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[ 0 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}', 1 => '{{short description|British cryptographer and cypherpunk|bot=PearBOT 5}}', 2 => '{{Infobox scientist', 3 => '|na', 4 => '|image = ', 5 => '|image_size =', 6 => '|caption = ', 7 => '|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1970|7}}', 8 => '|birth_place = London, England, UK', 9 => '|fields = [[Cryptographic protocol]]s<br>[[Digital currency|Electronic cash]]<br>[[Privacy-enhancing technologies]]<br>[[Distributed systems]]', 10 => '|workplaces = [[Zero-Knowledge Systems]]<br>Pi Corporation<br>[[Blockstream]]', 11 => '|education = [[University of Exeter]]', 12 => '|thesis_title = Parallelization of general purpose programs using optimistic techniques from parallel discrete event simulation', 13 => '|thesis_url = https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.4.7720&rep=rep1&type=pdf', 14 => '|thesis_year = 1995', 15 => '|doctoral_advisor = Stephen Turner', 16 => '|website = [http://www.cypherspace.org/adam/ cypherspace.org/adam]', 17 => '}}', 18 => ''''Adam Back''' (born July 1970) is a British [[cryptographer]] and [[cypherpunk]]. He is the CEO of [[Blockstream]], which he co-founded in 2014. He invented [[Hashcash]], which is used in the [[Bitcoin]] mining process.', 19 => '', 20 => '== Life ==', 21 => 'Back was born in London, England, in July 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZGNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT252 |title= The Bitcoin Saga: A Mixed Montage |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019|isbn= 978-9388271837 |last1= Singh |first1= Rachna }}</ref> His first computer was a [[ZX81|Sinclair ZX81]]. He taught himself [[BASIC|Basic]], and spent his time reverse engineering [[Video game|video games]], finding [[Decryption key|decryption keys]] in [[Software suite|software packages]]. He completed his [[A-Levels|A levels]] in advanced [[mathematics]], [[physics]] and [[economics]]. ', 22 => '', 23 => 'He has a [[computer science]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[distributed systems]] from the [[University of Exeter]].<ref name="BloombergBack">{{cite news |last1= Kharif |first1= Olga |title= Latest Satoshi Nakamoto Candidate Buying Bitcoin No Matter What|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-06-02/latest-satoshi-nakamoto-candidate-buying-bitcoin-no-matter-what |access-date=3 June 2020 |newspaper=Bloomberg|date=2 June 2020}}</ref> During his PhD [[Adam Back|Back]] worked with [[Compiler|compilers]] to make use of [[parallel computers]] in a semi automated way. He became interested in [[Pretty Good Privacy|pgp]] encryption, [[Electronic cash system|electronic cash]] and [[Anonymous remailer|remailers.]] He spent two thirds of his time working with [[encryption]]. After graduation, [[Adam Back|Adam]] spent his career as a [[consultant]] in [[Startup company|start ups]] and larger companies in [[applied cryptography]], writing cryptographic libraries, [[Design|designing]], [[Review|reviewing]] and breaking other people's [[Cryptographic protocol|cryptographic protocols]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qEaulpPo7iM|url-status=live}}</ref> ', 24 => '', 25 => '== Cryptography software ==', 26 => '[[File:Munitions T-shirt (front).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Back's "Munitions" T-shirt featured computer code that was considered to be a weapon in the United States.]]', 27 => 'Back is a pioneer of early digital asset research similarly as [[Wei Dai]], [[David Chaum]], and [[Hal Finney (computer scientist)|Hal Finney]].<ref name="bloomberg20180630">{{cite news |last1= Leising |first1= Matthew |title= Is Bitcoin Creator Writing a Book? Cryptic Note Indicates Yes|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-30/is-bitcoin-creator-writing-a-book-cryptic-note-indicates-yes|access-date=13 May 2020 |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=30 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="newyorker20150825">{{cite news |last1= Bustillos |first1= Maria |title= Inside the Fight Over Bitcoin's Future|url=https://www.newyorker.com/business/currency/inside-the-fight-over-bitcoins-future|access-date=13 May 2020 |newspaper=New Yorker |date=25 August 2015}}</ref> In 1997, Back invented [[Hashcash]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction|last1=Narayanan|first1=Arvind|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-691-17169-2|location=Princeton and Oxford |last2=Bonneau |first2=Joseph |last3=Felten |first3=Edward |last4=Miller |first4=Andrew |last5=Goldfeder |first5=Steven}}</ref> A similar system is used in [[bitcoin]].<ref name="MarketwatchPeople">{{cite news |last1= Shaw |first1= Jessica Marmor |title= Bitcoin and cryptocurrency on Twitter: The most important people to follow|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/bitcoin-and-cryptocurrency-on-twitter-the-most-important-people-to-follow-2017-12-04|access-date=14 May 2020 |newspaper=Marketwatch |date=8 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf|title=Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System}}</ref><ref name="WSJBack">{{cite news |last1= Casey |first1= Michael J. |title= BitBeat: Bitcoin Coding Allstars Launch Sidechains Project to Boost Innovation|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2014/10/22/bitbeat-bitcoin-coding-allstars-launch-sidechains-project-to-boost-innovation/ |access-date=14 May 2020 |newspaper=WSJBlogs |date=22 October 2020}}</ref>', 28 => '', 29 => 'He also implemented ''credlib'',<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=htliCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT274 |title= Bitcoin: The future of money? |publisher=Unbound|year=2015|isbn= 978-1783521029 |chapter=Footnotes|last1= Frisby|first1= Dominic }}</ref>{{better source|reason=source is self published|date=June 2020}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cypherspace.org/credlib|title=credlib - Credential Library|publisher=cypherspace.org}}</ref>{{better source|reason=source not independent|date=June 2020}} a library that implements the credential systems of [[Stefan Brands]] and [[David Chaum]].', 30 => '', 31 => 'He was the first to describe the "non-interactive forward secrecy"<ref name="IACR">{{cite web |title= A Modern View on Forward Security |url= https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/1362.pdf |publisher=IACR|access-date=14 May 2020 |last=Boyd |first=Colin}}</ref><ref name="Cambridge">{{cite web |title= Two remarks on public key cryptology |url= https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-549.pdf |publisher=Cambridge University|year=2002|access-date=14 May 2020 |last= Anderson |first= Ross }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cypherspace.org/adam/nifs/|title=Non-Interactive Forward Secrecy|publisher=cypherspace.org}}</ref> security property for email and to observe that any [[ID-based encryption|identity based encryption]] scheme can be used to provide non-interactive forward secrecy.', 32 => '', 33 => 'He is also known for promoting the use of ultra-compact code with his 2-line<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfjZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |title= Data Privacy and Security|publisher= Springer |year=2003|isbn= 9781441918161 |page=200|chapter=Secure Programming with Perl|last1= Salomon |first1= David }}</ref> and 3-line [[RSA (cryptosystem)|RSA]] in Perl<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HhQqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |title= Blocks and Chains: Introduction to Bitcoin, Cryptocurrencies, and Their Consensus Mechanisms (Synthesis Lectures on Information Security, Privacy, and Tru)|last2= Stifter |first2= Nicholas |publisher= Morgan & Claypool Publishers|year=2017|isbn= 9781627057165 |page=17|chapter=Before bitcoin|last1= Judmayer |first1= Aljosha }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cypherspace.org/adam/rsa/|title=export-a-crypto-system sig|publisher=cypherspace.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URH7CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA366 |title= Software Security Technologies|publisher= Cengage Learning |year=2007|isbn= 9781428319455 |page=366|chapter=Secure Programming with Perl|last1= Sinn |first1= Richard }}</ref> [[File signature|signature file]] and non-exportable [[T-shirt]]s<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iepc2h-1nUgC&pg=PA49 |title= Burdens of Proof: Cryptographic Culture and Evidence Law in the Age of Electronic Documents |publisher= MIT Press |year=2012|isbn= 978-0262017510 |page=50|chapter=On the brink of revolution|last1= Blanchette |first1= Jean-François }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cypherspace.org/adam/uk-shirt.html|title=Munitions T-shirt|publisher=cypherspace.org}}</ref> to protest [[Export of cryptography from the United States|cryptography export regulations]].<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=D8iXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |title= Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Utopians, and Technologists Who Created Cryptocurrency |publisher= Princeton Press |year=2019|isbn= 9780691179490 |page=97|chapter=On the brink of revolution|last1= Brunton |first1= Finn }}</ref> ', 34 => '', 35 => 'Back was one of the first two people to receive an email from [[Satoshi Nakamoto]].<ref name="wired20190716">{{cite news |last1= RATLIFF|first1= EVAN |title= Was Bitcoin Created by This International Drug Dealer? Maybe! |url=https://www.wired.com/story/was-bitcoin-created-by-this-international-drug-dealer-maybe/|access-date=13 May 2020 |newspaper=Wired |date=16 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="BloombergBack" /> In 2016, the ''Financial Times'' cited Back as a potential Nakamoto candidate, along with [[Nick Szabo]] and Hal Finney.<ref name="FT2016">{{cite news |last1= Kaminska |first1= Izabella |title= Bitcoin: Identity crisis|url=https://www.ft.com/content/769cc516-1370-11e6-839f-2922947098f0|access-date=4 June 2020 |newspaper=Financial Times |date=7 May 2016}}</ref> In 2020, a YouTube channel called Barely Sociable claimed that Back was Nakamoto. Back denied this.<ref name="BloombergBack" /> [[Craig Steven Wright|Craig Wright]] had sued Back for stating that Wright was not Nakamoto, with Wright subsequently dropping the suit.<ref name="BloombergBack" />', 36 => '', 37 => 'Back has promoted the use of satellites and mesh networks to broadcast and receive bitcoin transactions, as a backup for the traditional internet.<ref name="forbes20181217">{{cite news |last1= del Castillo|first1= Michael |title= Who Needs Verizon? Blockstream Broadcasts Entire Bitcoin Blockchain From Space|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2018/12/17/who-needs-verizon-blockstream-broadcasts-entire-bitcoin-blockchain-from-space/#5456f1db5a80|access-date=13 May 2020 |newspaper=Forbes |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>', 38 => '', 39 => '== Business career ==', 40 => 'On 3 October 2016, Back was appointed as CEO of [[Blockstream]].<ref>Blockstream (3 October 2016). "[https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/blockstream-appoints-hashcash-inventor-dr-adam-back-as-ceo-300337815.html Blockstream Appoints Hashcash Inventor Dr. Adam Back as CEO]". PR News Wire. Retrieved 2020-12-05.</ref>', 41 => '', 42 => '== References ==', 43 => '{{reflist}}', 44 => '', 45 => '== External links ==', 46 => '*{{Official website|http://www.cypherspace.org/adam/}}', 47 => '', 48 => '{{Bitcoin}}', 49 => '', 50 => '{{authority control}}', 51 => '', 52 => '{{DEFAULTSORT:Back, Adam}}', 53 => '[[Category:1970 births]]', 54 => '[[Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter]]', 55 => '[[Category:British cryptographers]]', 56 => '[[Category:Cypherpunks]]', 57 => '[[Category:English inventors]]', 58 => '[[Category:Living people]]' ]