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'{{User sandbox}} {{Infobox election | election_name = 2044 United States presidential election | country = United States | type = presidential | previous_election = 2040 United States presidential election | previous_year = 2040 | election_date = {{Start date|2044|11|02}} | next_election = 2048 United States presidential election | next_year = 2048 | votes_for_election= All [[Interregnum (Transjordan)|538 electoral votes]] of the [[Electoral College (United States)|poo]] | needed_votes = 270 electoral | image_size = 160x180px <!-- George W. Bush --> | image1 = Finnish_areas_ceded_in_1944.png | nominee1 = [[Finland|The entire nation of Finland]] | party1 = Libertarian Party (US) | home_state1 = [[Texas]] | running_mate1 = [[Dick Cheney]] | electoral_vote1 = 3 | states_carried1 = 1 | popular_vote1 = 100 | percentage1 = 0% <!-- John Kerry --> | image2 = Jeb Bush.jpg | nominee2 = [[Jeb Bush]] | party2 = Communist Party (US) | home_state2 = [[Florida]] | running_mate2 = [[Trollface]] | electoral_vote2 = 535 | states_carried2 = 49 + [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] | popular_vote2 = 300,000,000 | percentage2 = 100% <!-- map --> | map_image = ElectoralCollege2020.svg | map_size = 270px | map_caption = Presidential election results map <!-- bottom --> | title = President | before_election = [[George W Bush]] | before_party = Republican Party (US) | after_election = [[Jeb Bush]] | after_party = Communist Party (US) }} '''Interracial marriage in the United States''' has been legal throughout the [[United States]] since at least the 1967 [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ([[Warren Court]]) decision ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967) that held that [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|"anti-miscegenation" laws]] were unconstitutional.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1966/395|title=Loving v. Virginia |website=Oyez|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/388/1|title=Loving v. Virginia |website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] wrote in the court opinion that "the freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race resides with the individual, and cannot be infringed by the State." <ref name=":1" /> The number of [[interracial marriages]] as a proportion of all marriages has been increasing since 1967, so that by 2010 15.1% of all new marriages in the United States were mixed race compared to a low single-digit rate in the mid-20th century. Interracial marriage has continued to rise throughout the 2010s. Public approval of interracial marriage rose from around 5% in the 1950s to around 80% in the 2000s. The proportion of interracial marriages is markedly different depending on the [[ethnicity]] and [[gender]] of the spouses. == Historical background == [[File:Warren Supreme Court.jpg|thumb|In landmark case ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]'' (1967), the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled unanimously that the interracial marriage is protected by the [[U.S. constitution|U.S. Constitution]].]] The first "interracial" marriage in what is today the United States was that of the woman today commonly known as [[Pocahontas]], who married tobacco planter [[John Rolfe]] in 1614.<ref name=Origin>{{cite journal |volume=10 |issue=12 |date=September 2017 |title=Interracial Marriage in 'Post-Racial' America |first=Jessica |last=Viñas-Nelson |url=https://origins.osu.edu/article/interracial-marriage-post-racial-america |journal=Origins}}</ref> The Quaker [[Zephaniah Kingsley]] married (outside the U.S.) a black enslaved woman that he bought in Cuba. He also had three black common-law enslaved wives; he [[manumit]]ted all four. In 1828 he published [[A Treatise on the Patriarchal, or Co-operative System of Society|a ''Treatise'']], reprinted three times, on the benefits of intermarriage, which according to Kingsley produced healthier and more beautiful children, and better citizens. In [[Spanish Florida]], where Kingsley lived, he was tolerated until Florida became [[Florida Territory|a U.S. territory]], for which reason he eventually moved with his family to [[History of Haiti|Haiti]] (today the [[Dominican Republic]]). The prospect of black men marrying white women terrified many Americans before the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. It was magnified into the greatest threat to society, the result of [[abolitionism in the United States|freeing blacks]]: according to them, White American women would be raped, defiled, sullied, by these savage jungle beasts.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} Extramarital "interracial" unions were not rare, most commonly white male and black female (see [[Sally Hemings]], [[Lydia Hamilton Smith]], and [[Children of the plantation]]), and although restricted to the lower classes [[common-law]] unions of black male with white female are not unknown. However, the first legal black-white marriage in the United States was that of African-American professor [[William G. Allen]] and a white student, Mary King, in 1853.<ref name=Origins/> When their plans to marry were announced, Allen narrowly escaped being [[lynching in the United States|lynched]]. Their marriage was secret, and they left the country immediately for England, never to return. While opposed to slavery, in a speech in [[Charleston, Illinois]] in 1858, [[Abraham Lincoln]] stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people. I as much as any man am in favor of the superior position assigned to the white race".<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen A. |last=Douglas|title=The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 |date=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=235}}</ref> In ''Social Trends in America and Strategic Approaches to the Negro Problem'' (1948), Swedish economist [[Gunnar Myrdal]] ranked the social areas where restrictions were imposed on the freedom of [[Black Americans]] by [[Southern United States|Southern]] [[White Americans]] through [[racial segregation]], from the least to the most important: basic public facility access, social equality, jobs, courts and police, politics and marriage. This ranking scheme illustrates the manner in which the barriers against [[desegregation]] fell: Of less importance was the segregation in basic public facilities, which was abolished with the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. However, the most tenacious form of legal segregation, the banning of interracial marriage, was not fully lifted until the last [[anti-miscegenation laws]] were struck down by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] under Chief Justice [[Earl Warren]] in a unanimous ruling ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The court's landmark decision, which was made on June 12, 1967, has been commemorated and celebrated every year on the [[Loving Day]] (June 12) in the United States.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lovingday.org/what-is-loving-day|title=What is Loving Day? {{!}} Loving Day|website=www.lovingday.org|access-date=2019-09-29}}</ref> ==Academic researches== ===Cultural aspects=== The differing ages of individuals, culminating in the [[generation]] divides, have traditionally played a large role in how [[ethnic|mixed ethnic]] couples are perceived in American society. Interracial marriages have typically been highlighted through two points of view in the United States: [[Egalitarian]]ism and [[traditional|cultural conservatism]].<ref>Dunleavy, V.O. (1999) Examining interracial marriage attitudes as value expressive. The Howard Journal of Communications, 15 [http://search.ebscohost.com/Login.aspx?lp=login.asp&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ebscohost.com%2Fclienterror%3Fcode%3D404&authtype=ip,uid|Link]</ref> Egalitarianism's view of interracial marriage is acceptance of the phenomenon, while traditionalists view interracial marriage as [[taboo]] and as socially unacceptable.<ref>Knox, D., Zusman, M., Buffington, C., & Hemphill, G. (2000). Interracial dating attitudes among college students. College Student Journal, 34</ref> Egalitarian viewpoints typically are held by younger generations, however older generations have an inherent influence on the views of the younger.<ref>Firmin, M., & Firebaugh, S. (2008). Historical analysis of college campus interracial dating. College Student Journal, 42.[http://search.ebscohost.com/Login.aspx?lp=login.asp&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ebscohost.com%2Fclienterror%3Fcode%3D404&authtype=ip,uid|Link]</ref> Gurung & Duong (1999) compiled a study relating to mixed-ethnic relationships ("MER"s) and same-ethnic relationships ("SER"s), concluding that individuals part of "MER"s generally do not view themselves differently from same-ethnic couples.<ref>Gurung, R., & Duong, T. (1999). Mixing and matching: Assessing the concomitants of mixed ethnic relationships. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 16.[http://search.ebscohost.com/Login.aspx?lp=login.asp&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ebscohost.com%2Fclienterror%3Fcode%3D404&authtype=ip,uid|Link]</ref> Research led by Barnett, Burma, and Monahan in 1963 and 1971 showed people who marry outside of their race are usually older and are more likely to live in an urban setting.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Tucker|first1=M. Belinda|last2=Mitchell-Kernan|first2=Claudia|date=Winter 1990|title=New Trends in Black American Interracial Marriage: The Social Structural Context|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|volume=52|issue=1|pages=209–218|jstor=352851|doi=10.2307/352851}}</ref> [[Social enterprise]] research conducted on behalf of the [[Columbia Business School]] (2005–2007) showed that regional differences within the United States in how interracial relationships are perceived have persisted: Daters of both sexes from south of the [[Mason–Dixon line]] were found to have much stronger same-race preferences than northern daters did.<ref name="CBS">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2177637/nav/tap3/|date=November 7, 2007|last=Fishman|first=Ray|title=An economist solves the mysteries of dating|magazine=Slate magazine|access-date=January 18, 2009}}</ref> The study also observed a clear gender divide in racial preference with regards to marriage: Women of all the races which were studied revealed a strong preference for men of their own race for marriage, with the caveat that [[East Asian]] women only discriminated against Black and Hispanic men, and not against White men.<ref name="CBS" /> A woman's race was found to have no effect on the men's choices.<ref name="CBS" />'