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| footnote_b = Largest are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tém|Kotokoli Tem]] and [[Kabye people|Kabyè]].
| footnote_b = Largest are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tém|Kotokoli Tem]] and [[Kabye people|Kabyè]].
| footnote_c = Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese.
| footnote_c = Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese.
| footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
| footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of the population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
| footnote_e = Rankings based on 2017 figures ([https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"])
| footnote_e = Rankings based on 2017 figures ([https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"])
| today =
| today =


=== Before colonization (pre-1884) ===
=== Before colonization (pre-1884) ===
Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas.
Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas.


The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]".
The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]".


=== Colonial era (1884–1960) ===
=== Colonial era (1884–1960) ===
[[File:Togoland.jpg|thumb|left|Togoland ([[Rudolf Hellgrewe|R. Hellgrewe]], 1908)]]
[[File:Togoland.jpg|thumb|left|Togoland ([[Rudolf Hellgrewe|R. Hellgrewe]], 1908)]]


In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure.
In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of the hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure.


During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament.
During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern Togo and France's western part to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament.


After [[World War II]], these mandates became [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territories]]. The residents of [[British Togoland]] [[1956 British Togoland status plebiscite|voted]] to join the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] as part of the new independent nation of [[Ghana]] in 1957. [[French Togoland]] became an autonomous republic within the [[French Union]] in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances.
After [[World War II]], these mandates became [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territories]]. The residents of [[British Togoland]] [[1956 British Togoland status plebiscite|voted]] to join the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] as part of the new independent nation of [[Ghana]] in 1957. [[French Togoland]] became an autonomous republic within the [[French Union]] in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances.
Exactly four years later, on 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<ref name="heritage.org">{{cite web |title=Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo |website=www.heritage.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He created the [[Rally of the Togolese People|Rally of the Togolese People Party]], banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in [[Togolese general election, 1979|1979]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 1986|1986]]. In 1983, the [[privatization]] program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, the EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in [[Togolese presidential election, 1993|1993]], [[Togolese presidential election, 1998|1998]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2003|2003]], as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the [[European Union]] and Togo on the resumption of cooperation.
Exactly four years later, on 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<ref name="heritage.org">{{cite web |title=Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo |website=www.heritage.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He created the [[Rally of the Togolese People|Rally of the Togolese People Party]], banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in [[Togolese general election, 1979|1979]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 1986|1986]]. In 1983, the [[privatization]] program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, the EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in [[Togolese presidential election, 1993|1993]], [[Togolese presidential election, 1998|1998]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2003|2003]], as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the [[European Union]] and Togo on the resumption of cooperation.


[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 octobre 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]]
[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 October 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]]


Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except from France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26 2012.</ref>
Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26, 2012.</ref>


Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to [[democracy]] that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with the [[European Union|EU]], which cut off [[aid]] in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. In addition, up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the [[United Nations|UN]]. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in [[Togolese presidential election, 2010|2010]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2015|2015]].
Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to [[democracy]] that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with the [[European Union|EU]], which cut off [[aid]] in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. In addition, up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the [[United Nations|UN]]. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in [[Togolese presidential election, 2010|2010]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2015|2015]].
In late 2017, [[Anti-government protests in Togo, 2017|anti-government protests]] erupted in Togo, the biggest since those after the [[Togolese presidential election, 2005|2005 election]]. Protesters demanded the resignation of Gnassingbé, who is part of a family they alleged has been in power too long. The UN condemned the resulting crackdown by Togolese security forces, and [[The Gambia|Gambia's]] foreign minister, [[Ousainou Darboe]], had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7|title=Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=2017-10-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-26|publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>
In late 2017, [[Anti-government protests in Togo, 2017|anti-government protests]] erupted in Togo, the biggest since those after the [[Togolese presidential election, 2005|2005 election]]. Protesters demanded the resignation of Gnassingbé, who is part of a family they alleged has been in power too long. The UN condemned the resulting crackdown by Togolese security forces, and [[The Gambia|Gambia's]] foreign minister, [[Ousainou Darboe]], had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7|title=Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=2017-10-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-26|publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref>


In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>
In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitola Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or [[Togolese Armed Forces]], closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in nearby Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within sixty days and declared that Eyadema's son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]], would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<ref name="BBC News"/> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.<ref>{{cite news | title = Togo leader sworn in amid protest | work = BBC News | date = 7 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref>
The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or [[Togolese Armed Forces]], closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in nearby Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within sixty days and declared that Eyadema's son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]], would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<ref name="BBC News"/> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.<ref>{{cite news | title = Togo leader sworn in amid protest | work = BBC News | date = 7 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref>


The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large-scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>


On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected President of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been [[Emmanuel Bob-Akitani]] from the [[Union des Forces du Changement]] (UFC) or [[Union of Forces for Change]]. However, electoral fraud was suspected, due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&rgwid=4&item=Opinions&itemid=401&language=1 |title=Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression |publisher=SciDev.net |date=20 June 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> Parliament designated Deputy President, [[Bonfoh Abbass]], as interim president until the inauguration.<ref name="Ebow Godwin"/> On 3 May 2005, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair." The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]], sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former [[Zambia]]n president, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], as special AU envoy to Togo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213044/http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213101/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com</ref> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader [[Edem Kodjo]] as the prime minister.
On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected President of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been [[Emmanuel Bob-Akitani]] from the [[Union des Forces du Changement]] (UFC) or [[Union of Forces for Change]]. However, electoral fraud was suspected, due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&rgwid=4&item=Opinions&itemid=401&language=1 |title=Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression |publisher=SciDev.net |date=20 June 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> Parliament designated Deputy President, [[Bonfoh Abbass]], as interim president until the inauguration.<ref name="Ebow Godwin"/> On 3 May 2005, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair." The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]], sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former [[Zambia]]n president, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], as special AU envoy to Togo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213044/http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213101/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com</ref> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader [[Edem Kodjo]] as the prime minister.


[[File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg|thumb|Togolese fishermen]]
[[File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg|thumb|Togolese fishermen]]
In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the privatization program of the cotton sector, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]].
In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the cotton sector's privatization program, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]].


12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the [[armed forces]], on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php| access-date = 22 March 2009}}</ref>
12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the [[armed forces]], on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php| access-date = 22 March 2009}}</ref>
The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.<ref name="cia.gov"/>
The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.<ref name="cia.gov"/>


[[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref>
[[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to Togo and Ghana's coastal areas. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref>


=== Languages ===
=== Languages ===
Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[infant mortality]] rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Male [[life expectancy at birth]] was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<ref name="cia.gov"/> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<ref name="cia.gov"/> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 27.</ref> 4% of women in Togo have undergone [[female genital mutilation]], which is a significantly lower percentage than other countries in the region.
Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[infant mortality]] rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Male [[life expectancy at birth]] was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<ref name="cia.gov"/> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<ref name="cia.gov"/> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 27.</ref> 4% of women in Togo have undergone [[female genital mutilation]], which is a significantly lower percentage than other countries in the region.


{{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref>
{{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref>


In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400 - 6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100 - 7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100 000 (73 000 - 130 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37% - 67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500 - 1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30% - 55%) had suppressed viral loads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo|title=Togo|website=www.unaids.org}}</ref>
In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400 - 6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100 - 7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100 000 (73 000 - 130 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37% - 67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500 - 1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30% - 55%) had suppressed viral loads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo|title=Togo|website=www.unaids.org}}</ref>
Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous [[statuettes]] which illustrate the worship of the [[ibeji]]. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of [[Kloto]] are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood.
Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous [[statuettes]] which illustrate the worship of the [[ibeji]]. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of [[Kloto]] are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood.


The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]].
The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kyoto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]].


The official Togolese drink is called [[sodabi]], a liquor that is created from the distillation of palm wine.
The official Togolese drink is called [[sodabi]], a liquor that is created from the distillation of palm wine.
====Football====
====Football====
{{main|Football in Togo}}
{{main|Football in Togo}}
Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league.
Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league.
[[Emmanuel Adebayor]] is the most famous footballer for Togo, scoring 30 goals for the national team and 97 in the English Premier League.
[[Emmanuel Adebayor]] is the most famous footballer for Togo, scoring 30 goals for the national team and 97 in the English Premier League.


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'{{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{about|the African country}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2010}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Togolese Republic | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Armoiries du Togo.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|nolink=yes|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|italics=off}}<br />"Work, Liberty, Homeland" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|nolink=on|italic=no}}<br />({{Lang-en|"Land of our ancestors"}})<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Togo AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=the [[African Union]]|region_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | national_languages = [[Ewe language|Ewe]]{{*}}[[Kabiye language|Kabiye]] | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[Ewe language|Ewe]] |[[French language|French]] |[[Gbe languages|Gbe]] |[[Gur languages|Gur]] |[[Kwa languages|Kwa]] |[[Kabiye language|Kabiye]] |[[Talni language|Talensi]] |[[Wasa dialect|Wasa]] |[[African French|French]] | [[Aguna language|Aguna]] |[[Adja language|Aja]] |[[Ngangam language|Ngangam]] | [[Ntcham language|Ntcham]] | [[Tammari language|Tammari]] | [[Tem language|Tem]] }} | ethnic_groups = 99% [[Ewe people|Ewe]], [[Kabye people|Kabye]], [[Tem people|Tem]], [[Gourma people|Gourma]], and 33 other African groups<br />1% European, Indian & Syro-Lebanese<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |43.7% Christianity |35.6% [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] |14.0% Islam |6.2% Unaffiliated |0.5% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/togo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year = 2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year = 2016|title=Religions in Togo &#124; PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>}} | religion_year = | demonym = Togolese | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Togo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | leader_title2 = [[Heads of Government of Togo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Victoire Tomegah Dogbé]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from France | established_date1 = 27 April 1960 | area_km2 = 56,785 | area_rank = 123rd | area_sq_mi = 21,925 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_estimate = 8,608,444<ref name="cia"/> | population_census = 6,191,155 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 100th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = 93rd<sup>e</sup> | GDP_PPP = $14.919 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,821<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=75&pr.y=16&sy=2019&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=742&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $5.592 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $682<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 46 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.515 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Such as [[Ewe language|Ewe]], [[Gin language|Mina]] and [[Aja language (Niger–Congo)|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Largest are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tém|Kotokoli Tem]] and [[Kabye people|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese. | footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. | footnote_e = Rankings based on 2017 figures ([https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}}), officially the '''Togolese Republic''' ({{lang-fr|République togolaise}}), is a country in West Africa bordered by [[Ghana]] to [[Ghana–Togo border|the west]], [[Benin]] to [[Benin–Togo border|the east]] and [[Burkina Faso]] to [[Burkina Faso–Togo border|the north]].<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |website=www.isdb.org |access-date=26 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The [[country]] extends south to the [[Gulf of Guinea]], where its [[capital city|capital]] [[Lomé]] is located.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |website=www.isdb.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Togo covers {{convert|57,000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million,<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor, Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions.<ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]". In 1884, [[German Empire|Germany]] declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called [[Togoland]]. After [[World War I]], rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.<ref name="cia"/> In 1967, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] led a successful military coup d'état after which he became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. Eventually, in 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections, which were marred by irregularities, and he won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in modern African history, having been president for 38 years.<ref name=Obituary>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"]. (5 February 2005). [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref> In 2005, his son [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was elected president. He continues to hold the office {{as of|2021|lc=y|post=.}} Togo is a [[Tropics|tropical]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan]] nation,<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> whose economy depends highly on agriculture,<ref name="icye.org"/> with a climate that provides good growing seasons. While the official language is French,<ref name="icye.org"/> many other languages are spoken, particularly those of the [[Gbe languages|Gbe family]]. The largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] consists of those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] minorities.<ref name="icye.org"/> Togo is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[African Union]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]], and [[Economic Community of West African States]]. == History == {{Main|History of Togo}} === Before colonization (pre-1884) === Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]". === Colonial era (1884–1960) === {{Main article|Togoland|British Togoland|French Togoland}} [[File:Togoland.jpg|thumb|left|Togoland ([[Rudolf Hellgrewe|R. Hellgrewe]], 1908)]] In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure. During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament. After [[World War II]], these mandates became [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territories]]. The residents of [[British Togoland]] [[1956 British Togoland status plebiscite|voted]] to join the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] as part of the new independent nation of [[Ghana]] in 1957. [[French Togoland]] became an autonomous republic within the [[French Union]] in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances. === Independence to present day (1960–present) === [[File:Sylvanus Olympio.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvanus Olympio]]|left]] The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the [[Togolese general election, 1961|first presidential elections]] in 1961, [[Sylvanus Olympio]] became the first president, gaining 100% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. On 9 April 1961, the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted, according to which the supreme legislative body was the [[National Assembly of Togo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/|title=Togo|date=2019-04-26|website=Ujamaa Live|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502190520/https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 1961, leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti-government conspiracy. A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties. Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and [[West Germany]]. He also rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the [[Algerian War]] and tried to get a position in the Togolese army. These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963, during which he was [[assassinate]]d by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]].<ref name="ellis93">{{cite journal|last=Ellis|first=Stephen|title=Rumour and Power in Togo|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume =63|issue=4|pages=462–476|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|doi=10.2307/1161002|jstor=1161002}}</ref> A State of emergency was declared in Togo. The military handed over power to an interim government led by [[Nicolas Grunitzky]]. In May 1963, Grunitzky was [[Togolese general election, 1963|elected]] President of the Republic. The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France. His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south, promulgate a new constitution, and introduce a multiparty system. Exactly four years later, on 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<ref name="heritage.org">{{cite web |title=Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo |website=www.heritage.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He created the [[Rally of the Togolese People|Rally of the Togolese People Party]], banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in [[Togolese general election, 1979|1979]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 1986|1986]]. In 1983, the [[privatization]] program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, the EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in [[Togolese presidential election, 1993|1993]], [[Togolese presidential election, 1998|1998]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2003|2003]], as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the [[European Union]] and Togo on the resumption of cooperation. [[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 octobre 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]] Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except from France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26 2012.</ref> Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to [[democracy]] that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with the [[European Union|EU]], which cut off [[aid]] in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. In addition, up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the [[United Nations|UN]]. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in [[Togolese presidential election, 2010|2010]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2015|2015]]. In late 2017, [[Anti-government protests in Togo, 2017|anti-government protests]] erupted in Togo, the biggest since those after the [[Togolese presidential election, 2005|2005 election]]. Protesters demanded the resignation of Gnassingbé, who is part of a family they alleged has been in power too long. The UN condemned the resulting crackdown by Togolese security forces, and [[The Gambia|Gambia's]] foreign minister, [[Ousainou Darboe]], had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7|title=Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=2017-10-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-26|publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref> In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> == Geography == {{Main|Geography of Togo}} {{ multiple images |align=right |image1=Ghana Topography.png |caption1 =Ghana-Togo [[topography]]−[[topographic map]] |image2=To-map.png |caption2=Map of Togo |total_width=330 }} Togo has an area equal to {{convert|21925|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the [[Bight of Benin]] in the south; [[Ghana]] lies to the west; [[Benin]] to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by [[Burkina Faso]]. Togo lies mostly between latitudes [[6th parallel north|6°]] and [[11th parallel north|11°N]], and longitudes [[prime meridian|0°]] and [[2nd meridian east|2°E]]. The coast of Togo in the [[Gulf of Guinea]] is 56&nbsp;km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, the land is characterized by a gently rolling [[savanna]] in contrast to the center of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic|savanna and woodland plateau]] which reaches a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The highest [[mountain]] of the country is the [[Mont Agou]] at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest [[river]] is the [[Mono River]] with a length of 400&nbsp;km (250 miles). It runs from north to south. === Climate === {{main|Geography of Togo#Climate{{!}}Climate of Togo}} The climate is generally tropical<ref name="icye.org"/> with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|23|°C}} on the coast to about {{convert|30|°C}} in the northernmost regions, with a dry climate and characteristics of a [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savanna]]. To the south, there are two seasons of rain (the first between April and July and the second between September and November), even though the average rainfall is not very high.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} === Flora and fauna === Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Eastern Guinean forests]], [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic]], and [[West Sudanian savanna]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> The coast of Togo is characterized by [[marshes]] and [[mangroves]]. High human population growth is leading to rapid [[deforestation]], endangering many species. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.88/10, ranking it 92nd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|doi-access=free}}</ref> At least four parks and reserves have been established: [[Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve]], [[Fazao Malfakassa National Park]], [[Fosse aux Lions National Park]], [[Koutammouko]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1140/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kéran National Park]]. The most frequently observed animals are [[giraffes]], [[cape buffalo]], [[hyenas]], and [[lions]]. Few elephants remain. Common [[birds]] are [[storks]] and [[Crane (bird)|cranes]]. == Government == {{Main|Politics of Togo}} [[File:Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png|thumb|upright|Current president of Togo [[Faure Gnassingbé]] since 2005]] [[File:Gnassingbé Eyadema, 1972.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ruled Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005]] The President is elected by universal and direct suffrage for 5 years. He is also the commander of the [[Togolese Armed Forces|armed forces]] and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve [[parliament]]. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the president. Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]], who ruled Togo under a one-party system, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Gravely ill, he was being transported by plane to a foreign country for care. He died in transit while over Tunisia. Under the Togolese Constitution, the President of the Parliament, [[Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba]], should have become President of the country, pending a new presidential election to be called within sixty days. Natchaba was out of the country, returning on an Air France plane from Paris.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news | title = Togo: Africa's democratic test case | work = BBC News | date = 11 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243477.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or [[Togolese Armed Forces]], closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in nearby Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within sixty days and declared that Eyadema's son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]], would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<ref name="BBC News"/> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.<ref>{{cite news | title = Togo leader sworn in amid protest | work = BBC News | date = 7 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected President of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been [[Emmanuel Bob-Akitani]] from the [[Union des Forces du Changement]] (UFC) or [[Union of Forces for Change]]. However, electoral fraud was suspected, due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&rgwid=4&item=Opinions&itemid=401&language=1 |title=Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression |publisher=SciDev.net |date=20 June 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> Parliament designated Deputy President, [[Bonfoh Abbass]], as interim president until the inauguration.<ref name="Ebow Godwin"/> On 3 May 2005, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair." The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]], sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former [[Zambia]]n president, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], as special AU envoy to Togo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213044/http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213101/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com</ref> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader [[Edem Kodjo]] as the prime minister. In October 2007, after several postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south. The president-backed party [[Rally of the Togolese People]] (RPT) won an outright majority with the UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Again vote rigging accusations were leveled at the RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. Despite the presence of an EU observer mission, canceled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. The election was declared fair by the international community and praised as a model with little intimidation and few violent acts for the first time since a multiparty system was reinstated. On 3 December 2007 [[Komlan Mally]] of the RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. However, on 5 September 2008, after only 10 months in office, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo. [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against [[Jean-Pierre Fabre]] from the UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/togos-president-reelected-electoral-agency-20100307-pq0l.html |title=Togo's president re-elected: electoral agency |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=7 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> Though the March 2010 election was largely peaceful, electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8554145.stm |title=Togo opposition vows to challenge election result |publisher=BBC |date=7 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/06/us-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306 |title=Togo leader Gnassingbe re-elected in disputed poll |work=Reuters |date=6 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> Periodic [[protests against Faure Gnassingbé]] followed the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004120240.html |title=Togo: 4,000 demonstrators protest Togo election results |publisher=AllAfrica.com |date=11 April 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> In May 2010, long-time opposition leader [[Gilchrist Olympio]] announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides the UFC with eight ministerial posts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10177087 |title=Togo opposition 'to join coalition government' |publisher=BBC |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107024 |title=Togo profile |publisher=BBC |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for several days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.<ref name="BBC20120614">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18439872 |title=Togo protest: Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest |publisher=BBC |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> July 2012, saw the surprise resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.<ref name="Reuters20120712">{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE86B03R20120712 |title=Togo PM, govt quit to widen leadership before vote |work=Reuters |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Huge-rally-in-Togo-20120722 |title=Huge rally in Togo |publisher=news24.com |date=22 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Main|Regions of Togo|Prefectures of Togo}} {{stack|{{Regions of Togo Image Map}}}} Togo is divided into five regions, which are subdivided in turn into 30 [[prefecture]]s. From north to south the regions are [[Savanes Region, Togo|Savanes]], [[Kara Region|Kara]], [[Centrale Region, Togo|Centrale]], [[Plateaux Region, Togo|Plateaux]] and [[Maritime Region|Maritime]]. === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Togo}} Although '''Togo's foreign policy''' is nonaligned, it has strong historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, [[North Korea]], and [[Cuba]]. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in many international organizations. It is particularly active in [[West Africa]]n regional affairs and in the [[African Union]]. Relations between Togo and neighboring states are generally good. In 2017, Togo signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Military of Togo}} The military of Togo, in French '''FAT''' (Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and [[gendarmerie]]. Total military expenditures during the [[fiscal year]] of 2005 totalled 1.6% of the country's [[GDP]].<ref name="cia"/> Military bases exist in [[Lomé]], Temedja, [[Kara, Togo|Kara]], [[Niamtougou]], and [[Dapaong]].<ref name="fat_organisation">{{cite web|url=http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33|title=Organisation des Forces Armées|publisher=www.forcesarmees.tg|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316193353/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33|archive-date=16 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current Chief of the [[Staff (military)|General Staff]] is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on 19 May 2009.<ref name="fat_tetedefat">{{cite web|url=http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100|title=Un Nouveau Chef à la Tête des FAT|publisher=www.forcesarmees.tg|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140008/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The air force is equipped with [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha jets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27460%3Atogolese-air-force-acquires-cn235&catid=35%3AAerospace&Itemid=107|title=Togolese Air Force acquires CN235|publisher=defenceweb.co.za|access-date=5 July 2015|date=29 August 2012}}</ref> === Human rights record === {{Main|Human rights in Togo}} Togo was labeled "Not Free" by [[Freedom House]] from 1972 to 1998, and again from 2002 to 2006, and has been categorized as "Partly Free" from 1999 to 2001 and again from 2007 to the present. It has very serious and longstanding human-rights problems. According to a [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] report based on conditions in 2010, these include "security force use of excessive force, including [[torture]], which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on [[freedom of the press|freedoms of press]], [[Freedom of Assembly|assembly]], and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with [[Human immunodeficiency virus|HIV]]; and forced labor, including by children."<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Togo">{{cite web|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Togo|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm|work=US Department of State|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in Togo|Same-sex sexual activity]] is illegal in Togo,<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019}}</ref> with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Itaborahy |first=Lucas Paoli |date=May 2013 |publisher=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IEmVxpKn?url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2013 }}</ref> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of Togo}} {{see also|List of companies based in Togo}} [[File:Togo Export Treemap.png|thumb|Graphical depiction of Togo's product exports in 28 color-coded categories]] Togo is among the smallest countries in [[Africa]], but possesses valuable [[phosphate]] deposits<ref name="icye.org"/> and a well-developed export sector based on agricultural products such as [[coffee]]; [[cocoa bean]]; and [[peanut]]s (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.<ref name="icye.org"/> Cotton is the most important cash crop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefactfile.org/togo-facts/|title=The Fact File|website=factfile.org|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Major crops are [[cassava]], [[jasmine rice]], [[maize]] and [[millet]]. Other important sectors are [[brewery]] and the [[textile]] industry. A permanent problem is the lack of [[electricity]], because the country is able to produce only about a third of its consumption, the rest is covered by imports from [[Ghana]] and [[Nigeria]]. Low market prices for Togo's major export commodities, however, coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and early 2000s, had a negative effect on the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britannica.com/place/Togo#toc55354|title=Britannica|website=Britannica.org|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> Togo is one of the [[Least developed country|least developed countries]]; the economic situation is still precarious. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long efforts, supported by the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), to carry out economic reforms, to encourage investment, and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector, strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. Togo imports [[machinery]], equipment, [[petroleum]] products, and [[food]]. Main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]], re-export of goods, [[phosphates]] and [[cotton]]. Major export partners are [[Burkina Faso]] (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), [[Benin]] (9.6%) and [[Mali]] (7.4%). [[File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg|thumb|Togolese fishermen]] In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the privatization program of the cotton sector, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]]. 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the [[armed forces]], on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php| access-date = 22 March 2009}}</ref> === Agriculture === [[Agriculture]] is the backbone of the economy,<ref name="icye.org"/> although it is struggling with a chronic shortage of funds for the purchase of [[irrigation]] equipment and [[fertilizers]], which has significantly reduced agricultural output. Agriculture generated 28.2% of [[GDP]] in 2012 and employed 49% of the working population in 2010. The country is essentially [[self-sufficient]] in food production. [[Livestock]] production is dominated by [[cattle breeding]].<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Togo's Agriculture Back on Track, and Lifting Rural Families Out of Poverty Along the Way|author=Joelle Businger|url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/getting-togos-agriculture-back-on-track-and-lifting-rural-families-out-of-poverty-along-the-way}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} === Mining === [[Mining]] generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo has the fourth-largest [[phosphate]] deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. Since the mid-90s, however, there has been a decline in the mining industry, and the government will need to invest heavily to sustain it. The mining industry is facing difficulties due to falling phosphate prices on world markets and increasing foreign competition. There are also reserves of [[limestone]], [[marble]] and [[salt]]. Industry provides only 20.4% of Togo's national income, because it consists only of a few light industries and builders. Large reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce [[cement]].<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo|title=Togo {{!}} Location, History, Population, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref> === Transport === * [[Rail transport in Togo]] * [[Transport in Togo]] == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of Togo}} [[File:Danseuses-Adossa.JPG|thumb|left|Women in [[Sokodé]].]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.4 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|5.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Togo}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census. That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital and largest city, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.<ref name="ReferenceA">[RGPH4 Recensement Général de la Population 2010]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</ref><ref name="Données de Recensement">[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=43&Itemid=96 Données de Recensement]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</ref> Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of {{UN_Population|Togo}} ({{As of|{{UN_Population|Year}}|lc=y}}), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a strong growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Données de Recensement"/> {{-}} === Largest cities === {{Largest cities of Togo}} === Ethnic groups === [[File:Togo-benin 1985-079 hg.jpg|thumb|People of Togo in the 1980s]] In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]] in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are [[Tem language|Kotokoli or Tem]] and [[Tchamba]] in the center and the [[Kabye people]] in the north (22%). The [[Ouatchi]]s are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, but the French who studied both groups considered them different people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world geography |author1=Khan, M. Ali |author2=Sherieff, A. |author3=Balakishan, A. |year=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-773-2 |page=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUwr1BpOCooC&pg=PA255}}</ref> Other Ethnic groups include the Mina, [[Mossi people|Mossi]], the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%). There is also a European & Indian population who make up less than 1%. === Religion === {{Pie chart|thumb = right|caption = Religion in Togo (2010 estimate)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insamer.com/tr/togo_965.htm|title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 (Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life)|date=1 December 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> |label1 = [[Christianity]] |value1 = 37 |color1 = Blue |label2 = [[Vodun]] and [[animism]] |value2 = 35.6 |color2 = Orange |label3 = [[Islam]] |value3 = 20 |color3 = Green |label4 = None |value4 = 6.1 |color4 = Yellow |label5 = Others |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Gold }} [[File:Kpalime.jpg|thumb|Church in [[Kpalime]].]] According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population are traditional animists, 28% are Roman Catholic, 20% are Sunni Muslim, 9% are Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report also noted that many Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.<ref name="Togo 2012">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208418.pdf|title=Togo 2012 International Religious Freedom Report|language=en|page=1|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.<ref name="cia.gov"/> [[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref> === Languages === {{main|Languages of Togo}} Togo is a [[multilingual]] country. According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, many of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TG |website=Ethnologue.com|title=Languages of Togo|access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> Of the 39 languages, the sole [[official language]] is French.<ref name="iccia.com">{{cite web |title=Country Profile {{!}} The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA) |url=http://iccia.com/?q=countryprofile/home/code&code=tg |website=iccia.com |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as [[national language]]s in 1975: [[Ewe language|Ewé]] ({{lang-ee|Èʋegbe}}; {{lang-fr|Evé}}) and [[Kabiyé language|Kabiyé]];<ref name="iccia.com"/> they are also the two most widely spoken indigenous languages. French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, [[Administration (law)|administration]] and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. [[Tem language|Tem]] functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TG|title=Togo|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. == Health == Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[infant mortality]] rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Male [[life expectancy at birth]] was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<ref name="cia.gov"/> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<ref name="cia.gov"/> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 27.</ref> 4% of women in Togo have undergone [[female genital mutilation]], which is a significantly lower percentage than other countries in the region. {{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref> In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400 - 6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100 - 7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100 000 (73 000 - 130 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37% - 67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500 - 1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30% - 55%) had suppressed viral loads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo|title=Togo|website=www.unaids.org}}</ref> == Education == Education in Togo is compulsory for six years.<ref name=ilab>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Togo.htm "Togo"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202100024/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/togo.htm |date=2 February 2008 }}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref> In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.<ref name=ilab/> In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%, one of the best in the West African sub-region. The education system has suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates.<ref name=ilab/> == Culture == {{Refimprove section|date=May 2020}} {{Main|Culture of Togo|Music of Togo}} [[File:Togo Taberma house 04.jpg|thumb|Traditional Taberma houses]] Togo's culture reflects the influences of its many ethnic groups, the largest and most influential of which are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], [[Mina people|Mina]], Tem, Tchamba and [[Kabre]]. Despite the influences of Christianity and Islam, over half of the people of Togo follow native [[animistic]] practices and beliefs. Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous [[statuettes]] which illustrate the worship of the [[ibeji]]. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of [[Kloto]] are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood. The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]]. The official Togolese drink is called [[sodabi]], a liquor that is created from the distillation of palm wine. ===Sports=== [[File:Emmanuel Adebayor.jpg|thumb|Footballer [[Emmanuel Adebayor]].]] ====Olympics==== {{main|Togo at the Olympics}} On 12 August 2008, [[Benjamin Boukpeti]] (born to a Togolese father and a French mother) won a bronze medal in the Men's K1 Kayak Slalom, the first medal ever won by a member of the Togolese team at the [[Olympics]]. ====Football==== {{main|Football in Togo}} Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league. [[Emmanuel Adebayor]] is the most famous footballer for Togo, scoring 30 goals for the national team and 97 in the English Premier League. ====Basketball==== {{main|Togo national basketball team}} ===Media=== {{main|Mass media in Togo}} Mass media in Togo includes radio, television, and online and print formats. The {{illm|Agence Togolaise de Presse|fr|Agence togolaise de presse}} news agency began in 1975.<ref name=Europ2003>{{cite book |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher= [[Europa Publications]] |issn= 0065-3896 |chapter= Togo: Directory |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C |page= 1106+ |year=2003|isbn=9781857431315 |ref= {{harvid|Europa|2003}} }}</ref> The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lomé.<ref name=Europ2003/> ===Celebrations=== Togo has secular celebrations. Some of the celebrations include 1 January – "Fête Nationale" (meaning National Celebration in French) and 27 April – Independence day. These celebrations open a window for job opportunities and they attract more [[tourists]]. == See also == {{portal|Africa}} * [[Index of Togo-related articles]] * [[Outline of Togo]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * Bullock, A L C, ''Germany's Colonial Demands'' (Oxford University Press, 1939). * Gründer, Horst, ''Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien'', 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995). * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'' ([[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]], 2001). * Packer, George, ''The Village of Waiting'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988). * Piot, Charles, ''Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War'' (University of Chicago Press, 2010). * Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, ''German Colonization, Past and Future – the Truth about the German Colonies'' (George Allen & Unwin, 1926). * Sebald, Peter, ''Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen'' (Berlin, 1987). * Seely, Jennifer, ''The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). * Zurstrassen, Bettina, ''"Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884–1914'' (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931). {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|wikt=Togo|n=Category:Togo|q=no|s=Portal:Togo|b=no|voy=Togo|v=no}} '''Government''' *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.republicoftogo.com/ Republic of Togo] official site *{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202912/http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/ National Assembly of Togo] official site *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/togo.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''General''' * [http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2003/08/01/togo/ Country Profile] from [[New Internationalist]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Togo Togo] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] *[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ Togo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/togo.htm Togo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Togo}} *{{wikiatlas|Togo}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TG Key Development Forecasts for Togo] from [[International Futures]] '''Trade''' *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/TGO/Year/2012/Summary Togo 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] '''Tourism''' * [http://togowoezon.vima.co.za Togo Woezon Tourism] {{Togo topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Togo| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Togo]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]]'
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'{{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{about|the African country}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2010}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Togolese Republic | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Armoiries du Togo.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|nolink=yes|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>|italics=off}}<br />"Work, Liberty, Homeland" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|nolink=on|italic=no}}<br />({{Lang-en|"Land of our ancestors"}})<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Location Togo AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption|countryprefix=|location_color=dark blue|region=the [[African Union]]|region_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | national_languages = [[Ewe language|Ewe]]{{*}}[[Kabiye language|Kabiye]] | languages_type = Spoken languages | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[Ewe language|Ewe]] |[[French language|French]] |[[Gbe languages|Gbe]] |[[Gur languages|Gur]] |[[Kwa languages|Kwa]] |[[Kabiye language|Kabiye]] |[[Talni language|Talensi]] |[[Wasa dialect|Wasa]] |[[African French|French]] | [[Aguna language|Aguna]] |[[Adja language|Aja]] |[[Ngangam language|Ngangam]] | [[Ntcham language|Ntcham]] | [[Tammari language|Tammari]] | [[Tem language|Tem]] }} | ethnic_groups = 99% [[Ewe people|Ewe]], [[Kabye people|Kabye]], [[Tem people|Tem]], [[Gourma people|Gourma]], and 33 other African groups<br />1% European, Indian & Syro-Lebanese<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |43.7% Christianity |35.6% [[African traditional religion|Traditional faiths]] |14.0% Islam |6.2% Unaffiliated |0.5% Others<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/togo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year = 2010&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year = 2016|title=Religions in Togo &#124; PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>}} | religion_year = | demonym = Togolese | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Togo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | leader_title2 = [[Heads of Government of Togo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Victoire Tomegah Dogbé]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event1 = from France | established_date1 = 27 April 1960 | area_km2 = 56,785 | area_rank = 123rd | area_sq_mi = 21,925 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_estimate = 8,608,444<ref name="cia"/> | population_census = 6,191,155 | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 100th | population_census_year = 2010 | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = 93rd<sup>e</sup> | GDP_PPP = $14.919 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,821<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=75&pr.y=16&sy=2019&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=742&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=www.imf.org}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $5.592 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $682<ref name="auto"/> | Gini = 46 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.515 | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Such as [[Ewe language|Ewe]], [[Gin language|Mina]] and [[Aja language (Niger–Congo)|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Largest are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tém|Kotokoli Tem]] and [[Kabye people|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese. | footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of the population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. | footnote_e = Rankings based on 2017 figures ([https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}}), officially the '''Togolese Republic''' ({{lang-fr|République togolaise}}), is a country in West Africa bordered by [[Ghana]] to [[Ghana–Togo border|the west]], [[Benin]] to [[Benin–Togo border|the east]] and [[Burkina Faso]] to [[Burkina Faso–Togo border|the north]].<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |website=www.isdb.org |access-date=26 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The [[country]] extends south to the [[Gulf of Guinea]], where its [[capital city|capital]] [[Lomé]] is located.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |website=www.isdb.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Togo covers {{convert|57,000|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}, making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million,<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020}}</ref> as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor, Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions.<ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]". In 1884, [[German Empire|Germany]] declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called [[Togoland]]. After [[World War I]], rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.<ref name="cia"/> In 1967, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] led a successful military coup d'état after which he became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. Eventually, in 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections, which were marred by irregularities, and he won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in modern African history, having been president for 38 years.<ref name=Obituary>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"]. (5 February 2005). [[BBC News]]. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</ref> In 2005, his son [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was elected president. He continues to hold the office {{as of|2021|lc=y|post=.}} Togo is a [[Tropics|tropical]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan]] nation,<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> whose economy depends highly on agriculture,<ref name="icye.org"/> with a climate that provides good growing seasons. While the official language is French,<ref name="icye.org"/> many other languages are spoken, particularly those of the [[Gbe languages|Gbe family]]. The largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] consists of those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Muslims|Muslim]] minorities.<ref name="icye.org"/> Togo is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[African Union]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]], and [[Economic Community of West African States]]. == History == {{Main|History of Togo}} === Before colonization (pre-1884) === Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]". === Colonial era (1884–1960) === {{Main article|Togoland|British Togoland|French Togoland}} [[File:Togoland.jpg|thumb|left|Togoland ([[Rudolf Hellgrewe|R. Hellgrewe]], 1908)]] In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of the hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure. During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern Togo and France's western part to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament. After [[World War II]], these mandates became [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territories]]. The residents of [[British Togoland]] [[1956 British Togoland status plebiscite|voted]] to join the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] as part of the new independent nation of [[Ghana]] in 1957. [[French Togoland]] became an autonomous republic within the [[French Union]] in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances. === Independence to present day (1960–present) === [[File:Sylvanus Olympio.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvanus Olympio]]|left]] The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the [[Togolese general election, 1961|first presidential elections]] in 1961, [[Sylvanus Olympio]] became the first president, gaining 100% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. On 9 April 1961, the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted, according to which the supreme legislative body was the [[National Assembly of Togo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/|title=Togo|date=2019-04-26|website=Ujamaa Live|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502190520/https://ujamaalive.africa/encyclomedia/togo/|archive-date=2 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 1961, leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti-government conspiracy. A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties. Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and [[West Germany]]. He also rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the [[Algerian War]] and tried to get a position in the Togolese army. These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963, during which he was [[assassinate]]d by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]].<ref name="ellis93">{{cite journal|last=Ellis|first=Stephen|title=Rumour and Power in Togo|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume =63|issue=4|pages=462–476|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|doi=10.2307/1161002|jstor=1161002}}</ref> A State of emergency was declared in Togo. The military handed over power to an interim government led by [[Nicolas Grunitzky]]. In May 1963, Grunitzky was [[Togolese general election, 1963|elected]] President of the Republic. The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France. His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south, promulgate a new constitution, and introduce a multiparty system. Exactly four years later, on 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<ref name="heritage.org">{{cite web |title=Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo |website=www.heritage.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He created the [[Rally of the Togolese People|Rally of the Togolese People Party]], banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in [[Togolese general election, 1979|1979]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 1986|1986]]. In 1983, the [[privatization]] program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, the EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in [[Togolese presidential election, 1993|1993]], [[Togolese presidential election, 1998|1998]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2003|2003]], as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the [[European Union]] and Togo on the resumption of cooperation. [[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 October 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]] Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26, 2012.</ref> Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to [[democracy]] that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with the [[European Union|EU]], which cut off [[aid]] in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. In addition, up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the [[United Nations|UN]]. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in [[Togolese presidential election, 2010|2010]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2015|2015]]. In late 2017, [[Anti-government protests in Togo, 2017|anti-government protests]] erupted in Togo, the biggest since those after the [[Togolese presidential election, 2005|2005 election]]. Protesters demanded the resignation of Gnassingbé, who is part of a family they alleged has been in power too long. The UN condemned the resulting crackdown by Togolese security forces, and [[The Gambia|Gambia's]] foreign minister, [[Ousainou Darboe]], had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7|title=Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=2017-10-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-26|publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref> In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitola Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> == Geography == {{Main|Geography of Togo}} {{ multiple images |align=right |image1=Ghana Topography.png |caption1 =Ghana-Togo [[topography]]−[[topographic map]] |image2=To-map.png |caption2=Map of Togo |total_width=330 }} Togo has an area equal to {{convert|21925|sqmi|km2|0|abbr=on|order=flip}} and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the [[Bight of Benin]] in the south; [[Ghana]] lies to the west; [[Benin]] to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by [[Burkina Faso]]. Togo lies mostly between latitudes [[6th parallel north|6°]] and [[11th parallel north|11°N]], and longitudes [[prime meridian|0°]] and [[2nd meridian east|2°E]]. The coast of Togo in the [[Gulf of Guinea]] is 56&nbsp;km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, the land is characterized by a gently rolling [[savanna]] in contrast to the center of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic|savanna and woodland plateau]] which reaches a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The highest [[mountain]] of the country is the [[Mont Agou]] at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest [[river]] is the [[Mono River]] with a length of 400&nbsp;km (250 miles). It runs from north to south. === Climate === {{main|Geography of Togo#Climate{{!}}Climate of Togo}} The climate is generally tropical<ref name="icye.org"/> with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|23|°C}} on the coast to about {{convert|30|°C}} in the northernmost regions, with a dry climate and characteristics of a [[Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|tropical savanna]]. To the south, there are two seasons of rain (the first between April and July and the second between September and November), even though the average rainfall is not very high.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}} === Flora and fauna === Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions: [[Eastern Guinean forests]], [[Guinean forest-savanna mosaic]], and [[West Sudanian savanna]].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> The coast of Togo is characterized by [[marshes]] and [[mangroves]]. High human population growth is leading to rapid [[deforestation]], endangering many species. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 5.88/10, ranking it 92nd globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|doi-access=free}}</ref> At least four parks and reserves have been established: [[Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve]], [[Fazao Malfakassa National Park]], [[Fosse aux Lions National Park]], [[Koutammouko]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1140/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Kéran National Park]]. The most frequently observed animals are [[giraffes]], [[cape buffalo]], [[hyenas]], and [[lions]]. Few elephants remain. Common [[birds]] are [[storks]] and [[Crane (bird)|cranes]]. == Government == {{Main|Politics of Togo}} [[File:Faure Gnassingbé 2014.png|thumb|upright|Current president of Togo [[Faure Gnassingbé]] since 2005]] [[File:Gnassingbé Eyadema, 1972.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ruled Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005]] The President is elected by universal and direct suffrage for 5 years. He is also the commander of the [[Togolese Armed Forces|armed forces]] and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve [[parliament]]. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the president. Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]], who ruled Togo under a one-party system, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Gravely ill, he was being transported by plane to a foreign country for care. He died in transit while over Tunisia. Under the Togolese Constitution, the President of the Parliament, [[Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba]], should have become President of the country, pending a new presidential election to be called within sixty days. Natchaba was out of the country, returning on an Air France plane from Paris.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news | title = Togo: Africa's democratic test case | work = BBC News | date = 11 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243477.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or [[Togolese Armed Forces]], closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in nearby Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within sixty days and declared that Eyadema's son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]], would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<ref name="BBC News"/> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.<ref>{{cite news | title = Togo leader sworn in amid protest | work = BBC News | date = 7 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large-scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected President of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been [[Emmanuel Bob-Akitani]] from the [[Union des Forces du Changement]] (UFC) or [[Union of Forces for Change]]. However, electoral fraud was suspected, due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&rgwid=4&item=Opinions&itemid=401&language=1 |title=Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression |publisher=SciDev.net |date=20 June 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> Parliament designated Deputy President, [[Bonfoh Abbass]], as interim president until the inauguration.<ref name="Ebow Godwin"/> On 3 May 2005, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair." The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]], sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former [[Zambia]]n president, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], as special AU envoy to Togo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213044/http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213101/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com</ref> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader [[Edem Kodjo]] as the prime minister. In October 2007, after several postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south. The president-backed party [[Rally of the Togolese People]] (RPT) won an outright majority with the UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Again vote rigging accusations were leveled at the RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. Despite the presence of an EU observer mission, canceled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. The election was declared fair by the international community and praised as a model with little intimidation and few violent acts for the first time since a multiparty system was reinstated. On 3 December 2007 [[Komlan Mally]] of the RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. However, on 5 September 2008, after only 10 months in office, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo. [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against [[Jean-Pierre Fabre]] from the UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/togos-president-reelected-electoral-agency-20100307-pq0l.html |title=Togo's president re-elected: electoral agency |newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald |date=7 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> Though the March 2010 election was largely peaceful, electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8554145.stm |title=Togo opposition vows to challenge election result |publisher=BBC |date=7 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/03/06/us-togo-idUSTRE62520G20100306 |title=Togo leader Gnassingbe re-elected in disputed poll |work=Reuters |date=6 March 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> Periodic [[protests against Faure Gnassingbé]] followed the election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201004120240.html |title=Togo: 4,000 demonstrators protest Togo election results |publisher=AllAfrica.com |date=11 April 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> In May 2010, long-time opposition leader [[Gilchrist Olympio]] announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides the UFC with eight ministerial posts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10177087 |title=Togo opposition 'to join coalition government' |publisher=BBC |date=27 May 2010 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14107024 |title=Togo profile |publisher=BBC |date=11 July 2011 |access-date=16 November 2011}}</ref> In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for several days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.<ref name="BBC20120614">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18439872 |title=Togo protest: Lome rocked by electoral reform unrest |publisher=BBC |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=26 July 2012}}</ref> July 2012, saw the surprise resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.<ref name="Reuters20120712">{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE86B03R20120712 |title=Togo PM, govt quit to widen leadership before vote |work=Reuters |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Huge-rally-in-Togo-20120722 |title=Huge rally in Togo |publisher=news24.com |date=22 July 2012 |access-date=27 July 2012}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === {{Main|Regions of Togo|Prefectures of Togo}} {{stack|{{Regions of Togo Image Map}}}} Togo is divided into five regions, which are subdivided in turn into 30 [[prefecture]]s. From north to south the regions are [[Savanes Region, Togo|Savanes]], [[Kara Region|Kara]], [[Centrale Region, Togo|Centrale]], [[Plateaux Region, Togo|Plateaux]] and [[Maritime Region|Maritime]]. === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of Togo}} Although '''Togo's foreign policy''' is nonaligned, it has strong historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, [[North Korea]], and [[Cuba]]. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in many international organizations. It is particularly active in [[West Africa]]n regional affairs and in the [[African Union]]. Relations between Togo and neighboring states are generally good. In 2017, Togo signed the UN [[treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Military of Togo}} The military of Togo, in French '''FAT''' (Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and [[gendarmerie]]. Total military expenditures during the [[fiscal year]] of 2005 totalled 1.6% of the country's [[GDP]].<ref name="cia"/> Military bases exist in [[Lomé]], Temedja, [[Kara, Togo|Kara]], [[Niamtougou]], and [[Dapaong]].<ref name="fat_organisation">{{cite web|url=http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33|title=Organisation des Forces Armées|publisher=www.forcesarmees.tg|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316193353/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13&Itemid=33|archive-date=16 March 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current Chief of the [[Staff (military)|General Staff]] is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on 19 May 2009.<ref name="fat_tetedefat">{{cite web|url=http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100|title=Un Nouveau Chef à la Tête des FAT|publisher=www.forcesarmees.tg|access-date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816140008/http://forcesarmees.tg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100|archive-date=16 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The air force is equipped with [[Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet|Alpha jets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=27460%3Atogolese-air-force-acquires-cn235&catid=35%3AAerospace&Itemid=107|title=Togolese Air Force acquires CN235|publisher=defenceweb.co.za|access-date=5 July 2015|date=29 August 2012}}</ref> === Human rights record === {{Main|Human rights in Togo}} Togo was labeled "Not Free" by [[Freedom House]] from 1972 to 1998, and again from 2002 to 2006, and has been categorized as "Partly Free" from 1999 to 2001 and again from 2007 to the present. It has very serious and longstanding human-rights problems. According to a [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] report based on conditions in 2010, these include "security force use of excessive force, including [[torture]], which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on [[freedom of the press|freedoms of press]], [[Freedom of Assembly|assembly]], and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with [[Human immunodeficiency virus|HIV]]; and forced labor, including by children."<ref name="2010 Human Rights Report: Togo">{{cite web|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Togo|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154374.htm|work=US Department of State|access-date=January 11, 2013}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in Togo|Same-sex sexual activity]] is illegal in Togo,<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Avery |title=71 Countries Where Homosexuality is Illegal |url=https://www.newsweek.com/73-countries-where-its-illegal-be-gay-1385974 |work=Newsweek |date=4 April 2019}}</ref> with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Itaborahy |first=Lucas Paoli |date=May 2013 |publisher=The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IEmVxpKn?url=http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2013 }}</ref> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of Togo}} {{see also|List of companies based in Togo}} [[File:Togo Export Treemap.png|thumb|Graphical depiction of Togo's product exports in 28 color-coded categories]] Togo is among the smallest countries in [[Africa]], but possesses valuable [[phosphate]] deposits<ref name="icye.org"/> and a well-developed export sector based on agricultural products such as [[coffee]]; [[cocoa bean]]; and [[peanut]]s (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.<ref name="icye.org"/> Cotton is the most important cash crop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefactfile.org/togo-facts/|title=The Fact File|website=factfile.org|access-date=2018-08-06}}</ref> The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Major crops are [[cassava]], [[jasmine rice]], [[maize]] and [[millet]]. Other important sectors are [[brewery]] and the [[textile]] industry. A permanent problem is the lack of [[electricity]], because the country is able to produce only about a third of its consumption, the rest is covered by imports from [[Ghana]] and [[Nigeria]]. Low market prices for Togo's major export commodities, however, coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and early 2000s, had a negative effect on the economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britannica.com/place/Togo#toc55354|title=Britannica|website=Britannica.org|access-date=2017-08-26}}</ref> Togo is one of the [[Least developed country|least developed countries]]; the economic situation is still precarious. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long efforts, supported by the [[World Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), to carry out economic reforms, to encourage investment, and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector, strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. Togo imports [[machinery]], equipment, [[petroleum]] products, and [[food]]. Main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), [[Côte d'Ivoire]] (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]], re-export of goods, [[phosphates]] and [[cotton]]. Major export partners are [[Burkina Faso]] (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), [[Benin]] (9.6%) and [[Mali]] (7.4%). [[File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg|thumb|Togolese fishermen]] In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the cotton sector's privatization program, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]]. 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the [[armed forces]], on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php| access-date = 22 March 2009}}</ref> === Agriculture === [[Agriculture]] is the backbone of the economy,<ref name="icye.org"/> although it is struggling with a chronic shortage of funds for the purchase of [[irrigation]] equipment and [[fertilizers]], which has significantly reduced agricultural output. Agriculture generated 28.2% of [[GDP]] in 2012 and employed 49% of the working population in 2010. The country is essentially [[self-sufficient]] in food production. [[Livestock]] production is dominated by [[cattle breeding]].<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Getting Togo's Agriculture Back on Track, and Lifting Rural Families Out of Poverty Along the Way|author=Joelle Businger|url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/nasikiliza/getting-togos-agriculture-back-on-track-and-lifting-rural-families-out-of-poverty-along-the-way}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} === Mining === [[Mining]] generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo has the fourth-largest [[phosphate]] deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. Since the mid-90s, however, there has been a decline in the mining industry, and the government will need to invest heavily to sustain it. The mining industry is facing difficulties due to falling phosphate prices on world markets and increasing foreign competition. There are also reserves of [[limestone]], [[marble]] and [[salt]]. Industry provides only 20.4% of Togo's national income, because it consists only of a few light industries and builders. Large reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce [[cement]].<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Togo|title=Togo {{!}} Location, History, Population, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-20}}</ref> === Transport === * [[Rail transport in Togo]] * [[Transport in Togo]] == Demographics == {{Main|Demographics of Togo}} [[File:Danseuses-Adossa.JPG|thumb|left|Women in [[Sokodé]].]] {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|Year ! style="background:#cfb;"|Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.4 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|5.0 |- |style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Togo}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}} |} The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census. That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital and largest city, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.<ref name="ReferenceA">[RGPH4 Recensement Général de la Population 2010]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</ref><ref name="Données de Recensement">[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=43&Itemid=96 Données de Recensement]. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale</ref> Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of {{UN_Population|Togo}} ({{As of|{{UN_Population|Year}}|lc=y}}), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a strong growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Données de Recensement"/> {{-}} === Largest cities === {{Largest cities of Togo}} === Ethnic groups === [[File:Togo-benin 1985-079 hg.jpg|thumb|People of Togo in the 1980s]] In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]] in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are [[Tem language|Kotokoli or Tem]] and [[Tchamba]] in the center and the [[Kabye people]] in the north (22%). The [[Ouatchi]]s are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, but the French who studied both groups considered them different people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of world geography |author1=Khan, M. Ali |author2=Sherieff, A. |author3=Balakishan, A. |year=2007 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-773-2 |page=255|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GUwr1BpOCooC&pg=PA255}}</ref> Other Ethnic groups include the Mina, [[Mossi people|Mossi]], the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%). There is also a European & Indian population who make up less than 1%. === Religion === {{Pie chart|thumb = right|caption = Religion in Togo (2010 estimate)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insamer.com/tr/togo_965.htm|title=The Global Religious Landscape: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Major Religious Groups as of 2010 (Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life)|date=1 December 2012|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref> |label1 = [[Christianity]] |value1 = 37 |color1 = Blue |label2 = [[Vodun]] and [[animism]] |value2 = 35.6 |color2 = Orange |label3 = [[Islam]] |value3 = 20 |color3 = Green |label4 = None |value4 = 6.1 |color4 = Yellow |label5 = Others |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Gold }} [[File:Kpalime.jpg|thumb|Church in [[Kpalime]].]] According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population are traditional animists, 28% are Roman Catholic, 20% are Sunni Muslim, 9% are Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report also noted that many Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.<ref name="Togo 2012">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/208418.pdf|title=Togo 2012 International Religious Freedom Report|language=en|page=1|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.<ref name="cia.gov"/> [[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to Togo and Ghana's coastal areas. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref> === Languages === {{main|Languages of Togo}} Togo is a [[multilingual]] country. According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, many of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TG |website=Ethnologue.com|title=Languages of Togo|access-date=31 October 2010}}</ref> Of the 39 languages, the sole [[official language]] is French.<ref name="iccia.com">{{cite web |title=Country Profile {{!}} The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA) |url=http://iccia.com/?q=countryprofile/home/code&code=tg |website=iccia.com |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref> Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as [[national language]]s in 1975: [[Ewe language|Ewé]] ({{lang-ee|Èʋegbe}}; {{lang-fr|Evé}}) and [[Kabiyé language|Kabiyé]];<ref name="iccia.com"/> they are also the two most widely spoken indigenous languages. French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, [[Administration (law)|administration]] and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. [[Tem language|Tem]] functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TG|title=Togo|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=26 August 2017}}</ref> Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. == Health == Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[infant mortality]] rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Male [[life expectancy at birth]] was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<ref name="cia.gov"/> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<ref name="cia.gov"/> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 27.</ref> 4% of women in Togo have undergone [[female genital mutilation]], which is a significantly lower percentage than other countries in the region. {{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref> In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400 - 6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100 - 7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100 000 (73 000 - 130 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37% - 67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500 - 1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30% - 55%) had suppressed viral loads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo|title=Togo|website=www.unaids.org}}</ref> == Education == Education in Togo is compulsory for six years.<ref name=ilab>[http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Togo.htm "Togo"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202100024/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/togo.htm |date=2 February 2008 }}. ''2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor''. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref> In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.<ref name=ilab/> In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%, one of the best in the West African sub-region. The education system has suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates.<ref name=ilab/> == Culture == {{Refimprove section|date=May 2020}} {{Main|Culture of Togo|Music of Togo}} [[File:Togo Taberma house 04.jpg|thumb|Traditional Taberma houses]] Togo's culture reflects the influences of its many ethnic groups, the largest and most influential of which are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], [[Mina people|Mina]], Tem, Tchamba and [[Kabre]]. Despite the influences of Christianity and Islam, over half of the people of Togo follow native [[animistic]] practices and beliefs. Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous [[statuettes]] which illustrate the worship of the [[ibeji]]. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of [[Kloto]] are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood. The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kyoto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]]. The official Togolese drink is called [[sodabi]], a liquor that is created from the distillation of palm wine. ===Sports=== [[File:Emmanuel Adebayor.jpg|thumb|Footballer [[Emmanuel Adebayor]].]] ====Olympics==== {{main|Togo at the Olympics}} On 12 August 2008, [[Benjamin Boukpeti]] (born to a Togolese father and a French mother) won a bronze medal in the Men's K1 Kayak Slalom, the first medal ever won by a member of the Togolese team at the [[Olympics]]. ====Football==== {{main|Football in Togo}} Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league. [[Emmanuel Adebayor]] is the most famous footballer for Togo, scoring 30 goals for the national team and 97 in the English Premier League. ====Basketball==== {{main|Togo national basketball team}} ===Media=== {{main|Mass media in Togo}} Mass media in Togo includes radio, television, and online and print formats. The {{illm|Agence Togolaise de Presse|fr|Agence togolaise de presse}} news agency began in 1975.<ref name=Europ2003>{{cite book |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2003 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher= [[Europa Publications]] |issn= 0065-3896 |chapter= Togo: Directory |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C |page= 1106+ |year=2003|isbn=9781857431315 |ref= {{harvid|Europa|2003}} }}</ref> The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lomé.<ref name=Europ2003/> ===Celebrations=== Togo has secular celebrations. Some of the celebrations include 1 January – "Fête Nationale" (meaning National Celebration in French) and 27 April – Independence day. These celebrations open a window for job opportunities and they attract more [[tourists]]. == See also == {{portal|Africa}} * [[Index of Togo-related articles]] * [[Outline of Togo]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * Bullock, A L C, ''Germany's Colonial Demands'' (Oxford University Press, 1939). * Gründer, Horst, ''Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien'', 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995). * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties'' ([[Nova Science Publishers, Inc.]], 2001). * Packer, George, ''The Village of Waiting'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988). * Piot, Charles, ''Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War'' (University of Chicago Press, 2010). * Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, ''German Colonization, Past and Future – the Truth about the German Colonies'' (George Allen & Unwin, 1926). * Sebald, Peter, ''Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen'' (Berlin, 1987). * Seely, Jennifer, ''The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). * Zurstrassen, Bettina, ''"Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884–1914'' (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931). {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|wikt=Togo|n=Category:Togo|q=no|s=Portal:Togo|b=no|voy=Togo|v=no}} '''Government''' *{{in lang|fr}} [https://www.republicoftogo.com/ Republic of Togo] official site *{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202912/http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/ National Assembly of Togo] official site *[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/togo.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''General''' * [http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2003/08/01/togo/ Country Profile] from [[New Internationalist]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Togo Togo] from [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] *[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ Togo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/togo.htm Togo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Togo}} *{{wikiatlas|Togo}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TG Key Development Forecasts for Togo] from [[International Futures]] '''Trade''' *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/TGO/Year/2012/Summary Togo 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] '''Tourism''' * [http://togowoezon.vima.co.za Togo Woezon Tourism] {{Togo topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Togo| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Togo]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff)
'@@ -97,5 +97,5 @@ | footnote_b = Largest are the [[Ewe people|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tém|Kotokoli Tem]] and [[Kabye people|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Mostly European, Indian & Syrian-Lebanese. -| footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. +| footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of the population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. | footnote_e = Rankings based on 2017 figures ([https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ === Before colonization (pre-1884) === -Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. +Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. -The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]". +The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]". === Colonial era (1884–1960) === @@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ [[File:Togoland.jpg|thumb|left|Togoland ([[Rudolf Hellgrewe|R. Hellgrewe]], 1908)]] -In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure. +In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of the hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure. -During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament. +During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern Togo and France's western part to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament. After [[World War II]], these mandates became [[United Nations Trust Territories|UN Trust Territories]]. The residents of [[British Togoland]] [[1956 British Togoland status plebiscite|voted]] to join the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] as part of the new independent nation of [[Ghana]] in 1957. [[French Togoland]] became an autonomous republic within the [[French Union]] in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances. @@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ Exactly four years later, on 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<ref name="heritage.org">{{cite web |title=Togo Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption |url=https://www.heritage.org/index/country/togo |website=www.heritage.org |access-date=27 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> He created the [[Rally of the Togolese People|Rally of the Togolese People Party]], banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in [[Togolese general election, 1979|1979]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 1986|1986]]. In 1983, the [[privatization]] program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, the EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in [[Togolese presidential election, 1993|1993]], [[Togolese presidential election, 1998|1998]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2003|2003]], as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the [[European Union]] and Togo on the resumption of cooperation. -[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 octobre 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]] +[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 October 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]] -Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except from France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26 2012.</ref> +Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26, 2012.</ref> Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to [[democracy]] that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with the [[European Union|EU]], which cut off [[aid]] in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. In addition, up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the [[United Nations|UN]]. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in [[Togolese presidential election, 2010|2010]] and [[Togolese presidential election, 2015|2015]]. @@ -144,5 +144,5 @@ In late 2017, [[Anti-government protests in Togo, 2017|anti-government protests]] erupted in Togo, the biggest since those after the [[Togolese presidential election, 2005|2005 election]]. Protesters demanded the resignation of Gnassingbé, who is part of a family they alleged has been in power too long. The UN condemned the resulting crackdown by Togolese security forces, and [[The Gambia|Gambia's]] foreign minister, [[Ousainou Darboe]], had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7|title=Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis|last=Farge|first=Emma|date=2017-10-23|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-10-26|publisher=Thomson Reuters}}</ref> -In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> +In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitola Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref> == Geography == @@ -182,5 +182,5 @@ The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or [[Togolese Armed Forces]], closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in nearby Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within sixty days and declared that Eyadema's son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]], would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<ref name="BBC News"/> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.<ref>{{cite news | title = Togo leader sworn in amid protest | work = BBC News | date = 7 February 2005 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4243629.stm | access-date = 15 November 2011}}</ref> -The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> +The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large-scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected President of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been [[Emmanuel Bob-Akitani]] from the [[Union des Forces du Changement]] (UFC) or [[Union of Forces for Change]]. However, electoral fraud was suspected, due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/gateways/index.cfm?fuseaction=readitem&rgwid=4&item=Opinions&itemid=401&language=1 |title=Technological shutdowns as tools of oppression |publisher=SciDev.net |date=20 June 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> Parliament designated Deputy President, [[Bonfoh Abbass]], as interim president until the inauguration.<ref name="Ebow Godwin"/> On 3 May 2005, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair." The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]], sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former [[Zambia]]n president, [[Kenneth Kaunda]], as special AU envoy to Togo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213044/http://allafrica.com/stories/200506060694.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com. 6 June 2005</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |title=Togo: African Union in Row Over Appointment of Special Envoy |access-date=2005-11-27 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926213101/http://allafrica.com/stories/200507040093.html |archive-date=26 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}. AllAfrica.com</ref> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader [[Edem Kodjo]] as the prime minister. @@ -225,5 +225,5 @@ [[File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg|thumb|Togolese fishermen]] -In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the privatization program of the cotton sector, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]]. +In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the cotton sector's privatization program, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]]. 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the [[armed forces]], on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web | title = OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa| url = http://www.ohada.com/index.php| access-date = 22 March 2009}}</ref> @@ -295,5 +295,5 @@ The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.<ref name="cia.gov"/> -[[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref> +[[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to Togo and Ghana's coastal areas. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref> === Languages === @@ -306,5 +306,5 @@ Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The [[infant mortality]] rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Male [[life expectancy at birth]] was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<ref name="cia.gov"/> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<ref name="cia.gov"/> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name=UNICEF2013p27>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 27.</ref> 4% of women in Togo have undergone [[female genital mutilation]], which is a significantly lower percentage than other countries in the region. -{{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref> +{{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref> In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400 - 6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100 - 7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100 000 (73 000 - 130 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37% - 67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500 - 1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30% - 55%) had suppressed viral loads.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo|title=Togo|website=www.unaids.org}}</ref> @@ -323,5 +323,5 @@ Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous [[statuettes]] which illustrate the worship of the [[ibeji]]. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of [[Kloto]] are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood. -The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]]. +The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kyoto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]]. The official Togolese drink is called [[sodabi]], a liquor that is created from the distillation of palm wine. @@ -336,5 +336,5 @@ ====Football==== {{main|Football in Togo}} -Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league. +Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league. [[Emmanuel Adebayor]] is the most famous footballer for Togo, scoring 30 goals for the national team and 97 in the English Premier League. '
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[ 0 => '| footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of the population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.', 1 => 'Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before the arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas.', 2 => 'The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]".', 3 => 'In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of the hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure.', 4 => 'During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern Togo and France's western part to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament.', 5 => '[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 October 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]]', 6 => 'Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26, 2012.</ref>', 7 => 'In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitola Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>', 8 => 'The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large-scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>', 9 => 'In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the cotton sector's privatization program, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]].', 10 => '[[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to Togo and Ghana's coastal areas. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref>', 11 => '{{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref>', 12 => 'The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kyoto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]].', 13 => 'Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league.' ]
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[ 0 => '| footnote_d = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.', 1 => 'Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce [[pottery]] and process [[iron]]. The name Togo is translated from the [[Ewe language]] as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before arrival of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the [[Ewe people|Ewé]] from the west, and the [[Gen language|Mina]] and [[Fon language|Gun]] from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas.', 2 => 'The [[slave trade]] began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Slave Coast]]".', 3 => 'In 1884, a paper was signed at [[Togoville]] with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a [[protectorate]] over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Togoland]]. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of [[Lomé]] were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[coffee]] and [[cotton]] and developed the infrastructure.', 4 => 'During the [[First World War]], Togoland was invaded by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the [[League of Nations]] mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament.', 5 => '[[File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 octobre 2017 04.jpg|thumb|The [[2017–18 Togolese protests]] against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family]]', 6 => 'Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, [[Faure Gnassingbé]],<ref name="heritage.org"/> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except from France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as [[Abdoulaye Wade]] of [[Senegal]] and [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of [[Nigeria]] supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the [[African Union]].<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14106781 BBC News – Togo country profile – Overview]. Bbc.co.uk (11 July 2011). Retrieved on March 26 2012.</ref>', 7 => 'In the February 2020, presidential elections, [[Faure Gnassingbé]] won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200224-togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-according-to-provisional-results|title=Togo's President Faure Gnassingbé wins fourth term|date=2020-02-24|website=France 24|language=en|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister [[Agbéyomé Kodjo|Agbeyome Kodjo]] who had 18%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/togo-president-faure-gnassingbe-wins-fourth-term-landslide-200224050830042.html|title=Togo President Faure Gnassingbe wins fourth term in landslide|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref> On May 4, 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected [[Faure Gnassingbé]] gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2020-05-05-togo--an-investigation-opened-after-the-death-of-colonel-bitala-madjoulba-.HJzqNsdkqI.html|title=Togo: an investigation opened after the death of Colonel Bitala Madjoulba &#124; tellerreport.com|website=www.tellerreport.com|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>', 8 => 'The African Union described the takeover as a military [[coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4241001.stm |title=Togo succession 'coup' denounced |work=BBC News |date=6 February 2005 |access-date=27 June 2010}}</ref> International pressure came also from the [[United Nations]]. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of [[Aného]] reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold [[Togo presidential election, 2005|elections]] and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<ref name="Ebow Godwin">{{cite web |url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/02/25/international/i180735S60.DTL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106033758/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F02%2F25%2Finternational%2Fi180735S60.DTL |archive-date=6 January 2006 |title=Togo Leader to Step Down, Seek Presidency |publisher=Associated Press (via SF Gate) |author=Godwin, Ebow |date=8 June 2010 |access-date=27 June 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>', 9 => 'In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the [[liberalization]] of the economy, namely in the fields of [[trade]] and port activities. However, the privatization program of the cotton sector, [[telecommunications]] and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in [[Heavily Indebted Poor Countries]].', 10 => '[[Christianity]] began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]] missionaries. Germans introduced [[Protestantism]] in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "[[Bremen]]." After [[World War I]], German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the [[Ewe Evangelical Church]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Decalo|first1=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of Togo |date=1996|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810830738|page=74}}</ref>', 11 => '{{As of|2015}}, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<ref name="SOWMY">{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}} Accessed August 2011.</ref>', 12 => 'The dyed fabric [[batik]]s of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician [[Paul Ahyi]] is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate [[Lomé]].', 13 => 'Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. [[Bachirou Salou]] was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league.' ]
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html)
'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Africa</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the African country. For other uses, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Togo (disambiguation)">Togo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Togo%22">"Togo"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Togo%22+-wikipedia">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Togo%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&amp;source=newspapers">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Togo%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Togo%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Togo%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Togolese Republic</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;"><i lang="fr" title="French-language text">République togolaise</i>&#160;&#160;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Togo.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Togo"><img alt="Flag of Togo" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/125px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="77" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/188px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Togo.svg/250px-Flag_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Togo" title="Flag of Togo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Armoiries_du_Togo.svg" class="image" title="Emblem of Togo"><img alt="Emblem of Togo" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/85px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="122" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/128px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Armoiries_du_Togo.svg/170px-Armoiries_du_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emblem_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Togo"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Motto:&#160;</b><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;" title="French-language text">"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup></span>&#160;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;">(French)</span><br />"Work, Liberty, Homeland"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b>Anthem:&#160;</b><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;" title="French-language text">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salut_%C3%A0_toi,_pays_de_nos_a%C3%AFeux" title="Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux">Terre de nos aïeux</a>"</span>&#160;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;">(French)</span><br />(English: <span lang="en">"Land of our ancestors"</span>)<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="mediaContainer" style="width:220px"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" style="width:220px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="52.088163265306" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Togo&#39;s_national_anthem_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/0/03/Togo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original Ogg file (362 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="361604" /><track src="/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ATogo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="en" label="English (en) subtitles" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="/enwiki/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3ATogo%27s_national_anthem_%28instrumental%29.ogg&amp;lang=fr&amp;trackformat=srt" kind="subtitles" type="text/x-srt" srclang="fr" label="français (fr) subtitles" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg" class="image" title="Location of&#160;Togo&#160;(dark blue) in the African Union&#160;(light blue)"><img alt="Location of&#160;Togo&#160;(dark blue) in the African Union&#160;(light blue)" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Togo_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a><div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of&#160;Togo&#160;(dark blue)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>&#160;(light blue)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Togo&amp;params=6_8_N_1_13_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°8′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°13′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.133°N 1.217°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">6.133; 1.217</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r994658806"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Togo&amp;params=6_8_N_1_13_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°8′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°13′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.133°N 1.217°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">6.133; 1.217</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official&#160;languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal;">Recognised national&#160;languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>&#160;&#8226;&#32;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiye</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-size: 100%; text-align: left;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">List:</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; text-align: left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiye</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talensi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wasa_dialect" title="Wasa dialect">Wasa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aguna_language" title="Aguna language">Aguna</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic&#160;groups</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">99% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabye</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gourma_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourma people">Gourma</a>, and 33 other African groups<br />1% European, Indian &amp; Syro-Lebanese<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">43.7% Christianity</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">35.6% <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">Traditional faiths</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">14.0% Islam</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">6.2% Unaffiliated</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5% Others<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese people">Togolese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Togo">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heads_of_Government_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of Government of Togo">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victoire_Tomegah_Dogb%C3%A9" title="Victoire Tomegah Dogbé">Victoire Tomegah Dogbé</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_(Togo)" title="National Assembly (Togo)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;from France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">56,785&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (21,925&#160;sq&#160;mi)&#32;(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">123rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Water&#160;(%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;2020 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,608,444<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup>&#32;(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;2010&#160;census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,191,155</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">125.9/km<sup>2</sup> (326.1/sq&#160;mi)&#32;(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">93rd<sup>e</sup></a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019&#160;estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$14.919 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,821<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019&#160;estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$5.592 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">•&#160;Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$682<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Negative increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />&#160;46<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:darkred">high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(2019)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />&#160;0.515<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup><br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="color:red">low</span></span>&#160;·&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">167th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>&#32;</span> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Togo" title="Telephone numbers in Togo">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Togo" title="Telephone numbers in Togo">+228</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TG" title="ISO 3166-2:TG">TG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/.tg" title=".tg">.tg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha; margin-left: 1em;"> <li value="1">Such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Gin_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gin language (page does not exist)">Mina</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aja_language_(Niger%E2%80%93Congo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aja language (Niger–Congo)">Aja</a>.</li><li value="2">Largest are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, Mina, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C3%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Tém">Kotokoli Tem</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabyè</a>.</li><li value="3">Mostly European, Indian &amp; Syrian-Lebanese.</li><li value="4">Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of the population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.</li><li value="5">Rankings based on 2017 figures (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/"><i>CIA World Factbook</i> – "Togo"</a>)</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Togo</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;t&#39; in &#39;tie&#39;">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;code&#39;">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: &#39;g&#39; in &#39;guy&#39;">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: &#39;o&#39; in &#39;code&#39;">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:En-us-Togo.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/En-us-Togo.ogg" class="internal" title="En-us-Togo.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span>), officially the <b>Togolese Republic</b> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">République togolaise</i>), is a country in West Africa bordered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Ghana–Togo border">the west</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Benin–Togo border">the east</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Togo_border" title="Burkina Faso–Togo border">the north</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Togo-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> extends south to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, where its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a> is located.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> Togo covers 57,000 square kilometres (22,008 square miles), making it one of the smallest countries in Africa, with a population of approximately 8 million,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup> as well as one of the narrowest countries in the world with a width of less than 115&#160;km (71&#160;mi) between Ghana and its slightly larger eastern neighbor, Benin.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2019-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions.<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans to purchase slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a>". In 1884, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> declared a region including present-day Togo as a protectorate called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>. After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> In 1967, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> led a successful military coup d'état after which he became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. Eventually, in 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections, which were marred by irregularities, and he won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the longest-serving leader in modern African history, having been president for 38 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Obituary_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obituary-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> In 2005, his son <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> was elected president. He continues to hold the office as of 2021.<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Togo is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan</a> nation,<sup id="cite_ref-Republic_of_Togo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Togo-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup> whose economy depends highly on agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> with a climate that provides good growing seasons. While the official language is French,<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> many other languages are spoken, particularly those of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe family</a>. The largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious group</a> consists of those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> Togo is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Before_colonization_(pre-1884)"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Before colonization (pre-1884)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Colonial_era_(1884–1960)"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Colonial era (1884–1960)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Independence_to_present_day_(1960–present)"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Independence to present day (1960–present)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Climate"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Climate</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Government"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Government</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Administrative_divisions"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrative divisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Foreign_relations"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Foreign relations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Military"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Military</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Human_rights_record"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Human rights record</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Economy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Economy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Agriculture"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Agriculture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Mining"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mining</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Transport"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Transport</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Largest_cities"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Largest cities</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ethnic_groups"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnic groups</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Languages"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Languages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Health"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Health</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Olympics"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Olympics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Football"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Basketball"><span class="tocnumber">8.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Basketball</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Media"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Celebrations"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Celebrations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">History of Togo</a></div> <h3><span id="Before_colonization_.28pre-1884.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Before_colonization_(pre-1884)">Before colonization (pre-1884)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Before colonization (pre-1884)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Archaeological finds indicate that ancient tribes were able to produce <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and process <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. The name Togo is translated from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe language</a> as "behind the river". Not much is known of the period before the arrival of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> in 1490. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewé</a> from the west, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Mina</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Gun</a> from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. </p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trade">slave trade</a> began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a major trading center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a>". </p> <h3><span id="Colonial_era_.281884.E2.80.931960.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Colonial_era_(1884–1960)">Colonial era (1884–1960)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial era (1884–1960)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togoland.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Togoland.jpg/220px-Togoland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Togoland.jpg/330px-Togoland.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Togoland.jpg/440px-Togoland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="458" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togoland.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Togoland (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_Hellgrewe" title="Rudolf Hellgrewe">R. Hellgrewe</a>, 1908)</div></div></div> <p>In 1884, a paper was signed at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togoville" title="Togoville">Togoville</a> with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of the hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colony</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay high taxes. A railway and the port of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a> were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced modern techniques of cultivation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and developed the infrastructure. </p><p>During the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Togoland was invaded by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togo was divided into British and French zones. 20 July 1922 Great Britain received the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> mandate to govern Togo and France's western part to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament. </p><p>After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, these mandates became <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territories">UN Trust Territories</a>. The residents of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1956_British_Togoland_status_plebiscite" title="1956 British Togoland status plebiscite">voted</a> to join the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> as part of the new independent nation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> in 1957. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a> became an autonomous republic within the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> in 1959, while France retained the right to control the defense, foreign relations, and finances. </p> <h3><span id="Independence_to_present_day_.281960.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Independence_to_present_day_(1960–present)">Independence to present day (1960–present)</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Independence to present day (1960–present)">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/220px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/330px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg/440px-Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="516" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sylvanus_Olympio.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a></div></div></div> <p>The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_general_election,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese general election, 1961">first presidential elections</a> in 1961, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvanus_Olympio" title="Sylvanus Olympio">Sylvanus Olympio</a> became the first president, gaining 100% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. On 9 April 1961, the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted, according to which the supreme legislative body was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Togo">National Assembly of Togo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In December 1961, leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti-government conspiracy. A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties. Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. He also rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> and tried to get a position in the Togolese army. These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963, during which he was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assassinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinate">assassinated</a> by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis93_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis93-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> A State of emergency was declared in Togo. </p><p>The military handed over power to an interim government led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolas_Grunitzky" title="Nicolas Grunitzky">Nicolas Grunitzky</a>. In May 1963, Grunitzky was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_general_election,_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese general election, 1963">elected</a> President of the Republic. The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France. His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south, promulgate a new constitution, and introduce a multiparty system. </p><p>Exactly four years later, on 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> He created the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rally_of_the_Togolese_People" title="Rally of the Togolese People">Rally of the Togolese People Party</a>, banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_general_election,_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese general election, 1979">1979</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 1986">1986</a>. In 1983, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, the EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 1993">1993</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 1998">1998</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 2003">2003</a>, as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and Togo on the resumption of cooperation. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Protests_in_Lom%C3%A9,_Togo,_18_October_2017_04.jpg" class="new" title="File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 October 2017 04.jpg">File:Protests in Lomé, Togo, 18 October 2017 04.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Togolese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Togolese protests">2017–18 Togolese protests</a> against the 50-year-rule of the Gnassingbé family</div></div></div> <p>Eyadéma Gnassingbé suddenly died on 5 February 2005, after 38 years in power, the longest rule of any dictator in Africa. The military's immediate installation of his son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-heritage.org_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except France. Some democratically elected African leaders such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdoulaye_Wade" title="Abdoulaye Wade">Abdoulaye Wade</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>, which cut off <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">aid</a> in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. In addition, up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 2010">2010</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 2015">2015</a>. </p><p>In late 2017, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-government_protests_in_Togo,_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-government protests in Togo, 2017">anti-government protests</a> erupted in Togo, the biggest since those after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Togolese presidential election, 2005">2005 election</a>. Protesters demanded the resignation of Gnassingbé, who is part of a family they alleged has been in power too long. The UN condemned the resulting crackdown by Togolese security forces, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia's</a> foreign minister, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ousainou_Darboe" title="Ousainou Darboe">Ousainou Darboe</a>, had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In the February 2020, presidential elections, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> won his fourth presidential term in office as the President of Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agb%C3%A9yom%C3%A9_Kodjo" title="Agbéyomé Kodjo">Agbeyome Kodjo</a> who had 18%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> On May 4, 2020, Bitola Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came right after the recently re-elected <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> gave his investiture. An investigation has been opened for this case and all individuals around his death are being questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Geography of Togo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ghana_Topography.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/150px-Ghana_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/225px-Ghana_Topography.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Ghana_Topography.png/300px-Ghana_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="931" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ghana-Togo <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>−<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">topographic map</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:To-map.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/To-map.png/164px-To-map.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="177" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/To-map.png/246px-To-map.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/To-map.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="353" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of Togo</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Togo has an area equal to 56,785&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (21,925&#160;sq&#160;mi) and is one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a> in the south; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> lies to the west; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> to the east; and to the north, Togo is bound by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. Togo lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/11th_parallel_north" title="11th parallel north">11°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">0°</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2nd_meridian_east" title="2nd meridian east">2°E</a>. </p><p>The coast of Togo in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> is 56&#160;km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, the land is characterized by a gently rolling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> in contrast to the center of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">savanna and woodland plateau</a> which reaches a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. </p><p>The highest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> of the country is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mont_Agou" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Agou">Mont Agou</a> at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> is the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mono_River" title="Mono River">Mono River</a> with a length of 400&#160;km (250 miles). It runs from north to south. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Togo#Climate" title="Geography of Togo">Climate of Togo</a></div> <p>The climate is generally tropical<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> with average temperatures ranging from 23&#160;°C (73&#160;°F) on the coast to about 30&#160;°C (86&#160;°F) in the northernmost regions, with a dry climate and characteristics of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savanna</a>. To the south, there are two seasons of rain (the first between April and July and the second between September and November), even though the average rainfall is not very high.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Togo contains three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Guinean_forests" title="Eastern Guinean forests">Eastern Guinean forests</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinean_forest-savanna_mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinean forest-savanna mosaic">Guinean forest-savanna mosaic</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> The coast of Togo is characterized by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a>. High human population growth is leading to rapid <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, endangering many species. The country had a 2019 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.88/10, ranking it 92nd globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>At least four parks and reserves have been established: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdoulaye_Faunal_Reserve" title="Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve">Abdoulaye Faunal Reserve</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fazao_Malfakassa_National_Park" title="Fazao Malfakassa National Park">Fazao Malfakassa National Park</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fosse_aux_Lions_National_Park" title="Fosse aux Lions National Park">Fosse aux Lions National Park</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Koutammouko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koutammouko (page does not exist)">Koutammouko</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/K%C3%A9ran_National_Park" title="Kéran National Park">Kéran National Park</a>. The most frequently observed animals are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giraffes" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffes">giraffes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape buffalo">cape buffalo</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyenas">hyenas</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lions">lions</a>. Few elephants remain. Common <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storks" class="mw-redirect" title="Storks">storks</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government">Government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Politics of Togo</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png/170px-Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png/255px-Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png/340px-Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="615" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9_2014.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Current president of Togo <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> since 2005</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema,_1972.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg/170px-Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg/255px-Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema%2C_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="436" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyadema,_1972.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a> ruled Togo from 1967 until his death in 2005</div></div></div> <p>The President is elected by universal and direct suffrage for 5 years. He is also the commander of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">armed forces</a> and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the president. </p><p>Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma" title="Gnassingbé Eyadéma">Gnassingbé Eyadéma</a>, who ruled Togo under a one-party system, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Gravely ill, he was being transported by plane to a foreign country for care. He died in transit while over Tunisia. Under the Togolese Constitution, the President of the Parliament, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fambar%C3%A9_Ouattara_Natchaba" title="Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba">Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba</a>, should have become President of the country, pending a new presidential election to be called within sixty days. Natchaba was out of the country, returning on an Air France plane from Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Togolese Armed Forces</a>, closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in nearby Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within sixty days and declared that Eyadema's son, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a>, would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The African Union described the takeover as a military <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d&#39;état">coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup> International pressure came also from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. There were uprisings in many cities and towns, mainly located in the southern part of the country. In the town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/An%C3%A9ho" title="Aného">Aného</a> reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large-scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Togo presidential election, 2005">elections</a> and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebow_Godwin_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebow_Godwin-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected President of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Bob-Akitani" title="Emmanuel Bob-Akitani">Emmanuel Bob-Akitani</a> from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_des_Forces_du_Changement" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des Forces du Changement">Union des Forces du Changement</a> (UFC) or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_of_Forces_for_Change" title="Union of Forces for Change">Union of Forces for Change</a>. However, electoral fraud was suspected, due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> Parliament designated Deputy President, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bonfoh_Abbass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfoh Abbass">Bonfoh Abbass</a>, as interim president until the inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebow_Godwin_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebow_Godwin-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> On 3 May 2005, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair." The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olus%E1%BA%B9gun_%E1%BB%8Cbasanj%E1%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ">Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ</a>, sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambian</a> president, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda" title="Kenneth Kaunda">Kenneth Kaunda</a>, as special AU envoy to Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edem_Kodjo" title="Edem Kodjo">Edem Kodjo</a> as the prime minister. </p><p>In October 2007, after several postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south. The president-backed party <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rally_of_the_Togolese_People" title="Rally of the Togolese People">Rally of the Togolese People</a> (RPT) won an outright majority with the UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Again vote rigging accusations were leveled at the RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. Despite the presence of an EU observer mission, canceled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. The election was declared fair by the international community and praised as a model with little intimidation and few violent acts for the first time since a multiparty system was reinstated. On 3 December 2007 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Komlan_Mally" title="Komlan Mally">Komlan Mally</a> of the RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. However, on 5 September 2008, after only 10 months in office, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo. </p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Faure Gnassingbé">Faure Gnassingbé</a> won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fabre" title="Jean-Pierre Fabre">Jean-Pierre Fabre</a> from the UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup> Though the March 2010 election was largely peaceful, electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup> Periodic <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protests_against_Faure_Gnassingb%C3%A9" title="Protests against Faure Gnassingbé">protests against Faure Gnassingbé</a> followed the election.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup> In May 2010, long-time opposition leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilchrist_Olympio" title="Gilchrist Olympio">Gilchrist Olympio</a> announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides the UFC with eight ministerial posts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup> In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for several days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC20120614_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC20120614-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup> July 2012, saw the surprise resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters20120712_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters20120712-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup> Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Togo" title="Regions of Togo">Regions of Togo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefectures_of_Togo" title="Prefectures of Togo">Prefectures of Togo</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992277484">.mw-parser-output .stack-container{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-container>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-container{float:none;width:100%}}</style><div class="mw-stack stack-container stack-right"><div><div class="floatleft"><div class="noresize" style="height: 369px; width: 150px; "><map name="ImageMap_70866023a335798e"><area href="/enwiki/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" shape="rect" coords="6,16,73,44" alt="Savanes Region, Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo" /><area href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" shape="rect" coords="49,232,129,264" alt="Plateaux Region, Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo" /><area href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara_Region" shape="rect" coords="54,100,93,123" alt="Kara Region" title="Kara Region" /><area href="/enwiki/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" shape="rect" coords="59,164,119,188" alt="Centrale Region, Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo" /><area href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Region" shape="rect" coords="67,313,134,340" alt="Maritime Region" title="Maritime Region" /></map><img alt="A clickable map of Togo exhibiting its five regions." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TG-Regions.png/150px-TG-Regions.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="369" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/61/TG-Regions.png 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="517" usemap="#ImageMap_70866023a335798e" /><div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: -20px; text-align: left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TG-Regions.png" title="About this image"><img alt="About this image" src="/enwiki/w/extensions/ImageMap/resources/desc-20.png?15600" style="border: none;" /></a></div></div></div> </div></div> <p>Togo is divided into five regions, which are subdivided in turn into 30 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefectures</a>. From north to south the regions are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo">Savanes</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara_Region" title="Kara Region">Kara</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo">Centrale</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Region">Maritime</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Togo" title="Foreign relations of Togo">Foreign relations of Togo</a></div> <p>Although <b>Togo's foreign policy</b> is nonaligned, it has strong historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. </p><p>Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in many international organizations. It is particularly active in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> regional affairs and in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. Relations between Togo and neighboring states are generally good. </p><p>In 2017, Togo signed the UN <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Military">Military</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Military_of_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Togo">Military of Togo</a></div> <p>The military of Togo, in French <b>FAT</b> (Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>. Total military expenditures during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> of 2005 totalled 1.6% of the country's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup> Military bases exist in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>, Temedja, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niamtougou" title="Niamtougou">Niamtougou</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dapaong" title="Dapaong">Dapaong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fat_organisation_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fat_organisation-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> The current Chief of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">General Staff</a> is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on 19 May 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-fat_tetedefat_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fat_tetedefat-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> The air force is equipped with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dassault/Dornier_Alpha_Jet" title="Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet">Alpha jets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_rights_record">Human rights record</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Human rights record">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Togo" title="Human rights in Togo">Human rights in Togo</a></div> <p>Togo was labeled "Not Free" by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> from 1972 to 1998, and again from 2002 to 2006, and has been categorized as "Partly Free" from 1999 to 2001 and again from 2007 to the present. It has very serious and longstanding human-rights problems. According to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> report based on conditions in 2010, these include "security force use of excessive force, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedoms of press</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Assembly">assembly</a>, and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_immunodeficiency_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human immunodeficiency virus">HIV</a>; and forced labor, including by children."<sup id="cite_ref-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Togo_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010_Human_Rights_Report:_Togo-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Togo" title="LGBT rights in Togo">Same-sex sexual activity</a> is illegal in Togo,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup> with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Economy of Togo</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies based in Togo">List of companies based in Togo</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo_Export_Treemap.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Togo_Export_Treemap.png/220px-Togo_Export_Treemap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Togo_Export_Treemap.png/330px-Togo_Export_Treemap.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Togo_Export_Treemap.png/440px-Togo_Export_Treemap.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="750" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo_Export_Treemap.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Graphical depiction of Togo's product exports in 28 color-coded categories</div></div></div> <p>Togo is among the smallest countries in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, but possesses valuable <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> deposits<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> and a well-developed export sector based on agricultural products such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa bean</a>; and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> Cotton is the most important cash crop.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Major crops are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">jasmine rice</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>. Other important sectors are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brewery" title="Brewery">brewery</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> industry. A permanent problem is the lack of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, because the country is able to produce only about a third of its consumption, the rest is covered by imports from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Low market prices for Togo's major export commodities, however, coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and early 2000s, had a negative effect on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Togo is one of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least developed countries</a>; the economic situation is still precarious. Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long efforts, supported by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), to carry out economic reforms, to encourage investment, and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector, strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. </p><p>Togo imports <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, equipment, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> products, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a>. Main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d&#39;Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, re-export of goods, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphates">phosphates</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. Major export partners are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> (9.6%) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> (7.4%). </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg/220px-Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg/330px-Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg/440px-Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo-pedaleamundo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Togolese fishermen</div></div></div> <p>In terms of structural reforms, Togo has made progress in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">liberalization</a> of the economy, namely in the fields of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and port activities. However, the cotton sector's privatization program, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and water supply has stalled. The country currently has no debt due to financial assistance from the outside while Togo is likely among the most beneficiary countries under the Initiative help in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heavily_Indebted_Poor_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavily Indebted Poor Countries">Heavily Indebted Poor Countries</a>. </p><p>12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">armed forces</a>, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> is the backbone of the economy,<sup id="cite_ref-icye.org_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icye.org-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup> although it is struggling with a chronic shortage of funds for the purchase of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> equipment and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, which has significantly reduced agricultural output. Agriculture generated 28.2% of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2012 and employed 49% of the working population in 2010. The country is essentially <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Self-sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficient">self-sufficient</a> in food production. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> production is dominated by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cattle_breeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle breeding">cattle breeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mining">Mining</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a> generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo has the fourth-largest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. Since the mid-90s, however, there has been a decline in the mining industry, and the government will need to invest heavily to sustain it. The mining industry is facing difficulties due to falling phosphate prices on world markets and increasing foreign competition. There are also reserves of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>. </p><p>Industry provides only 20.4% of Togo's national income, because it consists only of a few light industries and builders. Large reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Transport">Transport</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Togo" title="Rail transport in Togo">Rail transport in Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Togo" title="Transport in Togo">Transport in Togo</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Demographics of Togo</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Danseuses-Adossa.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Danseuses-Adossa.JPG/220px-Danseuses-Adossa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Danseuses-Adossa.JPG/330px-Danseuses-Adossa.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Danseuses-Adossa.JPG/440px-Danseuses-Adossa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Danseuses-Adossa.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Women in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9" title="Sokodé">Sokodé</a>.</div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2019-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2018</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census. That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital and largest city, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Données_de_Recensement_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Données_de_Recensement-55">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of 7,889,093 (as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a strong growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Données_de_Recensement_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Données_de_Recensement-55">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table class="navbox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em">&#160;</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Togo" title="Template:Largest cities of Togo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Togo" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Togo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Togo&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Togo</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2010 Census<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Togo" title="List of cities in Togo">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Togo" title="Regions of Togo">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Quartier_des_administrations_(Lom%C3%A9,_Togo).jpg" class="image" title="Lomé"><img alt="Lomé" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg/120px-Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg/180px-Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg/240px-Quartier_des_administrations_%28Lom%C3%A9%2C_Togo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg" class="image" title="Sokodé"><img alt="Sokodé" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg/120px-Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg/180px-Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg/240px-Sokod%C3%A9-centre-ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="634" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9" title="Sokodé">Sokodé</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Region">Maritime</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,477,658 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kara,_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg" class="image" title="Kara"><img alt="Kara" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg/120px-Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg/180px-Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg/240px-Kara%2C_Togo_-_panoramio_-_Milos58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kpalime.jpg" class="image" title="Kpalimé"><img alt="Kpalimé" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/120px-Kpalime.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/180px-Kpalime.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/240px-Kpalime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="303" /></a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kpalim%C3%A9" title="Kpalimé">Kpalimé</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sokod%C3%A9" title="Sokodé">Sokodé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo">Centrale</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,811 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara,_Togo" title="Kara, Togo">Kara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kara_Region" title="Kara Region">Kara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">94,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kpalim%C3%A9" title="Kpalimé">Kpalimé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atakpam%C3%A9" title="Atakpamé">Atakpamé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dapaong" title="Dapaong">Dapaong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo">Savanes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,071 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ts%C3%A9vi%C3%A9" title="Tsévié">Tsévié</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritime_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Region">Maritime</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">54,474 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ani%C3%A9" title="Anié">Anié</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,398 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nots%C3%A9" title="Notsé">Notsé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">35,039 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinkass%C3%A9" title="Cinkassé">Cinkassé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Savanes_Region,_Togo" title="Savanes Region, Togo">Savanes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,926 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg/220px-Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg/330px-Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg/440px-Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3943" data-file-height="2645" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo-benin_1985-079_hg.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>People of Togo in the 1980s</div></div></div> <p>In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Kotokoli or Tem</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tchamba" title="Tchamba">Tchamba</a> in the center and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabye people</a> in the north (22%). The <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ouatchi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouatchi (page does not exist)">Ouatchis</a> are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, but the French who studied both groups considered them different people.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup> Other Ethnic groups include the Mina, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%). There is also a European &amp; Indian population who make up less than 1%. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1221.5448675752px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 199.34765443401px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.865174473791px 15.022558912076px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 93.906250581749px 100px 0; border-right-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Togo (2010 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (37%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodun">Vodun</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a> (35.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Green; color:white;">&#160;</span>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;None (6.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160;Others (1.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kpalime.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/220px-Kpalime.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/330px-Kpalime.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kpalime.jpg/440px-Kpalime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="303" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Kpalime.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Church in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kpalime" class="mw-redirect" title="Kpalime">Kpalime</a>.</div></div></div> <p>According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population are traditional animists, 28% are Roman Catholic, 20% are Sunni Muslim, 9% are Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report also noted that many Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Togo_2012_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Togo_2012-59">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>The CIA World Factbook meanwhile states that 44% of the population are Christian, 14% are Muslim with 36% being followers of indigenous beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> </p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of the Portuguese and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Catholic</a> missionaries. Germans introduced <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to Togo and Ghana's coastal areas. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema," a corruption of the word "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>." After <a href="/enwiki/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Ewe_Evangelical_Church&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewe Evangelical Church (page does not exist)">Ewe Evangelical Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Languages of Togo</a></div> <p>Togo is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> country. According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, many of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> Of the 39 languages, the sole <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> is French.<sup id="cite_ref-iccia.com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccia.com-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national languages</a> in 1975: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewé</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a>: <i lang="ee">Èʋegbe</i>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Evé</i>) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabiy%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabiyé language">Kabiyé</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-iccia.com_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iccia.com-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup> they are also the two most widely spoken indigenous languages. </p><p>French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administration_(law)" title="Administration (law)">administration</a> and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a> functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup> Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Health">Health</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> Male <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">life expectancy at birth</a> was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> According to a 2013 UNICEF report,<sup id="cite_ref-UNICEF2013p27_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-64">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup> 4% of women in Togo have undergone <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>, which is a significantly lower percentage than other countries in the region. </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup>, the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_51-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup> The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 100 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo, the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.<sup id="cite_ref-SOWMY_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOWMY-65">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400 - 6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100 - 7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100 000 (73 000 - 130 000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37% - 67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - &gt;95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated &lt;1000 (&lt;500 - 1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30% - 55%) had suppressed viral loads.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Education in Togo is compulsory for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-67">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-67">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%, one of the best in the West African sub-region. The education system has suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates.<sup id="cite_ref-ilab_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilab-67">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Culture of Togo</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Music of Togo</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg/220px-Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg/330px-Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg/440px-Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Togo_Taberma_house_04.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Traditional Taberma houses</div></div></div> <p>Togo's culture reflects the influences of its many ethnic groups, the largest and most influential of which are the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Mina_people&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mina people (page does not exist)">Mina</a>, Tem, Tchamba and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kabre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabre">Kabre</a>. </p><p>Despite the influences of Christianity and Islam, over half of the people of Togo follow native <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> practices and beliefs. </p><p>Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statuettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Statuettes">statuettes</a> which illustrate the worship of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">ibeji</a>. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kloto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kloto">Kloto</a> are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood. </p><p>The dyed fabric <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batiks</a> of the artisanal center of Kyoto represent stylized and colored scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind, and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Ahyi" title="Paul Ahyi">Paul Ahyi</a> is internationally recognized today. He practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a>. </p><p>The official Togolese drink is called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodabi" title="Sodabi">sodabi</a>, a liquor that is created from the distillation of palm wine. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg/220px-Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg/330px-Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg/440px-Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="672" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Adebayor.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Footballer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor" title="Emmanuel Adebayor">Emmanuel Adebayor</a>.</div></div></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Olympics">Olympics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Olympics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo_at_the_Olympics" title="Togo at the Olympics">Togo at the Olympics</a></div> <p>On 12 August 2008, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Boukpeti" title="Benjamin Boukpeti">Benjamin Boukpeti</a> (born to a Togolese father and a French mother) won a bronze medal in the Men's K1 Kayak Slalom, the first medal ever won by a member of the Togolese team at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Football">Football</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Football_in_Togo" title="Football in Togo">Football in Togo</a></div> <p>Football is the most recognized and national sport of Togo. Following suit with Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Ghana, and Senegal, Togo qualified for the World Cup in 2006. Togo did not record a win in the group stage. Togo also qualified for CAF. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachirou_Salou" title="Bachirou Salou">Bachirou Salou</a> was the first known footballer who paved the way for all the international Togolese soccer stars. He successfully played in the German Bundesliga for more than 14 years and is a living legend for the German Clubs Borussia Mönchengladbach and MSV Duisburg, where they even perpetuated him in their stadium. Salou gained 38 caps for Togo during a nine-year span. He played 300 games and scored 69 goals in the German major league. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor" title="Emmanuel Adebayor">Emmanuel Adebayor</a> is the most famous footballer for Togo, scoring 30 goals for the national team and 97 in the English Premier League. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Basketball">Basketball</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Basketball">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togo_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Togo national basketball team">Togo national basketball team</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Togo" title="Mass media in Togo">Mass media in Togo</a></div> <p>Mass media in Togo includes radio, television, and online and print formats. The <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Agence_Togolaise_de_Presse&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Agence Togolaise de Presse (page does not exist)">Agence Togolaise de Presse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_togolaise_de_presse" class="extiw" title="fr:Agence togolaise de presse">fr</a>&#93;</span> news agency began in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Europ2003_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europ2003-68">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> The Union des Journalistes Independants du Togo press association is headquartered in Lomé.<sup id="cite_ref-Europ2003_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europ2003-68">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Celebrations">Celebrations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: Celebrations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Togo has secular celebrations. Some of the celebrations include 1 January – "Fête Nationale" (meaning National Celebration in French) and 27 April – Independence day. These celebrations open a window for job opportunities and they attract more <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourists">tourists</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright"> <ul> <li><span><img alt="map" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Togo-related_articles" title="Index of Togo-related articles">Index of Togo-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Togo" title="Outline of Togo">Outline of Togo</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo">"Constitution of Togo"</a>. 2002. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&amp;rft.atitle=Togo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftogo%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/togo#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year">= 2010&amp;region_name=All+Countries&amp;restrictions_year = 2016 "Religions in Togo &#124; PEW-GRF"</a><span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"> Check <code class="cs1-code">&#124;url=</code> value (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>. <i>www.globalreligiousfutures.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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World Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Gini+Index&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf"><i>Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp.&#160;343–346. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-126442-5"><bdi>978-92-1-126442-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&amp;rft.atitle=Languages+of+Togo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DTG&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iccia.com-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iccia.com_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iccia.com_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iccia.com/?q=countryprofile/home/code&amp;code=tg">"Country Profile | The Islamic Chamber of Commerce , Industry and Agriculture (ICCIA)"</a>. <i>iccia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=iccia.com&amp;rft.atitle=Country+Profile+%7C+The+Islamic+Chamber+of+Commerce+%2C+Industry+and+Agriculture+%28ICCIA%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficcia.com%2F%3Fq%3Dcountryprofile%2Fhome%2Fcode%26code%3Dtg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TG">"Togo"</a>. <i>Ethnologue.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&amp;rft.atitle=Togo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FTG&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNICEF2013p27-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNICEF2013p27_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf">UNICEF 2013</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SOWMY-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SOWMY_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html">"The State Of The World's Midwifery"</a>. United Nations Population Fund.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+State+Of+The+World%27s+Midwifery&amp;rft.pub=United+Nations+Population+Fund&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fsowmy%2Freport%2Fhome.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed August 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/togo">"Togo"</a>. <i>www.unaids.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.unaids.org&amp;rft.atitle=Togo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaids.org%2Fen%2Fregionscountries%2Fcountries%2Ftogo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilab-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilab_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Togo.htm">"Togo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202100024/http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/togo.htm">Archived</a> 2 February 2008 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Labor_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Labor Affairs">Bureau of International Labor Affairs</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a> (2002). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europ2003-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europ2003_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europ2003_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEuropa2003" class="citation book cs1">"Togo: Directory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2003</i></a>. Regional Surveys of the World. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europa_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Publications">Europa Publications</a>. 2003. p.&#160;1106+. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431315" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431315"><bdi>9781857431315</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0065-3896">0065-3896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Togo%3A+Directory&amp;rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2003&amp;rft.series=Regional+Surveys+of+the+World&amp;rft.pages=1106%2B&amp;rft.pub=Europa+Publications&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.issn=0065-3896&amp;rft.isbn=9781857431315&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KBP7QbalX0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATogo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011217839">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bullock, A L C, <i>Germany's Colonial Demands</i> (Oxford University Press, 1939).</li> <li>Gründer, Horst, <i>Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien</i>, 3. Aufl. (Paderborn, 1995).</li> <li>Mwakikagile, Godfrey, <i>Military Coups in West Africa Since The Sixties</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Science Publishers, Inc.">Nova Science Publishers, Inc.</a>, 2001).</li> <li>Packer, George, <i>The Village of Waiting</i> (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988).</li> <li>Piot, Charles, <i>Nostalgia for the Future: West Africa After the Cold War</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2010).</li> <li>Schnee, Dr. Heinrich, <i>German Colonization, Past and Future – the Truth about the German Colonies</i> (George Allen &amp; Unwin, 1926).</li> <li>Sebald, Peter, <i>Togo 1884 bis 1914. Eine Geschichte der deutschen "Musterkolonie" auf der Grundlage amtlicher Quellen</i> (Berlin, 1987).</li> <li>Seely, Jennifer, <i>The Legacies of Transition Governments in Africa: The Cases of Benin and Togo</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).</li> <li>Zurstrassen, Bettina, <i>"Ein Stück deutscher Erde schaffen". Koloniale Beamte in Togo 1884–1914</i> (Frankfurt/M., Campus, 2008) (Campus Forschung, 931).</li></ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Togo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0;background:#f9f9f9"><div style="padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center"><b style="display:block">Togo</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto"><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Togo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Togo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Togo" class="extiw" title="c:Togo">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Togo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Togo">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Togo" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Togo">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Togo" class="extiw" title="voy:Togo">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <p><b>Government</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.republicoftogo.com/">Republic of Togo</a> official site</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511202912/http://www.assemblee-nationale.tg/">National Assembly of Togo</a> official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/togo.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2003/08/01/togo/">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064470.stm">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/nations/Togo">Togo</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/">Togo</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085853/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/togo.htm">Togo</a> from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Africa/Togo">Togo</a> at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Curlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Togo" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Togo">Wikimedia Atlas of Togo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TG">Key Development Forecasts for Togo</a> from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <p><b>Trade</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/TGO/Year/2012/Summary">Togo 2012 Summary Trade Statistics</a></li></ul> <p><b>Tourism</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://togowoezon.vima.co.za">Togo Woezon Tourism</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Togo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Togo_topics" title="Template:Togo topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Togo_topics" title="Template talk:Togo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Togo_topics&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Togo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Togo-related_articles" title="Index of Togo-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Togo" title="History of Togo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Atakpam%C3%A9" title="Battle of Atakpamé">Battle of Atakpamé</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Togo" title="List of colonial governors of Togo">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Africa_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Africa Campaign (World War I)">West Africa Campaign <span style="font-size:85%;">(World War I)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togoland_Campaign" title="Togoland Campaign">Togoland Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1963_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Togolese coup d&#39;état">1963 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1967_Togolese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1967 Togolese coup d&#39;état">1967 coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Togo" title="Coat of arms of Togo"><img alt="Emblem of Togo.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Emblem_of_Togo.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Togo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Emblem_of_Togo.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Togo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Emblem_of_Togo.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Togo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_Togo" title="Geography of Togo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Togo" title="Template:Borders of Togo">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Togo" title="List of cities in Togo">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prefectures_of_Togo" title="Prefectures of Togo">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_Togo" title="Regions of Togo">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Togo" title="List of rivers of Togo">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wildlife_of_Togo" title="Wildlife of Togo">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Togo" title="Politics of Togo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_Togo" title="Elections in Togo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Togo" title="Foreign relations of Togo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Togolese_Armed_Forces" title="Togolese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Togo" title="List of political parties in Togo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Togo" title="List of presidents of Togo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Togo" title="List of prime ministers of Togo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Bank_of_West_African_States" title="Central Bank of West African States">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CFA_franc" title="CFA franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Togo" title="Trade unions in Togo">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transport_in_Togo" title="Transport in Togo">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Togolese_society" title="Category:Togolese society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Togo" title="Child marriage in Togo">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Culture_of_Togo" title="Culture of Togo">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Education_in_Togo" title="Education in Togo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_Togo" title="Flag of Togo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_rights_in_Togo" title="Human rights in Togo">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Togo" title="Human trafficking in Togo">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_Togo" title="Languages of Togo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Togo" title="LGBT rights in Togo">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mass_media_in_Togo" title="Mass media in Togo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prostitution_in_Togo" title="Prostitution in Togo">Prostitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Togo" title="Outline of Togo">Outline</a></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Index_of_Togo-related_articles" title="Index of Togo-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Togo" title="Category:Togo">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Countries_of_Africa&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entirely or<br />mostly in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Partly<br />in Africa</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding:0 1.0em 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image" title="Orthographic projection of Africa"><img alt="Orthographic projection of Africa" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territory_(subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory (subdivision)">Territories</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"/><span class="nobold">and</span><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Unclear sovereignty</a>.<br /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="Africa (orthographic projection).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a>&#160;<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa&#32;portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:African_Union&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives&#39; Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AU_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="AU Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples&#39; Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AFRA_Commission" title="AFRA Commission">AFRA Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa CDC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples&#39; Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples&#39; Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa&#39;s Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Life_in_the_African_Union" title="Life in the African Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Languages_of_the_African_Union" title="Languages of the African Union">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Countries<br />and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Muslim<br />communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">International<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:La_Francophonie&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the Francophonie" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/100px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/150px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg/200px-Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding-top:0;font-size:90%;line-height:1.0em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Associate member.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries-General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abdou_Diouf" title="Abdou Diouf">Abdou Diouf</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean" title="Michaëlle Jean">Michaëlle Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louise_Mushikiwabo" title="Louise Mushikiwabo">Louise Mushikiwabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945#identifiers&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q945#identifiers&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003470">003470</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121576744">0000 0001 2157 6744</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80061115">n80061115</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MBAREA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBAREA (identifier)">MBAREA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9a4a20b1-eff0-364a-a157-dc709b07eadc">9a4a20b1-eff0-364a-a157-dc709b07eadc</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NARA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA (identifier)">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046283">10046283</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NDL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NDL (identifier)">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573158">00573158</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NKC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NKC (identifier)">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ge131088&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">ge131088</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NLI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NLI (identifier)">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000979540&amp;local_base=nlx10">000979540</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026402343">026402343</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130758453">130758453</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80061115">lccn-n80061115</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed 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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node)
false
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp)
1617902571
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AbuseLog/29580263"