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'@@ -15,5 +15,5 @@ | founder = | named_for = -| motto = +| motto = कार्य स्वाध्याय <br><small>''Karya Swadaya'' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]])</small><br><small>Work with one's own might</small> | seat_type = Capital<br /><small>{{nobold|and largest city}}</small> | seat = [[Jayapura]] @@ -77,25 +77,104 @@ | demographics1_info2 = [[Christianity]] (83.15%)<br />[[Islam]] (15.88%)<br />[[Hinduism]] (0.09%)<br />[[Buddhism]] (0.05%)<br />[[Religion|Other]] (0.82%) | demographics1_title3 = Languages -| demographics1_info3 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (official)<br />269 indigenous [[Papuan languages]]<br /> [[Austronesian languages]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr.|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDP|title=Languages of Indonesia (Papua)|work=[[Ethnologue: Languages of the World]]|year=2005|access-date=15 March 2009}}</ref> +| demographics1_info3 = [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] <small>(official)</small><br />[[Papuan Malay]] <small>(lingua franca)</small><br />269 indigenous [[Papuan languages]], + [[Austronesian languages]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Gordon, Raymond G., Jr.|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IDP|title=Languages of Indonesia (Papua)|work=[[Ethnologue: Languages of the World]]|year=2005|access-date=15 March 2009}}</ref> +| elevation_min_m = 4 +| leader_party = [[Democratic Party (Indonesia)|Demokrat]] +| registration_plate = PA +| elevation_max_rank = 1st in Indonesia +| elevation_max_point = [[Puncak Jaya]] +| nickname = ''Bumi Cenderawasih'' <small>([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]])</small><br><small>Land of ''Paradisaea''</small> }} -'''Papua''', formerly '''Irian Jaya''', is the largest and easternmost [[provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[Indonesia]], comprising most of [[Western New Guinea]].<ref name="PAPUA2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiranata|first=Rhuuzi|date=3 August 2020|title=Tujuh Provinsi Terluas di RI, Papua Urutan Pertama|url=https://www.batamnews.co.id/berita-65682-tujuh-provinsi-terluas-di-ri-papua-urutan-pertama.html|access-date=6 September 2010|website=detik.com}}</ref> The province is located on the island of [[New Guinea]]. It is bordered by the state of [[Papua New Guinea]] to the east, the province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] to the west, the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the north, and the [[Arafura Sea]] to the south. The province also shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with [[Palau]] to the north. The province is divided into twenty-eight [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] and one city. Its capital and largest city is [[Jayapura]]. The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumber Daya Alam Papua - Guru Geografi|url=https://www.gurugeografi.id/2017/10/sumber-daya-alam-papua.html#:~:text=Bahan%20galian%20utama%20di%20Papua,emas%20di%20Grasberg%20Pegunungan%20Tengah.&text=Cadangan%20batu%20gamping%20ini%20cukup%20besar%20dan%20dapat%20menjadi%20modal%20pembangunan%20Papua.|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.gurugeografi.id}}</ref> [[Puncak Jaya]] is the province's highest mountain and the highest point in Indonesia. Papua, along with West Papua, has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian provinces]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=cookson|first=michael|date=2002-08-02|title=Papuaweb: Undang-2 Otonomi Khusus (Penjelasan)|url=http://papuaweb.org/goi/otsus/files/pendang21-id.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=papuaweb.org|language=en}}</ref> +'''Papua''', formerly '''Irian Jaya''', is the largest and easternmost [[provinces of Indonesia|province]] of [[Indonesia]], comprising most of [[Western New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiranata|first=Rhuuzi|date=3 August 2020|title=Tujuh Provinsi Terluas di RI, Papua Urutan Pertama|url=https://www.batamnews.co.id/berita-65682-tujuh-provinsi-terluas-di-ri-papua-urutan-pertama.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2010|website=detik.com}}</ref> The province is located on the island of [[New Guinea]]. It is bordered by the state of [[Papua New Guinea]] to the east, the province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] to the west, the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the north, and the [[Arafura Sea]] to the south. The province also shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]] with [[Palau]] to the north. The province is divided into twenty-eight [[Regency (Indonesia)|regencies]] and one city. Its capital and largest city is [[Jayapura]]. The province has a large potential in natural resources, such as gold, nickel, petroleum, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sumber Daya Alam Papua - Guru Geografi|url=https://www.gurugeografi.id/2017/10/sumber-daya-alam-papua.html#:~:text=Bahan%20galian%20utama%20di%20Papua,emas%20di%20Grasberg%20Pegunungan%20Tengah.&text=Cadangan%20batu%20gamping%20ini%20cukup%20besar%20dan%20dapat%20menjadi%20modal%20pembangunan%20Papua.|access-date=2021-02-25|website=www.gurugeografi.id}}</ref> [[Puncak Jaya]] is the province's highest mountain and the highest point in Indonesia. Papua, along with West Papua, has a higher degree of autonomy level compared to other [[Provinces of Indonesia|Indonesian provinces]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=cookson|first=michael|date=2002-08-02|title=Papuaweb: Undang-2 Otonomi Khusus (Penjelasan)|url=http://papuaweb.org/goi/otsus/files/pendang21-id.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=papuaweb.org|language=en}}</ref> -The island of New Guinea has been populated for thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around the late 16th century due to [[spice trade]]. In the end, the [[Dutch Empire]] emerged as the dominant leader in the spice war, annexing the western part of New Guinea into the colony of [[Dutch East Indies]]. The Dutch remained in New Guinea until [[1962]], even though other parts of the former colony has [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|declared independence]] as the [[Indonesia|Republic of Indonesia]] in 1945.<ref>Vickers (2005), p. 139</ref> Following negotiations and conflicts with the Indonesian government, the Dutch transferred Western New Guinea to a [[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority]] (UNTEA), which was again transferred to Indonesia after the controversial [[Act of Free Choice]].<ref name="McDonald 1980 36">{{Cite book|last=McDonald|first=Hamish|title=Suharto's Indonesia|publisher=Fontana Books|year=1980|isbn=978-0-00-635721-6|location=Blackburn, Victoria|page=36}}</ref> The province was formerly called [[Western New Guinea#Name|Irian Jaya]] and comprised the entire Western New Guinea until the inauguration of the province of West Papua (then West Irian Jaya) in 2001. In 2002, Papua adopted its current name and was granted a special [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous]] status under [[Law of Indonesia|Indonesian legislation]]. +The island of New Guinea has been populated for tens of thousands of years. European traders began frequenting the region around the late [[16th century]] due to [[spice trade]]. In the end, the [[Dutch Empire]] emerged as the dominant leader in the spice war, annexing the western part of New Guinea into the colony of [[Dutch East Indies]]. The Dutch remained in New Guinea until [[1962]], even though other parts of the former colony has [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|declared independence]] as the [[Indonesia|Republic of Indonesia]] in 1945.<ref>Vickers (2005), p. 139</ref> Following negotiations and conflicts with the Indonesian government, the Dutch transferred Western New Guinea to a [[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority]] (UNTEA), which was again transferred to Indonesia after the controversial [[Act of Free Choice]].<ref name="McDonald 1980 36">{{Cite book|last=McDonald|first=Hamish|title=Suharto's Indonesia|publisher=Fontana Books|year=1980|isbn=978-0-00-635721-6|location=Blackburn, Victoria|page=36}}</ref> The province was formerly called [[Western New Guinea#Name|Irian Jaya]] and comprised the entire Western New Guinea until the inauguration of the province of West Papua (then West Irian Jaya) in 2001. In 2002, Papua adopted its current name and was granted a special [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous]] status under [[Law of Indonesia|Indonesian legislation]]. -The province of Papua remains one of the least developed province in Indonesia. As of 2020, Papua has a [[GDP per capita]] of [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 56,141 ([[United States dollar|US$]] 3,970), ranking 11th place among all Indonesian provinces.<ref name="indonesia">{{Cite book|author=Badan Pusat Statistik|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/29/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f/statistik-indonesia-2020.html|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Provinsi di Indonesia 2015-2019|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2020|location=Jakarta|author-link=Statistics Indonesia}}</ref> However, Papua only has a [[Human Development Index]] of 0.604, the lowest among all Indonesian provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[New Method] Human Development Index by Province 2018-2020|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/494/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|access-date=2021-02-02|language=id}}</ref> The harsh terrain and climate is one of the many reasons why infrastructure development in Papua as well the island of New Guinea in a whole is considered to be one of the hardest among other Indonesian regions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jordan|first=Ray|title=Jokowi: Pembangunan di Papua Sangat Sulit, Bertaruh Nyawa|url=https://finance.detik.com/infrastruktur/d-4331208/jokowi-pembangunan-di-papua-sangat-sulit-bertaruh-nyawa|access-date=2021-02-25|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID}}</ref> +The province of Papua remains one of the least developed province in Indonesia. As of 2020, Papua has a [[GDP per capita]] of [[Indonesian rupiah|Rp]] 56,141 ([[United States dollar|US$]] 3,970), ranking 11th place among all Indonesian provinces.<ref name="indonesia">{{Cite book|author=Badan Pusat Statistik|url=https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/29/e9011b3155d45d70823c141f/statistik-indonesia-2020.html|title=Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Provinsi di Indonesia 2015-2019|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik|year=2020|location=Jakarta|author-link=Statistics Indonesia}}</ref> However, Papua only has a [[Human Development Index]] of 0.604, the lowest among all Indonesian provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[New Method] Human Development Index by Province 2018-2020|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/494/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-provinsi.html|access-date=2021-02-02|language=id}}</ref> The harsh New Guinean terrain and climate is one of the main reasons why infrastructure in Papua is considered to be the most challenging to be developed among other Indonesian regions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jordan|first=Ray|title=Jokowi: Pembangunan di Papua Sangat Sulit, Bertaruh Nyawa|url=https://finance.detik.com/infrastruktur/d-4331208/jokowi-pembangunan-di-papua-sangat-sulit-bertaruh-nyawa|access-date=2021-02-25|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID}}</ref> -The 2015 Intermediate Census revealed a population of 3,143,088, while the latest official estimate (as at mid 2019) is 3,379,302, of which the majority of are [[Christianity|Christians]].<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik|url=https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2009/02/20/1267/penduduk-indonesia-menurut-provinsi-1971-1980-1990-1995-2000-dan-2010.html|access-date=5 November 2018|website=www.bps.go.id}}</ref> The interior is predominantly populated by ethnic [[Papuans]] while coastal towns are inhabited by descendants of intermarriages between Papuans, [[Melanesians]] and [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]], including the Indonesian ethnic groups. [[Transmigration program|Migrants from the rest of Indonesia]] also tend to inhabit the coastal regions.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 November 2014|title=Indonesia's transmigration program threatens Papuans|work=Ucanews|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/state-run-transmigration-program-threatens-papuans-critics-say/72327}}</ref> The province is also home to some [[uncontacted peoples]].<ref>{{cite web|last=International|first=Survival|title=Papuan Tribes|url=http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/papuan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729173958/http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/papuan|archive-date=29 July 2009|access-date=15 July 2017|website=www.survival-international.org|df=dmy-all}}</ref> +The 2015 Intermediate Census revealed a population of 3,143,088, while the latest official estimate (as at mid 2019) is 3,379,302, of which the majority of are [[Christianity|Christians]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik: Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010|url=https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2009/02/20/1267/penduduk-indonesia-menurut-provinsi-1971-1980-1990-1995-2000-dan-2010.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 November 2018|website=www.bps.go.id}}</ref> The interior is predominantly populated by ethnic [[Papuans]] while coastal towns are inhabited by descendants of intermarriages between Papuans, [[Melanesians]] and [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]], including the Indonesian ethnic groups. [[Transmigration program|Migrants from the rest of Indonesia]] also tend to inhabit the coastal regions.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 November 2014|title=Indonesia's transmigration program threatens Papuans|work=Ucanews|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/state-run-transmigration-program-threatens-papuans-critics-say/72327}}</ref> The province is also home to some [[uncontacted peoples]].<ref>{{cite web|last=International|first=Survival|title=Papuan Tribes|url=http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/papuan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729173958/http://www.survival-international.org/tribes/papuan|archive-date=29 July 2009|access-date=15 July 2017|website=www.survival-international.org|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == History == -Indonesia [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|proclaimed its independence]] in 1945 and claimed all of the territory of the former [[Dutch East Indies]], including [[Western New Guinea]]. However, the region was retained by the Netherlands until the mid-1960s, which caused Indonesia to repeatedly launch military operations there. It was agreed through the [[New York Agreement]] in 1962 that the administration of Western New Guinea would be temporarily transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia and that by 1969 the [[United Nations]] should oversee a referendum of the [[Papuan people]], in which they would be given two options: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. This vote was referred to as the [[Act of Free Choice]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Monbiot |first1=George |title=Slavemasters |url=https://www.monbiot.com/2018/11/23/slavemasters/ |access-date=2018-11-24 |work=The Guardian |date=2018-11-23 |format=Opinion}}</ref> The referendum was recognized by the international community and the region became the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya. The province has been renamed as Papua since 2002.<ref>{{citation |author=Li-ann Thio |chapter=International law and secession in the Asia and Pacific regions |title=Secession: International Law Perspectives |editor=Marcelo G. Kohen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 }}</ref> -In January 2003 President [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] signed an order dividing Papua into three provinces: Central Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Tengah), Papua (or East Irian Jaya, Irian Jaya Timur), and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] (Irian Jaya Barat). The formality of installing a local government for Jaraka in Irian Jaya Barat (West) took place in February 2003 and a governor was appointed in November; a government for Irian Jaya Tengah (Central Irian Jaya) was delayed from August 2003 due to violent local protests. The creation of this separate Central Irian Jaya Province was blocked by Indonesian courts, who declared it to be unconstitutional and in contravention of the Papua's special autonomy agreement. The previous division into two provinces was allowed to stand as an established fact.<ref>King, 2004, p.&nbsp;91</ref> +=== Etymology === +{{Quote box +| title = Historical affiliations +| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Dutch East India Company.svg}} [[Dutch East India Company]] 1640s–1799<br /> +{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Dutch East Indies]] 1800–1942; 1944–1949<br /> +{{flagicon image|Flag of Japan (1870-1999).svg}} [[Japanese occupation of Malaya|Empire of Japan]] 1942–1944<br /> +{{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}}{{flagicon image|Morning Star flag.svg}} [[Dutch New Guinea]] 1949–1962<br /> +{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg}} [[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority|UNTEA]] 1962–1963<br /> +{{flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[Republic of Indonesia]] 1963–present<br /> +| align = left +| width = 23em +| fontsize = 90% +| bgcolor = #B0C4DE +}}There are several theories regarding the origin of the word Papua. One theory is that the name comes from the word 'Papa-Ua', which is named by the [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore Sultanate]], which in the [[Tidore language]] means "not joining" or "not being united", which means that on this island there is no king who rules.''{{sfn|Saragih|2019|p=8}}'' Before the age of colonization, the Tidore Sultanate exercised suzerainty over some parts of the [[Bird's Head Peninsula]] in what is now the province of [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]], which plays an important historical role in binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world.<ref>[https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/389/336 Trajectories of the early-modern kingdoms in eastern Indonesia]</ref> Another theory is that the word ''Papua'' comes from the [[History of the Malay language|Old Malay]] word 'papuwah', which means 'curly hair'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ploeg|first=Anton|year=2002|title='De Papoea' What's in a name?|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=75–101|doi=10.1080/14442210210001706216|s2cid=145344026}}</ref> In the records of 16th century [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] sailors, the word 'Papua' is the designation for the inhabitants who inhabit the [[Raja Ampat Islands]] and the coastal parts of the Bird's Head Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kustiani|first=Rini|date=2020-10-29|title=Asal Usul Nama Papua, Ada di Catatan Pelaut Portugis dan Spanyol|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1400439/asal-usul-nama-papua-ada-di-catatan-pelaut-portugis-dan-spanyol|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Tempo|language=en}}</ref> -== Government == -[[File:Nius Kogoya.jpg|left|thumb|Nius Kogoya, Provincial Representative for Tolikara]] -The province of Papua is governed by a directly elected governor (currently [[Lukas Enembe]]) and a regional legislature, [[People's Representative Council]] of Papua (''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua'', abbreviated as DPRP or DPR Papua).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blades |first1=Johnny |title=Governor of Indonesia's Papua seeks connection with PNG |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/366810/governor-of-indonesia-s-papua-seeks-connection-with-png |website=Radio New Zealand |access-date=24 January 2019 |language=en-nz |date=19 September 2018}}</ref> A government organisation that only exists in Papua is the Papuan People's Assembly (Majelis Rakyat Papua), which was formed by the [[Government of Indonesia|Indonesian government]] in 2005 as a coalition of Papuan tribal chiefs, tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs. +The former name of the province, Irian Jaya, is taken from the [[Biak language]] of [[Biak Island]], and means "to rise", or "rising spirit". ''Irian'' is the name used in the Biak language and other languages such as Serui, Merauke and Waropen.<ref name="geop">{{Cite book|author=Bilveer Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbO-uRZQx0C|title=Papua: geopolitics and the quest for nationhood|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4128-1206-1|page=26}}</ref> The name was promoted in [[1945]] by Marcus Kaisiepo, brother of the future governor [[Frans Kaisiepo]].<ref name="tides">{{Cite book|last=Pickell|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUtz2hjvPvMC&pg=PA153|title=Between the tides: a fascinating journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea|author2=Kal Müller|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7946-0072-3|page=153}}</ref> Some sources stated that the word ''Irian'' comes from the [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] acronym 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland' (Join the Republic of Indonesia oppose the Netherlands).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayuwuragil|first=Kustin|title=Frans Kaisiepo dan 'Ikut Republik Indonesia Anti Nederland'|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20180816162950-20-322837/frans-kaisiepo-dan-ikut-republik-indonesia-anti-nederland|access-date=2021-02-25|website=nasional|language=id-ID}}</ref> The name was used throughout the [[New Order (Indonesia)|Suharto administration]], until it was changed to ''Papua'' during the administration of President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soeharto Ubah Nama Irian Barat Menjadi Irian Jaya Gara-Gara ‘Diplomasi Kencing’|url=https://bangka.tribunnews.com/2018/05/02/soeharto-ubah-nama-irian-barat-menjadi-irian-jaya-gara-gara-diplomasi-kencing|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Bangka Pos|language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Kisah Gus Dur Ganti Nama Irian Jadi Papua, Ini Alasan di Baliknya|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2019/08/19/143710/kisah-gus-dur-ganti-nama-irian-jadi-papua-ini-alasan-di-baliknya|access-date=2021-03-04|website=suara.com|language=id}}</ref> -The province of Papua is one of three provinces to have obtained special autonomy status, the others being [[Aceh]] and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]. According to Law 21/2001 on Special Autonomy Status ''(UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi khusus Papua),'' the provincial government of Papua is provided with authority within all sectors of administration, except for the five strategic areas of foreign affairs, security and defense, monetary and fiscal affairs, religion and justice. The provincial government is authorized to issue local regulations to further stipulate the implementation of the special autonomy, including regulating the authority of districts and municipalities within the province. Due to its special autonomy status, Papua province is provided with significant amount of special autonomy funds, which can be used to benefit its indigenous peoples. But the province has low fiscal capacity and it is highly dependent on unconditional transfers and the above-mentioned special autonomy fund, which accounted for about 55% of total revenues in 2008. +The Dutch, who arrived later under [[Jacob Le Maire]] and [[Willem Schouten]], called it ''Schouten island''. They later used this name only to refer to islands off the north coast of Papua proper, the [[Schouten Islands]] or Biak Island. When the Dutch colonized this island as part of the [[Dutch East Indies]], they called it ''Nieuw Guinea''.<ref name="geop2">{{Cite book|author=Bilveer Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbO-uRZQx0C|title=Papua: geopolitics and the quest for nationhood|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4128-1206-1|page=26}}</ref> + +Speakers align themselves with a political orientation when choosing a name for the western half of the island of [[New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Leith|first=Denise|title=The Politics of Power: Freeport in Suharto's Indonesia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2003|page=xxv}}</ref> The official name of the region is "Papua" according to [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kayo|first1=AuthorEdison Sutan|date=6 April 2015|title=Kode singkatan geografis wilayah di Indonesia|url=https://www.kodesingkatan.com/kode-singkatan-geografis-di-indonesia/|website=Kode Singkatan|language=id-ID}}</ref> Independence activists refer to the region as "[[Republic of West Papua|West Papua]]," while Indonesian officials have also used "[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]" to name the westernmost province of the region since 2007.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 April 2007|title=West Irian Jaya officially renamed West Papua angering independence movement|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/169444/west-irian-jaya-officially-renamed-west-papua-angering-independence-movement|website=Radio New Zealand|language=en-nz}}</ref> Historically, the region has had the official names of [[Netherlands New Guinea]] (1895–1962), West New Guinea or West Irian (1962–73), Irian Jaya (1973–2002), and Papua (2002–present).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rees|first=Stuart|title=Passion for Peace: Exercising Power Creatively|publisher=[[UNSW Press]]|year=2003|page=150|author-link=Stuart Rees}}</ref> + +=== Pre-colonial era === +{{Main|History of Western New Guinea}} +[[Papuan peoples|Papuan]] habitation of the region is estimated to have begun between 42,000 and 48,000 years ago.<ref name="Gillespie, Richard 2002 455–72">{{cite journal|author=Gillespie, Richard|year=2002|title=Dating the First Australians|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501000000*/http://www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/Gillespie02.pdf|journal=Radiocarbon|volume=44|issue=2|pages=455–72|doi=10.1017/S0033822200031830|access-date=24 May 2010}} Archived 19 August 2014</ref> Research indicates that the highlands were an early and independent center of agriculture, and show that agriculture developed gradually over several thousands of years; the banana has been cultivated in this region for at least 7,000 years.<ref>T. P. Denham et al 2003, [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5630/189.short Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705114531/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5630/189.short|date=5 July 2011}} ''Science'' 11 July 2003: Vol. 301 no. 5630 pp. 189–193 {{DOI|10.1126/science.1085255}}</ref> [[Austronesian peoples]] migrating through [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] settled in the area at least 3,000 years ago, and populated especially in [[Cenderawasih Bay]]. Diverse cultures and languages have developed in the island due to geographical isolation; there are over 300 languages and two hundred additional dialects in the region (''see [[Papuan languages]], [[Austronesian languages]], [[Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages]]''). + +Ghau Yu Kuan, a Chinese merchant, came to Papua around the latter half of 500 AD and referred to it as ''Tungki'', the area where they obtained spices. Meanwhile, in the latter half of 600 AD, the [[Sumatra]]-based empire of [[Srivijaya]] (7th century–13th century) refered to the island as ''Janggi''. The empire engaged in trade relations with western New Guinea, initially taking items like [[sandalwood]] and [[birds-of-paradise]] in [[List of tributaries of Imperial China|tribute to China]], but later making slaves out of the natives.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Bilveer|title=Papua: Geopolitics and the Quest for Nationhood|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2008|page=15}}</ref> It was only at the beginning of 700 AD that traders from [[Iran|Persia]] and [[Gujarat]] began to arrive in what is now Papua and call it ''Dwi Panta'' or ''Samudrananta'', which means 'at edge of the ocean'. +[[File:Nagarakertagama.jpg|left|thumb|The ''[[Nagarakretagama|Nagarakertagama]]'' mentioned a region in the east called ''Wanin'', present-day Onin Peninsula in the [[Fakfak Regency]], [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] ]] +The 14th-century [[Majapahit]] poem ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'' mentioned Wwanin or Onin and Sram as a recognized territory in the east, today identified as Onin peninsula in [[Fakfak Regency]] in the western part of the larger [[Bomberai Peninsula]] south of the [[Bird's Head]] region of Western New Guinea, while Sram refers to [[Seram Island]] in [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Onin Peninsula|url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3726581&fid=2418&c=indonesia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074807/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3726581&fid=2418&c=indonesia|archive-date=4 March 2016|work=Geographic Names|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This is because the slaves brought to be presented to the royalties of Majapahit Empire originated from ''Wanin'', who were brought by the people of Seram. At that time, Papua was said to be the eighth region of the Majapahit Empire.''{{sfn|Saragih|2019|p=7}}'' Wanin or Onin was probably the oldest name in recorded history to refer to the western part of the island of New Guinea.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aL-UCgAAQBAJ&q=wwanin+onin+majapahit+papua&pg=PA110|title=From 'Stone Age' to 'Real Time' Exploring Papuan Temporalities, Mobilities, and Religiosities|publisher=Australian National University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-925022-43-8|editor=Martin Slama and Jenny Munro|location=Canberra|page=110|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A transcript from the ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'' says the following: + +: ''Ikang sakasanusasanusa Makasar Butun Banggawai Kuni Ggaliyao mwang i [ng] Salaya Sumba Solot Muar muwah tigang i Wandan Ambwan Athawa maloko Ewanin ri Sran ini Timur ning angeka nusatutur.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mashad|first=Dhurorudin|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=kUYQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=Ikang+sakasanusasanusa+Makasar+Butun+Banggawai+Kuni+Ggaliyao+mwang+i+%5Bng%5D+Salaya+Sumba+Solot+Muar+muwah+tigang+i+Wandan+Ambwan+Athawa+maloko+Ewanin+ri+Sran+ini+Timur+ning+angeka+nusatutur.&source=bl&ots=JIAUOC9GUz&sig=ACfU3U2N4cG9ocP0d38VsQykAgmNjVlkTQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjyga26pYXvAhUKGaYKHaLNAGcQ6AEwBHoECAYQAw#v=onepage&q=Ikang%20sakasanusasanusa%20Makasar%20Butun%20Banggawai%20Kuni%20Ggaliyao%20mwang%20i%20%5Bng%5D%20Salaya%20Sumba%20Solot%20Muar%20muwah%20tigang%20i%20Wandan%20Ambwan%20Athawa%20maloko%20Ewanin%20ri%20Sran%20ini%20Timur%20ning%20angeka%20nusatutur.&f=false|title=Muslim Papua: Membangung Harmoni Berdasar Sejarah Agama di Bumi Cendrawasih|publisher=Pustaka Al-Kautsar|language=id}}</ref> + +According to some linguists, the word ''Ewanin'' is another name for Onin, while ''Sran'' is another name for Kowiai. Kowiai is a local Papuan kingdom whose influence extends to the [[Kai Islands|Kei Islands]], in southeastern Maluku. In his book ''Nieuw Guinea,'' Dutch author WC. Klein explained the beginning of the influence of the [[Sultanate of Bacan|Bacan Sultanate]] in Papua. There he wrote: ''In 1569 Papoese hoof den bezoeken Batjan. Ee aanterijken worden vermeld'' (In 1569, Papuan tribal leaders visited [[Bacan Islands|Bacan]], which resulted in the creation of new kingdoms).<ref name=":1">[http://ilalang-pagi.blogspot.com/2010/01/nafas-islam-di-tanah-papua-part-2.html Nafas Islam di Tanah Papua ( Part 2 )]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=W.C.Klein - Nieuw Guinea - 3 volumes - 1953|url=https://www.catawiki.com/l/13384959-w-c-klein-nieuw-guinea-3-volumes-1953|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Catawiki|language=en}}</ref> According to the oral history of the [[Biak|Biak people]], there used to be a relationship and marriage between their tribal chiefs and the sultans of [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]]. The Biak people is the largest [[Melanesians|Melanesian]] tribe that spreads on the northern coast of Papua, therefore the [[Biak language]] is also the most widely used and considered the language of Papuan unity. Due to the relationship of the coastal areas of Papua with the Sultans of Maluku, there are several local kingdoms on this island, which shows the entry of the system of feudalism that does not originated from Papua itself.<ref name=":1" /> + +Since the [[16th century]], apart from the [[Raja Ampat Islands]] which was contested between the Bacan Sultanate and [[Sultanate of Ternate|Ternate Sultanate]], other coastal areas of Papua from the island of [[Biak]] to Mimika have became a vassal of the [[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore Sultanate]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Saragih|first=Maylina|title=Heroisme PGT Dalam Operasi Serigala|publisher=Subdisjarah Dispenau|year=2019|isbn=|ref=harv}}</ref> The Tidore Sultanate adheres to the custom of ''Uli-Siwa'' (nine federation), so that its provinces including Biak, Fakfak and so on are also divided into nine districts (lordship). The role of these kingdoms began to decline due to the entry of traders from Europe to the archipelago which marks the beginning of colonialism in the [[Indonesian Archipelago|Indonesian archipelago]].<ref name=":0" /> During Tidore's rule, the main exports of the island during this period were resins, spices, slaves and the highly priced feathers of the [[bird-of-paradise]].<ref name="crocombe">{{Cite book|last=Crocombe|first=R. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC&pg=PA281|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: replacing the West|publisher=University of the South Pacific. Institute of Pacific Studies|year=2007|isbn=978-982-02-0388-4|page=281}}</ref> [[Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin|Sultan Nuku]], one of the most famous Tidore sultans who rebelled against Dutch colonization, called himself "Sultan of Tidore and Papua",<ref name="nuku">{{Cite book|last=Satrio Widjojo|first=Muridan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3wsrumdSvrUC|title=The revolt of Prince Nuku: cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810|publisher=BRILL|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17201-2}}</ref> during his revolt in 1780s. He commanded loyalty from both Moluccan and Papuan chiefs, especially those of [[Raja Ampat]] Islands. Following Tidore's defeat, much of the territory it claimed in western part of New Guinea came under Dutch rule as part of Dutch East Indies.<ref name="nuku" /> + +=== Colonial era === +In 1511, Antonio d'Arbau, a Portuguese sailor, called the Papua region as "Os Papuas" or ''llha de Papo''. Don [[Jorge de Menezes|Jorge de Menetes]], a sailor from Spain also stopped by in Papua a few years later (1526 - 1527), he refers to the region as 'Papua', which was mentioned in the diary of [[Antonio Pigafetta|Antonio Figafetta]], the clerk for the [[Magellan's circumnavigation|Magellan voyage]]. The name Papua was known to Figafetta when he stopped on the island of [[Tidore]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kratoska|first=Paul H.|title=South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800, Volume 1 de South East Asia, Colonial History|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|page=56}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9U-FUPS3DkC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=gaspar+viegas+1537+Jorge+Menezes&source=bl&ots=M4dvsTUDAi&sig=HWr_5JWUdzJ4otrAzzAU-s8uxYg&hl=pt-PT&sa=X&ei=lanqU-foOs2O4gS_74HQBQ&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=gaspar%20viegas%201537%20Jorge%20Menezes&f=false online]</ref> +[[File:Fort du Bus in 1828.jpg|left|thumb|[[Fort Du Bus]], one of the first Dutch administrative and trading post in New Guinea]] +On 16&nbsp;May 1545, [[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]], a [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[List of maritime explorers|maritime explorer]] who in command of the ''San Juan de Letran'', left port in [[Tidore]], an island which was Spain's stronghold in the [[Maluku Islands]] and going by way of the [[Talaud Islands]] and the [[Schouten Islands|Schoutens]], reached the northern coast of New Guinea, which was coasted till the end of August when, having got to the 5°S latitude, contrary winds and currents forced a return to Tidore where he arrived on 5&nbsp;October 1545. Many islands were encountered and first charted, along the northern coast of New Guinea, and in the [[Cenderawasih Bay|Padaidos]], [[Schouten Islands (Papua New Guinea)|Le Maires]], [[Ninigo Islands|Ninigos]], [[Kaniet Islands|Kaniets]] and [[Hermit Islands|Hermits]], to some of which Spanish names were given.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Coello|first1=Francisco|title=La Cuestión de las Carolinas. Discursos pronunciados en la Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid por su presidente Don Francisco Coello con un mapa, notas y apuntes bibliográficos sobre los antiguos descubrimientos de los españoles en los archipielagos de la Micronesia y sus cercanias|date=1885|publisher=Imprenta Fontanet|location=Madrid|pages=119–122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharp|first1=Andrew|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryofpacif0000shar|title=The discovery of the Pacific Islands|date=1960|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discoveryofpacif0000shar/page/30 30–32]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Brand">{{cite book|last1=Brand|first1=Donald D.|title=The Pacific Basin|date=1967|publisher=American Geographical Society|editor1-last=Friis|editor1-first=Herman R.|location=Burlington|page=123}}</ref> On 20 June 1545 at the mouth of the [[Mamberamo River|Mamberamo river]] (that was charted as ''San Agustin'') he took possession of the land for the Spanish Crown, in the process giving the island the name by which it is known today. He called it ''Nueva Guinea'' owing to the resemblance of the local inhabitants to the peoples of the [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]] coast in [[West Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Quanchi|first=Max|title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|year=2005|isbn=0810853957|page=215}}</ref> The first map showing the whole island (as an island) was published in 1600 and shown 1606, [[Luís Vaz de Torres]] explored the southern coast of New Guinea from [[Milne Bay]] to the [[Gulf of Papua]] including Orangerie Bay, which he named ''Bahía de San Lorenzo''. His expedition also discovered [[Basilaki Island]], naming it ''Tierra de San Buenaventura'', which he claimed for Spain in July 1606.<ref name="Torres">Translation of Torres’ report to the king in Collingridge, G. (1895) ''Discovery of Australia'' p.229-237. Golden Press Edition 1983, Gladesville, NSW. {{ISBN|0-85558-956-6}}</ref> On 18 October, his expedition reached the western part of the island in present-day Indonesia, and also claimed the territory for the King of Spain. + +In 1606, a [[Duyfken]] expedition led by the commander Wiliam Jansen from [[Holland]] landed in Papua. This expedition consisted of 3 ships, where they sailed from the north coast of Java and stopped at the [[Kai Islands|Kei Islands]], at the southwestern coast of Papua. With the increasing Dutch grip in the region, the Spanish left [[New Guinea]] in 1663.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 155-6.</ref> In 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of [[Tidore]]'s sovereignty over [[New Guinea]]. New Guinea thus became notionally Dutch as the Dutch held power over Tidore.<ref>Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 171.</ref> + +[[Dutch New Guinea]] in the early 19th century was administered from the [[Moluccas]]. Although the coast had been mapped in 1825 by Lieutenant Commander D.H. Kolff, there had been no serious effort to establish a permanent presence in Dutch New Guinea. The British, however, had shown considerable interest in the area, and were threatening to settle it. To prevent this, the Governor of the Moluccas, [[Pieter Merkus]], urged the Dutch government to establish posts along the coast.{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=10}} An administrative and trading post established in 1828 on Triton Bay on the southwest coast of [[New Guinea]]. On August 24, 1828, the birthday of [[King William I of the Netherlands]], the Dutch flag was hoisted and Dutch claimed all of [[Western New Guinea|western Papua]], which they called ''Nieuw Guinea''{{sfn|Mees|1994|p=11}}{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=10}} Several local native chieftains proclaimed their loyalty to the Netherlands. The post was named [[Fort Du Bus]] for the then-Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, [[Leonard du Bus de Gisignies]].{{sfn|Murray|1886|pp=274–276}}{{sfn|Mees|1994|p=50, footnote 12}} Almost 30 years later, Germans established the first missionary settlement on an island near [[Manokwari]]. While in 1828 the Dutch claimed the south coast west of the [[141st meridian east|141st meridian]] and the north coast west of [[Yos Sudarso Bay|Humboldt Bay]] in 1848, they did not try to develop the region again until 1896; they established settlements in Manokwari and [[Fak-Fak]] in response to perceived Australian ownership claims from the eastern half of New Guinea. Great Britain and Germany had recognized the Dutch claims in treaties of 1885 and 1895. At much the same time, Britain claimed south-east [[New Guinea]], later known as the [[Territory of Papua]], and Germany claimed the northeast, later known as the [[German New Guinea|Territory of New Guinea]]. The German, Dutch and British colonial administrators each attempted to suppress the still-widespread practices of inter-village warfare and [[headhunting]] within their respective territories.<ref>White, Osmar. ''Parliament of a Thousand Tribes'', Heinemann, London, 1965</ref> In 1901, the Netherlands formally purchased West New Guinea from the Sultanate of Tidore, incorporating it into the [[Netherlands East Indies]].<ref>Ron Crocombe, ''Asia in the Pacific Islands'', p. 281</ref><ref>Benedict Anderson, ''Imagined Communities'', p.176</ref> +[[File:USA-P-Approach-p63.jpg|thumb|U.S troops landing in [[Tanahmerah Bay]] during [[Battle of Hollandia|Operation Reckless]], 1944]] +Dutch activity in the region remained in the first half of the twentieth century, notwithstanding the 1923 establishment of the ''Nieuw Guinea Beweging'' (New Guinea Movement) in the Netherlands by ultra right-wing supporters calling for Dutchmen to create a tropical Netherlands in Papua. This pre-war movement without full government support was largely unsuccessful in its drive, but did coincide with the development of a plan for Eurasian settlement of the Dutch Indies to establish Dutch farms in northern West New Guinea. This effort also failed as most returned to Java disillusioned, and by 1938 just 50 settlers remained near Hollandia and 258 in [[Manokwari]]. The Dutch established the [[Boven Digul]] camp in [[Tanahmerah]], as a prison for Indonesian nationalists.<ref>Robert Cribb, ‘Convict Exile and Penal Settlement in Colonial Indonesia’, Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 18, no 3 (2017), online: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/cch.2017.0043</ref> Among those interned here were writer [[Marco Kartodikromo]],<ref>Adrian Vickers, p.80.</ref> [[Mohammad Hatta]], who would become the first vice president of Indonesia, and [[Sutan Sjahrir]], the first Indonesian Prime Minister.<ref>John D. Legge, p.136.</ref> + +Before about 1930, European maps showed the highlands as uninhabited forests. When first flown over by aircraft, numerous settlements with agricultural terraces and stockades were observed. The most startling discovery took place on 4 August 1938, when [[Richard Archbold]] discovered the [[Baliem Valley|Grand Valley]] of the Baliem River, which had 50,000 yet-undiscovered Stone Age farmers living in orderly villages. The people, known as the [[Dani people|Dani]], were the last society of its size to make first contact with the rest of the world.<ref>Diamond, Jared. ''[[The Third Chimpanzee]]''. Harper Collins, 1993</ref> + +The region became important in the [[War in the Pacific]] upon the Netherlands' declaration of war on Japan after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|bombing of Pearl Harbor]]. In 1942, the northern coast of West New Guinea and the nearby islands were [[Western New Guinea campaign|occupied by Japan]]. By late 1942, most parts of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Klemen|first=L|date=1999–2000|title=The Fall of Dutch New Guinea, April 1942|url=http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/new_guinea.html|work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref> Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink.<ref>{{cite web|last=Womack|first=Tom|year=1999|title=The capture of Manokwari, April 1942|url=http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/manokwari.html|work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref> [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces drove out the Japanese after [[Operation Reckless|Operations Reckless]] and [[Operation Persecution|Persecution]], the amphibious landings near [[Jayapura|Hollandia]], from 21 April 1944. The area served as General [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s headquarters until the conquest of the [[Philippines]] in March 1945. Over twenty U.S. bases were established and half a million US personnel moved through the area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayapura|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301932/Jayapura|access-date=27 May 2010|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> West New Guinean farms supplied food for the half million US troops. Papuan men went into battle to carry the wounded, acted as guides and translators, and provided a range of services, from construction work and carpentry to serving as machine shop workers and mechanics. Following the end of the war, the Dutch retained possession of West New Guinea from 1945. + +=== Preparing for independence === +{{Main|West New Guinea dispute}} +[[File:GonsalvesPapuas1958.jpg|left|thumb|Dutch colonial civil servant in the [[Baliem Valley]], 1958]] +Following the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty to the [[United States of Indonesia]], the successor state to the Netherlands East Indies, on 27 December 1949. However, the Dutch refused to include [[Netherlands New Guinea]] in the new Indonesian Republic and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Following the failure of the Dutch and Indonesians to resolve their differences over West New Guinea during the [[Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference]] in late 1949, it was decided that the present status quo of the territory would be maintained and then negotiated bilaterally one year after the date of the transfer of sovereignty.<ref>Audrey and George Kahin, ''Subversion as Foreign Policy'', p.34</ref> However, both sides were still unable to resolve their differences in 1950, which led the [[President of Indonesia|Indonesian President]] [[Sukarno]] to accuse the Dutch of reneging on their promises to negotiate the handover of the territory. On 17 August 1950, Sukarno dissolved the United States of Indonesia and proclaimed the [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[Republic of Indonesia]].<ref>Bob Catley and Vinsensio Dugis, ''The Kangaroo and the Garuda'', p.20</ref> + +In response to Indonesian aggression, the Netherlands government stepped up its efforts to prepare the Papuan people for self-determination in 1959. These efforts culminated in the establishment of a hospital in Hollandia (modern–day [[Jayapura]], currently Jayapura Regional General Hospital or RSUD Jayapura), a shipyard in [[Manokwari]], agricultural research sites, plantations, and a military force known as the [[Papuan Volunteer Corps]]. By 1960, a legislative New Guinea Council had been established with a mixture of legislative, advisory and policy functions had been established. Half of its members were to be elected, and elections for this council were held the following year.<ref>Wies Platje, "Dutch SIGINT and the Conflict with Indonesia, p.298</ref><ref>Michael Green, "Uneasy Partners", p.160</ref> Most importantly, the Dutch also sought to create a sense of West Papuan national identity, and these efforts led to the creation of a national flag (the [[Morning Star flag]]), a national anthem, and a [[Coat of arms of Netherlands New Guinea|coat of arms]]. The Dutch had planned to transfer independence to West New Guinea in 1970.<ref>Ron Crocombe, ''Asia in the Pacific Islands'' 286</ref> +[[File:NL-HaNA 2.24.05.02 0 143-0435 1.jpg|thumb|Dutch and Papuan officials during the opening of the Central Hospital in [[Jayapura|Hollandia]], 1959]] +Following the raising of the Papuan National Flag on 1 December 1961, tensions further escalated. On 18 December 1961 Sukarno issued the ''[[Operation Trikora|Tri Komando Rakjat]]'' (People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, raise the Indonesian flag in that country, and be ready for mobilisation at any time.<ref>Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung, ''Twenty years of Indonesian Foreign Policy 1945-1965'', p. 303.</ref><ref>[http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/uploaded_files/pdf/speech/normal/soekarno2.pdf Sukarno's "Trikora"-Speech] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011153750/http://kepustakaan-presiden.pnri.go.id/uploaded_files/pdf/speech/normal/soekarno2.pdf|date=11 October 2017}}. The commands are at the end of the speech.</ref> In 1962 Indonesia launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Indonesian forces on 15 January 1962. The Indonesian attack was comprehensively defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch destroyers ''Evertsen'' and ''Kortenaer'', the so-called [[Battle of Arafura Sea|Vlakke Hoek incident]].<ref>Penders, "The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 344</ref> Amongst the casualties was the Indonesian Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore [[Yos Sudarso]]. + +It finally was agreed through the [[New York Agreement]] in 1962 that the administration of Western New Guinea would be temporarily transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia and that by 1969 the [[United Nations]] should oversee a referendum of the [[Papuan people]], in which they would be given two options: to remain part of Indonesia or to become an independent nation. For a period of time, Dutch New Guinea were under the [[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority]], before being transferred to Indonesia in 1963. A referendum was held in 1969, which was referred to as the [[Act of Free Choice]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Monbiot |first1=George |title=Slavemasters |url=https://www.monbiot.com/2018/11/23/slavemasters/ |access-date=2018-11-24 |work=The Guardian |date=2018-11-23 |format=Opinion}}</ref> The referendum was recognized by the international community and the region became the Indonesian province of Irian Jaya. The province has been renamed as Papua since 2002.<ref>{{citation |author=Li-ann Thio |chapter=International law and secession in the Asia and Pacific regions |title=Secession: International Law Perspectives |editor=Marcelo G. Kohen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2006 }}</ref> + +=== Under Indonesia rule === +[[File:TPN 1 Juli 1971.jpg|left|thumb|West Papuan separatists raising the [[Morning Star flag|Morning-Star flag]] in the jungles of Papua, 1971]] +Following the [[Act of Free Choice]] plebiscite in 1969, Western New Guinea was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. Instead of a referendum of the 816,000 Papuans, only 1,022 Papuan tribal representatives were allowed to vote, and they were coerced into voting in favor of integration. While several international observers including journalists and diplomats criticized the referendum as being rigged, the U.S. and Australia support Indonesia's efforts to secure acceptance in the [[United Nations]] for the pro-integration vote. That same year, 84 member states voted in favor for the United Nations to accept the result, with 30 others abstaining.<ref>Ron Crocombe, 284</ref> Due to the Netherlands' efforts to promote a West Papuan national identity, a significant number of Papuans refused to accept the territory's integration into Indonesia. These formed the separatist [[Organisasi Papua Merdeka]] (Free Papua Movement) and have waged an [[Papua Conflict|insurgency]] against the Indonesian authorities, which continues to this day.<ref>Ron Crocombe, ''Asia in the Pacific Islands'', pp. 286–91</ref><ref>Bilveer Singh, ''West Irian and the Suharto Presidency''. p.86</ref> + +In January 2003 President [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] signed an order dividing Papua into three provinces: Central Irian Jaya (Irian Jaya Tengah), Papua (or East Irian Jaya, Irian Jaya Timur), and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] (Irian Jaya Barat). The formality of installing a local government for Jakarta in Irian Jaya Barat (West) took place in February 2003 and a governor was appointed in November; a government for Irian Jaya Tengah (Central Irian Jaya) was delayed from August 2003 due to violent local protests. The creation of this separate Central Irian Jaya Province was blocked by Indonesian courts, who declared it to be unconstitutional and in contravention of the Papua's special autonomy agreement. The previous division into two provinces was allowed to stand as an established fact.<ref>King, Peter, ''West Papua Since Suharto: Independence, Autonomy, or Chaos?''. University of New South Wales Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-86840-676-7}}.</ref> + +Following [[Indonesian presidential election, 2014|his election in 2014]], Indonesian president, [[Joko Widodo]], embarked on reforms intended to alleviate grievances of [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Native Papuans]], such as stopping [[transmigration program]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Asril|first=Sabrina|date=4 June 2015|title=Jokowi Hentikan Transmigrasi ke Papua|work=[[Kompas]]|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/06/04/18471741/Jokowi.Hentikan.Transmigrasi.ke.Papua|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> and starting massive infrastructure spending in Papua, including building [[Trans Papua|Trans-Papua]] roads network.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Diela|first=Tabita|date=11 May 2015|title=Jokowi Vows to Finish 4,000-km Trans-Papua Highway|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/economy/jokowi-vows-to-finish-4000-km-trans-papua-highway/}}</ref> The Joko Widodo administration has prioritized infrastructure and human resource development as a great framework for solving the conflict in Papua.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Jokowi dan 3 Janjinya Saat Berkunjung ke Pegunungan Arfak, Papua Barat...|url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2019/10/28/085011465/jokowi-dan-3-janjinya-saat-berkunjung-ke-pegunungan-arfak-papua-barat|access-date=2021-02-26|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> The Jokowi administration has implemented a one-price fuel policy in Papua. Jokowi assessed that one price fuel policy is a form of "justice" for all Papuans. Another infrastructure that Jokowi is also building is the Palapa Ring fiber optic. In 2020, Jokowi targets that the internet can be enjoyed by all people up to West Papua.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Indonesia’s Palapa Ring: Bringing Connectivity to the Archipelago|url=https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesias-palapa-ring-bringing-connectivity-archipelago/|access-date=2021-02-26|website=ASEAN Business News|language=en}}</ref> + +Protests against Indonesian rule in Papua happens frequently, the most recent being the [[2019 Papua protests]], which is also by far one of the largest.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Reuters|date=2019-08-30|title=Indonesia urges calm in Papua after two weeks of protests|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-indonesia-papua-idUKKCN1VK1BS|access-date=2021-02-26}}</ref> + +== Politics == + +=== Government === +[[File:Logo Majelis Rakyat Papua.jpg|thumb|The Papuan People Congress is created in 2001 to administer the Papuan Special Autonomy]] +The province of Papua is governed by a directly elected governor (currently [[Lukas Enembe]]) and a regional legislature, [[People's Representative Council]] of Papua (''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Papua'', abbreviated as DPRP or DPR Papua).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blades |first1=Johnny |title=Governor of Indonesia's Papua seeks connection with PNG |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/366810/governor-of-indonesia-s-papua-seeks-connection-with-png |website=Radio New Zealand |access-date=24 January 2019 |language=en-nz |date=19 September 2018}}</ref> A government organization that only exists in Papua is the Papuan People's Assembly (Majelis Rakyat Papua), which was formed by the [[Government of Indonesia|Indonesian government]] in 2005 as a coalition of Papuan tribal chiefs, tasked with arbitration and speaking on behalf of Papuan tribal customs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP 54-2004::Majelis Rakyat Papua (MRP)|url=https://ngada.org/pp54-2004bt.htm|access-date=2021-02-26|website=ngada.org}}</ref> + +Since 2014, the DPRP has 55 members who are elected through [[General election|general elections]] every five years and 14 people who are appointed through the special autonomy, bringing the total number of DPRP members to 69 people. The DPRP leadership consists of 1 Chairperson and 3 Deputy Chairmen who come from political parties that have the most number of seats and votes. The current DPRP members are the results of the [[2019 Indonesian general election|2019 General Election]] which was sworn in on October 31, 2019 by the Chairperson of the Jayapura High Court at the Papua DPR Building.<ref>{{Cite web|last=T|title=55 Anggota DPR Papua Resmi Dilantik|url=https://www.dharapospapua.com/2014/10/55-anggota-dpr-papua-resmi-dilantik.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Dharapos Papua}}</ref> The composition of DPRP members for the 2019-2024 period consists of 13 political parties where the [[Nasdem Party|NasDem Party]] is the political party with the most seats, with 8 seats, followed by the [[Democratic Party (Indonesia)|Democratic Party]] which also won 8 seats and the [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle]] which won 7 seats. + +The province of Papua is one of three provinces to have obtained special autonomy status, the others being [[Aceh]] and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]. According to Law 21/2001 on Special Autonomy Status ''(UU Nomor 21 Tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi khusus Papua),'' the provincial government of Papua is provided with authority within all sectors of administration, except for the five strategic areas of foreign affairs, security and defense, monetary and fiscal affairs, religion and justice. The provincial government is authorized to issue local regulations to further stipulate the implementation of the special autonomy, including regulating the authority of districts and municipalities within the province. Due to its special autonomy status, Papua province is provided with significant amount of special autonomy funds, which can be used to benefit its [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|indigenous peoples]]. But the province has low fiscal capacity and it is highly dependent on unconditional transfers and the above-mentioned special autonomy fund, which accounted for about 55% of total revenues in 2008. After obtaining its special autonomy status, in order to allow the local population access to timber production benefits, the Papuan provincial government issued a number of decrees, enabling: @@ -105,192 +184,390 @@ === Administrative divisions === -As of 2010 (following the separation of West Papua Province in 2003), the residual Papua Province consisted of 28 [[Regencies of Indonesia|regencies]] (''kabupaten'') and one autonomous city (''kota''); these regencies and the city are together subdivided as at 2018 into 560 [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''distriks''), and thence into 5,521 "villages" (''kelurahan'' and ''desa''). In Papua, as well as in the province of West Papua, ''kecamatan'' are commonly referred to as ''distrik''. +{{Main|Administrative divisions of Indonesia}} +As of 2010 (following the separation of West Papua Province in 2003), the residual Papua Province consisted of 28 [[Regencies of Indonesia|regencies]] (''kabupaten'') and one autonomous city (''kota''); these regencies and the city are together subdivided as at 2018 into 560 [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]] (''distriks''), and thence into 5,521 "villages" (''kelurahan'' and ''desa''). With the release of the Act Number 21 of 2001 concerning the Special Autonomous of Papua Province, the term ''distrik'' was used instead of ''kecamatan'' in the entire [[Western New Guinea]] (Papua and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]).<ref>{{Cite web|last=RI|first=Setjen DPR|title=J.D.I.H. - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat|url=http://dpr.go.id/jdih/index/id/352|website=dpr.go.id}}</ref> The difference between the two is merely the naming, with ''kepala distrik'' being the district head. +[[File:29 Kabupaten Papua.png|frameless|624x624px|center]] -The regencies (''kabupaten'') and the city (''kota'') are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2015 Intermediate Census, together with the most recent estimates as at mid 2019.<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2020.</ref> - -{| class="sortable wikitable" +The regencies (''kabupaten'') and the city (''kota'') are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2018 census, together with the 2020 [[Human Development Index]] of each adminstrative divisions.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Papua: Jumlah Penduduk Proyeksi (Jiwa), 2018-2020|url=https://papua.bps.go.id/indicator/12/277/1/jumlah-penduduk-proyeksi.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-03|website=papua.bps.go.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sugiyanto|first=|title=Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Provinsi Papua Tahun 2020|url=https://papua.bps.go.id/pressrelease/download.html?nrbvfeve=NDk1&sdfs=ldjfdifsdjkfahi&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMS0wMi0yNiAyMjowNjoxNQ%3D%3D|url-status=live|website=Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Papua}}</ref> +{| class="wikitable collapsible" +! +![[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regencies and Cities]] +!Capital +![[List of districts of Papua|Districts]] +!Area (km²) +!Population +Estimate (2020) +![[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2020) |- -! Name || Area <br>(km²) ||Population<br>Census<br>2010 ||Population<br>Census<br>2015 ||Population<br>Estimate<br>mid-2019 || Capital || data-sort-type="number" |Number of<br />Districts|| data-sort-type="number" |Number of<br>Villages|| [[Human Development Index|HDI]]<ref>[https://papua.bps.go.id/dynamictable/2016/08/05/8/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia-menurut-kabupaten-kota-2010-2018.html]</ref><br />(2018) +!1 +| colspan="2" align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kota_Jayapura.jpeg}} [[Jayapura]] City +|Abepura, Heram, Muara Tami, Jayapura Selatan, Jayapura Utara +| align="right" |935.92 +| align="right" |303,760 +| align="right" |0.799 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- -| [[Merauke Regency]]||align="right"|46,074.63||align="right"|195,716||align="right"|216,271||align="right"|227,411|| [[Merauke]] ||align="right"|20||align="right"|190|| 0.693 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!2 +| align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Asmat.jpeg}} [[Asmat Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Agats]] +|Agats, Akat, Atsy, Ayip, Betcbamu, Der Koumur, Fayit, Jetsy, Joerat, Kolf Braza, Kopay, Pantai Kasuari, Pulau Tiga, Safan, Sawa Erma, Sirets, Suator, Suru-suru, Unir Sirau +| align="right" |31,983.43 +| align="right" |98,885 +| align="right" |0.506 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Boven Digoel Regency]]||align="right"|23,621.52||align="right"|55,784||align="right"|62,862||align="right|69,211|| [[Tanahmerah|Tanah Merah]] ||align="right"|20||align="right"|112|| 0.608 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!3 +| align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Biak_Numfor.png}} [[Biak Numfor Regency]] +| align="center" |[[Biak]] +|Aimando Padaido, Andey, Biak Barat, Biak Kota (Biak), Biak Timur, Biak Utara, Bondifuar, Bruyadori, Numfor Barat, Numfor Timur, Oridek Orkeri, Padaido, Poiru, Samofa, Swandiwe, Warsa, Yawosi, Yendidori +| align="right" |2,601.99 +| align="right" |155,504 +| align="right" |0.722 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- -| [[Mappi Regency]]||align="right"|22,979.35||align="right"|81,658||align="right"|91,657||align="right"|108,914|| [[Kepi, Papua|Kepi]] ||align="right"|15||align="right"|164|| 0.577 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!4 +| align="left" |{{flagicon image|Logo BOVENDIGOEL.jpg}} [[Boven Digoel Regency]] +| align="center" |[[Tanahmerah]] +|Ambatkwi, Arimop, Bomakia, Firiwage, Fofi, Iniyandit, Jair, Kawagit, Ki, Kombay, Kombut, Kouh, Mandobo (Tanahmerah), Manggelum, Mindiptana, Ninati, Sesnuk, Subur, Waropko, Yaniruma +| align="right" |27,108 +| align="right" |72,122 +| align="right" |0.615 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Asmat Regency]]||align="right"|26,118.09||align="right"|76,577||align="right"|88,373||align="right"|97,490|| [[Agats]] ||align="right"|19||align="right"|221|| 0.493 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!5 +| align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Deiyai.png}} [[Deiyai Regency]] +| align="center" |Waghete +|Bowobado, Kapiraya, Tigi (Waghete), Tigi Barat, Tigi Timur +| align="right" |537.39 +| align="right" |74,529 +| align="right" |0.495 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| '''''Southern group''''' ||align="right"|''{{formatnum: '''118793.59'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''409735'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''459163'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''503026'''}}'' || ||align="right"|''{{formatnum: '''74'''}}'' ||align="right"|''{{formatnum: '''687'''}}'' || +!6 +| align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Dogiyai.gif}} [[Dogiyai Regency]] +| align="center" |Kigamani +|Dogiyai, Kamu (Kigimani), Kamu Selatan, Kamu Timur, Kamu Utara, Mapia, Mapia Barat, Mapia Tengah, Piyaiye, Sukikai Selatan +| align="right" |4,237.4 +| align="right" |99,277 +| align="right" |0.548 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Biak Numfor Regency]]||align="right"|2,229.24||align="right"|126,798||align="right"|138,790||align="right"|152,401|| [[Biak]] ||align="right"|19||align="right"|268|| 0.719 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) +!7 +| align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Intan Jaya.png}} [[Intan Jaya Regency]] +| align="center" |Sugapa +|Agisiga, Biandoga, Hitadipa, Homeyo, Sugapa, Tomosiga, Ugimba, Wandai +| align="right" |3,922.02 +| align="right" |50,599 +| align="right" |0.478 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Deiyai Regency]]||align="right"|3,064.33||align="right"|62,119||align="right"|69,290||align="right"|74,529|| [[Tigi, Indonesia|Tigi]] ||align="right"|5||align="right"|67|| 0.495 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!8 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Jayapura.jpeg}} [[Jayapura Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Sentani, Indonesia|Sentani]] +|Airu, Demta, Depapre, Ebungfau, Gresi Selatan, Kaureh, Kemtuk, Kemtuk Gresi, Namblong, Nimbokrang, Nimboran, Ravenirara, Sentani, Sentani Barat, Sentani Timur, Unurum Guay, Waibu, Yapsi, Yokari +|align="right" |11,157.15 +|align="right" |134,180 +|align="right" |0.717 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- -| [[Dogiyai Regency]]||align="right"|4,680.65||align="right"|84,230||align="right"|92,048||align="right"|97,902|| [[Kigamani]] ||align="right"|10||align="right"|79|| 0.544 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!9 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Jayawijaya.png}} [[Jayawijaya Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Wamena]] +|Asologaima, Asolokobal, Asotipo, Bolakme, Bpiri, Bugi, Hubikiak, Hubikosi, Ibele, Itlay Hisage, Koragi, Kurulu, Libarek, Maima, Molagalome, Muliama, Musatfak, Napua, Pelebaga, Piramid, Pisugi, Popugoba, Siepkosi, Silo Karno Doga, Taelarek, Tagime, Tagineri, Trikora, Usilimo, Wadangku, Walaik, Walelagama, Wame, Wamena, Welesi, Wesaput, Wita Waya, Wollo, Wouma, Yalengga +|align="right" |7,030.66 +|align="right" |220,112 +|align="right" |0.580 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Intan Jaya Regency]]||align="right"|5,712.59||align="right"|40,490||align="right"|45,846||align="right"|49,293|| [[Sugapa]] ||align="right"|8||align="right"|97|| 0.465 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!10 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Keerom.jpeg}} [[Keerom Regency]] +|align="center" |Waris +|Arso, Arso Barat, Arso Timur, Kaisenar, Mannem, [[Senggi District|Senggi]], Skanto, Towe, Waris, Web, Yaffi +|align="right" |8,390 +|align="right" |57,903 +|align="right" |0.664 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Yapen Islands Regency|Kepulauan Yapen Regency]]<br>(Yapen Islands)||align="right"|2,406.73||align="right"|82,951||align="right"|91,240||align="right"|101,204|| [[Serui]] ||align="right"|16||align="right"|165||0.670 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!11 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Intan Jaya.png}} [[Kepulauan Yapen Regency]] +|align="center" |Serui +|Angkaisera, Anotaurei, Kepulauan Ambai, Kosiwo, Poom, Pulau Kurudu, Pulau Yerui, Raimbawi, Teluk Ampimoi, Windesi, Wonawa, Yapen Barat, Yapen Selatan (Serui), Yapen Timur, Yapen Utara, Yawakukat +|align="right" |2,406.73 +|align="right" |103,313 +|align="right" |0.677 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Mimika Regency]]||align="right"|18,675.95||align="right"|182,001||align="right"|201,300||align="right"|219,689|| [[Timika]] ||align="right"|18||align="right"|152|| 0.731 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) +!12 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Lanny Jaya, Papua.jpg}} [[Lanny Jaya Regency]] +|align="center" |Tiom +|Awina, Ayumnati, Balingga, Balingga Barat, Bruwa, Buguk Gona, Dimba, Gamelia, Gelok Beam, Goa Balim, Gollo, Guna, Gupura, Karu, Kelulome, Kolawa, Kuly Lanny. Kuyawage, Lannyna, Makki, Melagi, Melagineri, Milimbo, Mokoni, Muara, Nikogwe, Niname, Nogi, Pirime, Poga, Tiom, Tiom Ollo, Tiomneri, Wano Barat, Wereka, Wiringgambut, Yiginua, Yiluk, Yugungwi +|align="right" |6,448 +|align="right" |180,305 +|align="right" |0.479 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Nabire Regency]]||align="right"|12,010.65||align="right"|129,893||align="right"|139,921||align="right"|150,308|| [[Nabire]] ||align="right"|15||align="right"|81|| 0.677 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!13 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Mamberamo_Raya,_Papua.jpg}} [[Mamberamo Raya Regency]] +|align="center" |Burmeso +|Benuki, Mamberamo Hilir, Mamberamo Hulu, Mamberamo Tengah (Burmeso), Mamberamo Tengah Timur, Rufaer, Sawai, Waropen Atas +|align="right" |23,813.91 +|align="right" |24,773 +|align="right" |0.518 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Paniai Regency]]||align="right"|4,891.17||align="right"|153,432||align="right"|164,008||align="right"|177,410|| [[Enarotali]] ||align="right"|23||align="right"|221|| 0.558 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!14 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Mamberamo Tengah.webp}} [[Mamberamo Tengah Regency]] +|align="center" |Kobakma +|Eragayam, Ilugwa, Kelila, Kobakma, Megambilis +|align="right" |1,275 +|align="right" |48,811 +|align="right" |0.476 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Supiori Regency]]||align="right"|690.16||align="right"|15,874||align="right"|18,222||align="right"|20,710|| [[Sorendiweri]] ||align="right"|5||align="right"|38|| 0.618 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!15 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Mappi.png}} [[Mappi Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Kepi, Indonesia|Kepi]] +| Assue, Bamgi, Citak Mitak, Edera, Haju, Kaibar, Mambioman Bapai, Minyamur, Obaa (Kepi), Passue, Passue Bawah, Syahcame, Ti Zain, Venaha, Yakomi +|align="right" |28,518 +|align="right" |108,914 +|align="right" |0.582 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Waropen Regency]]||align="right"|10,592.39||align="right"|24,639||align="right"|28,444||align="right"|31,514|| [[Botawa]] ||align="right"|11||align="right"|100|| 0.648 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!16 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Merauke.jpg}} [[Merauke Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Merauke]] +|Animha, Elikobal, Ilwayab, Jagebob, Kaptel, Kimaam, Kurik, Malind, Merauke, Muting, Naukenjerai, Ngguti, Okaba, Semangga, Sota, Tabonji, Tanah Miring, Tubang, Ulilin, Waan +|align="right" |46,791.63 +|align="right" |228,681 +|align="right" |0.701 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- -| '''''Western group''''' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''64953.86'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''902427'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''989,109'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''1074960'''}}'' || ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: '''130'''}}'' ||align="right"| ''{{formatnum: ''' 1268'''}}'' || +!17 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Mimika.jpg}} [[Mimika Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Timika]] +|Agimuga, Alama, Amar, Hoya, Iwaka, Jila, Jita, Kuala Kencana, Kwamki Narama, Mimika Barat, Mimika Barat Jauh, Mimika Barat Tengah, Mimika Baru (Timika), Mimika Tengah, Mimika Timur, Mimika Timur Jauh, Tembagapura, Wania +|align="right" |21,693.5 +|align="right" |223,605 +|align="right" |0.742 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) |- -| [[Jayapura]] City||align="right"|817.84||align="right"|256,705||align="right"|282,766||align="right"|300,192|| [[Jayapura]] City ||align="right"|5||align="right"|39||0.795 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) +!18 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_kabupaten_nabire.jpg}} [[Nabire Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Nabire]] +|Dipa, Makimi, Menou, Moora, Nabire, Nabire Barat, Napan, Siriwo, Teluk Kimi, Teluk Umar, Uwapa, Wanggar, Wapoga, Yaro, Yaur +|align="right" |12,010.65 +|align="right" |152,821 +|align="right" |0.688 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Jayapura Regency]]||align="right"|14,048.15||align="right"|111,943||align="right"|121,163||align="right"|131,802|| [[Sentani (town)|Sentani]] ||align="right"|19||align="right"|144|| 0.712 ({{fontcolor|green|High}}) +!19 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Nduga.png}} [[Nduga Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Kenyam]] +|Alama, Dal, Embetpen, Gearek, Geselma, Inikgal, Iniye, Kegayem, Kenyam, Kilmid, Kora, Koroptak, Krepkuri, Mam, Mapenduma, Mbua Tengah, Mbulmu Yalma, Mbuwa, Mebarok, Moba, Mugi, Nenggeagin, Nirkuri, Paro, Pasir Putih, Pija, Wosak, Wusi, Wutpaga, Yal, Yenggelo, Yigi +|align="right" |12,941 +|align="right" |99,817 +|align="right" |0.316 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Jayawijaya Regency]]||align="right"|2,742.58||align="right"|196,085||align="right"|206,133||align="right"|217,887|| [[Wamena]] ||align="right"|40||align="right"|332|| 0.568 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!20 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Paniai.jpg}} [[Paniai Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Enarotali]] +|Aradide, Aweida, Baya Biru, Bibida, Bogabaida, Deiyai Miyo, Dogomo, Dumadama, Ekadide, Kebo, Muye, Nakama, Paniai Barat, Paniai Timur (Enarotali), Pugo Dagi, Siriwo, Teluk Deya, Topiyai, Wegee Bino, Wegee Muka, Yagai, Yatamo, Youtadi +|align="right" |6,525.25 +|align="right" |180,502 +|align="right" |0.563 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Keerom Regency]]||align="right"|8,476.34||align="right"|48,536||align="right"|53,612||align="right"|57,100|| [[Waris, Indonesia|Waris]] ||align="right"|11||align="right"|91|| 0.657 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!21 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Pegunungan Bintang.webp}} [[Pegunungan Bintang Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Oksibil]] +|Aboy, Alemsom, Awinbon, Batani, Batom, Bime, Borme, Eipumek, Iwur, Jetfa, Kalomdol, Kawor, Kiwirok, Kiwirok Timur, Mofinop, Murkim, Nongme, Ok Aom, Okbab, Okbape, Okbemtau, Okbibab, Okhika, Oklip, Oksamol, Oksebang, Oksibil, Oksop, Pamek, Pepera, Serambakon, Tarup, Teiraplu, Weime +|align="right" |15,682 +|align="right" |76,586 +|align="right" |0.454 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Lanny Jaya Regency]]||align="right"|2,852.15||align="right"|148,522||align="right"|172,438||align="right"|178,995|| [[Tiom]] ||align="right"|39||align="right"|355|| 0.473 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!22 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Puncak.webp}} [[Puncak Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Ilaga]] +|Agandugume, Amungkalpia, Beoga, Beoga Barat, Beoga Timur, Bina, Dervos, Doufo, Erelmakawia, Gome, Gome Utara, Ilaga, Ilaga Utara, Kembru, Lambewi, Mabugi, Mage'abume, Ogamanim, Omukia, Oneri, Pogoma, Sinak, Sinak Barat, Wangbe, Yugumuak +|align="right" |8,055 +|align="right" |115,323 +|align="right" |0.430 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Mamberamo Raya Regency]]<br />(Great Mamberamo)||align="right"|28,034.87||align="right"|18,365||align="right"|21,301||align="right"|24,086|| [[Burmeso]] ||align="right"|8||align="right"|60|| 0.512 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!23 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Puncak Jaya.png}} [[Puncak Jaya Regency]] +|align="center" |Mulia +|Dagai, Dokome, Fawi, Gubume, Gurage, Ilamburawi, Ilu, Irimuli, Kalome, Kiyage, Lumo, Mewoluk, Molanikime, Muara, Mulia, Nioga, Nume, Pagaleme, Taganombak, Tingginambut, Torere, Waegi, Wanwi, Yambi, Yamo, Yamoneri +|align="right" |4,989.51 +|align="right" |133,712 +|align="right" |0.484 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Central Mamberamo Regency|Mamberamo Tengah Regency]]<br />(Central Mamberamo)||align="right"|3,384.14||align="right"|39,537||align="right"|46,198||align="right"|48,201|| [[Kobakma]] ||align="right"|5||align="right"|59|| 0.464 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!24 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Sarmi.png}} [[Sarmi Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Sarmi, Indonesia|Sarmi]] +|Apawer Hulu, Bonggo, Bonggo Timur, Pantai Barat, Pantai Timur, Pantai Timur Bagian Barat, Sarmi, Sarmi Selatan, Sarmi Timur, Tor Atas +|align="right" |12,961.31 +|align="right" |41,279 +|align="right" |0.636 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Nduga Regency]]||align="right"|5,329.43||align="right"|79,053||align="right"|93,862||align="right"|98,595|| [[Kenyam]] ||align="right"|32||align="right"|248|| 0.294 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!25 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Supiori.png}} [[Supiori Regency]] +|align="center" |Sorendiweri +|Kepulauan Aruri, Supiori Barat, Supiori Selatan, Supiori Timur, Supiori Utara +|align="right" |678.32 +|align="right" |21,188 +|align="right" |0.623 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Bintang Mountain Regency|Pegunungan Bintang Regency]]<br />(Bintang Mountains Regency)||align="right"|15,043.96||align="right"|65,434||align="right"|71,608||align="right"|75,788|| [[Oksibil]] ||align="right"|34||align="right"|277|| 0.442 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!26 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Tolikara.tif}} [[Tolikara Regency]] +|align="center" |Karubaga +|Airgaram, Anawi, Aweku, Bewani, Biuk, Bogonuk, Bokondini, Bokoneri, Danime, Dow, Dundu, Egiam, Geya, Gika, Gilubandu, Goyage, Gundagi, Kai, Kamboneri, Kanggime, Karubaga, Kembu, Kondaga, Kuari, KubuLi Anogomma, Nabunage, Nelawi, Numba, Nunggawi, Panaga, Poganeri, Tagime, Tagineri, Telenggeme, Timori, Umagi, Wakuwo, Wari/Taiyeve II, Wenam, Wina, Woniki, Wugi, Wunim, Yuko, Yuneri +|align="right" |5,588.13 +|align="right" |140,413 +|align="right" |0.495 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Puncak Regency]]||align="right"|7,547,72||align="right"|93,218||align="right"|103,342||align="right"|113,204|| [[Ilaga, Indonesia|Ilaga]] ||align="right"|25||align="right"|206|| 0.380 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) -|- -| [[Puncak Jaya Regency]]||align="right"|5,019.67||align="right"|101,148||align="right"|114,978||align="right"|129,300|| [[Mulia, Indonesia|Mulia]] ||align="right"|26||align="right"|305|| 0.443 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) -|- -| [[Sarmi Regency]]||align="right"|12,961.31||align="right"|32,971||align="right"|36,714||align="right"|40,515|| [[Sarmi, Indonesia|Sarmi]] ||align="right"|10||align="right"|94|| 0.604 ({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) +!27 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang Kabupaten Waropen, Papua.jpg}} [[Waropen Regency]] +|align="center" |Botawa +|Demba, Inggerus, Kirihi, Masirei, Oudate, Risei Sayati, Soyoi Mambai, Urei Faisei, Wapoga, Waropen Bawah, Wonti +|align="right" |10,502.39 +|align="right" |32,100 +|align="right" |0.649 + +({{fontcolor|#fc0|Medium}}) |- -| [[Tolikara Regency]]||align="right"|3,673.83||align="right"|114,427||align="right"|130,862||align="right"|139,111|| [[Karubaga]] ||align="right"|46||align="right"|545|| 0.488 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!28 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Yahukimo.png}} [[Yahukimo Regency]] +|align="center" |[[Dekai]] +|Amuma, Anggruk, Bomela, Dekai, Dirwemna, Duram, Endomen, Hereapini, Hilipuk, Hogio, Holuon, Kabianggama, Kayo, Kona, Korupun, Kosarek, Kurima, Kwelemdua, Kwikma, Langda, Lolat, Mugi, Musaik, Nalca, Ninia, Nipsan, Obio, Panggema, Pasema, Pronggoli, Puldama, Samenage, Sela, Seredela, Silimo, Soba, Sobaham, Soloikma, Sumo, Suntamon, Suru Suru, Talambo, Tangma, Ubahak, Ubalihi, Ukha, Walma, Werima, Wusama, Yahuliambut, Yogosem +|align="right" |17,152 +|align="right" |192,627 +|align="right" |0.494 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Yahukimo Regency]]||align="right"|15,978.80||align="right"|164,512||align="right"|181,139||align="right"|190,887|| [[Dekai]] ||align="right"|51||align="right"|511|| 0.485 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) +!29 +|align="left" |{{flagicon image|Lambang_Kabupaten_Yalimo.png}} [[Yalimo Regency]] +|align="center" |Elelim +|Abenaho, Apalapsili, Benawa, Elelim, Welarek +|align="right" |3,568.52 +|align="right" |63,789 +|align="right" |0.483 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |- -| [[Yalimo Regency]]||align="right"|3,660.26||align="right"|50,763||align="right"|58,700||align="right"|62,605|| [[Elelim]] ||align="right"|5||align="right"|300|| 0.471 ({{fontcolor|red|Low}}) |} -=== Provincial decentralisation history === -In 2000, the present area of Papua Province originally consisted of nine regencies: +== Environment == + +=== Geography and Climate === +[[File:Puncakjaya.jpg|thumb|[[Puncak Jaya]] is the tallest mountain between the Himalayas and the Andes.]]The island of [[New Guinea]] lies to the east of the [[Malay Archipelago]], with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago.<ref name="Wallace">{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace|year=1863|title=On the Physical Geography of the Malay Archipelago|url=http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S078.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117084201/http://web2.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S078.htm|archive-date=January 17, 2010|access-date=30 November 2009}}</ref> Geologically it is a part of the same [[tectonic plate]] as Australia. When world sea levels were low, the two shared shorelines (which now lie 100 to 140 metres below sea level),<ref name="aims">{{cite web|year=2001|title=Big Bank Shoals of the Timor Sea: An environmental resource atlas|url=http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084419/http://www.aims.gov.au/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=703cba58-6526-44e4-91eb-7ef84e4ba25d&groupId=30301|archive-date=2011-09-27|access-date=2006-08-28|publisher=Australian Institute of Marine Science}}</ref> and combined with lands now inundated into the tectonic continent of [[Sahul Shelf|Sahul]],<ref name="ballard">{{cite conference|last=Ballard|first=Chris|year=1993|title=Stimulating minds to fantasy? A critical etymology for Sahul|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian National University|pages=19–20|isbn=0-7315-1540-4|book-title=Sahul in review: Pleistocene archaeology in Australia, New Guinea and island Melanesia}}</ref><ref name="Allen 1977">{{cite book|last=Allen|first=J.|url=https://archive.org/details/sundasahulprehis0000unse|title=Sunda and Sahul: Prehistorical studies in Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia|publisher=Academic Press|year=1977|isbn=0-12-051250-5|editor-last=Golson|editor-first=J.|location=London|editor-last2=Jones|editor-first2=R.|url-access=registration}}</ref> also known as Greater Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Allen|first1=Jim|last2=Gosden|first2=Chris|last3=Jones|first3=Rhys|last4=White|first4=J. Peter|year=1988|title=Pleistocene dates for the human occupation of New Ireland, northern Melanesia|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=331|issue=6158|pages=707–709|bibcode=1988Natur.331..707A|doi=10.1038/331707a0|pmid=3125483|s2cid=6912997}}</ref> The two landmasses became separated when the area now known as the [[Torres Strait]] flooded after the end of the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]]. + +The province of Papua is located between 2 ° 25'LU - 9 ° S and 130 ° - 141 ° East. The total area of Papua is 317,062 km² (122,418 sq. miles) or 19.33% of the total area of the [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian archipelago]]. Papua Province is the province that has the largest area in Indonesia. The boundaries of Papua are: [[Pacific Ocean]] (North), [[Arafura Sea]] (South), [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] (West) and [[Papua New Guinea]] (East). Papua, like most parts of Indonesia, has two seasons, the dry season and the rainy season. From June to September the wind flows from [[Australia]] and does not contain much water vapor resulting in a dry season. On the other hand, from December to March, the wind currents contain a lot of water vapor originating from [[Asia]] and the [[Pacific Ocean]] so that the rainy season occurs. The average temperature in Papua ranges from 19°C to 28°C and humidity is between 80% to 89%. The average annual rainfall is between 1,500 mm to 7,500 mm.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://papua.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=ZDBmN2Q3ZWIyZWVkZGJlZGViNWRmNDAx&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly9wYXB1YS5icHMuZ28uaWQvcHVibGljYXRpb24vMjAxMy8wOC8xNy9kMGY3ZDdlYjJlZWRkYmVkZWI1ZGY0MDEvcGFwdWEtZGFsYW0tYW5na2EtMjAxMy5odG1s&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMS0wMi0yNiAxNzowMjo0Nw%3D%3D|title=Papuan in Figures 2013|publisher=BPS - Statistics of Papua Province|year=2013|location=Jayapura}}</ref> Snowfalls sometime occurs in the mountainous areas of the province, especially the central highlands region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liputan6.com|date=2015-07-14|title=Suhu Minus 2 Derajat Celcius, Hujan Salju Papua Renggut 11 Jiwa|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/2272956/suhu-minus-2-derajat-celcius-hujan-salju-papua-renggut-11-jiwa|access-date=2021-03-04|website=liputan6.com|language=id}}</ref> +[[File:Sentani Lake.jpg|left|thumb|View of [[Lake Sentani]] near [[Jayapura]]]] +The [[New Guinea Highlands]], which is located at the central east–west of the province, dominates the geography of the island of New Guinea, over {{convert|1600|km|-2|abbr=on}} in total length. The western section is around {{convert|600|km|-2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|100|km|-1|abbr=on}} across. The province contains the highest mountains between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Andes]], rising up to {{convert|4884|m}} high, and ensuring a steady supply of rain from the tropical atmosphere.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=New Guinea|volume=19|pages=486–490}}</ref> The [[tree line]] is around {{convert|4000|m|-3}} elevation and the tallest peaks contain permanent equatorial glaciers, increasingly melting due to a [[global warming|changing climate]].<ref>{{cite news|date=July 2, 2010|title=Papua Glacier's Secrets Dripping Away: Scientists|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/papua-glaciers-secrets-dripping-away-scientists/383881|url-status=dead|access-date=3 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705162132/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/papua-glaciers-secrets-dripping-away-scientists/383881|archive-date=2010-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Shan-shan|last2=Veettil|first2=Bijeesh Kozhikkodan|date=2018-03-01|title=State and fate of the remaining tropical mountain glaciers in australasia using satellite imagery|journal=Journal of Mountain Science|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=495–503|doi=10.1007/s11629-017-4539-0|issn=1993-0321|s2cid=135211598}}</ref> Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges. Except in high elevations, most areas possess a hot, humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] season. -* Biak Numfor, Jayapura, Jayawijaya, Merauke, Mimika, Nabire, Paniai, Puncak Jaya and Yapen Waropen +Another major habitat feature is the vast southern and northern lowlands. Stretching for hundreds of kilometers, these include lowland rainforests, extensive wetlands, savanna grasslands, and some of the largest expanses of mangrove forest in the world. The southern lowlands are the site of [[Lorentz National Park]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lorentz National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955|access-date=9 August 2016|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> The northern lowlands are drained principally by the [[Mamberamo River]] and its tributaries on the western side, and by the [[Sepik]] on the eastern side. The more extensive southern lowlands are drained by a larger number of rivers, principally the [[Digul]] in the west and the [[Fly River|Fly]] in the east. The largest island offshore, [[Yos Sudarso Island|Dolak]], lies near the Digul estuary, separated by the narrow [[Muli Strait]] that is so narrow it has been named a "creek". The island is administered as part of the [[Merauke Regency]].<ref name="geofeact">[http://geofactoftheday.blogspot.com/2015/08/yos-sudarso-island.html Yos Sudarso Island] at GeoFact of the Day, August 21, 2015.</ref> -On 12 November 2002, the following nine additional regencies were created: +The province's largest river is the [[Mamberamo]] located in the northern part of the province. The result is a large area of lakes and rivers known as the Lakes Plains region. The [[Baliem Valley]], home of the [[Dani (ethnic group)|Dani]] people, is a tableland {{convert|1600|m}} above sea level in the midst of the central mountain range. [[Puncak Jaya]], also known by its Dutch colonial name, "Carstensz Pyramid", is a [[limestone]] mountain peak {{convert|4884|m}} above sea level. It is the highest peak of [[Oceania]]. -* Keerom and Sarmi Regencies were split from [[Jayapura Regency]] -* Bintang Mountains (Pegunungan Bintan), Tolikara and Yahukimo Regencies were split from [[Jayawijaya Regency]] -* Asmat, Boven Digoel and Mappi Regencies were split from [[Merauke Regency]] (this larger area, the original Merauke Regency, is since 2013 planned to be created a new province under the name of South Papua (''Papua Selatan'')) -* Yapen Waropen Regency was split into [[Yapen Islands Regency]] (''Kepulauan Yapen'') and [[Waropen Regency]] +=== Ecology === +[[File:Paradisaea apoda -Bali Bird Park-7.jpg|thumb|upright|'' [[Paradisaea apoda]]'', native to Papua, displaying its feathers]]Anthropologically, New Guinea is considered part of [[Melanesia]].<ref>"Melanesia, the ethnogeographic region that includes New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia, contains some of the most remote and inaccessible populations on earth." Highly divergent molecular variants of human T-lymphotropic virus type I from isolated populations in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, A Gessian, R Yanagihara, G Franchini, R M Garruto, C L Jenkins, A B Ajdukiewicz, R C Gallo, and D C Gajdusek, PNAS September 1, 1991 vol. 88 no. 17 7694–7698</ref> Botanically, New Guinea is considered part of [[Malesia]], a floristic region that extends from the [[Malay Peninsula]] across Indonesia to New Guinea and the [[East Melanesian Islands]]. The flora of New Guinea is a mixture of many [[tropical rainforest]] species with origins in Asia, together with typically Australasian flora. Typical [[Southern Hemisphere]] flora include the [[Conifer|conifers]] ''[[Podocarpus]]'' and the rainforest emergents ''[[Araucaria]]'' and ''[[Agathis]],'' as well as [[Tree fern|tree ferns]] and several species of ''[[Eucalyptus]]''. -On 8 January 2004, [[Supiori Regency]] was split from [[Biak Numfor Regency]], bringing the total number of regencies to nineteen. +New Guinea is differentiated from its drier, flatter,<ref>{{cite news|last=Macey|first=Richard|date=21 January 2005|title=Map from above shows Australia is a very flat place|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Map-from-above-shows-Australia-is-a-very-flat-place/2005/01/21/1106110947946.html|access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> and less fertile<ref>{{cite web|last=Kelly|first=Karina|date=13 September 1995|title=A Chat with Tim Flannery on Population Control|url=http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/info/q95-19-5.htm|access-date=23 April 2010|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}} "Well, Australia has by far the world's least fertile soils".</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Grant|first=Cameron|date=August 2007|title=Damaged Dirt|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|url=http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf|url-status=dead|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100423/http://www.1degree.com.au/files/AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf?download=1&filename=AdvertiserPartworks_Part3_Page8.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2011}} "Australia has the oldest, most highly weathered soils on the planet."</ref> southern counterpart, [[Australia (continent)|Australia]], by its much higher rainfall and its active volcanic geology. Yet the two land masses share a similar animal fauna, with marsupials, including [[Wallaby|wallabies]] and [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], and the egg-laying monotreme, the [[echidna]]. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodent genera,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lidicker|first=W. Z., Jr.|year=1968|title=A Phylogeny of New Guinea Rodent Genera Based on Phallic Morphology|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–643|doi=10.2307/1378724|jstor=1378724}}</ref> there are no pre-human indigenous [[Placentalia|placental mammals]]. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the [[New Guinea singing dog]] were introduced with human colonization. -On 15 March 2007, under Law No. 19/2007, the following two regencies were created: +The island has an estimated 16,000 species of plant, 124 genera of which are endemic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Iem|title=The Territories of Indonesia|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-1857432152|location=Albert House, 1-4 Singer Street, London, EC2A, 4BQ, United Kingdom|pages=184}}</ref> Papua's known forest fauna includes; [[marsupials]] (including [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], [[Wallaby|wallabies]], [[tree-kangaroo]]s, [[cuscus]]es); other mammals (including the endangered [[long-beaked echidna]]); bird species such as [[birds-of-paradise]], [[cassowary|cassowaries]], parrots, and [[cockatoo]]s; the world's longest lizards (Papua [[Monitor lizard|monitor]]); and the world's largest butterflies.<ref>[http://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=655695 Dispatch – The Republic of Irian Barat]. NationStates, Accessed 15 September 2017.</ref> -* [[Mamberamo Raya Regency]] was formed from parts of [[Sarmi Regency|Sarmi]] and [[Waropen Regency|Waropen]] Regencies -* [[Dogiyai Regency]] was similarly formed from the southern districts of [[Nabire Regency]] +The waterways and wetlands of Papua are also home to salt and freshwater [[crocodile]], tree monitors, [[megabat|flying foxes]], [[osprey]], [[bat]]s and other animals;<ref>P.L. Osborne, "Wetlands of Papua New Guinea", Dennis F. Whigham, Dagmar Dykyjová, and Slavomil Hejný, eds., ''Wetlands of the World I: Inventory, Ecology and Management'' (NY: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013), 318-20. {{ISBN|9789401582124}}</ref> while the equatorial glacier fields remain largely unexplored.<ref>"Papua", in Iem Brown, ed., ''The Territories of Indonesia'' (London: Routledge, 2004), 183-85. {{ISBN|9781135355418}}</ref> +[[File:Agile Wallaby family.jpg|left|thumb|[[Wallaby|Wallabies]] are commonly found in New Guinea]] +Protected areas within Papua province include the World Heritage [[Lorentz National Park]], and the [[Wasur National Park]], a [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] wetland of international importance.<ref name="Ramsar">[http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Database/Searchforsites/tabid/765/language/en-US/Default.aspx Ramsar Sites Database], retrieved 2009-10-30</ref> [[Birdlife International]] has called Lorentz Park “probably the single most important reserve in New Guinea”.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebas/index.html?action=EbaHTMDetails.asp&sid=188&m=0 Birdlife International, 1999], retrieved 14 May 2010</ref> It contains five of [[World Wildlife Fund]]'s "[[Global 200]]" ecoregions: Southern New Guinea Lowland Forests; New Guinea Montane Forests; New Guinea Central Range Subalpine Grasslands; [[New Guinea mangroves|New Guinea Mangroves]]; and New Guinea Rivers and Streams.<ref>[http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/ecoregions/WWFBinaryitem4810.pdf WWF Ecoregions], retrieved 14 May 2010</ref> Lorentz Park contains many unmapped and unexplored areas, and is certain to contain many species of plants and animals as yet unknown to Western science. Local communities' [[Ethnobotany|ethnobotanical]] and [[Ethnozoology|ethnozoological]] knowledge of the Lorentz biota is also very poorly documented. On the other hand, Wasur National Park has a very high value [[biodiversity]] has led to the park being dubbed the "Serengeti of Papua".<ref name="Indo MoF">[http://www.dephut.go.id/INFORMASI/TN%20INDO-ENGLISH/wasur_NP.htm Indonesian Ministry of Forestry], retrieved 2009-10-30</ref> About 70% of the total area of the park consists of [[savanna]] (see [[Trans-Fly savanna and grasslands]]), while the remaining vegetation is [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp forest]], monsoon forest, coastal forest, bamboo forest, grassy plains and large stretches of sago swamp forest. The dominant plants include [[Mangrove|mangroves]], [[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia]], and [[Melaleuca]] species.<ref name="Indo MoF" /> The park provides habitat for a large variety of up to 358 bird species of which some 80 species are endemic to the island of [[New Guinea]]. Fish diversity is also high in the region with some 111 species found in the eco-region and a large number of these are recorded from Wasur.<ref name="Ramsar" /> The park's wetland provides habitat for various species of lobster and crab as well. -On 4 January 2008, five other new regencies were created by Home Affairs Minister Mardiyanto who also installed five temporary regents. These five new regencies were: +Several parts of the province remains unexplored due to steep terrain, leaving a high possibility that there are still many undiscovered floras and faunas that is yet to be discovered. In February 2006, a team of scientists exploring the [[Foja Mountains]], [[Sarmi, Indonesia|Sarmi]], discovered new species of birds, butterflies, amphibians, and plants, including possibly the largest-flowered species of [[rhododendron]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kirby, Terry|date=7 February 2006|title=Scientists hail discovery of hundreds of new species in remote New Guinea|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/scientists-hail-discovery-of-hundreds-of-new-species-in-remote-new-guinea-465841.html|access-date=16 March 2009|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> In December 2007, a second scientific expedition was taken to the mountain range. The expedition led to the discovery of two new species: the first being a 1.4&nbsp;kg giant rat (''[[Mallomys]]'' sp.) approximately five times the size of a regular [[brown rat]], the second a pygmy possum (''[[Cercartetus]]'' sp.) described by scientists as "one of the world's smallest marsupials."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-12-18|title=Giant Rat Discovered in 'Lost World'|work=AOL News|url=http://news.aol.com/story/nc/_a/giant-rat-discovered-in-lost-world/20071217090909990001}}</ref> An expedition late in 2008, backed by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, National Geographic Society and Smithsonian Institution, was made in order to assess the area's [[biodiversity]]. New types of animals recorded include a frog with a long [[Erectile tissue|erectile]] nose, a large woolly rat, an [[imperial-pigeon]] with rust, grey and white plumage, a 25&nbsp;cm [[gecko]] with claws rather than pads on its toes, and a small, 30&nbsp;cm high, black forest [[wallaby]] (a member of the genus [[Dorcopsis]]).<ref>{{cite news|author=Smith, Bridie.|date=18 May 2010|title=New species found in ‘lost world’ of Papuan mountains.|newspaper=[[The Age]]}}</ref> -* 4 formerly from part of [[Jayawijaya Regency]]: -** [[Central Mamberamo Regency]] with five districts, with Kobakma as the regental seat. Created by the Law No. 3/2008, the first regent was David Pagawak. -** [[Yalimo Regency]] also has five districts, with Elelim as the regental capital. Created by the Law No. 4/2008, the first regent was Elia Ibrahim Loupatty. -** [[Lanny Jaya Regency]] with ten districts, with Tiom as the regental capital. Created by the Law No.5/2008, the first regent was Pribadi Sukartono. The number of districts was subsequently increased to thirty-nine. -** [[Nduga Regency]] with eight districts, with Kenyam as the regental capital. Created by the Law No. 6/2008, the first regent was Hans Dortheus. The number of districts was subsequently increased to thirty-two. -* 1 formerly from part of [[Puncak Jaya Regency]]: -** [[Puncak Regency]] also had eight districts, with Ilaga as the regental capital. Created by the Law No. 7/2008, the first regent was Simon Alom. The number of districts was subsequently increased to twenty-five. +Ecological threats include logging-induced [[deforestation]], forest conversion for plantation agriculture (including [[palm oil|oil palm]]), [[smallholding|smallholder]] agricultural conversion, the introduction and potential spread of alien species such as the [[crab-eating macaque]] which preys on and competes with indigenous species, the illegal species trade, and water pollution from oil and mining operations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=Luka di hutan Papua: Ancaman serius pembukaan lahan demi kelapa sawit|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/media-54913225|access-date=2021-02-26|website=BBC News Indonesia|language=id}}</ref> -Within 2008, [[Intan Jaya Regency|Intan Jaya]] and [[Deiyai Regency|Deiyai]] Regencies were split from [[Paniai Regency]]. +== Economy == +{{Pie chart|caption=Papua GDP share by sector (2005)<ref name=":2" />|label4=Construction|value6=7.1|label6=Others|color5=#008080|value5=3.4|label5=Transport & communications|color4=#808000|value4=3.5|color3=#800080|label1=Mining|value3=4.0|label3=Retails|color2=#008000|value2=10.4|label2=Agriculture|color1=#000080|value1=71.6|color6=#8B0000}}Papua has large natural resources and a very large area. However, this province has weaknesses, namely limited infrastructure and less skilled human resources. So far, Papua has had a fairly good economic development due to the support of economic sources, especially mining, forest, agriculture and fisheries products.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Budiono|first=Sidik|date=28 July 2016|title=Analisis Matriks BCG Perekonomian Papua|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/173569-ID-analisis-matriks-bcg-perekonomian-papua.pdf}}</ref> Economic development has been uneven in Papua, and poverty in the region remains high by Indonesian standards.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Simorangkir|first=Eduardo|title=Kualitas Hidup Makin Baik, Tapi Kesenjangan di Papua Masih Tinggi|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4512501/kualitas-hidup-makin-baik-tapi-kesenjangan-di-papua-masih-tinggi|access-date=2021-02-26|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID}}</ref> Part of the problem has been neglect of the poor—too little or the wrong kind of government support from [[Jakarta]] and [[Jayapura]]. A major factor in this is the extraordinarily high cost of delivering goods and services to large numbers of isolated communities, in the absence of a developed road or river network (the latter in contrast to [[Kalimantan]]) providing access to the interior and the highlands. Intermittent [[Papua conflict|political and military conflict]] and tight security controls have also contributed to the problem but with the exception of some border regions and a few pockets in the [[New Guinea Highlands|highlands]], this has not been the main factor contributing to underdevelopment.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Resosudarmo|first=Budy|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323891923_Papua_I_Challenges_of_Economic_Development_in_an_Era_of_Political_and_Economic_Change_Development_Resources_and_the_Environment_in_Eastern_Indonesia|title=Papua I: Challenges of Economic Development in an Era of Political and Economic Change: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia|last2=Napitupulu|first2=Lydia|last3=Manning|first3=Chris|last4=Wanggai|first4=Velix|publisher=ISEAS Publishing|year=2009|doi=10.1355/9789812309600-008}}</ref> -=== Proposed new regencies, cities and provinces === -On 25 October 2013 the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR) began reviewing draft laws on the establishment of 57 prospective regencies/cities (and 8 new provinces).<ref>Jakarta Post, 14 November 2013</ref> This included two new provinces to be formed from parts of the existing Papua Province (and one new province from the existing West Papua Province), as well as the creation of seventeen new regencies and two new cities (independent municipalities). The new regencies will be: +Papua’s gross domestic product grew at a faster rate than the national average until, and throughout the [[1997 Asian financial crisis|financial crisis of 1997–98.]]<ref name=":2" /> However, the differences are much smaller if mining is excluded from the provincial GDP. Given that most mining revenues were commandeered by the [[Government of Indonesia|central government]] until the Special Autonomy Law was passed in [[2001]], provincial GDP without mining is most likely a better measure of Papuan GDP during the pre- and immediate post-crisis periods. On a per capita basis, the GDP growth rates for both Papua and Indonesia are lower than those for total GDP. However, the gap between per capita GDP and total GDP is larger for Papua than for Indonesia as a whole, reflecting Papua’s high population growth rates.<ref name=":2" /> -* Moyo, Muara Digul and Admi Korbay -* Gili Menawa, Balin Senter, Bogaga, Puncak Trikora, Katengban, Okika, Yalimek, Ser Yahukimo Western Mountains, Mambera Hulu, Southwest Yahukimo, East Yahukimo and North Yahukimo -* Northwest Yapen, East Yapen, Numfor Island and Ghondumi Sisare +Although Papua has experienced almost no growth in GDP, the situation is not as serious as one might think. It is true that the mining sector, dominated by [[Freeport-McMoRan|Freeport Indonesia]], has been declining over the last decade or so, leading to a fall in the value of exports. On the other hand, government spending and fixed capital investment have both grown, by well over 10 per cent per year, contributing to growth in sectors such as finance, construction, transport and communications, and trade, hotels and restaurants. With so many sectors still experiencing respectable levels of growth, the impact of the stagnant economy on the welfare of the population will probably be limited. It should also be remembered that mining is typically an enclave activity; its impact on the general public is fairly limited, regardless of whether it is booming or contracting.<ref>Weisskoff and Wolf, 1977</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Resosudarmo|first=Budy|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323887003_Development_in_Papua_after_special_autonomy|title=Development in Papua after special autonomy|last2=Mollet|first2=Julius|last3=Raya|first3=Umbu|last4=Kaiwai|first4=Hans|publisher=ISEAS Publishing|year=2014|doi=10.1355/9789814519175-025}}</ref> +[[File:Grasberg mine.jpg|left|thumb|Grasberg Mine in [[Mimika Regency]]. Mining is the most important sector in the province]] +Papua has depended heavily on natural resources, especially the mining, oil and gas sectors, since the mid-1970s.<ref>Manning and Rumbiak, 1989</ref><ref>Resosudarmo et al. 2009a</ref>. Although this is still the case, there have been some structural changes in the two provincial economies since the split in 2003. The contribution of mining to the economy of Papua province declined from 62 per cent in 2003 to 47 per cent in 2012. The shares of agriculture and manufacturing also fell, but that of utilities remained the same. A few other sectors, notably construction and services, increased their shares during the period. Despite these structural changes, the economy of Papua province continues to be dominated by the mining sector, and in particular by a single company, [[Freeport indonesia|Freeport Indonesia.]]<ref name=":3" /> -And the new cities will be the municipalities of: -* Merauke and Lembah Baliem (Baliem Valley) +Mining is still and remains one of the dominant economic sector in Papua. The [[Grasberg Mine]], the world's largest gold mine and second-largest copper mine,<ref>{{cite web|title=Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia|url=http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/grasbergopenpit|access-date=16 October 2017|website=Mining Technology}}</ref> is located in the highlands near [[Puncak Jaya]], the highest mountain in Papua and whole [[Indonesia]]. Grasberg Mine producing 1.063 billion pounds of [[copper]], 1.061 million ounces [[gold]] and 2.9 million ounces [[silver]]. It has 19,500 employees operated by PT Freeport Indonesia (PT-FI) which used to be 90.64% owned by [[Freeport-McMoran]] (FCX). In August 2017, FCX announced that it will divest its ownership in PT-FI so that Indonesia owns 51%. In return the CoW will be replaced by a special license (IUPK) with mining rights to 2041 and FCX will build a new smelter by 2022.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Freeport-McMoRan Announces Framework for Agreement with Indonesian Government Regarding Long-Term Operating Rights for PT Freeport Indonesia|url=https://ptfi.co.id/media/files/press/59a609a0a937c_fcx-news_release_082917_eng.pdf|website=PT Freeport Indonesia|access-date=16 October 2017|date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="MINING17">{{cite news|last1=Jamasmie|first1=Cecilia|date=29 August 2017|title=Freeport to yield control of giant Grasberg copper mine to Indonesia|work=MINING.com|url=http://www.mining.com/freeport-to-yield-control-of-giant-grasberg-copper-mine-to-indonesia/|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> +[[File:Raiyani Muharramah kapal suku biak waiwor-0978.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats in [[Biak]]]] +Besides mining, there are at least three other important economic sectors (excluding the government sector) in the Papuan economy. The first is [[agriculture]], particularly food crops, [[forestry]] and [[Fishery|fisheries]]. Agriculture made up 10.4 per cent of provincial GDP in 2005 but grew at an average rate of only 0.1 per cent per annum in 2000–05. The second important sector is trade, hotels and restaurants, which contributed 4.0 per cent of provincial GDP in 2005. Within this sector, trade contributed most to provincial GDP. However, the subsector with the highest growth rate was hotels, which grew at 13.2 per cent per annum in 2000–05. The third important sector is [[transport]] and [[Communication|communications]], which contributed 3.4 per cent of provincial GDP in 2005. The sector grew at an average annual rate of 5.3 percent in 2000–05, slightly below the national level. Within the sector, [[Maritime transport|sea transport]], air transport and communications performed particularly well. The role of private enterprise in developing communications and [[Aviation|air transport]] has become increasingly significant. Since private enterprise will only expand if businesspeople see good prospects to make a profit, this is certainly an encouraging development. At current rates of growth, the transport and communications sector could support the development of agriculture in Papua. However, so far, most of the growth in communications has been between the rapidly expanding urban areas of [[Jayapura]], [[Timika]], [[Merauke]], and between them and the rest of Indonesia. Nevertheless, in the medium term, improved communication networks may create opportunities for Papua to shift from heavy dependence on the mining sector to greater reliance on the agricultural sector. With good international demand for [[palm oil]] anticipated in the medium term, production of this commodity could be expanded.<ref name=":2" /> However, the negative effects of deforestation on the local environment should be a major consideration in the selection of new areas for this and any other plantation crop.<ref name=":2" /> In 2011, Papuan caretaker governor Syamsul Arief Rivai claimed Papua's forests cover 42 million hectares with an estimated worth of Rp 700&nbsp;trillion ($78&nbsp;billion) and that if the forests were managed properly and sustainably, they could produce over 500&nbsp;million cubic meters of logs per annum.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2011|title=Forests in Papua are valued at $78&nbsp;billion|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/24/forests-papua-are-valued-78-billion.html}}</ref> -The two new provinces from parts of the existing Papua province have recently been approved by Indonesia's House of Representatives: +[[Manufacturing]] and [[banking]] make up a tiny proportion of the regional economy and experienced negative growth in 2000–05.<ref name=":2" /> Poor infrastructure and lack of human capital are the most likely reasons for the poor performance of manufacturing.<ref name=":2" /> In addition, the costs of manufacturing are typically very high in Papua, as they are in many other [[List of outlying islands of Indonesia|outer island regions of Indonesia]]. Both within Indonesia and in the world economy, Papua’s comparative advantage will continue to lie in agriculture and natural resource-based industries for a long time to come. A more significant role for manufacturing is unlikely given the far lower cost of labor and better infrastructure in [[Java]]. But provided that there are substantial improvements in infrastructure and communications, over the longer term manufacturing can be expected to cluster around activities related to agriculture—for example, food processing.<ref name=":2" /> -* South Papua, and -* Central Papua +== Infrastructure == +Compared to other parts of [[Indonesia]], the infrastructure in Papua is one of the most least developed, owing to its distance from the national capital [[Jakarta]]. Nevertheless, for the past few years, the [[Government of Indonesia|central government]] has invested significant sums of money to build and improve the current infrastructure in the province.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=Rethinking infrastructure approach in Papua|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/03/11/rethinking-infrastructure-approach-in-papua.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> The infrastructure development efforts of the [[Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)|Ministry of Public Works and Housing]] in Papua have been very massive in the last 10 years. This effort is carried out in order to accelerate equitable development and support regional development in Papua. The main focus of infrastructure development in Papua is to improve regional connectivity, improve the quality of life through the provision of basic infrastructure and increase food security through the development of water resources infrastructure. The achievements and conditions of infrastructure development in Papua until [[2017]] have shown significant progress.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://sibasripi-pupr.pu.go.id/assets/files/gap_analysis/Profil%20Provinsi%20Papua.pdf|title=Profil Pengembangan Wilayah Provinsi Papua|publisher=Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Housing}}</ref> -Another new province, to be split from [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]], will be Southwest Papua.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/new-provinces-receive-the-nod/|title=New Provinces Receive the Nod – Jakarta Globe|work=Jakarta Globe|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref> +=== Energy and water resources === +Electricity distribution in the province as well as the whole country is operated and managed by the [[Perusahaan Listrik Negara]] (PLN). Originally, most Papuan villages do not have access to electricity. The Indonesia government through the [[Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)|Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources]], in the beginning of year [[2016]], introduced a program named “Indonesia Terang” or Bright Indonesia. The aimed of this program is to speed up Electrification Rate (ER) with priority to the six provinces at Eastern area of Indonesia including Papua Province. The target of Indonesian’s ER by 2019 is 97%. While the Indonesian’s national ER already high (88.30%) in 2015, Papua still the lowest ER (45.93%) among the provinces. The scenario to boost up ER in the Eastern area by connected the consumers at villages which not electrified yet to the new Renewable Energy sources.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Innah|first=Herbert|last2=Kariongan|first2=Jackobus|last3=Liga|first3=Marthen|date=2017|title=Electrification ratio and renewable energy in Papua Province|url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4979252|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|location=Bogor, Indonesia|pages=020036|doi=10.1063/1.4979252}}</ref> -==== South Papua ==== -[[File:Senggo, Mappi Regency, Papua 2016-02-20.jpg|thumb|Morning in Senggo Village, Mappi Regency.]] -The proposed South Papua (''Papua Selatan'') Province would cover an area of {{convert|119,749|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} which is rich in natural resources. It will encompass four existing regencies: +The percentage of household that were connected to the electricity in Papua (Electrification ratio/ER) is the lowest one among the provinces in Indonesia.<ref name=":4" /> Data from the [[Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)|Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources]] shows that only Papua Province has ER level below 50% (45.93%) with the national average RE was 88.30%.<ref name=":4" /> High ER of more than 85 % can be found in the rest of west area of the country. The main reason of lowest RE in Papua is a huge area with landlocked and mountain situation and low density population. Energy consumption in residential sector, 457 GWh in year 2014, contributes the electrification rate in Papua Province. But again, geographic and demographic obstacle made the electrical energy not well dispersed in Papua. The ER level are usually higher in the coastal area but become low in the mountain area.<ref name=":4" /> The ongoing project of 35GW and Bright Indonesia proves that the government is focusing on improving electricity infrastructure in Papua. The target is 2.114 unelectrified villages in Papua and energy consumption each household will be 0.6 kWh/day. If they use Solar system to meet this consumption of energy, then each household should have been installed with at least 150 Wp solar home system (assuming the efficiency is 0.85 and minimum insulation is 5 hours/day).<ref name=":4" /> As of 2019, there are still 1,724 villages in Papua and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] that have not received electricity, mostly in the inland regions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Masih Ada 1.724 Desa di Papua dan Papua Barat Belum Teraliri Listrik|url=https://money.kompas.com/read/2019/10/03/202158226/masih-ada-1724-desa-di-papua-dan-papua-barat-belum-teraliri-listrik|access-date=2021-02-26|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> Nevertheless, the Bright Indonesia program is considered to be a success, as more and more villages are receiving electricity for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-14|title=Bahagia, Warga Distrik Kaureh Papua Kini Nikmati Listrik 24 Jam|url=http://web.pln.co.id/media/siaran-pers/2020/06/bahagia-warga-distrik-kaureh-papua-kini-nikmati-listrik-24-jam|access-date=2021-02-26|website=PT PLN (Persero)|language=id-ID}}</ref> -* Asmat, Boven Digoel, Mappi and Merauke +All pipes [[water supply]] in the province is managed by the Papua Municipal Waterworks ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian:]] ''Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum Papua'' – ''PDAM Papua'' ). The supply of clean water is one of the main problem faced by the province, especially during drought seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hamdani|first=Trio|title=PUPR: Sumber Air di Asmat Terbatas dan Kualitasnya Jelek|url=https://finance.detik.com/infrastruktur/d-3857125/pupr-sumber-air-di-asmat-terbatas-dan-kualitasnya-jelek|access-date=2021-02-26|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID}}</ref> Papua has been named as the province with the worst sanitation in Indonesia, garnering a score of 45 while the national average is 75, due to unhealthy lifestyle habits and a lack of clean water. In response, the government has invested money to build the sufficient infrastructure to hold clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-06|title=Pembangunan Air Bersih dan Sanitasi di Kabupaten Asmat Dioptimalkan {{!}} Papua Bisnis.com|url=https://papua.bisnis.com/read/20180206/414/735303/pembangunan-air-bersih-dan-sanitasi-di-kabupaten-asmat-dioptimalkan|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Bisnis.com}}</ref> Several new dams are also being build by the government throughout the province.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liputan6.com|date=2017-09-12|title=Pembangunan Bendung di Papua untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3091660/pembangunan-bendung-di-papua-untuk-mendukung-ketahanan-pangan|access-date=2021-02-26|website=liputan6.com|language=id}}</ref> -And will thus equate closely to the ''original'' Merauke Regency prior to the splitting of that entity in 2002. Within the existing regencies, new regencies to be added are the following: +Achieving universal access to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene is essential to accelerating progress in the fields of health, education and poverty alleviation. In 2015, about a quarter of the population used basic sanitation facilities at home, while a third still practiced [[open defecation]]. The coverage of improved drinking water sources is much higher, both in households and schools. Inequality based on income and residence levels is stark, demonstrating the importance of integrating equity principles into policy and practice and expanding the coverage of community-based total sanitation programs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SDG untuk Anak-Anak di Indonesia. Profil singkat provinsi: Papua|url=https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/sites/unicef.org.indonesia/files/2019-06/Bahasa%20Papua%20lowres3.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2021|website=UNICEF.org|publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> -* Moyo (from part of Boven Digoel Regency) -* Muara Digul and Admi Korbay (both parts of from Mappi Regency) +=== Internet and telecommunication === +Papua is the largest province in [[Indonesia]], but it has the least amount of telecommunications services due to geographic isolation. The deployment of service to the district and to the sub district is still not evenly distributed. The distribution of telecommunication services in Papua is still very uneven. This is indicated by the percentage of the number of telecommunication services and infrastructure whose distribution is centralized in certain areas such as [[Jayapura]]. Based on data, the [[Human Development Index]] in Papua increases every year but is not accompanied by an increase adequate number of telecommunication facilities.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibnugraha|first=P. D.|url=https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/103379-ID-persebaran-layanan-dan-infrastruktur-tel.pdf|title=Persebaran Layanan dan Infrastruktur Telekomunikasi Provinsi Papua|last2=Fahrudin|first2=Tora|date=1 May 2014|publisher=Fakultas Ilmu Terapan Universitas Telkom|year=2014|location=Bandung}}</ref> -And a new municipality of Merauke City (which is scheduled to be created from the urban part of Merauke Regency). Following a visit to Papua by [[Joko Widodo]] in 2019, Minister of Home Affairs [[Tito Karnavian]] reported that the split have been discussed with and was accepted by Papua's governor [[Lukas Enembe]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iqbal |first1=Muhammad |title=Usai Dikunjungi Jokowi, 'Provinsi Papua Selatan' Muncul |url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20191029151143-4-111046/usai-dikunjungi-jokowi-provinsi-papua-selatan-muncul |access-date=29 October 2019 |work=CNBC Indonesia |date=29 October 2019 |language=id}}</ref> +The [[Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia)|Ministry of Communication and Information Technology]] through the Information Technology Accessibility Agency (BAKTI) has built around 9 base transceiver stations in remote areas of Papua, namely [[Puncak Jaya Regency]] and [[Mamberamo Raya Regency]], to connect to internet access. In the early stages, the internet was prioritized to support the continuity of education, health and better public services. To realize connectivity in accordance with government priorities, the Ministry of Communication and Information is determined to reach all districts in the Papua region with high-speed internet networks by 2020. It is planned that all districts in Papua and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] will build a fast internet backbone network. There are 31 regencies that have new high-speed internet access to be built.<ref>{{Cite web|last=KOMINFO|first=PDSI|title=Akses Internet Jangkau Pelosok Papua|url=https://www.kominfo.go.id/content/detail/13517/akses-internet-jangkau-pelosok-papua/0/sorotan_media|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Website Resmi Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika RI|language=en}}</ref> -==== Central Papua ==== -According to a 20 January 2012 report in the ''Cenderawasih Pos Jakarta'', the central government is moving forward with the creation of "Central Papua".<ref>{{Cite web|last=westpapuamedia|title=February 5, 2012|url=https://westpapuamedia.info/2012/02/05/|access-date=2021-02-23|website=West Papua Media Alerts|language=en}}</ref> At that time it was envisaged that the new province would comprise ten existing regencies: +In late [[2019]], the government announced the completion of the Palapa Ring project – a priority infrastructure project that aimed to provide access to 4G internet services to more than 500 regencies across Indonesia, Papua included. The project is estimated to have cost US$1.5 billion and comprises of 35,000 km (21,747 miles) of undersea fiber-optic cables and 21,000km (13,000 miles) of land cables, stretching from the westernmost city in Indonesia, [[Sabang, Aceh|Sabang]] to the easternmost town, [[Merauke]], which is located in Papua. Additionally, the cables also transverse every district from the northernmost island [[Miangas]] to the southernmost island, [[Rote Island|Rote]]. Through the Palapa Ring, the government can facilitate a network capacity of up to 100 Gbps in even the most outlying regions of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Indonesia’s Palapa Ring: Bringing Connectivity to the Archipelago|url=https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/indonesias-palapa-ring-bringing-connectivity-archipelago/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=ASEAN Business News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=antaranews.com|date=2019-10-14|title=Ring Timur menjawab kesulitan telekomunikasi di pelosok Papua|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1112644/ring-timur-menjawab-kesulitan-telekomunikasi-di-pelosok-papua|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Antara News}}</ref> -* Supiori, Biak Numfor, Yapen Islands, Waropen, Nabire, Dogiyai, Deiyai, Intan Jaya, Paniai, and Mimika +=== Transportation === -The new Central Papua Province, and the residual Papua Province, would together include the new regencies. +==== Land ==== +[[File:Teras Republik Indonesia di Skouw Jayapura.jpg|thumb|Skouw border checkpoint, on the [[Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border|Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border]]]] +So far, air routes have been a mainstay in Papua and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] provinces as a means of transporting people and goods, including basic necessities, due to inadequate road infrastructure conditions. This has resulted in high distribution costs which have also increased the prices of various staple goods, especially in rural areas. Therefore, the government is trying to reduce distribution costs by building the [[Trans-Papua Highway|Trans-Papua highway]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Papua Melalui Pembangunan Transportasi Darat|url=http://lipi.go.id/berita/single/Meningkatkan-Kesejahteraan-Papua-Melalui-Pembangunan-Transportasi-Darat/12374|access-date=2021-02-27|website=lipi.go.id|language=en}}</ref> As of 2016, the Trans-Papua highway that has been connected has reached 3,498 kilometers, with asphalt roads for 2,075 kilometers, while the rest are still dirt roads, and roads that have not been connected have reached 827 km. The development of the Trans-Papua highway will create connectivity between regions so that it can have an impact on the acceleration of economic growth in Papua and West Papua in the long term. Apart from the construction of the Trans-Papua highway, the government is also preparing for the first railway development project in Papua, which is currently entering the feasibility study phase. The said infrastructure funding for Papua is not insignificant. The need to connect all roads in Papua and West Papua is estimated at Rp. 12.5 trillion (US$ 870 million). In the 2016 State Budget, the government has also budgeted an additional infrastructure development fund of Rp. 1.8 trillion (US$ 126 million).<ref name=":5" /> -First of, for '''the residual Papua Province''': +Data from the [[Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)|Ministry of Public Works and Housing]] (KPUPR) states, the length of the Trans-Papua highway in Papua reaches 2,902 km. These include [[Merauke]]-[[Tanahmerah]]-Waropko (543 km), Waropko-[[Oksibil, Pegunungan Bintang|Oksibil]] (136 km), [[Dekai]]-[[Oksibil, Pegunungan Bintang|Oksibil]] (225 km), and [[Kenyam]]-[[Dekai]] (180 km). Then, [[Wamena]]-Habema-[[Kenyam]]-Mamug (295 km), [[Jayapura]]-Elelim-[[Wamena]] (585 km), [[Wamena]]-Mulia-[[Ilaga, Indonesia|Ilaga]]-[[Enarotali]] (466 km), Wagete-[[Timika]] (196 km), and [[Enarotali]]-Wagete-[[Nabire]] (285 km). As of 2020, only about 200-300 kilometers of the Trans-Papua highwat have not been connected.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-14|title=Jalan Trans-Papua, Pembangunan Baru dan Kesejahteraan Maju|url=https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/334522/18/jalan-trans-papua-pembangunan-baru-dan-kesejahteraan-maju-1613275328|access-date=2021-02-27|website=SINDOnews.com|language=id-ID}}</ref> +[[File:0419 Holtekamp.jpg|thumb|[[Youtefa Bridge|Youtefa Bridg]]<nowiki/>e, currently the longest bridge in Papua]] +As in other provinces in Indonesia, Papua uses a [[dual carriageway]] with the [[Left- and right-hand traffic|left-hand traffic rule]], and cities and towns such as [[Jayapura]] and [[Merauke]] provide public transportation services such as buses and taxis along with [[Gojek]] and [[Grab (company)|Grab]] services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GOJEK Hadir di Jayapura, Bisa Pakai Go-Ride, Go-Food, Go-Send, Go-Pay|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparantech/gojek-hadir-di-jayapura-bisa-pakai-go-ride-go-food-go-send-go-pay-1547109112629299721|access-date=2021-02-27|website=kumparan|language=id-ID}}</ref> Currently, the [[Youtefa Bridge]] in [[Jayapura]] is the longest bridge in the province, with a total length of 732 metres (2,402 ft).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|title=Mengenal Jembatan Youtefa, Landmark Papua yang Gambarnya Tercetak di Uang Baru Rp 75.000 Halaman all|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2020/08/19/09200001/mengenal-jembatan-youtefa-landmark-papua-yang-gambarnya-tercetak-di-uang|access-date=2021-02-27|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> The bridge cut the distance and travel time from Jayapura city center to Muara Tami district as well as Skouw State Border Post at [[Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border]]. The bridge construction was carried out by consortium of state-owned construction companies PT Pembangunan Perumahan Tbk, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), and PT Nindya Karya (Persero), with a total construction cost of IDR 1.87 trillion and support from the [[Ministry of Public Works and Housing (Indonesia)| Ministry of Public Works and Housing]] worth IDR 1.3 trillion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jembatan Holtekamp Siap Diresmikan Juli 2019|url=https://www.merdeka.com/uang/jembatan-holtekamp-siap-diresmikan-juli-2019.html|website=merdeka.com}}</ref> The main span assembly of the Youtefa Bridge was not carried out at the bridge site, but at [[PT PAL Indonesia|PAL Indonesia]] shipyard in [[Surabaya]], [[East Java]]. Its production in Surabaya aims to improve safety aspects, improve welding quality, and speed up the implementation time to 3 months. This is the first time where the [[arch bridge]] is made elsewhere and then brought to the location.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Menteri Basuki : Jembatan Holtekamp Jayapura Siap Diresmikan Juli 2019|url=https://www.pu.go.id/berita/view/16826/menteri-basuki-jembatan-holtekamp-jayapura-siap-diresmikan-juli-2019|website=pu.go.id}}</ref> From Surabaya the bridge span, weighing 2000 tons and 112.5 m long, was sent by ship with a 3,200 kilometers journey in 19 days.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reporter: Antara|first=Editor: Kodrat Setiawan|title=Jembatan Holtekamp Jadi Solusi Kepadatan Penduduk Jayapura|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1191615/pupr-jembatan-holtekamp-jadi-solusi-kepadatan-penduduk-jayapura/full&view=ok|website=bisnis.tempo.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bentang Utama Pertama Jembatan Holtekamp Tiba Lebih Cepat di Jayapura|url=https://pu.go.id/berita/view/15134/bentang-utama-pertama-jembatan-holtekamp-tiba-lebih-cepat-di-jayapura|website=pu.go.id}}</ref> Installation of the first span was carried out on February 21, 2018, while the second span was installed on March 15, 2018 with an installation time of approximately 6 hours.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janur|first=Katharina|title=Soekarnopura Pengganti Nama Jembatan Holtekamp Jayapura|url=https://www.liputan6.com/regional/read/3376095/soekarnopura-pengganti-nama-jembatan-holtekamp-jayapura|website=liputan6.com}}</ref> The bridge was inaugurated in 28 October 2019 by [[Joko Widodo|President Joko Widodo]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Resmikan Jembatan Youtefa, Presiden Jokowi: Jadikan sebagai Momentum Papua Bangkit Maju|url=https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/resmikan_jembatan_youtefa_presiden_jokowi_jadikan_sebagai_momentum_papua_bangkit_maju|website=setneg.go.id}}</ref> -* Gili Menawa (from Jayapura Regency) -* Balin Senter (from Lanny Jaya Regency and Tolikara Regency) -* Boboga (from Tolikara Regency) -* Puncak Trikora (from Lanny Jaya Regency) -* Katengban (from Bintang Mountains Regency) -* Okika (from Jayawijaya Regency), and -* Yalimek, Ser Yahukimo Western Mountains, Mambera Hulu, Southwest Yahukimo, East Yahukimo and North Yakuhimo (all six from Yahukimo Regency) +A railway with a length of 205 km is being planned, which would connect the provincial capital [[Jayapura]] and [[Sarmi, Indonesia|Sarmi]] to the east. Further plans include connecting the railway to Sorong and Manokwari in West Papua. In total, the railway would have a length of 595 km, forming part of the Trans-Papua Railway.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paskalis|first=Yohanes|date=17 September 2015|title=Jalur Sorong-Manokwari Akan Jadi Kereta Perintis di Papua|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/701323/jalur-sorong-manokwari-akan-jadi-kereta-perintis-di-papua/full&view=ok|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Tempo}}</ref> Construction of the railway is still in the planning stage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paskalis|first=Yohanes|date=17 September 2015|title=Jalur Kereta Trans Papua, Tahap Konstruksi Akan Dimulai 2018|url=https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/704457/jalur-kereta-trans-papua-tahap-konstruksi-akan-dimulai-2018/full&view=ok|url-status=live|access-date=3 March 2021|website=Tempo}}</ref> A [[Light Rapid Transport]] (LRT) connecting [[Jayapura]] and [[Sentani, Indonesia|Sentani]] is also being planned.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siagian|first=Wilpret|title=Pembangunan LRT Jayapura-Bandara Sentani Butuh Dana Rp 25 Triliun|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-3348698/pembangunan-lrt-jayapura-bandara-sentani-butuh-dana-rp-25-triliun|access-date=2021-03-03|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID}}</ref> -And a new municipality of Lembah Baliem (Baliem Valley, created from Jayawijaya Regency) +==== Air ==== +[[File:Aerial view of Sentani Airport 20130412.jpg|thumb|[[Sentani International Airport]] in [[Jayapura]] is the principal point of entry to Papua]] +The geographical conditions of Papua which are hilly and have dense forests and do not have adequate road infrastructure, such as in Java or [[Sumatra]], make transportation a major obstacle for local communities. Air transportation using airplanes is by far the most effective means of transportation and is needed most by the inhabitants of the island, although it is not cheap for it. A number of airlines are also scrambling to take advantage of the geographical conditions of the island by opening busy routes to and from a number of cities, both district and provincial capitals. If seen from the sufficient condition of the airport infrastructure, there are not a few airports that can be landed by jets like [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]] as well as propeller planes such as [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] and [[Cessna]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wijaya|first=Ahmad|date=24 July 2017|title=Membuka transportasi udara di Papua|work=Antaranews|editor-last=Burhani|editor-first=Ruslan|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/642391/membuka-transportasi-udara-di-papua|url-status=live|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref> -And for '''the new Central Papua Province''': +[[Sentani International Airport]] in [[Jayapura]] is the largest airport in the province, serving as the main gateway to the province from other parts of [[Indonesia]]. The air traffic is roughly divided between flights connecting to destinations within the Papua province and flights linking Papua to other parts of Indonesia. The airport connects [[Jayapura]] with other Indonesian cities such as [[Manado]], [[Makassar]], [[Surabaya]] and [[Jakarta]], as well as towns within the province such as [[Biak]], [[Timika]] and [[Merauke]]. Sentani International Airport is also the main base for several aviation organizations, including Associated Mission Aviation, [[Mission Aviation Fellowship]], [[JAARS|YAJASI]] and Tariku Aviation. The airport currently does not have any international flights, although there are plans to open new airline routes to neighboring [[Papua New Guinea]] in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonauli|title=Papua-Papua Nugini, Tetangga Tapi Tak Punya Penerbangan Langsung|url=https://travel.detik.com/international-destination/d-5074167/papua-papua-nugini-tetangga-tapi-tak-punya-penerbangan-langsung|access-date=2021-02-27|website=detikTravel|language=id}}</ref> Other medium-sized airports in the province are [[Mozes Kilangin Airport]] in Timika, [[Mopah International Airport]] in [[Merauke]], [[Frans Kaisiepo International Airport]] in [[Biak]], and [[Wamena Airport]] in [[Wamena]]. There are over 300 documented airstrips in Papua, consists of mostly small airstrips that can only be landed by small airplanes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-28|title=Lebih 200 dari 362 "Bandara Perintis" di Papua Belum Punya Penjaga|url=https://www.airspace-review.com/2019/02/28/lebih-200-dari-362-bandara-perintis-di-papua-belum-punya-penjaga/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=Airspace Review|language=en-US}}</ref> The government is planning to open more airports in the future to connect isolated regions in the province.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2019-10-27|title=Bangun 10 bandara, prioritas infrastruktur transportasi Papua dan Papua Barat|url=http://industri.kontan.co.id/news/bangun-10-bandara-prioritas-infrastruktur-transportasi-papua-dan-papua-barat|access-date=2021-02-27|website=kontan.co.id|language=id}}</ref> -* Northwest Yapen and East Yapen (both from Yapen Islands Regency){{citation needed|date=January 2021}} -* Numfor Island (from Biak Numfor Regency){{citation needed|date=January 2021}}, and -* Ghondumi Sisare (from Waropen Regency){{citation needed|date=January 2021}} +==== Water ==== +[[Water transportation]], which includes [[Maritime transport|sea]] and [[Maritime transport|river]] transportation, is also one of the most crucial form of transportation in the province, after air transportation. The number of passengers departing by sea in Papua in October 2019 decreased by 16.03 percent, from 18,785 people in September [[2019]] to 15,773 people.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Aji|first=B.W.P.|url=https://papua.bps.go.id/pressrelease/download.html?nrbvfeve=NDA1&sdfs=ldjfdifsdjkfahi&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMS0wMi0yOCAxMzowMDo0NQ%3D%3D|title=Perkembangan Transportasi Provinsi Papua Bulan Oktober 2019|date=2 December 2019|publisher=Badan Pusat Statistik Papua|year=2019|location=Jayapura}}</ref> The number of passengers arriving by sea in October 2019 decreased by 12.32 percent, from 11,108 people in September 2019 to 9,739 people. The volume of goods loaded in October 2019 was recorded at 17,043 tons, an increase of 30.57 percent compared to the volume in September 2019 which amounted to 13,053 tons. The volume of goods unloaded in October 2019 was recorded at 117,906 tons or a decrease of 2.03 percent compared to the volume in September 2019 which amounted to 120,349 tons.<ref name=":6" /> -=== Jayapura City === -[[File:Jayapura3.jpg|left|thumb|[[Jayapura]] at night]] -The city of [[Jayapura]] also has the status of an autonomous city, equal to a regency. It was founded on 7 March 1910 as ''Hollandia'' and is the capital. Since Indonesian administration the name of the city has been changed to Kotabaru, then to Sukarnopura before its current name, Jayapura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayapura {{!}} Indonesia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jayapura|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> Jayapura is also the largest city of Papua Province, with a small but active tourism industry.{{Clarify|date=March 2011}} It is built on a slope overlooking the bay. [[Cenderawasih University]] (''UNCEN'') campus at Abepura houses the [[University Museum (Cenderawasih University)|University Museum]] where some of the [[Asmat people|Asmat]] artifacts collected by [[Michael Rockefeller]] are stored.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.papua.us/2013/04/museum-loka-budaya-simpan-jejak.html|title=Museum Loka Budaya Simpan Jejak Kematian Michael Rockefeller di Asmat – Papua Untuk Semua – Informasi Berita Harian Papua yang Terbaru|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref> Both [[Tanjung Ria]] beach, near the market at Hamadi&nbsp;– site of 22 April 1944 [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] invasion during [[World War II]]&nbsp;– and the site of General [[Douglas MacArthur]]'s World War II headquarters at [[Ifar Gunung]] have monuments commemorating the events.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} +There are several ports in the province, with the [[Port of Depapre]] in [[Jayapura]] being the largest, which started operation in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liputan6.com|date=2016-04-30|title=Jokowi: Pelabuhan Depapre Akan Jadi Terbesar di Papua|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/2496322/jokowi-pelabuhan-depapre-akan-jadi-terbesar-di-papua|access-date=2021-03-03|website=liputan6.com|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=papuainside|first=papuainside|last2=papuainside|first2=papuainside|date=2021-01-28|title=Pelabuhan Peti Kemas Depapre Beroperasi|url=http://papuainside.com/pelabuhan-peti-kemas-depapre-beroperasi/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Papua Inside|language=en-US}}</ref> There are also small to medium-sized ports in [[Biak]], [[Timika]], [[Merauke]] and [[Agats]], which serves passenger and cargo ships within the province, as well as from other Indonesian provinces. -== Geography == -[[File:Puncakjaya.jpg|thumb|[[Puncak Jaya]] is the tallest mountain between the Himalayas and the Andes.]] -A central east–west mountain range dominates the geography of the island of New Guinea, over {{convert|1600|km|-2|abbr=on}} in total length. The western section is around {{convert|600|km|-2|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|100|km|-1|abbr=on}} across.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The province contains the highest mountains between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Andes]], rising up to {{convert|4884|m}} high, and ensuring a steady supply of rain from the tropical atmosphere.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The [[tree line]] is around {{convert|4000|m|-3}} elevation and the tallest peaks contain permanent equatorial glaciers,{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} increasingly melting due to a [[global warming|changing climate]].{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Various other smaller mountain ranges occur both north and west of the central ranges.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Except in high elevations, most areas possess a hot, humid climate throughout the year, with some seasonal variation associated with the [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northeast monsoon]] season. +=== Healthcare === +Health-related matters in the Riau Islands is administered by the Papua Provincial Health Agency ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Papua)''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Papua – Website Resmi Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Papua|url=https://dinkes.papua.go.id/|access-date=2021-03-03|language=id-ID}}</ref> According to the Indonesian [[Statistics Indonesia|Central Agency on Statistics]], as of 2015, there are around 13,554 hospitals in Papua which consists of 226 state-owned hospitals and 13,328 private hospitals.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik: Jumlah Rumah Sakit Umum, Rumah Sakit Khusus, dan Puskesmas (Unit), 2013-2015|url=https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/30/232/1/jumlah-rumah-sakit-umum-rumah-sakit-khusus-dan-puskesmas.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.bps.go.id}}</ref> Furthermore, there are 394 clinics spread throughout the province.<ref name=":7" /> Lack of good healthcare infrastructure is one of the main issues in Papua as of today, especially in the remote regions, as most hospitals that have adequate facilities are only located at major cities and towns.. A [[measles]] outbreak and [[famine]] killed at least 72 people in Asmat regency in early 2018,<ref>{{cite news|last1=News|first1=BBC|date=13 February 2018|title=Indonesia's Papua province children starving in a land of gold|work=British Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42985439|accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Salim|first1=Hanz Jimenez|date=13 April 2018|title=Jokowi Mengaku Kesulitan Pindahkan Penduduk Asmat dari Distrik Terpencil|language=id|work=liputan6.com|url=https://www.liputan6.com/news/read/3451991/jokowi-mengaku-kesulitan-pindahkan-penduduk-asmat-dari-distrik-terpencil|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref> during which 652 children were affected by measles and 223 suffered from malnutrition.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rakhmat|first1=Muhammad Zulfikar|last2=Tarahita|first2=Dikanaya|date=February 28, 2018|title=An Indonesian District Isolated From Development|work=Asia Sentinel|url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/society/indonesia-asmat-district-isolated-development/|accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=TEMPO.CO|first1=Jakarta|date=February 14, 2018|title=Tragedy in Asmat|work=Tempo.co English Edition|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/915736/tragedy-in-asmat|accessdate=18 March 2019}}</ref> -The southern and northern lowlands stretch for hundreds of kilometres and include lowland rainforests, extensive [[wetland]]s, [[savanna]] grasslands, and expanses of [[mangrove]] forest.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The southern lowlands are the site of [[Lorentz National Park]], also a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Lorentz National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/955|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> +The most prominent hospital is the Papua Regional General Hospital ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Papua'') in [[Jayapura]], which is the largest state-owned hospital in the province.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pemerintah Provinsi Papua|url=https://www.papua.go.id/view-detail-instansi-70/rumah-sakit-umum-daerah-abepura.html|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.papua.go.id}}</ref> -The province's largest river is the [[Mamberamo]] located in the northern part of the province.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The result is a large area of lakes and rivers known as the Lakes Plains region.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The [[Baliem Valley]], home of the [[Dani (ethnic group)|Dani]] people, is a tableland {{convert|1600|m}} above sea level in the midst of the central mountain range.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} [[Puncak Jaya]], also known by its Dutch colonial name, "Carstensz Pyramid", is a [[limestone]] mountain peak {{convert|4884|m}} above sea level.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} It is the highest peak of Oceania.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} +=== Education === +''Main articles: [[List of universities in Indonesia]]'' + +Education in Papua, as well as Indonesia in a whole, falls under the responsibility of the [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]] (''Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan'' or ''Kemdikbud'') and the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Religious Affairs]] (''Kementerian Agama'' or ''Kemenag''). In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake twelve years of [[compulsory education]] which consists of six years at elementary level and three each at middle and high school levels. [[Madrasah|Islamic schools]] are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs. The [[Constitution of Indonesia|Constitution]] also notes that there are two types of education in [[Indonesia]]: formal and non-formal. Formal education is further divided into three levels: primary, secondary and tertiary education. Indonesians are required to attend 12 years of school, which consists of three years of primary school, three years of secondary school and three years of high school.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 June 2013|title=RI kicks off 12-year compulsory education program|newspaper=Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/06/26/ri-kicks-12-year-compulsory-education-program.html|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref> + +As of 2015, there are 3 public universities and 40 private universities in Papua.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik: Jumlah Perguruan Tinggi 1, Mahasiswa, dan Tenaga Edukatif (Negeri dan Swasta) di Bawah Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Menurut Provinsi tahun ajaran 2013/2014-2014/2015|url=https://www.bps.go.id/statictable/2015/09/14/1839/jumlah-perguruan-tinggi-mahasiswa-dan-tenaga-edukatif-negeri-dan-swasta-di-bawah-kementrian-pendidikan-dan-kebudayaan-menurut-provinsi-2013-2014-2014-2015.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-03|website=www.bps.go.id}}</ref> Public universities in the Riau Islands falls under the responsibility of the [[Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency (Indonesia)|Ministry of Research and Technology]] (''Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi'') as well as the [[Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Education and Culture]]. The most famous university in the province is the [[Cenderawasih University]] in [[Jayapura]]. The university has faculties in economics, law, teacher training and education, medical, engineering, and social and political science. Until 2002 the university had a faculty of agricultural sciences at [[Manokwari]], which was then separated to form the [[Universitas Negeri Papua]]. == Demographics == -[[File:Impact of Javanese expansion on Dani tribe in Irian Jaya ABC 1995.webm|thumb|1995 [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news report on the impact of transmigration and development on the Dani|left]] +According to the national census released in 2020 by the Papuan branch of the [[Statistics Indonesia|Central Agency on Statistics]], Papua has a population of 3,435,430 people, spread throughout 28 regencies and 1 administrative city.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jumlah Penduduk Papua Capai 4,30 Juta Jiwa|url=https://penghubung.papua.go.id/2021/01/29/jumlah-penduduk-papua-capai-430-juta-jiwa/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Badan Penghubung Daerah Provinsi Papua|language=en-US}}</ref> This makes the Riau Islands the 21st most populated province in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Statistics Indonesia|date=November 2015|title=Result of the 2015 Intercensal Population Census|url=https://bps.go.id/website/pdf_publikasi/Penduduk-Indonesia-hasil-SUPAS-2015_rev.pdf|access-date=10 June 2018}}</ref> The city of [[Jayapura]] is the most populated administrative divisions in the province, with a number of 303,760 people, while [[Supiori Regency]], which comprises mainly the island of [[Supiori Island|Supiori]], one of the [[Schouten Islands]] within [[Cenderawasih Bay]] off the north coast of Papua, is the least populated administrative divisions in the province, with just a number of 21,188 people.<ref name=":8" /> Most of the population in the province are concentrated in coastal regions, especially arounf the city of Jayapura and its suburbs. Papua is also home to many migrants from other parts of [[Indonesia]], of which an overwhelming percentage of these migrants came as part of [[transmigrasi|a government-sponsored transmigration program]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia's transmigration program threatens Papuans - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/state-run-transmigration-program-threatens-papuans-critics-say/72327|access-date=2021-02-08|website=ucanews.com|language=en}}</ref> The transmigration program in Papua was only formally halted by President [[Joko Widodo]] in June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Asril|first1=Sabrina|year=2015|title=Jokowi Hentikan Transmigrasi ke Papua|url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/06/04/18471741/Jokowi.Hentikan.Transmigrasi.ke.Papua|access-date=17 December 2020|website=Kompas.com}}</ref> + +=== Ethnicity === +{{Main|Indigenous people of New Guinea}} +[[File:Asmat Warriors (48261522391).jpg|thumb|[[Asmat people|Asmat]] warriors in dugout canoes reentact a headhunting raid on the Asewet River at [[Agats]]]] +In contrast to other Indonesian provinces, which are mostly dominated by [[Austronesian peoples]], Papua and West Papua as well as some part of [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]] are home to the [[Melanesians]]. The [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|indigenous Papuans]] which are part of the Melanesians forms the majority of the population in the province. Many believe human habitation on the island dates to as early as 50,000 [[Before Christ|BC]],<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/09/30/us-australia-png-humans-idUSTRE68T4X620100930 Anthropology Professor Glenn Summerhayes, University of Otago, New Zealand. September 2010]</ref> and first settlement possibly dating back to 60,000 years ago has been proposed. The island of [[New Guinea]] is presently populated by almost a thousand different tribal groups and a near-equivalent number of separate languages, which makes it the most linguistically diverse area in the world. Current evidence indicates that the Papuans (who constitute the majority of the island's peoples) are descended from the earliest human inhabitants of New Guinea. These original inhabitants first arrived in New Guinea at a time (either side of the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], approx 21,000 years ago) when the island was connected to the Australian continent via a [[land bridge]], forming the landmass of [[Australia (continent)|Sahul]]. These peoples had made the (shortened) sea-crossing from the islands of [[Wallacea]] and [[Sundaland]] (the present [[Malay Archipelago]]) by at least 40,000 years ago. -{{Historical populations -|type= -|footnote= Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] 2010, 2015 and (mid-year estimate) 2019. -|1971 |923440 -|1980 |1173875 -|1990 |1648708 -|1995 |1942627 -|2000 |2220934 -|2010 |2833381 -|2015 |3143088 -|2019 |3379302}} -Papua province has a fertility rate of 2.9 children per woman {{citation needed|date=April 2013}} The population grew from the 1.94&nbsp;million recorded in the [[Indonesia 2000 census|2000 Indonesia Census]], to 2.83&nbsp;million as recorded by the 2010 Census,<ref name="JKTPOS">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/23/population-growth-%E2%80%98good-papua%E2%80%99.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-08-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824053746/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/23/population-growth-%E2%80%98good-papua%E2%80%99.html |archive-date=24 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and is officially estimated to be at about 3,347,100 in mid 2019.<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.</ref> From the early 1990s until the mid 2010s, Papua had the highest population growth rate of all Indonesian provinces at over 3% annually.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} This was partly a result of birth rates, but mainly due to migration from other parts of Indonesia.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} An overwhelming percentage of these migrants came as part of [[transmigrasi|a government-sponsored transmigration program]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesia's transmigration program threatens Papuans - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/state-run-transmigration-program-threatens-papuans-critics-say/72327|access-date=2021-02-08|website=ucanews.com|language=en}}</ref> +Notable Papuan tribes include the [[Asmat people]] who inhabits the [[Asmat Swamp]] as well as some part of the [[Lorentz National Park]] in the [[Asmat Regency]]. The Asmat inhabit a region on the island's southwestern coast bordering the [[Arafura Sea]], with lands totaling approximately 18,000 km² (7,336 mi²) and consisting of mangrove, tidal swamp, freshwater swamp, and lowland [[rainforest]].<ref name="met">{{cite web|title=The Asmat|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/asma/hd_asma.htm|access-date=17 August 2017|website=The Met|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> The [[Dani people]] who inhabits the [[Baliem Valley]] in the [[New Guinea Highlands|highlands]], including the town of [[Wamena]] and are considered to be one of the most populated tribes of the province. The [[Marind people]] of Southern Papua occupies a vast territory, which is situated on either side of the [[Bian River (Indonesia)|Bian River]], from about 20 miles to the east of [[Merauke]], up to the mouth of the Moeli River in the west (between Frederik Hendrik Island and the mainland; east of [[Yos Sudarso Island]], mainly west of the [[Maro River]] (a small area goes beyond the Maro at its lower part, including [[Merauke]]).<ref name="map">[[Marind people#Nev57|Nevermann 1957]]: 225</ref> +The ancestral [[Austronesian peoples]] are believed to have arrived considerably later, approximately 3,500 years ago, as part of a gradual seafaring migration from [[Southeast Asia]], possibly originating in [[Taiwan]]. Austronesian-speaking peoples colonized many of the offshore islands to the north and east of New Guinea, such as [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] and [[New Britain]], with settlements also on the coastal fringes of the main island in places. Human habitation of [[New Guinea]] over tens of thousands of years has led to a great deal of diversity, which was further increased by the later arrival of the Austronesians and the more recent history of European and Asian settlement.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szvr5hUtD5kC&pg=PA61|title=Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogeneses of people in Indonesian archipelago:proceedings of the international symposium|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|year=2006|isbn=978-979-26-2436-6|page=61}}</ref> +Papuan is also home to ethnic groups from other part of Indonesia, including the [[Javanese people|Javanese]], [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]], [[Balinese people|Balinese]], [[Batak]], etc.<ref name="celerier">Philippe Pataud Celerier, [http://mondediplo.com/2010/06/14indonesia Autonomy isn’t independence; Indonesian democracy stops in Papua], [[Le Monde Diplomatique]], June 2010</ref> Most of these migrants came as part of the [[transmigration program]], which was an initiative of the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Dutch East Indies|colonial government]] and later continued by the [[Government of Indonesia|Indonesian government]] to move landless people from densely populated areas of [[Indonesia]] to less populous areas of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-06-04|title=Govt builds transmigration museum in Lampung {{!}} The Jakarta Post|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604015847/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/05/02/govt-builds-transmigration-museum-lampung.html|access-date=2021-03-03|website=web.archive.org}}</ref> The program was criticized by human rights activists, claiming that the program is part of "an attempt to wipe out the [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] in a slow-motion genocide".<ref>http://sydney.edu.au/arts/peace_conflict/docs/working_papers/West_Papuan_Demographics_in_2010_Census.pdf</ref> There is [[Papua conflict|open conflict]] between migrants, the state, and indigenous groups due to differences in culture—particularly in administration, and cultural topics such as nudity, food and sex.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacAndrews|first=Colin|date=1978|title=Transmigration in Indonesia: Prospects and Problems|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643460|journal=Asian Survey|volume=18|issue=5|pages=458–472|doi=10.2307/2643460|issn=0004-4687}}</ref> The transmigration program in Papua was stopped in 2015 due to the controversies it had caused.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-05|title=Indonesian president to end transmigration to Papua|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/275490/indonesian-president-to-end-transmigration-to-papua|access-date=2021-03-03|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> +=== Language === +{{Main|Papuan languages}} +Papua, the easternmost region of the [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian archipelago]], exhibits a very complex linguistic network. In fact, the diversity of languages and the situation of multilingualism is very real. There are two language families scattered in this wide area, namely the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] family and the Non-Austronesian language family. These two languages are the main languages which are classified as local languages in Papua. Speakers of different local languages but belonging to the Austronesian language family, are found in coastal communities, such as [[Biak language|Biak]], [[Wamesa language|Wandamen]], [[Waropen language|Waropen]] and [[Ma'ya language|Ma'ya.]] On the other hand, non-Austronesian languages ([[Papuan languages|Papuan language]]) are spoken in the interior and [[New Guinea Highlands|Central Highlands]], starting from the [[Bird's Head Peninsula]] in the west to the eastern tip of the island of New Guinea, for example [[Maybrat language|Meybrat]], [[Dani languages|Dani]], [[Ekari language|Ekari]], [[Asmat languages|Asmat]], [[Muyu language|Muyu]] and [[Sentani language]].<ref>Mansoben 1994: 31</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Gau|first=Sukardi|date=2011|title=Menjejaki Bahasa Melayu Maluku di Papua: Kerangka Pengenalan|url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33234372/Menjejaki_Bahasa_Melayu_Maluku_di_Papua.pdf?1395013151=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DMenjejaki_Bahasa_Melayu_Maluku_di_Papua.pdf&Expires=1614837102&Signature=aa7thyYS3EUS6FkW0Lm0QN8MNJlIEZQ~IrPBcCwyZMqxuWGXgdX5RuIUlWRD6EpDGTBnxPWcRCSqZFsrAG8I-96aQwgOn8paTWjAGflJcnMNKFh5OE8Kkk~dS3CAkgPuVzxv8z6-yUCoQwyG~5fmWupv62i0zvxRTmAC7lFzm8zkIq~e5JHUadkuhWp226ziOe9Lxeaq5OncJulIGyyKyDm4vA8rZnByTCFme76nk5TStOmehGDo44nU7DIBmnUR9r7tt45tSLhxB6cgyp7akBkbeJpko8zGzmecwkUrnLbMnJhLkO4aLTcmlArbVk9wzIZQra8ajtGsmjNbUiyS1A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA|journal=Jurnal Elektronik Jabatan Bahasa & Kebudayaan Melayu|volume=3|pages=21-40}}</ref> -The densest population center, other than the large coastal cities that house Indonesian bureaucratic and commercial apparatus, is located in and around the town of [[Wamena]] in the [[Baliem Valley]] of the Central Highlands.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}{{bar box +At this time, research efforts to find out how many indigenous languages in Papua are still being pursued. Important efforts regarding documentation and inventory of languages in Papua have also been carried out by two main agencies, namely [[SIL International]] and the [[Language and Book Development Agency]] in [[Jakarta]]. The results of the research that have been published by the two institutions show that there are differences in the number of regional languages in Papua. The Language and Book Development Agency as the official [[Government of Indonesia|Indonesian government]] agency has announced or published that there are 207 different regional languages in Papua, while [[SIL International]] has stated that there are 271 regional languages in the region.<ref>Ethnologue, 2005</ref><ref name=":9" /> Some of the regional languages ​​of Papua are spoken by a large number of speakers and a wide spread area, some are supported by a small number of speakers and are scattered in a limited environment. However, until now it is estimated that there are still a number of regional languages ​​in Papua that have not been properly studied so that it is not known what the form of the language is. In addition to local languages ​​that have been listed by the two main institutions above, there are also dozens more languages ​​from other islands due to population migration that is not included in the list of local languages ​​in Papua, for example languages ​​from [[Sulawesi]] ([[Buginese language|Bugis]], [[Makassarese language|Makassar]], [[Toraja-Saʼdan language|Toraja]], [[Minahasan languages|Minahasa]]), [[Javanese language|Javanese]] from [[Java]], and local languages ​​from [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]].<ref name=":9" /> So-called Papuan languages comprise hundreds of different languages, most of which are not related.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Palmer|first=Bill|title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area|publisher=Mouton De Gruyter|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref> + +As in other provinces, [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] is the official language of the state, as well as the province.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 1945|title=The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, as amended by the First Amendment of 1999, the Second Amendment of 2000, the Third Amendment of 2001 and the Fourth Amendment of 2002.|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174556.pdf}}</ref> Indonesian is used in inter-ethnic communication, usually between native Papuans and non-Papuan migrants who came from other parts of Indonesia. Most formal education, and nearly all national mass media, [[governance]], [[Public administration|administration]], [[judiciary]], and other forms of communication in Papua, are conducted in Indonesian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2012-08-22|title=Bahasa Indonesia Di Mata Orang Papua|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/ocerahawarin/55173ac981331196669de465/bahasa-indonesia-di-mata-orang-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id}}</ref> A [[Malay-based creole|Malay-based creole language]] called [[Papuan Malay]] is used as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the province. It emerged as a [[contact language]] among tribes in Indonesian New Guinea for trading and daily communication. Nowadays, it has a growing number of native speakers. More recently, the vernacular of Indonesian [[Papuans]] has been influenced by [[Indonesian language|Standard Indonesian]], the national [[Standard language|standard dialect]]. Some linguists have suggested that Papuan Malay has its roots in [[North Moluccan Malay]], as evidenced by the number of [[Ternate language|Ternate]] loanwords in its lexicon.<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Allen|first=Robert B.|last2=Hayami-Allen|first2=Rika|date=2002|editor-last=Macken|editor-first=M.|title=Orientation in the Spice Islands|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/allen2002orientation.pdf|conference=Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society|location=Tempe, AZ|publisher=Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University|page=21}}</ref> Others have proposed that it is derived from [[Ambonese Malay]].<ref name="ak">{{harvp|Kluge|2017|pp=11, 47}}</ref> A large number of local languages are spoken in the province, and the need for a common [[Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] has been underlined by the centuries-old traditions of inter-group interaction in the form of slave-hunting, adoption, and intermarriage.<ref name=":9" /> It is likely that Malay was first introduced by the Biak people, who had contacts with the [[Sultanate of Tidore]], and later, in the 19th century, by traders from China and [[South Sulawesi]]. However, Malay was probably not widespread until the adoption of the language by the Dutch missionaries who arrived in the early 20th century and were then followed in this practice by the Dutch administrators.{{sfn|van Velzen|1995|p=313}} The spread of Malay into the more distant areas was further facilitated by the {{lang|nl|Opleiding tot Dorpsonderwizer}} ('Education for village teacher') program during the [[Dutch East Indies|Dutch colonial era]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warami|first=Hugo|date=March 2014|title=Bahasa Melayu di Tanah Papua: Rekam Jejak Bahasa Melayu Papua|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hugo-Warami/publication/348171144_BAHASA_MELAYU_DI_TANAH_PAPUA_REKAM_JEJAK_BAHASA_MELAYU_PAPUA/links/5ff2558892851c13fee76116/BAHASA-MELAYU-DI-TANAH-PAPUA-REKAM-JEJAK-BAHASA-MELAYU-PAPUA.pdf|journal=Noken Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa, Sastra & Sosial-Budaya|language=Indonesian|volume=2|pages=1-9|issn=2338-5553}}</ref> There are four varieties of Papuan Malay that can be identified, including [[Serui Malay]].<ref name="ak2">{{harvp|Kluge|2017|pp=11, 47}}</ref> A variety of Papuan Malay is spoken in [[Vanimo]], [[Papua New Guinea]] near the [[Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border|Indonesian border]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=(PDF) Juara satu dan dua: membandingkan situasi kebahasaan Indonesia dan Papua Nugini.’ [First and second rank: comparing the language situation of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea]. Linguistik Indonesia 32:103-130.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293543148_Juara_satu_dan_dua_membandingkan_situasi_kebahasaan_Indonesia_dan_Papua_Nugini%27_First_and_second_rank_comparing_the_language_situation_of_Indonesia_and_Papua_New_Guinea_Linguistik_Indonesia_32103-130|access-date=2021-03-04|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> + +=== Religion === +{{bar box |title=Religion in Papua (2010 census)<ref name="BPS̠Religion̠2010">{{cite web| title = Population by Region and Religion in Indonesia | work = [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] | year = 2010 | url = http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=0}}</ref> |titlebar= @@ -308,57 +585,73 @@ {{bar percent|Confucianism|Magenta|0.003}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|Black|0.001}} -}} +}}According to the 2010 national census, 83.15% of the Papuans identified themselves as [[Christians]], with 65.48% being [[Protestantism|Protestants]] and 17.67% being [[Catholic Church|Catholics]]. 15.88% of the population are [[Muslims]] and less than 1% were [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] or [[Hindus]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2010|title=Badan Pusat Statistik Papua: Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut di Papua|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=9400000000|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2016|website=BPS Papua}}</ref> There is also substantial practice of [[animism]], the traditional religion for many Papuans, with many blending animistic beliefs with other religions such as Christianity. Christianity, including [[Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] are mostly adhered by native Papuans and migrants from [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], [[East Nusa Tenggara]] and [[North Sulawesi]]. [[Islam]] are mostly adhered by migrants from western Indonesia, some [[Moluccans]] and some native Papuans. Lastly [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] are mostly adhered by [[Balinese people|Balinese]] migrants and [[Chinese Indonesians|Chinese-Indonesians]] respectively. + +Missionaries Carl Ottow and Johann Geisler, under the initiative of [[Ottho Gerhard Heldring]], are the first Christian missionaries that reached Papua. They entered Papua at [[Mansinam Island]], near [[Manokwari]] on 5 February 1855, and are said to have knelt on the beach and prayed, claiming Papua for Christ.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2014-12-25|title=Menyusuri Kedamaian Pulau Mansinam|url=https://regional.kompas.com/read/2014/12/25/17184381/Menyusuri.Kedamaian.Pulau.Mansinam|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> Since 2001, the fifth of February has been a Papuan public holiday, recognizing this first landing.<ref name="aritonang">Editor(s): Jan Sihar Aritonang and Karel Steenbrink: "Christianity in Papua", in ''A History of Christianity in Indonesia - Studies in Christian Mission,'' Volume: 35, Brill, 2008.</ref> In 1863, sponsored by the Dutch colonial government, the Utrecht Mission Society (UZV) started a Christian-based education system as well as regular church services in Western New Guinea.<ref name="aritonang" /> Initially the Papuans' attendance was encouraged using bribes of [[Areca nut|betel nut]] and tobacco, but subsequently this was stopped. In addition, slaves were bought to be raised as step children and then freed. By 1880, only 20 Papuans had been baptized, including many freed slaves. The Dutch government established posts in [[Netherlands New Guinea]] in 1898, a move welcomed by the missionaries, who saw orderly Dutch rule as the essential antidote to Papua paganism.<ref name="aritonang" /> Subsequently, the UZV mission had more success, with a mass conversion near [[Cenderawasih Bay]] in 1907 and the evangelization of the [[Sentani, Indonesia|Sentani people]] by Pamai, a native Papuan in the late 1920s.<ref name="aritonang" /> Due to the [[Great Depression]], the mission suffered a funding shortfall, and switched to native evangelists, who had the advantage of speaking the local language (rather than Malay), but were often poorly trained. The mission extended in the 1930s to [[Yos Sudarso Bay]], and the UZV mission by 1934 had over 50,000 Christians, 90% of them in North Papua, the remainder in West Papua.<ref name="aritonang" /> By 1942 the mission had expanded to 300 schools in 300 congregations. The first Catholic presence in Papua was in [[Fakfak]], a Jesuit mission in 1894. In 1902 the Vicariate of Netherlands New Guinea was established. Despite the earlier activity in Fakfak, the Dutch restricted the Catholic Church to the southern part of the island, where they were active especially around [[Merauke]]. The mission campaigned against promiscuity and the destructive practices of [[headhunting]] among the [[Marind people|Marind-anim]].<ref name="aritonang" /> Following the [[1918 flu pandemic]], which killed one in five in the area, the Dutch government agreed to the establishment of model villages, based on European conditions, including wearing European clothes, but which the people would submit to only by violence. In 1925 the Catholics sought to re-establish their mission in [[Fakfak]]; permission was granted in 1927. This brought the Catholics into conflict with the Protestants in North Papua, who suggested expanding to South Papua in retaliation.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lieshout|first=Frans|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/6931202|title=Sejarah Gereja Katolik di Lembah Balim-Papua: kebudayaan Balim, tanah subur bagi benih Injil|date=2009|publisher=Sekretariat Keuskupan Jayapura|isbn=978-602-95025-1-0|edition=Cetakan pertama|location=Jayapura}}</ref> + +== Culture == +[[File:Bakar Batu.jpg|thumb|Papuan tribesmen during stone-burning ceremony]] +The native [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuan people]] has a distinct culture and traditions that cannot be found in other parts of Indonesia. Coastal Papuans are usually more willing to accept modern influence into their daily lives, which in turn diminishes their original culture and traditions. Meanwhile, most inland Papuans still preserves their original culture and traditions, although their way of life over the past century are tied to the encroachment of modernity and [[globalization]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2011-11-02|title=Jati Diri Papua Halaman all|url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2011/11/03/02051319/jati.diri.papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> Each Papuan tribe usually practices their own tradition and culture, which may differ greatly from one tribe to another. + +One of the most well-known Papuan tradition is the stone burning tradition ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Tradisi Bakar Batu''), which is practiced by most Papuan tribes in the province. The stone burning tradition is an important tradition for all indigenous Papuans. The stone burning tradition is a form of gratitude and a gathering place between residents of the village. The stone burning tradition is usually held when there are births, traditional marriages, the coronation of tribal chiefs, and the gathering of soldiers. The stone burning tradition is usually carried out by indigenous Papuan people who live in the interior, such as in the [[Baliem Valley]], [[Paniai Regency|Panaiai]], [[Nabire]], [[Pegunungan Bintang Regency|Pegunungan Bintang]], and others. other. The name of this tradition varies in each region. In [[Paniai Regency|Paniai]], the stone burning tradition is called ''Gapiia''. Meanwhile in [[Wamena]] it is called ''Kit Oba Isogoa'', while in [[Jayawijaya Regency|Jayawijaya]] it is called ''Barapen''. It is called the stone burning tradition because the stone is actually burned until it is hot. The function of the hot stone is to cook meat, [[Sweet potato|sweet potatoes,]] and vegetables on the basis of banana leaves which will be eaten by all residents at the ongoing event.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|last=Umami|first=Okta Tri|date=2018-05-05|title=8 Budaya dan Tradisi Papua yang Paling Unik dan Menarik|url=https://keluyuran.com/tradisi-papua-yang-paling-unik/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-04|website=keluyuran.com|language=id-ID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Muslim|first=Abu|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338861285_The_Harmony_Taste_Of_Bakar_Batu_Tradition_On_Papua_Land|title=The Harmony Taste Of Bakar Batu Tradition On Papua Land|date=October 2019|year=2019|location=Balai Litbang Agama Makassar|doi=10.31291/hn.v8i1.545}}</ref> In some remote Papuan communities who are [[Muslims|Muslim]] or when welcoming Muslim guests, pork can be replaced with chicken or beef or mutton or can be cooked separately with pork. This is, for example, practiced by the Walesi community in [[Jayawijaya Regency]] to welcome the holy month of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siagian|first=Wilpret|title=Bakar Batu, Tradisi Muslim Papua Sambut Bulan Suci Ramadan|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2945234/bakar-batu-tradisi-muslim-papua-sambut-bulan-suci-ramadan|access-date=2021-03-04|website=detiknews|language=id-ID}}</ref> + +The finger cutting tradition ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Tradisi Potong Jari'') is practiced among the [[Dani people]] of the [[Baliem Valley]] in central Papua.<ref name=":10" /> The tradition of cutting fingers on the [[Dani people|Dani people h]]<nowiki/>as existed since ancient times and is still being carried out today. The finger-cutting tradition symbolizes harmony, unity, and strength that comes from within a person and within a family. According to the culture of the Dani people, family is the most valuable pedestal that a human has, fingers are believed to symbolize the existence and function of a family itself. So that the tradition of cutting is carried out when someone loses a family member or relative such as husband, wife, children, younger siblings and older siblings forever. For Dani people, sadness and grief due to adversity and the loss of a family member are not only appreciated by crying, but also cutting fingers. The [[Dani people]] believes that cutting off a finger is a symbol of the sadness and pain of losing a family member. The finger-cutting tradition is also seen as a way to prevent the recurrence of a catastrophe that claimed the life of a grieving family member.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why And How Peoples Of The Dani Tribe Cut Off Fingers As A Way Of Mourning|url=https://www.ranker.com/list/dani-tribe-finger-cutting/triciapsarreasmurray|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Ranker|language=en}}</ref> + +The ''Ararem'' tradition is the tradition of delivering the dowry of a future husband to the family of the prospective wife in the [[Biak]] custom. In the [[Biak language]], the word "Ararem" means dowry. In this procession, the bride and groom will be escorted on foot in a procession, accompanied by songs and dances accompanied by music and. The amount of the dowry is determined by the woman's family as agreed by her relatives. The date of submission of the dowry must be agreed upon by the family of the woman or the family of the prospective wife and the family of the man or family of the prospective husband. In the tradition of the Biak people, the payment of the dowry is a tradition that must be obeyed because it involves the consequences of a marriage.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tradisi Ararem - Documents|language=en|newspaper=Documents.tips|url=https://documents.tips/documents/tradisi-ararem.html|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ararem, Budaya Mengantar Maskawin Suku Biak|newspaper=Papua Untuk Semua|url=http://www.papua.us/2013/04/ararem-budaya-mengantar-mas-kawin-suku.html|access-date=2017-11-01}}</ref> + +=== Arts and Performance === +[[File:Parade wai ron dan mansusu.jpg|thumb|Local people from Biak during a ceremony]] +There are a lot of traditional dances that are native to the province of Papua. Each Papuan tribes would usually have their own unique traditional dances. + +The ''Yospan'' dance ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Tarian Yospan'') is a type of social association dance in Papua which is a traditional dance originating from the coastal regions of Papua, namely [[Biak]], [[Yapen Islands Regency|Yapen]] and [[Waropen Regency|Waropen]], which are often played by the younger people as a form of friendship.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-02-07|title=Tari Yospan, Tarian Persahabatan Khas Papua Halaman all|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/02/07/173000169/tari-yospan-tarian-persahabatan-khas-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> Initially, the ''Yospan'' dance originated from two dances called ''Yosim'' and ''Pancar'', which were eventually combined into one. Hence, ''Yospan'' is an acronym of ''Yosim'' and ''Pancar''.<ref name=":11" /> When performing the ''Yosim'' dance, which originated from [[Yapen]] and [[Waropen Regency|Waropen]], the dancers invited other residents to be immersed in the songs sung by a group of singers and music instrument holders. The musical instruments used are simple, which consists of [[ukulele]] and [[guitar]], musical instruments that are not native to Papua. There is also a tool that functions as a bass with three ropes. The rope is usually made from rolled fibers, a type of [[pandanus]] leaf, which can be found in the forests of the coastal areas of Papua. A music instrument called ''Kalabasa'' is also played during the dance, which is is made of dried pumpkin, then filled with beads or small stones that are played by simply shaking it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nurhayati|first=Dewi|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=MG_-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=kalabasa+papua+musik&source=bl&ots=bctW_TjK5u&sig=ACfU3U0BKOn1pnix9lt5fhbTx9P9ipVmdg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiTu_TBv5bvAhWSvpQKHRkdBWcQ6AEwAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=kalabasa%20papua%20musik&f=false|title=Mengenal Tarian dan Seni Papua|date=2020-09-22|publisher=Alprin|isbn=978-623-263-222-6|language=id}}</ref> The women dancers wear woven sarongs to cover their chests, decorative heads with flowers and bird feathers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=UvpyAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Monografi daerah Irian Jaya|date=1980|publisher=Proyek Media Kebudayaan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|language=id}}</ref> Meanwhile, the male dancers would usually wear shorts, open chest, head also decorated with bird feathers. The ''Pancar'' dance that originated from Biak is only accompanied by a ''[[Tifa (drum)|tifa]]'', which is the traditional musical instrument of the coastal tribes in Papua.<ref name=":11" /> + +The ''Isosolo'' dance is a type of dance performed by the inhabitants who lives around [[Lake Sentani]] in [[Jayapura]]. The ''Isosolo'' dance is perfoemed to symbolize the harmony between different tribes in Papua. The art of boat dancing is a tradition of the [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuan people]], especially among the Sentani people, where the dance is performed from one village to another. According to the [[Sentani language]], ''Isosolo'' or ''Isolo'' dance is a traditional art of the Sentani people who dance on a boat on Lake Sentani. The word ''Isosolo'' consists of two words, ''iso'' and s''olo'' (or ''holo''). ''Iso'' means to rejoice and dance to express feelings of the heart, while ''holo'' means a group or herd from all age groups who dance. Hence, ''isosolo'' means a group of people who dance with joy to express their feelings.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2010-01-01|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda: Isolo|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailCatat=853|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-04|website=warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan}}</ref> The Isosolo dance in Sentani is usually performed by ''ondofolo'' (traditional leaders) and the village community to present a gift to other ''ondofolo''. Items that are offered are items that are considered valuable, such as large wild boar, garden products, delivering ondofolo girls to be married, and several other traditional gifts. However, at this time, apart from being a form of respect for ondoafi, ''isosolo'' is considered more as a performance of the Sentani people's pride which is one of the popular attractions at the Lake Sentani Festival, which is held annually.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2016-06-21|title=Tari Isolo Melambangkan Kerukunan Antarsuku di Papua|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2016/06/21/121511327/tari.isolo.melambangkan.kerukunan.antarsuku.di.papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> +[[File:Papuan Dance from Yapen.jpg|left|thumb|Traditional Papuan war dance from the [[Yapen Islands Regency|Yapen Islands]]]] +Each Papuan tribe usually has their own [[war dance]]. The Papuan war dance is one of the oldest dances of the Papuan people because this classical dance has been around for thousands of years and is even one of the legacies of Indonesia's prehistoric times. In Papuan culture, this dance is a symbol of how strong and brave the Papuan people are. Allegedly, this dance was once a part of traditional ceremonies when [[Ethnic conflict|fighting other tribes]]. The dancers who perform this dance are a group of men, the number starts from seven people or more. They danced to the sound of drums and war songs. Their movements were characteristically excited as if they were warriors heading for battle. The Papuan war dance is very unique, varied and energetic to indicate the heroism and courage of the Papuan people. Apart from the dancers movements in playing the weapons they carry, the uniqueness of this dance is also seen in the dancers' clothes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Indonesia|first=Tim CNN|title=Gema Tarian Perang Papua di Festival Lembah Baliem|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20180802110832-269-318889/gema-tarian-perang-papua-di-festival-lembah-baliem|access-date=2021-03-04|website=gaya hidup|language=id-ID}}</ref> + +Another traditional dance that is common to most if not all Papuan tribes is called ''musyoh''. The emergence of the ''musyoh'' dance is based on a certain history. In ancient times, when a Papuan tribe member died due to an accident or something unexpected, the Papuan people believed that the spirit of the person who died was still roaming and unsettled. To overcome this, the Papuan tribesmen created a ritual in the form of the ''musyoh'' dance. Thus, this traditional dance is often referred to as a spirit exorcism dance. Generally, the ''musyoh'' dance is performed by men. However, besides the purpose of exorcising spirits, it turns out that the ''musyoh dance'' is also used by the Papuan people for another purpose, such as welcoming guests. The ''musyoh'' dance is a symbol of respect, gratitude, and an expression of happiness in welcoming guests. If it is for the purpose of expelling the spirit, this ''musyoh'' dance is performed by men. In the case for welcoming guests, this dance is performed by men and women. The costumes worn by the dancers can be said to be very simple costumes. In fact, this simplicity can be seen from its very natural ingredients, namely processed tree bark and plant roots. The material is then used as a head covering, tops and bottoms, bracelets and necklaces. There are also unique scribbles on the dancers' bodies that show the uniqueness of the dance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulo|first=oleh Blog|date=2018-08-25|title=Tari Musyoh - Tarian Pengusir Arwah oleh Masyarakat Papua|url=https://blogkulo.com/tari-musyoh-papua/|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Blog Kulo|language=id-ID}}</ref> + +=== Architecture === +[[File:Dani people traditional house near Wamena, Papua, Indonesia 02.jpg|thumb|Traditional Dani houses near [[Wamena]] in the [[Baliem Valley]]]] +Papua is famous for its varieties of traditional houses, one of which is a traditional house called ''honai''. ''Honai'' is a traditional Papuan house, especially in the [[New Guinea Highlands|mountainous region]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-01-17|title=Honai, Rumah Adat Provinsi Papua Halaman all|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/01/17/180000369/honai-rumah-adat-provinsi-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> The basic shape of the ''honai'' is a circle with a wooden frame and woven walls and a conical roof made of straw. The ''honai'' is spread across almost all corners of the [[Baliem Valley]] which covers an area of 1,200 square kilometers. The distance from the surface of the house to the ceiling is only about 1 meter. Within the ''honai,'' there is a fireplace which is located right in the middle. The thatched roof and wooden walls of the ''Honai'' actually bring cool air inside If the air is too cold, the whole house will be warmed by the smoke from the fireplace. For the [[Dani people]], smoke from firewood is no longer unusual for being smoked for a long time. As long as the door is still open, oxygen can still flow inside.<ref name=":13" /> The ''honai'' is supported by 4 main poles called heseke, which are stuck in the ground at a certain distance (about 1 meter) so that they are square. In the middle of this main pillar is placed a fireplace called a round ''wulikin''. An ''honai'' is made in an attic so that it is divided into two rooms, at the top it is called ''henaepu'' as a bed and the bottom is called agarowa as a place to rest, tell stories or chat, and eat. The upper part of the attic or floor is made of fruit wood and covered with woven ''lokop'' wood (a kind of very small bamboo) and can be covered again with straw or dry grass. There is usually only one door in the ''honai'', which is small and short so that people come out and enter on all fours. To the left or right of the entrance is a door leading to the attic.<ref name=":13" /> -=== Ethnic groups === -[[File:Papuan Dance from Yapen.jpg|thumb|Papuan dance from [[Yapen Islands Regency|Yapen]]]] -The following are some of the most well-known ethnic groups of Papua: -{{div col|colwidth=22em}} -* [[Amung people|Amungme]] -* [[Asmat people|Asmat]] -* [[Bauzi people|Bauzi]] -* [[Dani people|Dani]] -* [[Kamoro language|Kamoro]] -* [[Kombai people|Kombai]] -* [[Korowai people|Korowai]] -* [[Ekari people|Mee]] -* [[Sentani people|Sentani]] -* [[Yali (people)|Yali]] -* [[Yei people (Papua)|Yei]] +The ''kariwari'' is one of the traditional Papuan houses, more precisely the traditional house of the Tobati-Enggros people who live around Yotefa Bay and [[Lake Sentani]] near [[Jayapura]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last=Fauziah|first=Nur|date=2014|title=Karakteristik Arsitektur Tradisional Papua|url=https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/bitstream/handle/11617/5026/SNTT%20A-003%20Nur%20Fauziah%20UM%20Surabaya.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Simposium Nasional Teknologi Terapan|volume=2|pages=19-29|issn=2339-028X}}</ref> Unlike other forms of Papuan traditional houses, such as the round ''honai,'' the ''kariwari'' is usually constructed in the shape of an octagonal pyramid. ''Kariwari'' are usually made of, bamboo, iron wood and forest sago leaves. The Kariwari house consists of two floors and three rooms or three rooms, each with different functions. The ''kariwari'' is not like a ''honai'' that can be lived in by anyone, it cannot even be the residence of a tribal chief - unlike the ''honai'' which has political and legal functions. The ''kariwari'' is more specific as a place of education and worship, therefore the position of the ''Kariwari'' in the community of the Tobati-Enggros people is considered a sacred and holy place.<ref name=":14" /> Like traditional houses in general, the ''kariwari'' also has a design that is full of decorative details that make it unique, of course, the decorations are related to Papuan culture. especially from the Tobati-Enggros. The decorations found in the ''kariwari'' are usually in the form of works of art, among others; paintings, carvings and also sculptures. Apart from being decorated with works of art, the ''kariwari'' is also decorated with various weapons, such as; bow and arrow. There are also some skeletons of prey animals, usually in the form of wild boar fangs, [[kangaroo]] skeletons, turtle or turtle shells, [[Bird-of-paradise|birds-of-paradise]], and so on.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rumah Kariwari » Budaya Indonesia|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Rumah-Kariwari|access-date=2021-03-04|website=budaya-indonesia.org}}</ref> +[[File:Korowai Treehouse 5.jpg|left|thumb|[[Korowai people|Korowai]] treehouse in [[Mappi Regency]]]] +''Rumsram'' is the traditional house of the [[Biak Numfor Regency|Biak Numfor]] people on the northern coast of Papua. This house was originally intended for men, while women were prohibited from entering or approaching it. Its function is similar to the ''kariwari'', namely as a place for activities in teaching and educating men who are starting to be teenagers, in seeking life experiences. The building is square with a roof in the shape of an upside down boat because of the background of the Biak Numfor tribe who work as sailors. The materials used are bark for floors, split and chopped water bamboo for walls, while the roof is made of dried [[sago]] leaves. The walls are made of sago leaves. The original ''rumsram'' wall only had a few windows and its position was at the front and back. A ''rumsram'' usually has a height of approximately 6–8 m and is divided into two parts, differentiated by floor levels. The first floor is open and without walls. Only the building columns were visible. In this place, men are educated to learn sculpting, shielding, boat building, and war techniques. In a traditional ceremony called ''Wor Kapanaknik'', which in the [[Biak language]] means "to shave a child's hair", a traditional ritual is usually carried out when boys are 6-8 years old. The age when a child is considered to be able to think and the child has started to get education in the search for life experiences, as well as how to become a strong and responsible man as the head of the family later. The children would then enter a ''rumsram'', hence the [[rite of passage]] is also called ''rumsram,'' because the ritual are carried out in the ''rumsram''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tradisi Wor » Budaya Indonesia|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Tradisi-Wor/|access-date=2021-03-04|website=budaya-indonesia.org}}</ref> -{{div col end}} +The [[Korowai people]] from the [[Mappi Regency]] in southern Papua is one of the indigenous tribes in Papua that still adheres to the traditions of their ancestors, one of which is to build houses on top of trees.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kustiani|first=Rini|date=2020-11-16|title=Mengenal Suku Korowai Papua, Tinggal di Pohon dan Gigi Anjing yang Berharga|url=https://travel.tempo.co/read/1405700/mengenal-suku-korowai-papua-tinggal-di-pohon-dan-gigi-anjing-yang-berharga|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Tempo|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last=Susanto|first=Dalhar|last2=Puti Angelia|first2=Dini|last3=Aditya Giovanni Suhanto|first3=Kevin|date=2018-11-01|title=Rumah Tinggi of Korowai Tribe, Papua: Material and Technology Transformation of Traditional House|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018E3SWC..6704023S|volume=67|pages=04023|doi=10.1051/e3sconf/20186704023}}</ref> The Korowai people is one of the indigenous tribes in the interior of Papua that still maintains firmly the traditions of their ancestors, one of which is to build a house on a tall tree called ''Rumah Tinggi'' (lit. 'high house')''.'' Some of the Korowai people's tree houses can even reach a height of 50 m above the ground. The Korowai people builds houses on top of trees to avoid wild animals and evil spirits. The Korowai people still believes in the myth of ''Laleo'', a cruel demon who often attacks suddenly. ''Laleo'' is depicted as an undead that roams at night. According to the Korowai people, the higher the house, the safer it will be from ''Laleo's'' attacks. The ''rumah tinggi'' is built on big and sturdy trees as the foundation for its foundation. The tops of the trees are then deforested and used as houses. All materials come from nature, logs and boards are used for the roof and floor, while the walls are made of sago bark and wide leaves. The building process for a ''rumah tinggi'' usually takes seven days and lasts up to three years.<ref name=":15" /> -<!--Please note that the Yei people redirect is not correct. The link refers to an African tribe, but the Yei of Papua are a distinct people group.--> +=== Traditional Weapon === +[[File:Pisau belati papua.jpg|thumb|Traditional Papuan dagger]] +The cuscus bone skewer is a traditional Papuan weapon used by one of the indigenous Papuan tribes, namely the [[Bauzi people]]. The [[Bauzi people]] still maintains their tradition of hunting and gathering. The weapon they use to hunt animals while waiting for the harvest to arrive is a piercing tool made of cuscus bones. The use of cuscus bones as a traditional weapon is very environmentally friendly. This happens because in its manufacture, it does not require the help of industrial equipment that pollutes the environment. This traditional weapon is made from cleaned cuscus bone (before the meat is eaten and separated from the bone), sharpened by rubbing it with a whetstone, and repeated so that the desired sharpness is formed.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|last=Kurniawan|first=Fajar|date=2020-08-28|title=7 Senjata Tradisional Papua Yang Membudaya Tambah Pinter Budaya|url=https://tambahpinter.com/senjata-tradisional-papua/|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Tambah Pinter|language=en-US}}</ref> -The Yei (pronounced Yay) are sometimes known as the Jei, Je, Yei-nan people. +Papuan [[Blade|knife blades]] are usually used for slashing or cutting when hunting animals in the forest. Even though the animals they face are large mammals and crocodiles, the Papuan people still adhere to prevailing customs. The custom is that it is not permissible to use any kind of firearm when hunting. Papuan [[Dagger|daggers]] are knives made of unique materials and are difficult to obtain in other areas, namely the bones of an endemic animal to Papua, the [[cassowary]]. Cassowary bones are used by local culture to become a tool that has beneficial values for life. Apart from that, the feathers attached to the blade's handle are also the feathers of the cassowary.<ref name=":16" /> -There are approximately 2,500 speakers of the Yei language. 40% Ethno Religionists- animistic tribal religion 60% Catholics and other Christians (blended with animistic beliefs & customs): -The Yei language is believed to have two dialects observed by a Wycliffe, SIL language survey in 2001. At home the Yei people speak their own language but use Indonesian for trade, wider communication and at school. Most Yei are literate in Indonesian. +The Papuan [[spear]] is referred to by the local community as "Tul". The spear was a weapon that could be used for both fighting and hunting. In addition, Papuan culture often uses the spear as a property in dances. The weapons mentioned above are made from basic materials that are easily found in nature. Wood to make the handle, and a river stone that was sharpened as a spearhead. For that reason, the spear is able to survive as a weapon that must be present in hunting and fighting activities. What makes this traditional Papuan weapon feel special is that there is a rule not to use a spear other than for hunting and fighting purposes. For example, it is forbidden to cut young tree shoots with a spear, or to use a spear to carry garden produce. If this rule was broken, the person who wielded this spear would have bad luck. Meanwhile, in the manufacturing process, this spear frame takes a long time. Starting from the wood taken from the tree, then cut to the size of 3 m in a state that has been dried in the sun. After drying it in the sun, the wood for the handle is shaped in such a way, then rubbed with sea snail powder until it is sharp, which takes about 1 week. In traditional Papuan customs, the spear is interpreted as a symbol of a man's prowess. Therefore, the spears must always be properly stored. Usually hung from the ceiling or placed on a house wall support.<ref name=":16" /> -There are elementary schools in each village. About 10–30% of children continue in middle school. Very few go to high school. -The nearest high school is in [[Merauke]] city. -They live primarily by hunting, fishing, and gardening short and long term crops in the lowlands. The Yei diet mainly consists of rice, vegetables, fish and roasted [[sago]]. -With their land at an altitude of less than 100 meters above sea level, the Yei people can best be accessed by vehicle on the road from Merauke or by motorized canoe up the [[Maro River]]. There is no airstrip or airplane access other than float plane which is currently available from Merauke through MAF by about a 15-minute flight to Toray. -The Poo and [[Bupul]] villages have a clinic but people still use traditional medicines. -There is very little infrastructure in the area: no telephones or toilets. At night electricity is run from a generator. There are single side-band radios (SSBs) in Bupul, Tanas, Poo, and Erambu villages, mainly used by the police and military force. Most villages get their drinking water from the Maro River, but some get it from wells or by collecting rain.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} +The [[bow and arrow]] is a traditional Papuan weapon that has uses for hunting wild boar and other animals. In addition, the Papuan bow and arrow were tools that were always carried side by side with the spear. Another use of the arrow is a tool for warfare. The difference lies in the material used in the arrowheads. If the aim is to hunt animals, then the arrowheads used are made of bamboo. Meanwhile, when going to war, the indigenous tribes in Papua have rules that require that the spearhead used is made of animal bones. In addition, arrows also function as property for home decoration in several areas in Papua, including [[Jayapura]], [[Wamena]], and Kurulu. In these areas, arrows are only intended for house collections. The collection of bows and arrows is also not allowed to be placed carelessly, that is, they are placed on the wall of the house in order to still respect the culture of the services of the arrow.<ref name=":16" /> -=== Religion === -According to the 2010 census, 83.15% of the Papuans identified themselves as Christian with 65.48% being Protestant and 17.67% being Roman Catholic. 15.88% of the population was Muslim and less than 1% were Buddhist or Hindu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?tid=321&wid=9400000000|title=Peringatan|access-date=10 May 2016}}</ref> There is also substantial practice of [[animism]], the traditional religion for many Papuans, with many blending animistic beliefs with other religions such as Christianity. +The Papuan [[Parang (knife)|parang]] is a symbol of the strength and tenacity of a man in the household. Parang by the local community is called by the name "jalowy". In the manufacturing process, this Papuan machete takes a lot of time. Derived from a split stone, then sharpened to form a machete that has sharpness. To increase the level of hardness and durability, machete craftsmen always add pork oil and pork blood before sharpening it until it is smooth and sharp. This Papuan [[Parang (knife)|parang]] basically has many uses. For household purposes, namely cooking, cutting meat, and cutting down sago. In addition, Papuan machetes are also used in the agricultural industry, and can even be used as a tool to propose to a potential partner. Furthermore, parang can also be used as a collection.<ref name=":16" /> -== Economy == -In 2011, Papuan caretaker governor Syamsul Arief Rivai claimed Papua's forests cover 42 million hectares with an estimated worth of Rp 700&nbsp;trillion ($78&nbsp;billion) and that if the forests were managed properly and sustainably, they could produce over 500&nbsp;million cubic meters of logs per annum.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/08/24/forests-papua-are-valued-78-billion.html |title=Forests in Papua are valued at $78&nbsp;billion |date=24 August 2011}}</ref> +Papuan [[Chisel|chisels]] are traditional Papuan weapons that have various uses, such as cutting rattan for weaving, tools for punching holes in wood, as well as emergency tools for stabbing enemies in the event of war. However, most of their functions have now shifted to tools used in the carpentry field. Historically, in ancient times a chisel was a tool used to trim the fingers of a dead family member. Unfortunately, this culture has been banned by the government and can only be used as a tool in industry. The chisel-making process is not complicated. All it takes is carefulness so as not to rub the edges too thin. To add comfort when worn, craftsmen usually add thin wooden twists.<ref name=":16" /> -The [[Grasberg Mine]], the world's largest gold mine and second-largest copper mine,<ref>{{cite web|title=Grasberg Open Pit, Indonesia|url=http://www.mining-technology.com/projects/grasbergopenpit|website=Mining Technology|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> is located in the highlands near [[Puncak Jaya]], the highest mountain in Papua and whole [[Indonesia]]. Grasberg Mine producing 1.063 billion pounds of [[copper]], 1.061 million ounces [[gold]] and 2.9 million ounces [[silver]]. It has 19,500 employees operated by PT Freeport Indonesia (PT-FI) which used to be 90.64% owned by [[Freeport-McMoran]] (FCX). +=== Music and handicrafts === +[[File:Tifa, Geelvink Bay cultures, Cenderawasih Bay, before 1883.jpg|thumb|[[Tifa (drum)|Tifa]], a Papuan musical instrument]] +[[Tifa (drum)|Tifa]] is a traditional Papuan musical instrument that is played by beating. Unlike those from [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], this musical instrument from Papua is usually longer and has a handle on one part of the instrument. Meanwhile, the tifa from Maluku has a wide size and there is no handle on the side. The material used also comes from the strongest wood, usually the type of Lenggua wood (''[[Pterocarpus indicus]])'' with animal skin as the upper membrane. The animal's skin is tied with rattan in a circle so that it is tight and can produce a beautiful sound. In addition, on the body part of the musical instrument there is a typical Papuan carving. Tifa is usually used to accompany guest welcoming events, traditional parties, dances, etc. The size of the sound that comes out of the drum depends on the size of the instrument. Apart from being a means of accompanying the dance, the tifa also has a social meaning based on the function and shape of the carved ornaments on the body of the tifa. In the culture of the [[Marind people|Marind-Anim]] people in [[Merauke]], each clan has its own shape and motif as well as a name for each tifa. The same goes for the [[Biak]] and [[Waropen Regency|Waropen]] people.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Yasmin|first=Puti|title=Alat Musik Tradisional Papua Lengkap Sejarahnya|url=https://travel.detik.com/travel-news/d-5168062/alat-musik-tradisional-papua-lengkap-sejarahnya|access-date=2021-03-04|website=detikTravel|language=id}}</ref> -== Ecology == -[[File:Paradisaea apoda -Bali Bird Park-7.jpg|thumb|upright|'' [[Paradisaea apoda]]'', native to Papua, displaying its feathers]] -The island has an estimated 16,000 species of plant, 124 genera of which are endemic.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Iem|title=The Territories of Indonesia|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-1857432152|location=Albert House, 1-4 Singer Street, London, EC2A, 4BQ, United Kingdom|pages=184}}</ref> Papua's known forest fauna includes; [[marsupials]] (including [[Phalangeriformes|possums]], [[Wallaby|wallabies]], [[tree-kangaroo]]s, [[cuscus]]es); other mammals (including the endangered [[long-beaked echidna]]); bird species such as [[birds-of-paradise]], [[cassowary|cassowaries]], parrots, and [[cockatoo]]s; the world's longest lizards (Papua [[Monitor lizard|monitor]]); and the world's largest butterflies.<ref>[http://www.nationstates.net/page=dispatch/id=655695 Dispatch – The Republic of Irian Barat]. NationStates, Accessed 15 September 2017.</ref> +Pikon is a traditional wind instrument typical of the Hubala tribe of the [[Dani people]] inhabiting the [[Baliem Valley]] which is made of bamboo. Pikon comes from the word ''Pikonane'' in the [[Dani languages]], which means a sound musical instrument.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pikon, Alat Musik Tradisional Dari Papua|url=http://www.cintaindonesia.web.id/2018/05/pikon-alat-musik-tradisional-dari-papua.html|access-date=2021-03-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> The icon is oval-shaped. Pikon is made of bamboo, in which a vibrating stick is attached with a rope in the middle, so that it is able to produce a variety of sounds. This musical instrument is generally played by men in the Dani people. They play pikon as a fatigue reliever, even though the resulting sound tends not to be melodious because it is just like the sound of birds chirping without tone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Menikmati Suara Santai Alat Musik Pikon|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/menikmati-suara-santai-alat-musik-pikon/|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Indonesia Kaya}}</ref> However, with the development of the times, now the sounds made by Pikon can be heard as do, mi and sol tones. Pikon is also played in the Baliem Jayawijaya Valley Cultural Festival commemorating [[Proclamation of Indonesian Independence|Indonesia's Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pikon - Alat Musik Khas Nusantara|url=https://video.tribunnews.com/view/86312/pikon-alat-musik-khas-nusantara|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Tribun Video|language=id-ID}}</ref> The length of the picon in general is 5.2 cm. The way to play pikon is to blow the center of the bamboo that has been given a hole while pulling the rope that joins the stick. Pikon can also be formed using a ''hite'', which is the bark of an arrow.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bestari|first=Fardi|date=2018-04-12|title=Melihat Alat Musik Tradisional Pikon dari Wamena Papua|url=https://foto.tempo.co/read/64278/melihat-alat-musik-tradisional-pikon-dari-wamena-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Tempo|language=en}}</ref> +[[File:Membuat noken.jpg|thumb|Woman holding a "noken", a bag made of bark; the noken is the pride of the Papuan people because of its uniqueness. It is crowned as a world cultural heritage by UNESCO]] +The triton is a traditional Papuan musical instrument that is played by blowing it. This musical instrument is found throughout the coast, especially in the [[Biak]], [[Yapen]], [[Waropen Regency|Waropen]] and [[Nabire]]. Initially, this tool was only used as a means of communication or as a means of calling and signaling. Currently this instrument is also used as a means of entertainment and traditional musical instruments.<ref name=":17" /> -The waterways and wetlands of Papua are also home to salt and freshwater [[crocodile]], [[tree monitor]]s, [[megabat|flying foxes]], [[osprey]], [[bat]]s and other animals;<ref>P.L. Osborne, "Wetlands of Papua New Guinea", Dennis F. Whigham, Dagmar Dykyjová, and Slavomil Hejný, eds., ''Wetlands of the World I: Inventory, Ecology and Management'' (NY: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013), 318-20. {{ISBN|9789401582124}}</ref> while the equatorial glacier fields remain largely unexplored.<ref>"Papua", in Iem Brown, ed., ''The Territories of Indonesia'' (London: Routledge, 2004), 183-85. {{ISBN|9781135355418}}</ref> +The ''[[Noken]]'' is a traditional Papuan bag carried with a head and made of bark fibers. Similar to bags, in general, this bag is used to carry daily necessities. Papuan people usually use it to bring agricultural products such as vegetables, tubers and also to bring merchandise to the market. Because of its uniqueness that is carried with its head, this ''noken'' is registered with [[UNESCO]] as one of the traditional works and world cultural heritage. On December 4, 2012, the ''noken'' was listed in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]] as a cultural heritage of [[Indonesia]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title="Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua", Inscribed in 2012 (7.COM) on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&USL=00619|accessdate=10 October 2014|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> In several areas of Papua, ''noken'' – instead of the usual ballot box – is preferred as a way to place ballots, where it is recognized as a ballot tool in the Papua regional leadership elections.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nethy Dharma Somba|date=5 February 2009|title=Papuans in remote areas prefer 'noken' to ballot box|work=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/02/05/papuans-remote-areas-prefer-noken039-ballot-box.html|url-access=registration|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Andi Hajramurni|author2=Nethy Dharma Somba|date=22 January 2013|title=S. Sulawesi set for vote; Papua rules on 'noken'|work=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/22/s-sulawesi-set-vote-papua-rules-noken.html|url-access=registration|accessdate=15 March 2013}}</ref> -Protected areas within Papua province include the World Heritage [[Lorentz National Park]], and the [[Wasur National Park]], a [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] wetland of international importance.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} +The ''[[koteka]]'' is a [[penis]] sheath traditionally worn by native male inhabitants of some (mainly highland) ethnic groups in [[New Guinea]] to cover their genitals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2021-02-19|title=Koteka dan Rok Rumbai, Pakaian Adat Papua Halaman all|url=https://www.kompas.com/skola/read/2021/02/19/161500569/koteka-dan-rok-rumbai-pakaian-adat-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|title=Papuan activists wear ‘koteka’ to court despite ban|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/21/papuan-activists-wear-koteka-to-court-despite-ban.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en}}</ref> They are normally made from a dried-out [[gourd]], ''[[Lagenaria siceraria]]'', although unrelated species such as pitcher-plant ''[[Nepenthes mirabilis]]'', are also used. They are held in place by a small loop of fiber attached to the base of the koteka and placed around the scrotum. A secondary loop placed around the chest or abdomen is attached to the main body of the koteka. It is traditional [[clothing]] in certain [[New Guinea]] highlands societies including in the Grand [[Baliem Valley]]. It is worn without other clothing, tied in upward position. Many tribes can be identified by the way they wear their koteka. Some wear them pointed straight out, straight up, at an angle, or in other directions. The diameter of the koteka can also be a clue. Contrary to popular belief, there is little correlation between the size or length of the koteka and the social status of the wearer. In 1971–1972 the Indonesian [[New Order (Indonesia)|New Order]] government launched "Operasi Koteka" ("Operation Penis Gourd") which consisted primarily of trying to encourage the people to wear shorts and shirts because such clothes were considered more "modern". But the people did not have changes of clothing, did not have soap, and were unfamiliar with the care of such clothes so the unwashed clothing caused skin diseases. There were also reports of men wearing the shorts as hats and the women using the dresses as carrying bags.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 1995|title=Cover up.(modernization programs in Iran Jaya province in Indonesia)|publisher=The Economist (US)|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17388460.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204657/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17388460.html|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> -In February 2006, a team of scientists exploring the [[Foja Mountains]], [[Sarmi, Indonesia|Sarmi]], discovered new species of birds, butterflies, amphibians, and plants, including possibly the largest-flowered species of [[rhododendron]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Kirby, Terry|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/scientists-hail-discovery-of-hundreds-of-new-species-in-remote-new-guinea-465841.html|title=Scientists hail discovery of hundreds of new species in remote New Guinea|work=[[The Independent]]|date=7 February 2006|access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> +=== Cuisine === +[[File:Memotong sagu Kering.jpg|thumb|Sago is a typical Papuan food, which is usually made into [[Papeda (food)|papeda]].]] +The native Papuan food usually consists of roasted [[boar]] with [[Tuber|tubers]] such as [[sweet potato]]. The staple food of [[Papua (province)|Papua]] and eastern Indonesia in general is [[sago]], as the counterpart of central and western [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesian cuisines]] that favour [[rice]] as their staple food.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Papeda, Makanan Sehat Khas Papua|url=https://www.tribunnews.com/lifestyle/2013/12/10/papeda-makanan-sehat-khas-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Tribunnews.com|language=id-ID}}</ref> Sago is either processed as a pancake or sago congee called ''[[Papeda (food)|papeda]]'', usually eaten with yellow soup made from [[tuna]], [[Red snapper (fish)|red snapper]] or other fishes spiced with [[turmeric]], [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], and other spices. On some coasts and lowlands on Papua, sago is the main ingredient to all the foods. ''Sagu bakar, sagu lempeng,'' and ''sagu bola'', has become dishes that is well-known to all Papua, especially on the custom folk culinary tradition on [[Mappi Regency|Mappi]], [[Asmat Regency|Asmat]] and [[Mimika Regency|Mimika]]. Papeda is one of the sago foods that is rarely found.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Papeda Makanan Khas Maluku dan Papua|url=http://makanan-indonesia.weebly.com/1/post/2017/01/papeda.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Makanan Indonesia|language=en}}</ref> As Papua is considered as a non-Muslim majority regions, pork is readily available everywhere. In Papua, [[pig roast]] which consists of pork and [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]] are roasted in heated stones placed in a hole dug in the ground and covered with leaves; this cooking method is called ''bakar batu'' (burning the stone), and it is an important cultural and social event among Papuan people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-11-09|title=Pesta Bakar Batu|url=https://wisatapapua.wordpress.com/wisata-provinsi-papua/pesta-bakar-batu/|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Wisata Papua|language=en}}</ref> -Ecological threats include logging-induced [[deforestation]], forest conversion for plantation agriculture (including [[palm oil|oil palm]]), [[smallholding|smallholder]] agricultural conversion, the introduction and potential spread of alien species such as the [[crab-eating macaque]] which preys on and competes with indigenous species, the illegal species trade, and water pollution from oil and mining operations.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} +In the coastal regions, seafood is the main food for the local people. One of the famous sea foods from Papua is fish wrap ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]: ''Ikan Bungkus''). Wrapped fish in other areas is called ''[[Pepes|pepes ikan]].'' Wrapped fish from Papua is known to be very fragrant. This is because there are additional bay leaves so that the mixture of spices is more fragrant and soaks into the fish meat. The basic ingredient of Papuan wrapped fish is sea fish, the most commonly used fish is [[milkfish]]. Milkfish is suitable for "wrap" because it has meat that does not crumble after processing. The spices are sliced or cut into pieces, namely, red and bird's eye chilies, bay leaves, tomatoes, [[galangal]], and lemongrass stalks. While other spices are [[turmeric]], garlic and red, red chilies, [[coriander]], and [[hazelnut]]. The spices are first crushed and then mixed or smeared on the fish. The wrapping is in banana leaves.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=Ikan Bungkus, Pepes Ikan dari Papua yang Harum|url=https://merahputih.com/post/read/ikan-bungkus-pepes-ikan-dari-papua-yang-harum|access-date=2021-03-04|website=MerahPutih}}</ref> ''Udang selingkuh'' is a type of prawn dish native to [[Wamena]] and the surrounding area. ''Udang selingkuh''is usually served grilled with minimal seasoning, which is only salt. The slightly sweet natural taste of this animal makes it quite salty. The serving of ''Udang selingkuh'' is usually accompanied by warm rice and papaya or kale. It is usually also served with the [[Colo-colo (condiment)|colo-colo]] sambal combination which has a spicy-sweet taste.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Liputan6.com|date=2019-08-19|title=Udang Selingkuh yang Hanya Ada di Papua|url=https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/4041229/udang-selingkuh-yang-hanya-ada-di-papua|access-date=2021-03-04|website=liputan6.com|language=id}}</ref> +[[File:Papeda, Kuah Kuning, Ikan Tude Bakar 2.jpg|left|thumb|[[Papeda (food)|Papeda]], a notable dish originating from Eastern Indonesia]] +Common Papuan snacks are usually made out of [[sago]]. Kue bagea (also called sago cake) is a cake originating from [[Ternate]] in [[North Maluku]], although it can also be found in Papua.<ref name="Pertiwi">{{cite web|title=Resep Kue Bagea Ambon|url=http://resepkue.net/kue-tradisional/resep-kue-bagea-modern-kue-tradisional-dari-ternate-malulu-utara/|access-date=16 May 2014|publisher=resepkue.net}}</ref> It has a round shape and creamy color. Bagea has a hard consistency that can be softened in tea or water, to make it easier to chew.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding Raja Ampat Culinary {{!}} Discover Indonesia|url=http://goindonesia.blendong.com/culinary/finding-raja-ampat-culinary.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425095024/http://goindonesia.blendong.com/culinary/finding-raja-ampat-culinary.html|archive-date=2016-04-25|access-date=17 April 2016|website=goindonesia.blendong.com}}</ref> It is prepared using [[sago]],<ref name="Zemanta">{{cite web|title=''Ambon yang Selalu Manise''|url=http://www.jalanjalanyuk.com/ambon-yang-selalu-manise/|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Jalanjalanyuk.com}}</ref> a plant-based starch derived from the [[Metroxylon sagu|sago palm]] or [[Cycas revoluta|sago cycad]]. ''Sagu Lempeng'' is a typical Papuan snacks that is made in the form of processed sago in the form of plates. ''Sagu Lempeng'' are also a favorite for travelers. But it is very difficult to find in places to eat because this bread is a family consumption and is usually eaten immediately after cooking. Making sago plates is as easy as making other breads. Sago is processed by baking it by printing rectangles or rectangles with iron which is ripe like white bread. Initially tasteless, but recently it has begun to vary with sugar to get a sweet taste. It has a tough texture and can be enjoyed by mixing it or dipping it in water to make it softer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=Sagu Lempeng, Rotinya Masyarakat Papua yang Tak Tergantikan|url=https://merahputih.com/post/read/sagu-lempeng-rotinya-masyarakat-papua-yang-tak-tergantikan|access-date=2021-03-04|website=MerahPutih}}</ref> Sago porridge is a type of porridge that are found in Papua. This porridge is usually eaten with yellow soup made of [[mackerel]] or [[tuna]] then seasoned with turmeric and lime. Sago porridge is sometimes also consumed with boiled tubers, such as those from [[cassava]] or [[sweet potato]]. Vegetable papaya flowers and sautéed [[kale]] are often served as side dishes to accompany the sago porridge.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2019-12-05|title=4 Makanan Papua dari Sagu Halaman all|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2019/12/05/200500027/4-makanan-papua-dari-sagu|access-date=2021-03-04|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}</ref> In the inland regions, [[Rhynchophorus ferrugineus|Sago worms]] are usually served as a type of snack dish.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Farhan|first=Afif Farhan, Afif|title=Mengapa Orang Papua Makan Ulat Sagu?|url=https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-4841664/mengapa-orang-papua-makan-ulat-sagu|access-date=2021-03-04|website=detikTravel|language=id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alfarizi|first=Moh Khory|date=24 December 2019|editor-last=Prima|editor-first=Erwin|title=Ulat Sagu Jadi Kuliner Favorit Sejak Masa Prasejarah di Papua|url=https://tekno.tempo.co/read/1287127/ulat-sagu-jadi-kuliner-favorit-sejak-masa-prasejarah-di-papua|url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2021|website=Tempo|language=Indonesian}}</ref> Sago worms come from sago trunks which are cut and left to rot. The rotting stems cause the worms to come out. The shape of the sago worms varies, ranging from the smallest to the largest size of an adult's thumb. These sago caterpillars are usually eaten alive or cooked beforehand, such as stir-frying, cooking, frying and then skewered. But over time, the people of Papua used to process these sago caterpillars into sago caterpillar [[satay]]. To make [[satay]] from this sago caterpillar, the method is no different from making satay in general, namely on skewers with a skewer and grilled over hot coals.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitria|first=Riska|title=5 Fakta Ulat Sagu, Kuliner Ekstrem yang Kaya Nutrisi|url=https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-5230291/5-fakta-ulat-sagu-kuliner-ekstrem-yang-kaya-nutrisi|access-date=2021-03-04|website=detikfood|language=id}}</ref> == See also == @@ -370,5 +663,4 @@ == References == -* King, Peter, ''West Papua Since Suharto: Independence, Autonomy, or Chaos?''. University of New South Wales Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-86840-676-7}}. {{Reflist}} @@ -380,6 +672,11 @@ {{Papua}} {{Provinces of Indonesia}} +{{Navboxes +|title = Articles related to Papua +|list = {{Countries and territories of Oceania}} - +{{Melanesia}} +}} +{{Portal bar|Asia|Geography|Indonesia}} {{Authority control}} '