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'{{short description|UK possession in North America existing between 1763–1791}} {{EngvarB|date=November 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}} {{more footnotes|date=January 2011}} {{Infobox country |native_name = |conventional_long_name = Province of Quebec |common_name = Canada |era = |status = Colony |empire = British Empire |government_type = Constitutional monarchy | |event_start = [[Royal Proclamation of 1763|Royal Proclamation]] |year_start = 1763 |date_start = 7 October |event_end = [[Constitutional Act of 1791|Constitutional Act]] |year_end = 1791 |date_end = 26 December | |event1 = [[Quebec Act]] |date_event1 = 1774 |event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] |date_event2 = 1763 |event3 = |date_event3 = | |p1 = Canada (New France) |flag_p1 = Royal Standard of the King of France.svg |p2 = Illinois Country |flag_p2 = Royal Standard of the King of France.svg |s1 = Upper Canada |flag_s1 = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg |s2 = Lower Canada |flag_s2 = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg |s3 = Northwest Territory |flag_s3 = US flag 13 stars.svg |today = {{plainlist| *{{flag|Canada}} *{{flag|United States}}}} |flag = Flag of Canada#History |flag_type = Flag |image_flag = Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors).svg |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_coat = |image_map = Province_of_Quebec_1774.gif |image_map_caption = A portion of eastern North America in 1774 after the [[Quebec Act]]; Quebec extends all the way to the [[Mississippi River]]. |capital = [[Quebec City|Quebec]] |national_motto = |national_anthem = |common_languages = [[Canadian French|French]], [[Canadian English|English]] |religion = [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Protestantism]] |currency = Canadian pound | |<!--- Titles and names of the first and last leaders and their deputies ---> |leader1 = [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] |title_leader = [[British monarchy|King]] |deputy1 = See [[List of lieutenant governors of Quebec|list of Governors]] |year_deputy1 = |title_deputy = Governor |footnotes = }} The '''Province of Quebec''' was a colony in North America created by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in 1763 after the [[Seven Years' War]]. During the war, Great Britain's forces conquered [[Canada (New France)|French Canada]]. As part of terms of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] peace settlement, France gave up its claim to Canada and negotiated to keep the small but rich sugar island of [[Guadeloupe]] instead.<ref>{{cite book|author=Colin G. Calloway|title=The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtxG369-VHQC&pg=PA8|year=2006|publisher=Oxford U.P.|page=8}}</ref> By Britain's [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], Canada (part of New France) was renamed the Province of Quebec. The new British province extended from the coast of Labrador on the Atlantic Ocean, southwest through the [[Saint Lawrence River]] Valley to the [[Great Lakes]] and beyond to the confluence of the [[Ohio River|Ohio]] and [[Mississippi River]]s. Portions of its southwest (south of the Great Lakes) were later ceded to the United States in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)]] at the conclusion of the [[American Revolution]] although the British maintained a military presence there until 1796. In 1791, the territory north of the Great Lakes was divided into [[Lower Canada]] and [[Upper Canada]]. ==History== Under the Proclamation, Quebec included the cities of Quebec and Montreal, as well as a zone surrounding them, but did not extend as far west as the [[Great Lakes]] or as far north as Rupert's Land.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/province-of-quebec-1763-91/|title=Province of Quebec 1763–91|encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> In 1774, the British Parliament passed the [[Quebec Act]] that allowed Quebec to restore the use of French customary law ({{lang|fr|Coutume de Paris}}) in private matters alongside the [[English common law]] system, and allowing the [[Catholic Church]] to collect [[tithe]]s. The act also enlarged the boundaries of Quebec to include the [[Ohio Country]] and part of the [[Illinois Country]], from the [[Appalachian Mountains]] on the east, south to the [[Ohio River]], west to the [[Mississippi River]] and north to the southern boundary of lands owned by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], or [[Rupert's Land]]. Through Quebec, the British Crown retained access to the Ohio and Illinois Countries after the Treaty of Paris (1783) ceded control of this land to the United States. By well-established trade and military routes across the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]], the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a [[Western Confederacy|wide alliance of]] Native American nations through Detroit, [[Fort Niagara]], [[Fort Michilimackinac]], and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the [[Jay Treaty]] (1794). Quebec retained its [[seigneurial system of New France|seigneurial system]] after the conquest. Owing to an influx of [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] refugees from the [[American Revolutionary War]], the demographics of Quebec came to shift and now included a substantial English-speaking Protestant element from the former [[Thirteen Colonies]]. These [[United Empire Loyalists]] settled mainly in the [[Eastern Townships]], Montreal, and what was known then as the [[Pays d'en Haut|pays d'en haut]] west of the [[Ottawa River]]. [[The Constitutional Act of 1791]] divided the colony in two at the Ottawa River, so that the western part ([[Upper Canada]]) could be under the English legal system, with English speakers in the majority. The eastern part was named [[Lower Canada]]. ==Governors of the Province of Quebec 1763–1791== [[File:British colonies 1763-76 shepherd1923.PNG|thumb|400px|Map of [[British America]] showing the original boundaries of the Province of Quebec and its Quebec Act of 1774 post-annexation boundaries]] After the capitulation of Montreal in 1760, New France was placed under military government. Civil government was instituted in 1764. The following were the governors: * [[James Murray (Quebec governor)|James Murray]] 1760–1766 * [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester]] 1766–1778 * [[Frederick Haldimand|Sir Frederick Haldimand]] 1778–1786<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=11867|page=1|date=18 April 1778}}</ref> * [[Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester]] 1786–1796 There were also "lieutenant governors", but these were merely the deputies of the governors, and should not be confused with the subsequent to 1791 [[Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec]]. * Guy Carleton (lieutenant governor to James Murray) 1766–1768 * [[Hector Theophilus de Cramahé]] (lieutenant governor to Guy Carleton) 1771–1782 * [[Henry Hamilton (governor)|Henry Hamilton]] (lieutenant governor to Frederick Haldimand) 1782–1785 * [[Henry Hope (lieutenant governor of Quebec)|Henry Hope]] (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester) 1785–1788 * [[Alured Clarke]] (lieutenant governor to the Lord Dorchester) 1790 ==Counsellors to the governor== {{Details|Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec}} The Province of Quebec did not have an elected legislature and was ruled directly by the governor with advice from counsellors. A council responsible to advise the governor (then James Murray) on all affairs of state was created in 1764. In 1774, the ''Quebec Act'' created a ''Council for the Affairs of the Province of Quebec'' to advise the governor on legislative affairs. The Legislative Council served as an advisory council to the governor until a legislative assembly was established after 1791. The individuals James Murray called into the council from 1764 to 1766: {| class="wikitable" |- !Member !Appointment !Notes |- | Chief Justice [[William Gregory (Chief Justice)|William Gregory]] | 1764 | served until 1766 |- | Chief Justice [[William Hey (Chief Justice)|William Hey]] (1733–1797)<ref>{{cite DCB |title=Hey, William |last1=in collaboration with |first2=Peter |last2=Marshall |volume=4 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hey_william_4E.html}}</ref> | 1764 | Chief Justice of Quebec 1766–1773 |- | Attorney General [[George Suckling]] (1759–178?) | 1764 | lawyer; served until 1766; most of his career was in the [[West Indies]] |- | Lieutenant [[Paulus Aemilius Irving]] (1714–1796) | 1764 | served until 1768; acting President of the Council 1766–1768; commander-in-Chief of British Forces in Quebec and administrator 1766–1768 |- | [[Hector Theophilus de Cramahé]] (1720–1788) | 1764 | served until 1766 Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 1771–1782; later member of the Legislative Council |- | [[Adam Mabane]] (1734–1792) | 1764 | served until 1766; [[British Army]] physician and judge; later member of the Legislative Council 1775–1792 |- | Walter Murray (1701?–1772) | 1764 | served until 1771; relative to then Governor Murray; British Army officer under James Wolfe; head of the [[Port of Quebec]] and justice of the peace and Receiver General |- | Captain [[Samuel Holland]] (1728–1801) | 1764 | served until 1770?; [[British Army]] officer and served as first Surveyor General of British North America |- | [[Thomas Dunn (lieutenant-governor)|Thomas Dunn]] (1729–1818) | 1764 | served until 1774; colonial administrator and soldier; merchant; master in the Court of Chancery 1764; later member of the Legislative Council |- | [[François Mounier]] (?–1769) | 1764 | served until 1769; Huguenot merchant, justice of the peace; examiner in the Court of Chancery and judge of the Court of Common Pleas 1764–1769 |- | Captain [[James Cuthbert Sr.]] (1719–1798) | 1766 | served until 1774; army officer (15th Regiment of Foot), merchant, justice of the peace; Seigneur of Berthier |- | [[Benjamin Price (merchant)|Benjamin Price]] (?–1768 or 1769) | 1764 | served until 1768; merchant, justice of the peace, master in the Court of Chancery 1764–1768 |} List of councillors under Carleton from 1766 to 1774: {| class="wikitable" |- !Member !Appointment !Notes |- | Chief Justice [[William Hey (Chief Justice)|William Hey]] | 1766 | appointed during Murray's term as Governor; Chief Justice of Quebec 1766–1773 |- | Attorney General [[Francis Maseres]] (1731–1824) | 1766 | served until 1769; lawyer, office holder, and author |- | Lieutenant [[Paulus Aemilius Irving]] (1714–1796) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and till 1768; acting President of the Council 1766–1768; commander-in-chief of British Forces in Quebec and administrator 1766–1768 |- | [[Hector Theophilus de Cramahé]] (1720–1788) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1771; Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 1771–1782; later member of the Legislative Council |- | [[Adam Mabane]] (1734–1792) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1766; [[British Army]] physician and judge; later member of the Legislative Council 1775–1792 |- | Walter Murray (1701?–1772) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1771; relative to then Governor Murray; British Army officer under James Wolfe; head of the [[Port of Quebec]] and justice of the peace and Receiver General |- | Captain [[Samuel Holland]] (1728–1801) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1770; [[British Army]] officer and served as first Surveyor General of British North America |- | [[Thomas Dunn (lieutenant-governor)|Thomas Dunn]] (1729–1818) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and unilt 1774; colonial administrator and soldier; merchant; master in the Court of Chancery 1764; later member of the Legislative Council |- | [[François Mounier]] | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1769; Huguenot merchant, justice of the peace; examiner in the Court of Chancery and judge of the Court of Common Pleas 1764–1769 |- | Captain [[James Cuthbert Sr.]] (1719–1798) | 1766 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1774; army officer (15th Regiment of Foot), merchant, justice of the peace; Seigneur of Berthier |- | [[Benjamin Price (merchant)|Benjamin Price]] (?–1768 or 1769) | 1764 | appointed during Murray's term as governor and served until 1768; merchant, justice of the peace, master in the Court of Chancery 1764–1768 |} ==Geography== {{expand section|date=January 2013}} Around 1763 to 1764 the province was divided into two judicial districts: * [[Montreal District]] – covering the western parts of Quebec along the St. Lawrence River including Montreal and much of Ontario (Eastern and Southern Ontario) * [[Quebec District]] – covering the eastern parts of Quebec along the St. Lawrence and Labrador In 1790 the [[Trois-Rivières District]] was formed out of part of Quebec District. The Trois-Rivières and Quebec districts continued after 1791 when [[Lower Canada]] came into existence, while Montreal District west of the Ottawa River became [[Upper Canada]] and east of the Ottawa River was partitioned into many electoral districts. ==See also== {{Portal|Ohio|Canada|History}} *[[Former colonies and territories in Canada]] *[[Territorial evolution of Canada]] after 1867 ==References== {{reflist}} == Further reading == * Burt, Alfred LeRoy. ''The Old Province of Quebec''. Toronto: Ryerson Press; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1933. Reprinted Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968. * Lahaise, Robert and Vallerand, Noël. ''Le Québec sous le régime anglais&nbsp;: les Canadiens français, la colonisation britannique et la formation du Canada continental''. Outremont, Québec&nbsp;: Lanctôt, 1999. * Neatby, Hilda. ''Quebec: The Revolutionary Age, 1760–1791''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1966. {{Canadian colonies}} {{Quebec topics}} {{British overseas territories}} {{Thirteen Colonies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Province of Quebec (1763-1791)}} [[Category:Province of Quebec (1763–1791)| ]] [[Category:British North America]] [[Category:Former colonies in North America|Quebec]] [[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas|Quebec]] [[Category:History of Quebec by period]] [[Category:18th century in Quebec]] [[Category:1760s in Canada]] [[Category:1770s in Canada]] [[Category:1780s in Canada]] [[Category:1790s in Canada]] [[Category:Pre-statehood history of Illinois]] [[Category:Pre-statehood history of Indiana]] [[Category:Pre-statehood history of Michigan]] [[Category:Pre-statehood history of Ohio]] [[Category:Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin]] [[Category:Canadian-American culture in Ohio]] [[Category:1760s in New France]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1763]] [[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1791]] [[Category:1763 establishments in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|*]] [[Category:1791 disestablishments in the Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|*]] [[Category:1763 establishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:1791 disestablishments in the British Empire]] [[Category:18th century in Canada]]'