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{{Distinguish|Buffalo Bill}}
{{Infobox character
| color = #001
| name = Buffalo Bill
| series = [[Hannibal Lecter (franchise)|Hannibal Lecter]]
| image = Bill iconic scene.jpg
| caption = Ted Levine as Buffalo Bill in ''The Silence of the Lambs''.
| first = ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''
| creator = [[Thomas Harris]]
| portrayer = [[Ted Levine]]
| occupation = Tailor
| alias = John Grant<br />Jack Gordon
| gender = Male
}}
'''Jame Gumb''' (known by the nickname "'''Buffalo Bill'''") is a fictional character and the main [[antagonist]] of [[Thomas Harris]]'s 1988 [[novel]] ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'' and its 1991 [[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|film adaptation]], in which he is played by [[Ted Levine]]. In the film and the novel, he is a [[serial killer]] who murders overweight women and skins them so he can make a "woman suit" for himself.
==Overview==
===Background===
Gumb was born in California in 1948 or 1949. It is stated that "The 'Jame' on his birth certificate apparently was a clerical error that no one bothered to correct." Gumb’s mother, an aspiring actress, went into an alcoholic decline after her career failed to materialize, and Los Angeles County placed Gumb in a foster home when he was two. The novel goes on to tell of Gumb living in foster homes until the age of 10, when he is adopted by his grandparents, who become his first victims when he impulsively kills them at age 12. He is institutionalized in Tulare Vocational Rehabilitation, a [[psychiatric hospital]] where he learns to be a tailor. Later, Gumb has a relationship with Benjamin Raspail. After Raspail leaves him, he kills Raspail's new lover, Klaus, and [[flaying|flays]] him.<ref name="silence">{{cite book | last=Harris | first=Thomas | year=1991 | title=The Silence Of The Lambs | publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks | isbn=0-312-92458-5 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/silenceoflambs00harr_1 }}</ref>
The screenplay omits Gumb's backstory, but does imply that he had a traumatic childhood. In the film, [[Hannibal Lecter]] summarizes Gumb's life thus: "Our Billy wasn’t born a criminal, Clarice. He was made one through years of systematic abuse."
Both the novel and film depict Gumb as confused and self-hating with signs of having [[transgender|gender dysphoria]], though multiple characters state that Gumb is not transgender. In the novel, multiple examples of how Gumb does not fit the psychological profile of a real transsexual are given. Gumb wants to become a woman — or at least believes he does — but is deemed too psychologically disturbed to qualify for [[gender reassignment surgery]]. He kills women so he can skin them and create a "woman suit" for himself, completing his "transformation" — a theme explored in several aspects throughout the film and novel, most notably and obviously with the [[metamorphosis]] of the '[[Death's-head hawkmoth|death’s head moth]]' which Gumb stuffs a chrysalis of into his victims’ throats after he kills them.
===Modus Operandi===
Gumb's [[modus operandi]] is to approach a woman while pretending to be injured, ask for help, then knock her out in a surprise attack and kidnap her. He takes her to his house and leaves her in a well in his basement, where he starves her until her skin is loose enough to easily remove. In the first two cases, he leads the victims upstairs, slips nooses around their necks and pushes them from the stairs, strangling them. He then skins parts of their body (a different section on each victim), and then dumps each body into a different river, destroying any trace of evidence.<ref name="silence"/>
This MO caused the homicide squad to nickname him Buffalo Bill ([[Buffalo Bill#Buffalo Bill's Wild West|Buffalo Bill's Wild West]] show typically claimed that [[Buffalo Bill Cody]] had [[scalping|scalped]] a [[Cheyenne]] warrior). One officer quipped it was because he "skins his humps." He also inserts a [[death's head moth]] into the victim's throat because he is fascinated by the insect's [[metamorphosis]], a process that he wants to undergo by becoming a woman. In the case of Gumb's first victim, Fredrica Bimmel, he weighs down her body, so she ends up being the third victim found. In the case of the fourth victim, he shoots rather than strangles her.<ref name="silence"/>
At the start of the novel, Gumb has already murdered five women. [[Behavioral Science Unit]] Chief [[Jack Crawford (character)|Jack Crawford]] assigns gifted trainee [[Clarice Starling]] to question incarcerated serial killer [[Hannibal Lecter]] about the case. (Lecter had met Gumb while treating Raspail.) When Gumb kidnaps Catherine Martin, the daughter of U.S. Senator Ruth Martin, Lecter offers to give Starling a [[offender profiling|psychological profile]] of the killer in return for a transfer to a federal institution; this profile is mostly made up of cryptic clues designed to help Starling figure it out for herself. Starling eventually deduces from Lecter's riddles that Gumb knew his first victim, Frederica Bimmel, and goes to Bimmel's hometown of [[Belvedere, Ohio]] to gather information. By this time, Crawford has already found out the killer's true identity and gone with a [[SWAT]] team to his house to arrest him, but they find that it is only a business address. Meanwhile, Starling goes to the home of Bimmel's employer, Mrs. Lippman, only to find Gumb — calling himself "Jack Gordon" — living there. (Gumb had murdered Mrs. Lippman earlier.)
When Starling sees a moth flutter by, she realizes she has found the killer and orders him to surrender. Gumb flees into the basement and stalks her with a revolver and night vision goggles. Just as he is about to shoot Starling, she hears him behind her, turns around and opens fire, killing him. In the novel, he addresses his final words to her, asking her, "How does it feel to be so beautiful?"
==Influences==
Harris based various elements of Gumb's MO on seven real-life serial killers:<ref>{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=Bruno|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html|title=All About Hannibal Lecter - Facts and Fiction|website=[[Crime Library]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting Systems]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011121704/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=Salon>{{cite web|first=David|last=Bowman|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/07/08/profiler/|title=Profiler|website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|publisher=[[Salon Media Group]]|location=San Francisco, California|date=July 8, 1999}}</ref>
* [[Jerry Brudos]], who strangled his victims, dressed up in their clothing and kept their shoes.
* [[Ed Gein]], who fashioned trophies and keepsakes from the bones and skin of corpses he dug up at cemeteries. He also made a female skin suit and skin masks.
* [[Ted Bundy]], who pretended to be injured (using an arm-brace or crutches) as a ploy to ask his victims for help. When they helped him, he incapacitated and killed them.
* [[Gary M. Heidnik]], who kidnapped, raped and tortured six women while holding them prisoner in a pit, where two died.
* [[Edmund Kemper]], who, like Gumb, killed his grandparents as a teenager "just to see what it felt like."
* [[Gary Ridgway]], the Green River Killer (still unidentified at the time of the novel's writing), who, like Gumb, dumped women's bodies in rivers and inserted foreign objects into their corpses.
*[[Alfredo Ballí Treviño]], Mexican serial killer who murdered his boyfriend and then decapitated him. Also suspected of killing several hitch-hikers. <ref>https://decaturian.com/arts/2019/02/25/villain-spotlight/</ref>
==Analysis==
Marjorie Garber, author of ''Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety'', asserts that despite the book and the film indicating that Buffalo Bill merely ''believes'' himself to be [[transsexualism|transsexual]], they still imply negative connotations about transsexual identity. Garber says, "Harris's book manifests its cultural anxiety through a kind of baroque bravado of plot," and calls the book "a fable of [[gender dysphoria]] gone spectacularly awry".<ref>{{cite book | last=Garber | first=Marjorie | date=1997 | title=Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety | publisher=[[Routledge]] | location=Abingdon, England|page=116 | isbn=978-0-415-91951-7 }}</ref>
Barbara Creed, writing in ''Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in the Hollywood Cinema'', says that Buffalo Bill wants to become a woman "presumably because he sees femininity as a more desirable state, possibly a superior one". For Buffalo Bill, the woman is "[a] [[totem]] animal". Not only does he want to wear women's skin, he wants to become a woman; he dresses in women's clothes and tucks his penis behind his legs to appear female. Creed writes, "To experience a rebirth as woman, Buffalo Bill must wear the skin of woman not just to experience a physical transformation but also to acquire the ''power of transformation'' associated with woman's ability to give birth." Buffalo Bill wears the skin of his totem animal to assume its power.<ref>{{cite book | last=Creed | first=Barbara | date=1993 | chapter=Dark Desires: Male masochism in the horror film | editor1-last=Cohan | editor1-first=Steven | editor2-last=Hark | editor2-first=Ina Rae | title=Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in the Hollywood Cinema | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Ijvzk6dR0C&q=buffalo+bill | publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, England| pages=126–127 | isbn=978-0-415-07759-0 }}</ref>
[[Jack Halberstam]], author of ''Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters'', writes, "The cause for Buffalo Bill's extreme violence against women lies not in his gender confusion or his sexual orientation but in his [[humanism|humanist]] presumption that his sex and his gender and his orientation must all match-up to a mythic [[norm (social)|norm]] of white [[heterosexual]] masculinity." Halberstam says Buffalo Bill symbolizes a lack of ease with one's skin. He writes that the character is also a combination of [[Victor Frankenstein]] and [[Frankenstein's monster|his monster]] in how he is the creator gathering body parts and experimenting with his own body. Halberstam writes, "He does not understand gender as inherent, innate; he reads it only as a surface effect, a representation, an external attribute engineered into identity." Buffalo Bill challenges "the interiority of gender" by taking skin and remaking it into a costume.<ref>{{cite book | last=Halberstam | first= Jack | date=1995 | chapter=Skinflick: Posthuman Gender in Jonathan Demme's ''The Silence of the Lambs'' | title=Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters | publisher=[[Duke University Press Books]] | location=Durham, North Carolina| isbn=978-0-8223-1663-3 }}</ref>
==Controversy==
The film adaptation of ''Silence of the Lambs'' was criticized by some [[gay rights]] groups for its portrayal of Gumb as [[bisexual]] and [[transgender]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Charles, Jr.|last=Cassady|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Silence-Lambs.html|title=Common Sense Media review of ''The Silence of the Lambs''|website=[[Common Sense Media]]|location=San Francisco, California|date=July 11, 2005}}</ref> A [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] sex-reassignment surgeon, present in the book but not the film (his scene was deleted and is found in bonus materials on the [[DVD]]), protests exactly the same thing. FBI Director [[Jack Crawford (character)|Jack Crawford]] pacifies him by repeating that Gumb is not in fact transsexual, but merely believes himself to be. In the film, a similar scene is shown with Starling and Lecter in the same roles as the surgeon and Crawford, respectively. In the director's commentary for the 1991 film, director [[Jonathan Demme]] draws attention to various [[Instant film|Polaroids]] taken of Buffalo Bill in the company of strippers; these are visible in Gumb's basement in the film.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hannibal|state=autocollapse}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buffalo Bill}}
[[Category:Hannibal Lecter characters]]
[[Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Fictional characters based on real people]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from California]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders]]
[[Category:Fictional cross-dressers]]
[[Category:Fictional kidnappers]]
[[Category:Fictional LGBT characters in film]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Fictional torturers]]
[[Category:Male horror film villains]]
[[Category:Male literary villains]]
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]
[[Category:LGBT villains]]
[[Category:Fictional LGBT characters in literature]]
[[Category:Psychopathy in fiction]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Fictional character from The Silence of the Lambs}}
{{Distinguish|Buffalo Bill}}
{{Infobox character
| color = #001
| name = Annie Bill
| series = [[Hannibal Lecter (franchise)|Hannibal Lecter]]
| image = Bill iconic scene.jpg
| caption = Annie Bell as Annie Bill in ''The Silence of the Lambs''.
| first = ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''
| creator = [[Thomas Harris]]
| portrayer = [[Annie-bell]]
| occupation = The west.net server serial killer
| alias = Purple queen <br />Energizer bunny dramatic queen
| gender = Feamale
}}
'''Jame Gumb''' (known by the nickname "'''Buffalo Bill'''") is a fictional character and the main [[antagonist]] of [[Thomas Harris]]'s 1988 [[novel]] ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'' and its 1991 [[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|film adaptation]], in which he is played by [[Ted Levine]]. In the film and the novel, he is a [[serial killer]] who murders overweight women and skins them so he can make a "woman suit" for himself.
==Overview==
===Background===
Gumb was born in California in 1948 or 1949. It is stated that "The 'Jame' on his birth certificate apparently was a clerical error that no one bothered to correct." Gumb’s mother, an aspiring actress, went into an alcoholic decline after her career failed to materialize, and Los Angeles County placed Gumb in a foster home when he was two. The novel goes on to tell of Gumb living in foster homes until the age of 10, when he is adopted by his grandparents, who become his first victims when he impulsively kills them at age 12. He is institutionalized in Tulare Vocational Rehabilitation, a [[psychiatric hospital]] where he learns to be a tailor. Later, Gumb has a relationship with Benjamin Raspail. After Raspail leaves him, he kills Raspail's new lover, Klaus, and [[flaying|flays]] him.<ref name="silence">{{cite book | last=Harris | first=Thomas | year=1991 | title=The Silence Of The Lambs | publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks | isbn=0-312-92458-5 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/silenceoflambs00harr_1 }}</ref>
The screenplay omits Gumb's backstory, but does imply that he had a traumatic childhood. In the film, [[Hannibal Lecter]] summarizes Gumb's life thus: "Our Billy wasn’t born a criminal, Clarice. He was made one through years of systematic abuse."
Both the novel and film depict Gumb as confused and self-hating with signs of having [[transgender|gender dysphoria]], though multiple characters state that Gumb is not transgender. In the novel, multiple examples of how Gumb does not fit the psychological profile of a real transsexual are given. Gumb wants to become a woman — or at least believes he does — but is deemed too psychologically disturbed to qualify for [[gender reassignment surgery]]. He kills women so he can skin them and create a "woman suit" for himself, completing his "transformation" — a theme explored in several aspects throughout the film and novel, most notably and obviously with the [[metamorphosis]] of the '[[Death's-head hawkmoth|death’s head moth]]' which Gumb stuffs a chrysalis of into his victims’ throats after he kills them.
===Modus Operandi===
Gumb's [[modus operandi]] is to approach a woman while pretending to be injured, ask for help, then knock her out in a surprise attack and kidnap her. He takes her to his house and leaves her in a well in his basement, where he starves her until her skin is loose enough to easily remove. In the first two cases, he leads the victims upstairs, slips nooses around their necks and pushes them from the stairs, strangling them. He then skins parts of their body (a different section on each victim), and then dumps each body into a different river, destroying any trace of evidence.<ref name="silence"/>
This MO caused the homicide squad to nickname him Buffalo Bill ([[Buffalo Bill#Buffalo Bill's Wild West|Buffalo Bill's Wild West]] show typically claimed that [[Buffalo Bill Cody]] had [[scalping|scalped]] a [[Cheyenne]] warrior). One officer quipped it was because he "skins his humps." He also inserts a [[death's head moth]] into the victim's throat because he is fascinated by the insect's [[metamorphosis]], a process that he wants to undergo by becoming a woman. In the case of Gumb's first victim, Fredrica Bimmel, he weighs down her body, so she ends up being the third victim found. In the case of the fourth victim, he shoots rather than strangles her.<ref name="silence"/>
At the start of the novel, Gumb has already murdered five women. [[Behavioral Science Unit]] Chief [[Jack Crawford (character)|Jack Crawford]] assigns gifted trainee [[Clarice Starling]] to question incarcerated serial killer [[Hannibal Lecter]] about the case. (Lecter had met Gumb while treating Raspail.) When Gumb kidnaps Catherine Martin, the daughter of U.S. Senator Ruth Martin, Lecter offers to give Starling a [[offender profiling|psychological profile]] of the killer in return for a transfer to a federal institution; this profile is mostly made up of cryptic clues designed to help Starling figure it out for herself. Starling eventually deduces from Lecter's riddles that Gumb knew his first victim, Frederica Bimmel, and goes to Bimmel's hometown of [[Belvedere, Ohio]] to gather information. By this time, Crawford has already found out the killer's true identity and gone with a [[SWAT]] team to his house to arrest him, but they find that it is only a business address. Meanwhile, Starling goes to the home of Bimmel's employer, Mrs. Lippman, only to find Gumb — calling himself "Jack Gordon" — living there. (Gumb had murdered Mrs. Lippman earlier.)
When Starling sees a moth flutter by, she realizes she has found the killer and orders him to surrender. Gumb flees into the basement and stalks her with a revolver and night vision goggles. Just as he is about to shoot Starling, she hears him behind her, turns around and opens fire, killing him. In the novel, he addresses his final words to her, asking her, "How does it feel to be so beautiful?"
==Influences==
Harris based various elements of Gumb's MO on seven real-life serial killers:<ref>{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=Bruno|url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html|title=All About Hannibal Lecter - Facts and Fiction|website=[[Crime Library]]|publisher=[[Turner Broadcasting Systems]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011121704/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref><ref name=Salon>{{cite web|first=David|last=Bowman|url=http://www.salon.com/1999/07/08/profiler/|title=Profiler|website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|publisher=[[Salon Media Group]]|location=San Francisco, California|date=July 8, 1999}}</ref>
* [[Jerry Brudos]], who strangled his victims, dressed up in their clothing and kept their shoes.
* [[Ed Gein]], who fashioned trophies and keepsakes from the bones and skin of corpses he dug up at cemeteries. He also made a female skin suit and skin masks.
* [[Ted Bundy]], who pretended to be injured (using an arm-brace or crutches) as a ploy to ask his victims for help. When they helped him, he incapacitated and killed them.
* [[Gary M. Heidnik]], who kidnapped, raped and tortured six women while holding them prisoner in a pit, where two died.
* [[Edmund Kemper]], who, like Gumb, killed his grandparents as a teenager "just to see what it felt like."
* [[Gary Ridgway]], the Green River Killer (still unidentified at the time of the novel's writing), who, like Gumb, dumped women's bodies in rivers and inserted foreign objects into their corpses.
*[[Alfredo Ballí Treviño]], Mexican serial killer who murdered his boyfriend and then decapitated him. Also suspected of killing several hitch-hikers. <ref>https://decaturian.com/arts/2019/02/25/villain-spotlight/</ref>
==Analysis==
Marjorie Garber, author of ''Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety'', asserts that despite the book and the film indicating that Buffalo Bill merely ''believes'' himself to be [[transsexualism|transsexual]], they still imply negative connotations about transsexual identity. Garber says, "Harris's book manifests its cultural anxiety through a kind of baroque bravado of plot," and calls the book "a fable of [[gender dysphoria]] gone spectacularly awry".<ref>{{cite book | last=Garber | first=Marjorie | date=1997 | title=Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety | publisher=[[Routledge]] | location=Abingdon, England|page=116 | isbn=978-0-415-91951-7 }}</ref>
Barbara Creed, writing in ''Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in the Hollywood Cinema'', says that Buffalo Bill wants to become a woman "presumably because he sees femininity as a more desirable state, possibly a superior one". For Buffalo Bill, the woman is "[a] [[totem]] animal". Not only does he want to wear women's skin, he wants to become a woman; he dresses in women's clothes and tucks his penis behind his legs to appear female. Creed writes, "To experience a rebirth as woman, Buffalo Bill must wear the skin of woman not just to experience a physical transformation but also to acquire the ''power of transformation'' associated with woman's ability to give birth." Buffalo Bill wears the skin of his totem animal to assume its power.<ref>{{cite book | last=Creed | first=Barbara | date=1993 | chapter=Dark Desires: Male masochism in the horror film | editor1-last=Cohan | editor1-first=Steven | editor2-last=Hark | editor2-first=Ina Rae | title=Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in the Hollywood Cinema | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Ijvzk6dR0C&q=buffalo+bill | publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, England| pages=126–127 | isbn=978-0-415-07759-0 }}</ref>
[[Jack Halberstam]], author of ''Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters'', writes, "The cause for Buffalo Bill's extreme violence against women lies not in his gender confusion or his sexual orientation but in his [[humanism|humanist]] presumption that his sex and his gender and his orientation must all match-up to a mythic [[norm (social)|norm]] of white [[heterosexual]] masculinity." Halberstam says Buffalo Bill symbolizes a lack of ease with one's skin. He writes that the character is also a combination of [[Victor Frankenstein]] and [[Frankenstein's monster|his monster]] in how he is the creator gathering body parts and experimenting with his own body. Halberstam writes, "He does not understand gender as inherent, innate; he reads it only as a surface effect, a representation, an external attribute engineered into identity." Buffalo Bill challenges "the interiority of gender" by taking skin and remaking it into a costume.<ref>{{cite book | last=Halberstam | first= Jack | date=1995 | chapter=Skinflick: Posthuman Gender in Jonathan Demme's ''The Silence of the Lambs'' | title=Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters | publisher=[[Duke University Press Books]] | location=Durham, North Carolina| isbn=978-0-8223-1663-3 }}</ref>
==Controversy==
The film adaptation of ''Silence of the Lambs'' was criticized by some [[gay rights]] groups for its portrayal of Gumb as [[bisexual]] and [[transgender]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Charles, Jr.|last=Cassady|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Silence-Lambs.html|title=Common Sense Media review of ''The Silence of the Lambs''|website=[[Common Sense Media]]|location=San Francisco, California|date=July 11, 2005}}</ref> A [[Johns Hopkins Hospital|Johns Hopkins]] sex-reassignment surgeon, present in the book but not the film (his scene was deleted and is found in bonus materials on the [[DVD]]), protests exactly the same thing. FBI Director [[Jack Crawford (character)|Jack Crawford]] pacifies him by repeating that Gumb is not in fact transsexual, but merely believes himself to be. In the film, a similar scene is shown with Starling and Lecter in the same roles as the surgeon and Crawford, respectively. In the director's commentary for the 1991 film, director [[Jonathan Demme]] draws attention to various [[Instant film|Polaroids]] taken of Buffalo Bill in the company of strippers; these are visible in Gumb's basement in the film.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Hannibal|state=autocollapse}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buffalo Bill}}
[[Category:Hannibal Lecter characters]]
[[Category:Characters in American novels of the 20th century]]
[[Category:Fictional characters based on real people]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1988]]
[[Category:Fictional characters from California]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders]]
[[Category:Fictional cross-dressers]]
[[Category:Fictional kidnappers]]
[[Category:Fictional LGBT characters in film]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Fictional torturers]]
[[Category:Male horror film villains]]
[[Category:Male literary villains]]
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]
[[Category:LGBT villains]]
[[Category:Fictional LGBT characters in literature]]
[[Category:Psychopathy in fiction]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
{{Infobox character
| color = #001
-| name = Buffalo Bill
+| name = Annie Bill
| series = [[Hannibal Lecter (franchise)|Hannibal Lecter]]
| image = Bill iconic scene.jpg
-| caption = Ted Levine as Buffalo Bill in ''The Silence of the Lambs''.
+| caption = Annie Bell as Annie Bill in ''The Silence of the Lambs''.
| first = ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]''
| creator = [[Thomas Harris]]
-| portrayer = [[Ted Levine]]
-| occupation = Tailor
-| alias = John Grant<br />Jack Gordon
-| gender = Male
+| portrayer = [[Annie-bell]]
+| occupation = The west.net server serial killer
+| alias = Purple queen <br />Energizer bunny dramatic queen
+| gender = Feamale
}}
'''Jame Gumb''' (known by the nickname "'''Buffalo Bill'''") is a fictional character and the main [[antagonist]] of [[Thomas Harris]]'s 1988 [[novel]] ''[[The Silence of the Lambs (novel)|The Silence of the Lambs]]'' and its 1991 [[The Silence of the Lambs (film)|film adaptation]], in which he is played by [[Ted Levine]]. In the film and the novel, he is a [[serial killer]] who murders overweight women and skins them so he can make a "woman suit" for himself.
' |
New page size (new_size) | 13249 |
Old page size (old_size) | 13201 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 48 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => '| name = Annie Bill',
1 => '| caption = Annie Bell as Annie Bill in ''The Silence of the Lambs''.',
2 => '| portrayer = [[Annie-bell]]',
3 => '| occupation = The west.net server serial killer',
4 => '| alias = Purple queen <br />Energizer bunny dramatic queen',
5 => '| gender = Feamale'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '| name = Buffalo Bill',
1 => '| caption = Ted Levine as Buffalo Bill in ''The Silence of the Lambs''.',
2 => '| portrayer = [[Ted Levine]]',
3 => '| occupation = Tailor',
4 => '| alias = John Grant<br />Jack Gordon',
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2 => 'http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html',
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5 => 'http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Silence-Lambs.html',
6 => 'https://decaturian.com/arts/2019/02/25/villain-spotlight/'
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character from The Silence of the Lambs</div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>.</div>
<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #001; color: white ;">Annie Bill</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter_(franchise)" title="Hannibal Lecter (franchise)">Hannibal Lecter</a></i> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bill_iconic_scene.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bill iconic scene.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Bill_iconic_scene.jpg/220px-Bill_iconic_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/f/f9/Bill_iconic_scene.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="258" /></a><div>Annie Bell as Annie Bill in <i>The Silence of the Lambs</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">First appearance</th><td><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(novel)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (novel)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Created by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Harris" title="Thomas Harris">Thomas Harris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Portrayed by</th><td><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Annie-bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annie-bell (page does not exist)">Annie-bell</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background: #001; color: white ;">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Alias</th><td>Purple queen <br />Energizer bunny dramatic queen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gender</th><td>Feamale</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Occupation</th><td>The west.net server serial killer</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Jame Gumb</b> (known by the nickname "<b>Buffalo Bill</b>") is a fictional character and the main <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Harris" title="Thomas Harris">Thomas Harris</a>'s 1988 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(novel)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (novel)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i> and its 1991 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">film adaptation</a>, in which he is played by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Levine" title="Ted Levine">Ted Levine</a>. In the film and the novel, he is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> who murders overweight women and skins them so he can make a "woman suit" for himself.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Modus_Operandi"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modus Operandi</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Influences"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Influences</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Analysis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Analysis</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Controversy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Controversy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Gumb was born in California in 1948 or 1949. It is stated that "The 'Jame' on his birth certificate apparently was a clerical error that no one bothered to correct." Gumb’s mother, an aspiring actress, went into an alcoholic decline after her career failed to materialize, and Los Angeles County placed Gumb in a foster home when he was two. The novel goes on to tell of Gumb living in foster homes until the age of 10, when he is adopted by his grandparents, who become his first victims when he impulsively kills them at age 12. He is institutionalized in Tulare Vocational Rehabilitation, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a> where he learns to be a tailor. Later, Gumb has a relationship with Benjamin Raspail. After Raspail leaves him, he kills Raspail's new lover, Klaus, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flays</a> him.<sup id="cite_ref-silence_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silence-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>The screenplay omits Gumb's backstory, but does imply that he had a traumatic childhood. In the film, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter" title="Hannibal Lecter">Hannibal Lecter</a> summarizes Gumb's life thus: "Our Billy wasn’t born a criminal, Clarice. He was made one through years of systematic abuse."
</p><p>Both the novel and film depict Gumb as confused and self-hating with signs of having <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">gender dysphoria</a>, though multiple characters state that Gumb is not transgender. In the novel, multiple examples of how Gumb does not fit the psychological profile of a real transsexual are given. Gumb wants to become a woman — or at least believes he does — but is deemed too psychologically disturbed to qualify for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender reassignment surgery">gender reassignment surgery</a>. He kills women so he can skin them and create a "woman suit" for himself, completing his "transformation" — a theme explored in several aspects throughout the film and novel, most notably and obviously with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> of the '<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death%27s-head_hawkmoth" title="Death's-head hawkmoth">death’s head moth</a>' which Gumb stuffs a chrysalis of into his victims’ throats after he kills them.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Modus_Operandi">Modus Operandi</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modus Operandi">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Gumb's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a> is to approach a woman while pretending to be injured, ask for help, then knock her out in a surprise attack and kidnap her. He takes her to his house and leaves her in a well in his basement, where he starves her until her skin is loose enough to easily remove. In the first two cases, he leads the victims upstairs, slips nooses around their necks and pushes them from the stairs, strangling them. He then skins parts of their body (a different section on each victim), and then dumps each body into a different river, destroying any trace of evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-silence_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silence-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>This MO caused the homicide squad to nickname him Buffalo Bill (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_Bill#Buffalo_Bill's_Wild_West" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill's Wild West</a> show typically claimed that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_Cody" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Bill Cody">Buffalo Bill Cody</a> had <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalped</a> a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> warrior). One officer quipped it was because he "skins his humps." He also inserts a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death%27s_head_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Death's head moth">death's head moth</a> into the victim's throat because he is fascinated by the insect's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>, a process that he wants to undergo by becoming a woman. In the case of Gumb's first victim, Fredrica Bimmel, he weighs down her body, so she ends up being the third victim found. In the case of the fourth victim, he shoots rather than strangles her.<sup id="cite_ref-silence_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silence-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the start of the novel, Gumb has already murdered five women. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Behavioral_Science_Unit" title="Behavioral Science Unit">Behavioral Science Unit</a> Chief <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Crawford_(character)" title="Jack Crawford (character)">Jack Crawford</a> assigns gifted trainee <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarice_Starling" title="Clarice Starling">Clarice Starling</a> to question incarcerated serial killer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter" title="Hannibal Lecter">Hannibal Lecter</a> about the case. (Lecter had met Gumb while treating Raspail.) When Gumb kidnaps Catherine Martin, the daughter of U.S. Senator Ruth Martin, Lecter offers to give Starling a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Offender_profiling" title="Offender profiling">psychological profile</a> of the killer in return for a transfer to a federal institution; this profile is mostly made up of cryptic clues designed to help Starling figure it out for herself. Starling eventually deduces from Lecter's riddles that Gumb knew his first victim, Frederica Bimmel, and goes to Bimmel's hometown of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belvedere,_Ohio" title="Belvedere, Ohio">Belvedere, Ohio</a> to gather information. By this time, Crawford has already found out the killer's true identity and gone with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> team to his house to arrest him, but they find that it is only a business address. Meanwhile, Starling goes to the home of Bimmel's employer, Mrs. Lippman, only to find Gumb — calling himself "Jack Gordon" — living there. (Gumb had murdered Mrs. Lippman earlier.)
</p><p>When Starling sees a moth flutter by, she realizes she has found the killer and orders him to surrender. Gumb flees into the basement and stalks her with a revolver and night vision goggles. Just as he is about to shoot Starling, she hears him behind her, turns around and opens fire, killing him. In the novel, he addresses his final words to her, asking her, "How does it feel to be so beautiful?"
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Influences">Influences</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Harris based various elements of Gumb's MO on seven real-life serial killers:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerry_Brudos" title="Jerry Brudos">Jerry Brudos</a>, who strangled his victims, dressed up in their clothing and kept their shoes.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ed_Gein" title="Ed Gein">Ed Gein</a>, who fashioned trophies and keepsakes from the bones and skin of corpses he dug up at cemeteries. He also made a female skin suit and skin masks.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Bundy" title="Ted Bundy">Ted Bundy</a>, who pretended to be injured (using an arm-brace or crutches) as a ploy to ask his victims for help. When they helped him, he incapacitated and killed them.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gary_M._Heidnik" title="Gary M. Heidnik">Gary M. Heidnik</a>, who kidnapped, raped and tortured six women while holding them prisoner in a pit, where two died.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Kemper" title="Edmund Kemper">Edmund Kemper</a>, who, like Gumb, killed his grandparents as a teenager "just to see what it felt like."</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gary_Ridgway" title="Gary Ridgway">Gary Ridgway</a>, the Green River Killer (still unidentified at the time of the novel's writing), who, like Gumb, dumped women's bodies in rivers and inserted foreign objects into their corpses.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alfredo_Ball%C3%AD_Trevi%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo Ballí Treviño">Alfredo Ballí Treviño</a>, Mexican serial killer who murdered his boyfriend and then decapitated him. Also suspected of killing several hitch-hikers. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Analysis">Analysis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Marjorie Garber, author of <i>Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety</i>, asserts that despite the book and the film indicating that Buffalo Bill merely <i>believes</i> himself to be <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transsexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transsexualism">transsexual</a>, they still imply negative connotations about transsexual identity. Garber says, "Harris's book manifests its cultural anxiety through a kind of baroque bravado of plot," and calls the book "a fable of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a> gone spectacularly awry".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Barbara Creed, writing in <i>Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in the Hollywood Cinema</i>, says that Buffalo Bill wants to become a woman "presumably because he sees femininity as a more desirable state, possibly a superior one". For Buffalo Bill, the woman is "[a] <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> animal". Not only does he want to wear women's skin, he wants to become a woman; he dresses in women's clothes and tucks his penis behind his legs to appear female. Creed writes, "To experience a rebirth as woman, Buffalo Bill must wear the skin of woman not just to experience a physical transformation but also to acquire the <i>power of transformation</i> associated with woman's ability to give birth." Buffalo Bill wears the skin of his totem animal to assume its power.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Halberstam" title="Jack Halberstam">Jack Halberstam</a>, author of <i>Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters</i>, writes, "The cause for Buffalo Bill's extreme violence against women lies not in his gender confusion or his sexual orientation but in his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> presumption that his sex and his gender and his orientation must all match-up to a mythic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norm_(social)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (social)">norm</a> of white <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> masculinity." Halberstam says Buffalo Bill symbolizes a lack of ease with one's skin. He writes that the character is also a combination of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">his monster</a> in how he is the creator gathering body parts and experimenting with his own body. Halberstam writes, "He does not understand gender as inherent, innate; he reads it only as a surface effect, a representation, an external attribute engineered into identity." Buffalo Bill challenges "the interiority of gender" by taking skin and remaking it into a costume.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversy">Controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The film adaptation of <i>Silence of the Lambs</i> was criticized by some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> groups for its portrayal of Gumb as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins</a> sex-reassignment surgeon, present in the book but not the film (his scene was deleted and is found in bonus materials on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>), protests exactly the same thing. FBI Director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Crawford_(character)" title="Jack Crawford (character)">Jack Crawford</a> pacifies him by repeating that Gumb is not in fact transsexual, but merely believes himself to be. In the film, a similar scene is shown with Starling and Lecter in the same roles as the surgeon and Crawford, respectively. In the director's commentary for the 1991 film, director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> draws attention to various <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Polaroids</a> taken of Buffalo Bill in the company of strippers; these are visible in Gumb's basement in the film.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Buffalo_Bill_(character)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-silence-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silence_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silence_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silence_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarris1991" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Thomas (1991). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/silenceoflambs00harr_1"><i>The Silence Of The Lambs</i></a></span>. St. Martin's Paperbacks. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-92458-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-92458-5"><bdi>0-312-92458-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silence+Of+The+Lambs&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Paperbacks&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-312-92458-5&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsilenceoflambs00harr_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBruno" class="citation web cs1">Bruno, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011121704/http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html">"All About Hannibal Lecter - Facts and Fiction"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_Library" title="Crime Library">Crime Library</a></i>. Atlanta, Georgia: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Broadcasting Systems">Turner Broadcasting Systems</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crimelibrary.com/serial_killers/weird/lecter/2.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crime+Library&rft.atitle=All+About+Hannibal+Lecter+-+Facts+and+Fiction&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crimelibrary.com%2Fserial_killers%2Fweird%2Flecter%2F2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Salon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBowman1999" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, David (July 8, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/1999/07/08/profiler/">"Profiler"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salon_(website)" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i>. San Francisco, California: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salon_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon Media Group">Salon Media Group</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Profiler&rft.date=1999-07-08&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F1999%2F07%2F08%2Fprofiler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://decaturian.com/arts/2019/02/25/villain-spotlight/">https://decaturian.com/arts/2019/02/25/villain-spotlight/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGarber1997" class="citation book cs1">Garber, Marjorie (1997). <i>Vested Interests: Cross-dressing and Cultural Anxiety</i>. Abingdon, England: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 116. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91951-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91951-7"><bdi>978-0-415-91951-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vested+Interests%3A+Cross-dressing+and+Cultural+Anxiety&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91951-7&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCreed1993" class="citation book cs1">Creed, Barbara (1993). "Dark Desires: Male masochism in the horror film". In Cohan, Steven; Hark, Ina Rae (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Ijvzk6dR0C&q=buffalo+bill"><i>Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in the Hollywood Cinema</i></a>. Abingdon, England: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 126–127. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07759-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07759-0"><bdi>978-0-415-07759-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dark+Desires%3A+Male+masochism+in+the+horror+film&rft.btitle=Screening+the+Male%3A+Exploring+Masculinities+in+the+Hollywood+Cinema&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07759-0&rft.aulast=Creed&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_Ijvzk6dR0C%26q%3Dbuffalo%2Bbill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHalberstam1995" class="citation book cs1">Halberstam, Jack (1995). "Skinflick: Posthuman Gender in Jonathan Demme's <i>The Silence of the Lambs</i>". <i>Skin Shows: Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters</i>. Durham, North Carolina: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_University_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke University Press Books">Duke University Press Books</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1663-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1663-3"><bdi>978-0-8223-1663-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Skinflick%3A+Posthuman+Gender+in+Jonathan+Demme%27s+The+Silence+of+the+Lambs&rft.btitle=Skin+Shows%3A+Gothic+Horror+and+the+Technology+of+Monsters&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-1663-3&rft.aulast=Halberstam&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCassady2005" class="citation web cs1">Cassady, Charles, Jr. (July 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Silence-Lambs.html">"Common Sense Media review of <i>The Silence of the Lambs</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Common_Sense_Media" title="Common Sense Media">Common Sense Media</a></i>. San Francisco, California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Sense+Media&rft.atitle=Common+Sense+Media+review+of+The+Silence+of+the+Lambs&rft.date=2005-07-11&rft.aulast=Cassady&rft.aufirst=Charles%2C+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commonsensemedia.org%2Fmovie-reviews%2FSilence-Lambs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuffalo+Bill+%28character%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Harris&#039;s_Hannibal_Lecter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Hannibal_Lecter" title="Template:Hannibal Lecter"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Hannibal_Lecter" title="Template talk:Hannibal Lecter"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Hannibal_Lecter&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Harris&#039;s_Hannibal_Lecter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Harris" title="Thomas Harris">Thomas Harris</a>'s <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter_(franchise)" title="Hannibal Lecter (franchise)">Hannibal Lecter</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Dragon_(novel)" title="Red Dragon (novel)">Red Dragon</a></i> (1981)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(novel)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (novel)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i> (1988)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_(Harris_novel)" title="Hannibal (Harris novel)">Hannibal</a></i> (1999)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Rising" title="Hannibal Rising">Hannibal Rising</a></i> (2006)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manhunter_(film)" title="Manhunter (film)">Manhunter</a></i> (1986)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Lambs_(film)" title="The Silence of the Lambs (film)">The Silence of the Lambs</a></i> (1991)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_(2001_film)" title="Hannibal (2001 film)">Hannibal</a></i> (2001)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Red_Dragon_(2002_film)" title="Red Dragon (2002 film)">Red Dragon</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Rising_(film)" title="Hannibal Rising (film)">Hannibal Rising</a></i> (2007)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_(TV_series)" title="Hannibal (TV series)">Hannibal</a></i> (2013–2015)
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Hannibal_episodes" title="List of Hannibal episodes">episodes</a>
<ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ritif_(Hannibal)" title="Apéritif (Hannibal)">Apéritif</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amuse-Bouche_(Hannibal)" title="Amuse-Bouche (Hannibal)">Amuse-Bouche</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potage_(Hannibal)" title="Potage (Hannibal)">Potage</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oeuf_(Hannibal)" title="Oeuf (Hannibal)">Oeuf</a>"</li></ul></li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Love_Crime_(song)" title="Love Crime (song)">Love Crime</a>"</li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarice_(TV_series)" title="Clarice (TV series)">Clarice</a></i> (2021)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hannibal_Lecter" title="Hannibal Lecter">Hannibal Lecter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Will_Graham_(character)" title="Will Graham (character)">Will Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarice_Starling" title="Clarice Starling">Clarice Starling</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Crawford_(character)" title="Jack Crawford (character)">Jack Crawford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Chilton" title="Frederick Chilton">Frederick Chilton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Dolarhyde" title="Francis Dolarhyde">Francis Dolarhyde</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buffalo Bill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mason_Verger" title="Mason Verger">Mason Verger</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freddy_Lounds" title="Freddy Lounds">Freddy Lounds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bedelia_Du_Maurier" title="Bedelia Du Maurier">Bedelia Du Maurier</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Silence_of_the_Hams" title="The Silence of the Hams">The Silence of the Hams</a></i> (1994)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sangharsh_(1999_film)" title="Sangharsh (1999 film)">Sangharsh</a></i> (1999)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silence!_The_Musical" title="Silence! The Musical">Silence! The Musical</a></i> (2005)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1611445271 |
