il segno di Zorro">Sign of Zorro</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_segno_di_Zorro_(film_1963)" class="extiw" title="it:Il segno di Zorro (film 1963)">it</a>]</span></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Duel at the Rio Grande</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sean_Flynn_(film_actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sean Flynn (film actor)">Sean Flynn</a></li>
<li><i>Son of Black Eagle</i> (1968)</li>
<li><i>Son of Captain Blood</i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_d%27Artagnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of d'Artagnan">Son of d'Artagnan</a></i> (1950) directed by Riccardo Freda</li>
<li><i>Son of El Cid, The</i> (1965) Mark Damon</li>
<li><i>Son of the Red Corsair</i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Son of the Red Pirate</i>, Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Son of Zorro</i> (1973) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Dell%27Acqua" title="Alberto Dell'Acqua">Alberto Dell'Acqua</a></li>
<li><i>Sword in the Shadow, A</i> (1961) starring Livio Lorenzon</li>
<li><i>Sword of Rebellion, The</i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Rebel of Castelmonte</i></li>
<li><i>Sword of Vengeance</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La spada della vendetta</i></li>
<li><i>Swordsman of Siena, The</i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Mercenary</i></li>
<li><i>Sword Without a Country</i> (1960) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sword Without a Flag</i></li>
<li><i>Terror of the Black Mask</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Invincible Masked Rider</i></li>
<li><i>Terror of the Red Mask</i> (1960) Lex Barker</li>
<li><i>Three Swords of Zorro, The</i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Sword of Zorro</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guy_Stockwell" title="Guy Stockwell">Guy Stockwell</a></li>
<li><i>Tiger of the Seven Seas</i> (1963)</li>
<li><i>Triumph of Robin Hood</i> (1962) starring Samson Burke</li>
<li><i>Tyrant of Castile, The</i> (1964) Mark Damon</li>
<li><i>White Slave Ship</i> (1961) directed by Silvio Amadio</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_White_Warrior" title="The White Warrior">The White Warrior</a></i> (1959) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Hadji Murad, the White Devil</i>, Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i>Zorro</i> (1968) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>El Zorro</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Zorro the Fox</i>, George Ardisson</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zorro_(1975_Italian_film)" title="Zorro (1975 Italian film)">Zorro</a></i> (1975) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alain_Delon" title="Alain Delon">Alain Delon</a></li>
<li><i>Zorro and the Three Musketeers</i> (1963) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Scott" title="Gordon Scott">Gordon Scott</a></li>
<li><i>Zorro at the Court of England</i> (1969) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spiros_Foc%C3%A1s" title="Spiros Focás">Spiros Focás</a> as Zorro</li>
<li><i>Zorro at the Court of Spain</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Masked Conqueror</i>, Georgio Ardisson</li>
<li><i>Zorro of Monterrey</i> (1971) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>El Zorro de Monterrey</i>, Carlos Quiney</li>
<li><i>Zorro, Rider of Vengeance</i> (1971) Carlos Quiney</li>
<li><i>Zorro's Last Adventure</i> (1970) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>La última aventura del Zorro</i>, Carlos Quiney</li>
<li><i>Zorro the Avenger</i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Revenge of Zorro</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Latimore" title="Frank Latimore">Frank Latimore</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Avenger,_Zorro" title="The Avenger, Zorro">Zorro the Avenger</a></i> (1969) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>El Zorro justiciero</i> (1969) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fabio_Testi" title="Fabio Testi">Fabio Testi</a></li>
<li><i>Zorro, the Navarra Marquis</i> (1969) <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nadir_Moretti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadir Moretti (page does not exist)">Nadir Moretti</a> as Zorro</li>
<li><i>Zorro the Rebel</i> (1966) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Howard_Ross_(actor)" title="Howard Ross (actor)">Howard Ross</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_the_Slave_Queen" title="Samson and the Slave Queen">Zorro Against Maciste</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Samson and the Slave Queen</i> (1963) starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Brice" title="Pierre Brice">Pierre Brice</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Steel" title="Alan Steel">Alan Steel</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Biblical">Biblical</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Biblical">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barabbas_(1961_film)" title="Barabbas (1961 film)">Barabbas</a></i> (1961) Dino de Laurentiis, Anthony Quinn, filmed in Italy</li>
<li><i>Bible, The</i> (1966) Dino de Laurentiis, John Huston, filmed in Italy</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_and_Goliath_(1960_film)" title="David and Goliath (1960 film)">David and Goliath</a></i> (1960) Orson Welles</li>
<li><i>Desert Desperadoes</i> (1956) plot involves King Herod</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esther_and_the_King" title="Esther and the King">Esther and the King</a></i> (1961) Joan Collins, Richard Egan</li>
<li><i>Head of a Tyrant, The</i> (1959)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i> (1958) Edmund Purdom</li>
<li><i>Jacob, the Man Who Fought with God</i> (1964) Giorgio Cerioni</li>
<li><i>Mighty Crusaders, The</i> (1957) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Jerusalem Set Free</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Old_Testament_(film)" title="The Old Testament (film)">Old Testament, The</a></i> (1962) Brad Harris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pontius_Pilate_(1962_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontius Pilate (1962 film)">Pontius Pilate</a></i> (1962) Jean Marais</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Queen_of_Sheba_(1952_film)" title="The Queen of Sheba (1952 film)">The Queen of Sheba</a></i> (1952), directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pietro_Francisci" title="Pietro Francisci">Pietro Francisci</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samson_and_Gideon" class="mw-redirect" title="Samson and Gideon">Samson and Gideon</a></i> (1965) Fernando Rey</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saul_and_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Saul and David">Saul and David</a></i> (1963) Gianni Garko</li>
<li><i>Sodom and Gomorrah</i> (1962) Rosanna Podesta, U.S./Italian film shot in Italy</li>
<li><i>Story of Joseph and his Brethren, The</i> (1960)</li>
<li><i>Sword and the Cross, The</i> (1958) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Mary Magdalene</i>, Gianna Maria Canale</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Daughter" title="Cleopatra's Daughter">Cleopatra's Daughter</a></i> (1960) starring Debra Paget</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legions_of_the_Nile" title="Legions of the Nile">Legions of the Nile</a></i> (1959) starring Linda Cristal</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Pharaohs%27_Woman" title="The Pharaohs' Woman">Pharaoh's Woman, The</a></i> (1960) with John Drew Barrymore</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Queen_for_Caesar" title="A Queen for Caesar">Queen for Caesar, A</a></i> (1962) Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nefertiti,_Queen_of_the_Nile" title="Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile">Queen of the Nile</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Nefertiti</i>, Vincent Price</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Son_of_Cleopatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Son of Cleopatra (page does not exist)">Son of Cleopatra</a></i> (1964) Mark Damon</li></ul>
<h3><span id="Babylon_.2F_the_Middle_East"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Babylon_/_the_Middle_East">Babylon / the Middle East</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Babylon / the Middle East">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Baba_and_the_Seven_Saracens" title="Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens">Ali Baba and the Seven Saracens</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sinbad Against the 7 Saracens</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> starring Gordon Mitchell</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthar,_The_Invincible" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthar, The Invincible">Anthar, The Invincible</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Devil_of_the_Desert_Against_the_Son_of_Hercules" title="Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules">Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules</a></i>, starring Kirk Morris, directed by Antonio Margheriti</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Desert_Warrior_(film)" title="Desert Warrior (film)">Desert Warrior</a></i> (1957) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Desert Lovers</i>, Ricardo Montalban</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falcon_of_the_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcon of the Desert">Falcon of the Desert</a></i> (1965) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Magnificent Challenge</i>, starring Kirk Morris</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Arrow_(1962_film)" title="The Golden Arrow (1962 film)">Golden Arrow, The</a></i> (1962) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti" title="Antonio Margheriti">Antonio Margheriti</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_at_the_Conquest_of_Baghdad" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad">Goliath at the Conquest of Baghdad</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Goliath at the Conquest of Damascus</i>, Peter Lupus</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Rebel_Slave" title="Goliath and the Rebel Slave">Goliath and the Rebel Slave</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Tyrant of Lydia vs. The Son of Hercules</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goliath_and_the_Sins_of_Babylon" title="Goliath and the Sins of Babylon">Goliath and the Sins of Babylon</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Maciste, the World's Greatest Hero</i>, Mark Forest</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon" title="Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon">Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon</a></i> (1964)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Babylon">Hero of Babylon</a></i> (1963) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Beast of Babylon vs. the Son of Hercules</i>, Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i>Kindar, the Invulnerable</i> (1965) Mark Forest, Rosalba Neri <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Missione sabbie roventi</i> (<i>Mission Burning Sands</i>) (1966) starring Renato Rossini, directed by Alfonso Brescia</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=The_Red_Shiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Red Shiek (page does not exist)">Red Sheik, The</a></i> (1962)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C3%A9h%C3%A9razade_(film)" title="Shéhérazade (film)">Scheherazade</a></i> (1963) starring Anna Karina</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seven_Tasks_of_Ali_Baba" title="The Seven Tasks of Ali Baba">Seven Tasks of Ali Baba, The</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ali Baba and the Sacred Crown</i>, starring Richard Lloyd</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_Girls_of_Sheba" title="Slave Girls of Sheba">Slave Girls of Sheba</a></i> (1963) starring Linda Cristal</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_Queen_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Queen of Babylon">Slave Queen of Babylon</a></i> (1962) Yvonne Furneaux</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Son_of_the_Sheik" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of the Sheik">Son of the Sheik</a></i> (1961) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Kerim, Son of the Sheik</i>, starring Gordon Scott</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sword_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sword of Damascus">Sword of Damascus, The</a></i> (1964) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Thief of Damascus</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sword_of_Islam" title="The Sword of Islam">Sword of Islam, The</a></i> (1961)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Thief_of_Baghdad_(1961_film)" title="The Thief of Baghdad (1961 film)">Thief of Baghdad, The</a></i> (1961) Steve Reeves</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_Gods_of_Babylon" title="War Gods of Babylon">War Gods of Babylon</a></i> (1962) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Seventh Thunderbolt</i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wonders_of_Aladdin" title="The Wonders of Aladdin">Wonders of Aladdin, The</a></i> (1961) Donald O'Connor</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_second_peplum_wave:_the_1980s">The second peplum wave: the 1980s</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The second peplum wave: the 1980s">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>After the peplum gave way to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">spaghetti Western</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurospy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurospy">Eurospy</a> films in 1965, the genre lay dormant for close to 20 years. Then in 1982, the box-office successes of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean-Jacques Annaud">Jean-Jacques Annaud</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quest_for_Fire_(film)" title="Quest for Fire (film)">Quest for Fire</a></i> (1981) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conan_the_Barbarian_(1982_film)" title="Conan the Barbarian (1982 film)">Conan the Barbarian</a></i> (1982) spurred a second renaissance of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">sword and sorcery</a> Italian pepla in the five years immediately following. Most of these films had low budgets, focusing more on barbarians and pirates so as to avoid the need for expensive Greco-Roman sets. The filmmakers tried to compensate for their shortcomings with the addition of some graphic gore and nudity. Many of these 1980s entries were helmed by noted Italian horror film directors (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato" title="Joe D'Amato">Joe D'Amato</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucio_Fulci" title="Lucio Fulci">Lucio Fulci</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luigi_Cozzi" title="Luigi Cozzi">Luigi Cozzi</a>, etc.) and many featured actors <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno" title="Lou Ferrigno">Lou Ferrigno</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miles_O%27Keefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles O'Keefe">Miles O'Keefe</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabrina_Siani" title="Sabrina Siani">Sabrina Siani</a>. Here is a list of the 1980s pepla:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Adam and Eve</i> (1983) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Adamo ed Eva, la prima storia d'amore</i>, contains stock footage from <i>One Million Years B.C.</i> (1966)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ator,_the_Fighting_Eagle" title="Ator, the Fighting Eagle">Ator, the Fighting Eagle</a></i> (1983) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Ator the Invincible</i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miles_O%27Keefe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles O'Keefe">Miles O'Keefe</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabrina_Siani" title="Sabrina Siani">Sabrina Siani</a>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_D%27Amato" title="Joe D'Amato">Joe D'Amato</a></li>
<li><i>Ator 2: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Blade_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blade Master">The Blade Master</a></i> (1985) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Cave Dwellers</i>, starring Miles O’Keefe, directed by Joe D’Amato</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ator_3:_Iron_Warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Ator 3: Iron Warrior">Ator 3: Iron Warrior</a></i> (1986) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Iron Warrior</i>, starring Miles O'Keefe, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfonso_Brescia" title="Alfonso Brescia">Alfonso Brescia</a> (Joe D'Amato disowned this entry in the <i>Ator</i> saga, since it was done without his involvement)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ator_4:_Quest_for_the_Mighty_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Ator 4: Quest for the Mighty Sword">Ator 4: Quest for the Mighty Sword</a></i> (1989) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quest_for_the_Mighty_Sword" title="Quest for the Mighty Sword">Quest for the Mighty Sword</a></i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_Allan_Kramer" title="Eric Allan Kramer">Eric Allan Kramer</a> (as the son of Ator), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laura_Gemser" title="Laura Gemser">Laura Gemser</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marisa_Mell" title="Marisa Mell">Marisa Mell</a>, directed by Joe D'Amato</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbarian_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian Master">Barbarian Master</a></i> (1984) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Sangraal, the Sword of Fire</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_of_the_Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword of the Barbarians">Sword of the Barbarians</a></i>, starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sabrina_Siani" title="Sabrina Siani">Sabrina Siani</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Barbarians_(1987_film)" title="The Barbarians (1987 film)">The Barbarians</a></i> (1987) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Barbarians and Company</i>, semi-comedy starring Peter and David Paul, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruggero_Deodato" title="Ruggero Deodato">Ruggero Deodato</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Cantabrians" title="The Cantabrians">The Cantabrians</a></i> (1980) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Los Cantabros</i>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Naschy" title="Paul Naschy">Paul Naschy</a> in Spain</li>
<li><i>Conqueror of the World</i> (1983) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>I padroni del mondo</i> / <i>Fathers of the World</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Master of the World</i> (a barbarian movie set in prehistoric times) directed by Alberto Cavallone</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conquest_(1983_film)" title="Conquest (1983 film)">Conquest</a></i> (1983) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Conquest of the Lost Land</i>, starring Sabrina Siani, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucio_Fulci" title="Lucio Fulci">Lucio Fulci</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hercules_(1983_film)" title="Hercules (1983 film)">Hercules</a></i> (1983) starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lou_Ferrigno" title="Lou Ferrigno">Lou Ferrigno</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sybil_Danning" title="Sybil Danning">Sybil Danning</a>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luigi_Cozzi" title="Luigi Cozzi">Luigi Cozzi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hercules" title="The Adventures of Hercules">Hercules 2</a></i> (1984) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The Adventures of Hercules</i>, starring Lou Ferrigno, directed by Luigi Cozzi</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hundra" title="Hundra">Hundra</a></i> (1983) Italian/ Spanish Conan ripoff directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Cimber" title="Matt Cimber">Matt Cimber</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Invincible_Barbarian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Invincible Barbarian">The Invincible Barbarian</a></i> (1982) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Gunan, the Warrior</i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gunan,_King_of_the_Barbarians" title="Gunan, King of the Barbarians">Gunan, King of the Barbarians</a></i>, starring Sabrina Siani, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco_Prosperi" title="Franco Prosperi">Franco Prosperi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ironmaster_(film)" title="Ironmaster (film)">Ironmaster</a></i> (1983) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>The War of Iron</i>, co-starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luigi_Montefiori" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Montefiori">Luigi Montefiori</a>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umberto_Lenzi" title="Umberto Lenzi">Umberto Lenzi</a></li>
<li><i>The Seven Magnificent Gladiators</i> (1983) starring Lou Ferrigno and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Vadis" title="Dan Vadis">Dan Vadis</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/She_(1982_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="She (1982 film)">She</a></i> (1982) starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sandahl_Bergman" title="Sandahl Bergman">Sandahl Bergman</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell" title="Gordon Mitchell">Gordon Mitchell</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sinbad_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Sinbad of the Seven Seas">Sinbad of the Seven Seas</a></i> (1988) starring Lou Ferrigno, directed by Luigi Cozzi</li>
<li><i>Thor, the Conqueror</i> (1983) directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tonino_Ricci" title="Tonino Ricci">Tonino Ricci</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Throne_of_Fire_(film)" title="The Throne of Fire (film)">The Throne of Fire</a></i> (1983) starring Sabrina Siani, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franco_Prosperi" title="Franco Prosperi">Franco Prosperi</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yor,_the_Hunter_from_the_Future" title="Yor, the Hunter from the Future">Yor, the Hunter from the Future</a></i> (1983) starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reb_Brown" title="Reb Brown">Reb Brown</a>, directed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti" title="Antonio Margheriti">Antonio Margheriti</a> (a barbarian film that has science fiction elements in the story)</li></ul>
<p>A group of so-called "porno peplum" films were devoted to Roman emperors, especially - but not only - to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>' spouse <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Messalina" title="Messalina">Messalina</a>:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caligula_(film)" title="Caligula (film)">Caligula</a></i> (1979) directed by Tinto Brass</li>
<li><i>A Filha de Calígula</i> (1981) directed by Ody Fraga</li>
<li><i>Caligula and Messalina</i> (1981) directed by Bruno Mattei</li>
<li><i>My Nights with Messalina</i> (1982) directed by Jaime J. Puig</li>
<li><i>Nerone and Poppea</i> (1982) directed by Bruno Mattei</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caligula..._The_Untold_Story" title="Caligula... The Untold Story">Caligula... The Untold Story</a></i> (1982) directed by Joe D'Amato</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Orgies_of_Caligula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orgies of Caligula (page does not exist)">Orgies of Caligula</a></i> (1984) <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Caligula%27s_Slaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caligula's Slaves (page does not exist)">Caligula's Slaves</a></i>, <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> <i>Roma, l'antica chiave dei sensi</i></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Lucanio, <i>With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968</i> (Scarecrow Press, 1994; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r982806391">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810828162" title="Special:BookSources/0810828162">0810828162</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-O'Brien-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhhHBQAAQBAJ"><i>Classical Masculinity and the Spectacular Body on Film: The Mighty Sons of Hercules</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137384713" title="Special:BookSources/9781137384713"><bdi>9781137384713</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Masculinity+and+the+Spectacular+Body+on+Film%3A+The+Mighty+Sons+of+Hercules&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137384713&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxhhHBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kinnard1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinnard1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinnard1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKinnardCrnkovich2017" class="citation book cs1">Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IO08DgAAQBAJ"><i>Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908–1990</i></a>. McFarland. p. 1. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476662916" title="Special:BookSources/9781476662916"><bdi>9781476662916</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Sword+and+Sandal+Films%2C+1908%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476662916&rft.aulast=Kinnard&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Crnkovich%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIO08DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-A_History_of_Italian_Cinema-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_History_of_Italian_Cinema_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBondanellaPacchioni2017" class="citation book cs1">Bondanella, Peter; Pacchioni, Federico (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbM2DwAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Italian Cinema</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 166. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501307645" title="Special:BookSources/9781501307645"><bdi>9781501307645</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Italian+Cinema&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781501307645&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Pacchioni%2C+Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbM2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Della Casa, Steve; Giusti, Marco (2013). "Il Grande Libro di Ercole". <i>Edizione Sabinae</i>. Page 194. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-98623-051" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-98623-051">978-88-98623-051</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://letterboxd.com/film/kino-kolossal-herkules-maciste-co/">https://letterboxd.com/film/kino-kolossal-herkules-maciste-co/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPYHAQAAMAAJ">"Cineforum"</a> (in Italian). <b>29</b> (#1–6). Federazione italiana cineforum. 1989: 62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cineforum&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=%231%E2%80%936&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPYHAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-hidden-error error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy2008" class="citation book cs1">Pomeroy, Arthur J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh3uAAAAMAAJ"><i><span></span>'Then it Was Destroyed by the Volcano': The Ancient World in Film and on Television</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 67. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715630266" title="Special:BookSources/9780715630266"><bdi>9780715630266</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Then+it+Was+Destroyed+by+the+Volcano%27%3A+The+Ancient+World+in+Film+and+on+Television&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780715630266&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHh3uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNikoloutsos2013" class="citation book cs1">Nikoloutsos, Konstantinos P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0cXAgAAQBAJ"><i>Ancient Greek Women in Film</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 139. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199678921" title="Special:BookSources/9780199678921"><bdi>9780199678921</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Women+in+Film&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199678921&rft.aulast=Nikoloutsos&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0cXAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBayman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bayman, Louis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QX3v03WY5cC"><i>Directory of World Cinema: Italy</i></a>. Intellect Books. p. 177. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841504001" title="Special:BookSources/9781841504001"><bdi>9781841504001</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Directory+of+World+Cinema%3A+Italy&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781841504001&rft.aulast=Bayman&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QX3v03WY5cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDiak2018" class="citation book cs1">Diak, Nicholas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dThCDwAAQBAJ"><i>The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s</i></a>. McFarland. p. 195. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476631509" title="Special:BookSources/9781476631509"><bdi>9781476631509</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Peplum%3A+Essays+on+Sword+and+Sandal+Films+and+Television+Programs+Since+the+1990s&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781476631509&rft.aulast=Diak&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdThCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHähnel-MesnardLiénard-YeterianMarinas2008" class="citation book cs1">Hähnel-Mesnard, Carola; Liénard-Yeterian, Marie; Marinas, Cristina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sgeXnZBzY64C"><i>Culture et mémoire: représentations contemporaines de la mémoire dans les espaces mémoriels, les arts du visuel, la littérature et le théâtre</i></a> (in French). Editions Ecole Polytechnique. p. 245. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782730214926" title="Special:BookSources/9782730214926"><bdi>9782730214926</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+et+m%C3%A9moire%3A+repr%C3%A9sentations+contemporaines+de+la+m%C3%A9moire+dans+les+espaces+m%C3%A9moriels%2C+les+arts+du+visuel%2C+la+litt%C3%A9rature+et+le+th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Editions+Ecole+Polytechnique&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782730214926&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4hnel-Mesnard&rft.aufirst=Carola&rft.au=Li%C3%A9nard-Yeterian%2C+Marie&rft.au=Marinas%2C+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsgeXnZBzY64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner-Idan1995" class="citation book cs1">Brenner-Idan, Athalya (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-jhVJH1cMsC"><i>Feminist Companion to Esther, Judith and Susanna</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 81. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567491459" title="Special:BookSources/9780567491459"><bdi>9780567491459</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Companion+to+Esther%2C+Judith+and+Susanna&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780567491459&rft.aulast=Brenner-Idan&rft.aufirst=Athalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-jhVJH1cMsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ4MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22sword+and+sandal%22"><i>Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London</i></a>. Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies+of+the+University+of+London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Classical+Studies+of+the+University+of+London.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQ4MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522sword%2Band%2Bsandal%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRitzerSchulze2016" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, Ivo; Schulze, Peter W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPl4DwAAQBAJ"><i>Genre Hybridisation: Global Cinematic Flow</i></a>. Schüren Verlag. p. 65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783741000416" title="Special:BookSources/9783741000416"><bdi>9783741000416</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genre+Hybridisation%3A+Global+Cinematic+Flow&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Sch%C3%BCren+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783741000416&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft.au=Schulze%2C+Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPl4DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKleinPalmer2016" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Amanda Ann; Palmer, R. Barton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VS1YCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44"><i>Cycles, Sequels, Spin-offs, Remakes, and Reboots: Multiplicities in Film and Television</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477308196" title="Special:BookSources/9781477308196"><bdi>9781477308196</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cycles%2C+Sequels%2C+Spin-offs%2C+Remakes%2C+and+Reboots%3A+Multiplicities+in+Film+and+Television&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781477308196&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Amanda+Ann&rft.au=Palmer%2C+R.+Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVS1YCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius2011" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius, Michael G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fyTXCoiaAe4C"><i>Of Muscles and Men: Essays on the Sword and Sandal Film</i></a>. McFarland. p. 15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786489022" title="Special:BookSources/9780786489022"><bdi>9780786489022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Muscles+and+Men%3A+Essays+on+the+Sword+and+Sandal+Film&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780786489022&rft.aulast=Cornelius&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfyTXCoiaAe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMichelakisWykePucci2013" class="citation book cs1">Michelakis, Pantelis; Wyke, Maria; Pucci, Giuseppe (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaQ0AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Ancient World in Silent Cinema</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–261. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107016101" title="Special:BookSources/9781107016101"><bdi>9781107016101</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+World+in+Silent+Cinema&rft.pages=247-261&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107016101&rft.aulast=Michelakis&rft.aufirst=Pantelis&rft.au=Wyke%2C+Maria&rft.au=Pucci%2C+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaQ0AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kinnard,_Roy_2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinnard,_Roy_2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinnard,_Roy_2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinnard, Roy; Crnkovich, Tony (2017). <i>Italian Sword and Sandal Films, 1908-1990</i>. McFarland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1476662916" title="Special:BookSources/1476662916">1476662916</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Roberto_Chiti_1991-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberto_Chiti_1991_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberto_Chiti_1991_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. <i>Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film.</i> Gremese 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/8876055487" title="Special:BookSources/8876055487">8876055487</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Poppi, Mario Pecorari. <i>Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film.</i> Gremese Editore 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/8884405033" title="Special:BookSources/8884405033">8884405033</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2011" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Howard (30 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C5_3AgAAQBAJ&q=rosalba+neri+kindar&pg=PA38"><i>Cinema Italiano: The Complete Guide from Classics to Cult</i></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857730442" title="Special:BookSources/9780857730442"><bdi>9780857730442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinema+Italiano%3A+The+Complete+Guide+from+Classics+to+Cult&rft.date=2011-04-30&rft.isbn=9780857730442&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC5_3AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Drosalba%2Bneri%2Bkindar%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASword-and-sandal" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/">http://www.tcm.turner.com/tcmdb/title/78700/Hundra/</a></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Diak, Nicholas, editor. <i>The New Peplum: Essays on Sword and Sandal Films and Television Programs Since the 1990s</i>. McFarland and Company, Inc. 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6762-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-6762-1">978-1-4766-6762-1</a></li>
<li>Richard Dyer: "The White Man's Muscles" in R. Dyer: <i>White</i>: London: Routledge: 1997: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09537-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09537-9">0-415-09537-9</a></li>
<li>David Chapman: <i>Retro Studs: Muscle Movie Posters from Around the World</i>: Portland: Collectors Press: 2002: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888054-69-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-888054-69-7">1-888054-69-7</a></li>
<li>Hervé Dumont, <i>L'Antiquité au cinéma. Vérités, légendes et manipulations</i> (Nouveau-Monde, 2009; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84736-434-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-84736-434-X">2-84736-434-X</a>)</li>
<li>Florent Fourcart, <i>Le Péplum italien (1946–1966) : Grandeur et décadence d'une antiquité populaire</i> (2012, CinExploitation; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/291551786X" title="Special:BookSources/291551786X">291551786X</a>)</li>
<li>Maggie Gunsberg: "Heroic Bodies: The Culture of Masculinity in Peplums" in M. Gunsberg: <i>Italian Cinema: Gender and Genre</i>: Houndsmill: Palgrave Macmillan: 2005: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-75115-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-75115-9">0-333-75115-9</a></li>
<li>Patrick Lucanio, <i>With Fire and Sword: Italian Spectacles on American Screens, 1958–1968</i> (Scarecrow Press, 1994; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810828162" title="Special:BookSources/0810828162">0810828162</a>)</li>
<li>Irmbert Schenk: "The Cinematic Support to Nationalist(ic) Mythology: The Italian Peplum 1910–1930" in Natascha Gentz and Stefan Kramer (eds.) <i>Globalization, Cultural Identities and Media Representations</i> Albany: State University of New York Press: 2006: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6684-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6684-1">0-7914-6684-1</a></li>
<li>Stephen Flacassier: "Muscles, Myths and Movies": Rabbit's Garage: 1994 : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r982806391"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9641643-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9641643-0-2">0-9641643-0-2</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Films">Films</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PublicDomainMercuryFilmsSiriusCICCAvalaFilmandMedallionPicturesTheAvengerTheLegendofAeneas"><i>The Avenger</i></a> by <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Rivalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia Rivalta (page does not exist)">Georgia Rivalta</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a> stars as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HerculesUnchained"><i>Hercules Unchained</i></a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pietro_Francisci" title="Pietro Francisci">Pietro Francisci</a>, director.)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheGiantOfMetropolis1961"><i>The Giant of Metropolis</i></a> (starring <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gordon_Mitchell" title="Gordon Mitchell">Gordon Mitchell</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umberto_Scarpelli" title="Umberto Scarpelli">Umberto Scarpelli</a>, director)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Hercules_and_the_Tyrants_of_Babylon"><i>Hercules and the Tyrants of Babylon</i></a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domenico_Paolella" title="Domenico Paolella">Domenico Paolella</a>, dir.)</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Images_and_discussion">Images and discussion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Sword-and-sandal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Images and discussion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.briansdriveintheater.com/hercules.html"><i>The Many Faces of Hercules</i> at Brian's Drive-In Theatre</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peplums.info">PEPLVM - Images de l'Antiquité, par Michel Eloy</a> (in French)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703120325/http://www.hervedumont.ch/content/fr/antiquite_maj.php">Cinéma & Histoire: L'Antiquité au Cinéma</a> (in French), by Hervé Dumont.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sinistercinema.com">http://www.sinistercinema.com</a> (source of peplum DVD's)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.somethingweird.com">http://www.somethingweird.com</a> (source of peplum DVD's)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.santoandfriends.com">http://www.santoandfriends.com</a> ; (filmography of Mexican muscleman films)</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Exploitation_film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Exploitation_film" title="Template talk:Exploitation film"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Exploitation_film&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Exploitation_film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation film</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War / Macaroni Combat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hippie_exploitation_films" title="Hippie exploitation films">Hippie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas film</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sword-and-sandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vansploitation" title="Vansploitation">Vansploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women in prison</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Historical_fiction" title="Template:Historical fiction"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_fiction" title="Template talk:Historical fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Historical_fiction&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*Fiction_*Novel_*List">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">Novel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_historical_fiction_by_time_period" title="List of historical fiction by time period">List</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Historical romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_saga" title="Family saga">Family saga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate novel</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical drama</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">films</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film" title="Middle Ages in film">Middle Ages in film</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films based on Arthurian legend">Arthurian films</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peplum_film_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum film genre">Peplum film genre</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">Asian films</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai cinema</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia#Samurai_cinema_and_jidaigeki_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">films</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Wuxia_films" title="Category:Wuxia films">Wuxia films</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Wuxia_television_series" title="Category:Wuxia television series">wuxia tv series</a>)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Historical_comics" title="Category:Historical comics">Historical comics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">History play</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Historical grand opera</a> <small>(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">by historical figures</a>)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:History" title="Category:History">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_film_genres_and_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Italian_film_genres" title="Template:Italian film genres"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_film_genres" title="Template talk:Italian film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Italian_film_genres&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_film_genres_and_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian cinema">Italian film genres and movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s-1940s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinecitt%C3%A0" title="Cinecittà">Cinecittà</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s-1980s</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibal_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibal films">Cannibal films</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibal_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannibal boom">Cannibal boom</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy / Spaghetti Spy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Macaroni_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaroni Combat">Macaroni Combat / Euro War / Spaghetti War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mondo_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondo films">Mondo films</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peplum_(film_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum (film genre)">Peplum / Sword-and-Sandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Il_sadiconazista" class="mw-redirect" title="Il sadiconazista">Sadiconazista</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_prison_film#Italian_films" title="Women in prison film">Women in prison</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Film_genres&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">Film genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arthouse_action_film" title="Arthouse action film">Arthouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy-drama" title="Comedy-drama">Dramedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Screwball_comedy_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwball comedy film">Screwball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy-drama" title="Comedy-drama">Dramedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melodrama#Film" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_tale#Film" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_realism" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Gothic#Film_and_television" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_Gothic#Film" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Holiday_horror" title="Holiday horror">Holiday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumblecore#Influences_on_other_genres" title="Mumblecore">Mumblegore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psycho-biddy" title="Psycho-biddy">Psycho-biddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Religious_horror_films" title="Category:Religious horror films">Religious</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumblecore#Influences_on_other_genres" title="Mumblecore">Mumblegore</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pop_culture_fiction" title="Pop culture fiction">Pop culture fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_universe_(fiction)#Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel universe (fiction)">Parallel universe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction#Film_and_television" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buddy_cop_film" title="Buddy cop film">Buddy cop</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chicano_films" title="Chicano films">Chicano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mafia_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafia comedy">Mafia comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Funny_animal" title="Funny animal">Funny animal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Gothic#Film_and_television" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_Gothic#Film" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films" title="List of LGBT-related films">LGBT</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yaoi" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuxia#Films" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jiangshi_fiction#Hong_Kong_cinema" title="Jiangshi fiction">Jiangshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vampire_films" title="Vampire films">Vampire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werewolf_fiction#Films" title="Werewolf fiction">Werewolf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture#Films" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shomin-geki" title="Shomin-geki">Shomin-geki</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slice_of_life#Cinema" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sword-and-sandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meat_pie_Western" title="Meat pie Western">Meat pie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Erra_Cinema" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Expressionism" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_French_Extremity" title="New French Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Generation (Malayalam film movement)">New Generation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Queer_Cinema" title="New Queer Cinema">New Queer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persian_Film" title="Persian Film">Persian Film</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pra%C5%A1ka_filmska_%C5%A1kola" class="mw-redirect" title="Praška filmska škola">Praška filmska škola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soviet_Parallel_Cinema" title="Soviet Parallel Cinema">Soviet Parallel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sword-and-sandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Men
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_and_white" title="Black and white">Black-and-white</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer_screen_film" title="Computer screen film">Computer screen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grindhouse" title="Grindhouse">Grindhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_film_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Major film studio">Major studio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Making-of" title="Making-of">Making-of</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Fantasy_fiction&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*History_*Literature_*Magic_*Sources">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li>Action-adventure
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heroic_fantasy" title="Heroic fantasy">Heroic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sword-and-sandal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sword-and-sorcery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword-and-sorcery">Sword-and-sorcery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairytales" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairytales">Fairytales</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juvenile_fantasy" title="Juvenile fantasy">Juvenile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical realism">Magical realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li>
<li>"Retro"
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaslamp_fantasy" title="Gaslamp fantasy">Gaslamp fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dying_Earth_genre" title="Dying Earth genre">Dying Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">List of novels (A–H)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">(I–R)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">(S–Z)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Newcastle_Forgotten_Fantasy_Library" title="Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library">Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="Inklings">Inklings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_religious_ideas_in_fantasy_fiction" title="List of religious ideas in fantasy fiction">Religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Awards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balrog_Award" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_tropes" title="Fantasy tropes">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Familiar_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Familiar spirit">Familiars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Lycanthropes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">Spirits</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dark_Lord" title="Dark Lord">Dark Lord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_system" title="Magic system">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a> / <a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">Light</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fictional_magic_schools" title="List of fictional magic schools">Schools</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Fantasy_creatures" title="Category:Fantasy creatures">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" title="Dwarf (mythology)">Dwarves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fantastic" title="Fantastic">Fantastic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_hybrid" title="Human–animal hybrid">Human–animal hybrid</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magic_realism" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero fiction</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Outline" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Outline" width="10" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_fantasy" title="Outline of fantasy">Outline</a></li>
<li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Fantasy" title="Category:Fantasy">Category</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433443#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433443#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1433443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/GND_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="GND (identifier)">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/7565752-1">7565752-1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2002001446">sh2002001446</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1608666699 |
