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{{short description|82nd Attorney General of the United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Eric Holder
|image = Eric Holder official portrait.jpg
|office = 82nd [[United States Attorney General]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
|deputy = [[David W. Ogden]]<br />[[James M. Cole]]<br />[[Sally Yates]]
|term_start = February 3, 2009
|term_end = April 27, 2015
|predecessor = [[Michael Mukasey]]
|successor = [[Loretta Lynch]]
|president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start1 = Acting: January 20, 2001
|term_end1 = February 2, 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Janet Reno]]
|successor1 = [[John Ashcroft]]
|office2 = 29th [[United States Deputy Attorney General]]
|president2 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start2 = June 13, 1997
|term_end2 = January 20, 2001
|predecessor2 = [[Jamie Gorelick]]
|successor2 = [[Larry Thompson]]
|office3 = [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]]
|president3 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start3 = January 20, 1993
|term_end3 = June 13, 1997
|predecessor3 = Ramsey Johnson
|successor3 = Mary Lou Leary
|office4 = Judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]
|nominator4 = [[Ronald Reagan]]
|term_start4 = 1988
|term_end4 = 1993
|predecessor4 = Virginia Riley
|successor4 = [[Judith Bartnoff]]
|birth_name = Eric Himpton Holder Jr.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|1|21}}
|birth_place = {{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = Sharon Malone
|children = 3
|education = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
'''Eric Himpton Holder Jr.''' (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] from 2009 to 2015. Holder, serving in the [[Obama administration|administration]] of President [[Barack Obama]], was the [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries|first]] [[African Americans|African American]] to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<ref name="WashPost3Feb09">{{cite news |title=Holder Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holder-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html |last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=February 3, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A02 |access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>
Born in [[New York City]] to a [[American middle class|middle class]] family of [[Barbados|Barbadian]] origin, he graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]], [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia College]], and [[Columbia Law School]]. Following law school, he left New York to work for the [[Public Integrity Section]] of the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] for 12 years. He next served as a judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]] before being appointed by President Bill Clinton as [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] and subsequently [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]]. While U.S. Attorney, he prosecuted Congressman [[Dan Rostenkowski]] for corruption charges related to his role in the [[Congressional Post Office scandal]].
Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Obama's presidential campaign]] and one of three members of [[Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process|Obama's vice-presidential selection committee]]. Holder was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in [[contempt of Congress]] during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious [[ATF gunwalking scandal]], the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|Justice Department's Inspector General]] later cleared Holder of any wrongdoing. Holder was succeeded as Attorney General by [[Loretta Lynch]] in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at [[gerrymandering]] reform through the [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].
==Early life and education==
Eric Himpton Holder Jr. was born in [[The Bronx]], New York, to parents with roots in [[Barbados]].<ref name="NYT-11Dec08">{{cite news |access-date=November 19, 2008 |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/eric_h_holder_jr/index.html |title=Eric H. Holder Jr.|first=David |last=Johnston |series=The New Team |format=Series |work=The New York Times |date=November 11, 2008}}</ref><ref name=NationNews_Best_20081116>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/347652135987365.php |title=Obama's AG may be Bajan |access-date=November 18, 2008 |first=Tony |last=Best |date=November 16, 2008 |work=Local News |publisher=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |location=Barbados |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155641/http://www.nationnews.com/story/347652135987365.php |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/12/us/politics/11web-holder.html|title=Eric H. Holder Jr. |last=Johnston|first=David|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 31, 2009 | date=November 12, 2008}}</ref> Holder's father, Eric Himpton Holder Sr. (October 29, 1903 – February 12, 1998), was born in [[Saint Joseph, Barbados]], and arrived in the United States at the age of 11.<ref name='SSDI-EHH'>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com |title= Social Security Death Index [database on-line] |publisher= The Generations Network |location=United States |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref><ref name='ObamaBajanSon'>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/345695006876384.php |title=Obama getting help from Bajan son |access-date=November 11, 2008 |first=Tony |last=Best |date=June 8, 2008 |work=Local News |publisher=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |location=Barbados |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804000636/http://www.nationnews.com/story/345695006876384.php |archive-date=August 4, 2008 }}</ref> He later became a real estate broker. His mother, Miriam (January 25, 1924 – August 13, 2010), was born in [[New Jersey]], while his maternal grandparents were emigrants from [[Saint Philip, Barbados]].<ref name='ObamaBajanSon'/> Holder grew up in [[East Elmhurst]], [[Queens]], and attended public school until the age of 10. When entering the 4th grade he was selected to participate in a program for intellectually gifted students.<ref name="MakingHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202421950304 |title=Making History With Obama |access-date=November 18, 2008 |last=Longstreth |first=Andrew |date=June 2008 |work=Making History |format=Cover Story |publisher=[[The American Lawyer]]}}</ref>
In 1969, he graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]] in [[Manhattan]] and attended [[Columbia University]], where he played freshman basketball. He earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in American history in 1973.<ref name=HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217>{{cite news |last=Tucker-Hamilton |first=Racine |author2=Hickey, Matthew |title=Interview with Eric H. Holder Jr. |work=Oral history project |format=Interview |publisher=[[The History Makers]] |date=December 17, 2004 |url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/honorable-eric-h-holder-jr |access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> Holder received his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] degree from [[Columbia Law School]], graduating in 1976. He worked for the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] during his first summer and the [[United States Attorney]] during his second summer.<ref name="MakingHistory"/>
In 1969, while a freshman at Columbia, Holder was one of several dozen students who staged an [[occupation (protest)|occupation]] of the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] office, renaming it as the [[Malcolm X]] student center.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/nyregion/01holder.html|title=Holder, High Achiever Poised to Scale New Heights|first=Javier C. |last=Hernández|date=November 30, 2008|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090519.html|title=Attorney General Eric Holder Delivers Remarks at Columbia College Commencement - OPA - Department of Justice}}</ref>
==Career==
After graduating from Columbia Law School, Holder joined the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Justice Department]]'s new [[Public Integrity Section]], where he worked from 1976 to 1988. During his time there, he assisted in the prosecution of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Congressman [[John Jenrette]] for bribery discovered in the [[Abscam]] sting operation.<ref name="NYT-2Jun94">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E2D9113BF931A35755C0A962958260|title=Indictment of a Congressman: the Legal Case; Prosecutor No Stranger To Corruption in Politics |last=Lewis |first=Neil A. |series=U.S. |format=Article |date=June 2, 1994 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> In 1988, [[Ronald Reagan]] appointed Holder to serve as a judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]].<ref name=Muckety>{{cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2008/06/05/obama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search/3221 |title=Obama picks Caroline Kennedy, Holder, Johnson to lead Vice-Presidential candidate search |access-date=June 29, 2008 |last=Memmott |first=A. James |date=June 5, 2008 |work=Muckety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701235153/http://news.muckety.com/2008/06/05/obama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search/3221 |archive-date=July 1, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Holder stepped down from the bench in 1993 to accept an appointment as [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] from President [[Bill Clinton]]. He was the first Black American U.S. Attorney in that office.<ref name="MakingHistory"/> At the beginning of his tenure, he oversaw the conclusion of the corruption case against [[Dan Rostenkowski]], part of the [[Congressional Post Office scandal]].<ref name="NYT-2Jun94"/> He was a U.S. Attorney until his elevation to Deputy Attorney General in 1997. Holder also served on [[The George Washington University]]'s Board of Trustees in 1996 and 1997.
===Deputy Attorney General===
[[File:Ericholder deputyag 20000818.png|250px|thumb|Holder opening an Interagency Working Group meeting of the White House Initiative on [[Asian American]]s hosted by the Department of Justice on October 18, 2000.]]
In 1997, after the retirement of [[Jamie Gorelick]], Clinton nominated Holder to be the Deputy Attorney General under [[Janet Reno]]. Holder was confirmed several months later in the Senate by a unanimous vote.<ref name=NYT_19970718>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DB1F38F93BA25754C0A961958260 |title=Nominee Confirmed For Deputy Position at the Justice Dept. |access-date=November 15, 2008|date=July 18, 1997|work=Archives }}</ref> During his confirmation hearing, Holder's opposition to the death penalty was questioned, but he pledged his intention to cooperate with the current laws and Reno, saying, "I am not a proponent of the death penalty, but I will enforce the law as this Congress gives it to us."<ref name=NYTConfirm>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE3DA153FF937A25755C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |title=Justice Dept. Nominee Faces Questions but No Strong Opposition |access-date=November 18, 2008|first=Neil A. |last=Lewis |date=June 14, 1997 |series=U.S. |format=Article |work=The New York Times }}</ref> Holder was the first African American to serve in that position.<ref name="MakingHistory"/>
As Deputy Attorney General, Holder's primary responsibilities were in the areas of budget and personnel issues; this also included resolving disputes among department heads and briefing reporters on policy initiatives, national security issue, and major investigations,<ref name="MakingHistory"/> including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigations]] (FBI) investigations into allegations of [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal|bribery and corruption in the 2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-02-18/us/9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid?_s=PM:US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119114858/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-02-18/us/9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid?_s=PM:US |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |title=Federal Probe of Salt Lake Olympic Bid Pretty Wide |date=February 18, 1999 |publisher=CNN }}</ref> Holder later advised Reno in the matters regarding the [[United States Office of the Independent Counsel|Independent Counsel statute]]. Reno made the decision to permit [[Kenneth Starr]] to expand his investigation into the [[Lewinsky affair]], leading to [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|Clinton's impeachment]].<ref name="MakingHistory"/>
In the wake of the murders of [[Matthew Shepard]] and [[Murder of James Byrd Jr.|James Byrd Jr.]], Holder was a vocal proponent of new [[hate crimes laws in the United States]]. Holder said that the current laws placed major constraints on the ability of federal investigators and prosecutors to assist in these types of cases.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-12/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119095836/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-12/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2013|title=Hate Crimes Legislation Introduced in Congress|date=March 12, 1999|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
In his final days with the [[Clinton administration]], Holder carried out his duties with [[Bill Clinton pardon controversy|Clinton's last-minute pardon]] of fugitive and Democratic contributor [[Marc Rich]]. Regarding discussions with the White House lawyers on the issue, Holder said he was at first "neutral" on the decision to grant Rich a pardon, but might lean in favor of it if there were national security benefits. Holder said that he was told that Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] had asked Clinton to grant the pardon. Holder said that, at the time, he did not give the case much thought, because he did not think the pardon would be granted, as no fugitive had ever previously been granted a presidential pardon. He later said he wished that he had looked into it more thoroughly,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-02-08/justice/pardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green?_s=PM:LAW |title=Holder Faces Grilling on Marc Rich Pardon |date=February 8, 2001 |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302160328/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-02-08/justice/pardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green?_s=PM:LAW |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and expressed regret over the incident. "I wish that I had ensured that the Department of Justice was more fully informed and involved in this pardon process", he said admitting the mistake.<ref name="AP-19Nov08">{{cite news |last=Yost |first=Pete |title =Marc Rich pardon controversy just won't die |agency =Associated Press |date=November 19, 2008 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gEyF67-07z6eTT7dB941ggvWQgrAD94IAGIO1 |access-date =December 17, 2008 }}</ref>
Republicans on the House Government Reform Committee disagreed with Holder's version and alleged that he was a knowing participant, according to a 2003 report. They said Holder failed to fully inform prosecutors of the pending pardon, and they criticized his "neutral leaning favorable" opinion to Clinton.<ref name=NYT_Cowan_20020313>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E3DB1239F930A25750C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Marc Rich Panel Says Top Justice Dept. Aide Held Information on Rich's Pardon |access-date=November 18, 2008|last=Cowan |first=Alison Leigh |date=March 13, 2002 |series=U.S. |format=Article |work=The New York Times }}</ref>
Former FBI director, [[Louis Freeh]], commented on the matter in 2009, saying that the Clinton White House had "used" Holder and kept both the FBI and the Department of Justice (DOJ) in the dark as to their full activities around the last minute pardons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/politics/holder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon?_s=PM:POLITICS|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119084354/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/politics/holder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon?_s=PM:POLITICS|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2013|title=Former FBI Director: Holder was "used" in Rich Pardon|publisher=CNN|date=January 16, 2009}}</ref>
[[File:HolderEric.jpg|thumb|left|Official photo as Deputy Attorney General, {{circa|2000}}]]
Holder briefly served as Acting Attorney General under President [[George W. Bush]] until the Senate confirmed Bush's nominee [[John Ashcroft]].<ref name=CBSNews_20010202>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/29/politics/main267937.shtml |title=Ashcroft Settles In |access-date=June 29, 2008 |date=February 2, 2001 |work=Politics |publisher=[[CBS News]] }}</ref>
===Private practice===
From 2001 until he became Attorney General, Holder worked as an attorney at [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing clients such as [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] and the [[National Football League]].<ref name="NYT-11Dec08"/><ref name="MakingHistory"/> He represented the NFL during its [[Bad Newz Kennels dog fighting investigation|dog fighting investigation]] against [[Michael Vick]].<ref name=10Things>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2008/11/19/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eric-holder.html |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Eric Holder |last=Hook |first=Carol S. |date=November 19, 2008 |series=Nation & World: Politics |format=Article |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=November 23, 2008}}</ref>
In 2004, Holder helped negotiate an agreement with the Justice Department for [[Chiquita Brands International]] in a case that involved Chiquita's payment of "protection money" to the [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]] (AUC), a group on the [[United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|U.S. government's list of foreign terrorist organizations]].<ref name=Terrorism-Law>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/01/AR2007080102601.html
|title=In Terrorism-Law Case, Chiquita Points to U.S. |first=Carol D. |last=Leonnig
|work=The Washington Post |date=August 2, 2007 |page=A01|access-date=November 14, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Banana-War>{{cite web |url=http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/international-news/portfolio/2007/09/17/Chiquita-Death-Squads |title=The Banana War |access-date=November 14, 2008 |date=October 2007 |last=Gray |first=Kevin |work=International News |publisher=[[Condé Nast Portfolio]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011003003/http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/international-news/portfolio/2007/09/17/Chiquita-Death-Squads |archive-date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref> In the agreement, Chiquita's officials pleaded guilty and paid a fine of $25 million. Holder represented Chiquita in the [[Civil law (common law)|civil action]] that grew out of this criminal case.<ref name=Banana-War/> In March 2004, Holder and Covington & Burling were hired by [[Governor of Illinois|Illinois Governor]] [[Rod Blagojevich]] to act as a special investigator to the [[Illinois Gaming Board]]. The investigation was subsequently canceled on May 18, 2004.<ref name="17Dec08">{{cite news |last =Fusco |first =Chris |title =Holder omitted Blagojevich link from questionnaire |work =Metro |date =December 17, 2008 |url =http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1334978,CST-NWS-holder17web.article |format =Article |access-date =December 17, 2008 |url-status =dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218100222/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1334978,CST-NWS-holder17web.article |archive-date =December 18, 2008 |df =mdy-all }}</ref>
The firm [[Guantanamo Bay attorneys|represented Guantanamo inmates]] but Holder "never participated directly in the firm's Guantanamo work" and was not expected to recuse himself from matters pertaining to it.<ref>Joe Palazzolo [http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202428688933 Some Justice Department Lawyers Have Gitmo Conflicts] March 2, 2009 Legal Times</ref>
In October 2004 he defended [[Purdue Pharma]] in a West Virginia court against accusations of deceptive marketing of their product OxyContin.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/projects/oxycontin-part1/ OxyContin case], www.latimes.com, 5 May 2016</ref>
During his years in private practice, Holder represented the Swiss private bank [[UBS]]. Because of this, he recused himself from participating in the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] investigation of UBS's abetting of [[tax evasion]] by U.S. account-holders and the prosecution of [[Brad Birkenfeld]]. (As Attorney General, he also recused himself from the [[Roger Clemens]] [[contempt of Congress]] prosecution because the pitcher was once a client of Covington and Burling.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Holder cites conflict of interest|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3969529|publisher=Associated Press |access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Holder|first=Eric|title=Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the UBS Press Conference|url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-121219.html|publisher=United States Department of Justice |access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref>
While ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' was being heard by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in 2008, Holder joined the Reno-led [[Amicus curiae|amicus]] brief, which urged the Supreme Court to uphold Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban and said the position of the Department of Justice, from [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] through Clinton, was that the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] does not protect an individual [[right to keep and bear arms]] for purposes unrelated to a State's operation of a well-regulated [[militia]].<ref name=ABA_JusticeBrief>{{cite web |url=http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07-08/07-290_PetitionerAmCuFmrDOJOfficials.pdf|title=Brief for Former Department of Justice Officials as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioners|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]}}</ref> Holder said that overturning the 1976 law "opens the door to more people having more access to guns and putting guns on the streets."<ref name=WashingtonPost_Nakamura-Barnes_20070310>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/09/AR2007030902416_pf.html |title=D.C.'s Ban on Handguns in Homes Is Thrown Out |first=David |last=Nakamura |author2=Barnes, Robert |date=March 10, 2007 |series=Metro: Special Reports |format=Article |work=The Washington Post |page=A01 |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref>
In late 2007, Holder joined then-Senator [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Barack Obama's presidential campaign]] as a senior legal advisor. He served on Obama's vice presidential selection committee.<ref name=Muckety/>
==Nomination as Attorney General of the United States==
On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Holder would be his nominee for Attorney General of the United States.<ref name="change.gov 1Dec08-1">{{cite web|author=[http://change.gov change.gov] |title=Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced |series=Newsroom |publisher=[[change.gov|Office of the President-elect]] |date=December 1, 2008 |url=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |format=Press release |access-date=December 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182614/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |archive-date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/12/obama_names_nat.html|title=Obama names national security team | last=Rhee |first=Foon |series=News |format=Article |work=Boston Globe|date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref> Obama praised his "toughness and independence." Obama went on to say that "[Holder] is deeply familiar with the law enforcement challenges we face: from terrorism to counter-intelligence; from white-collar crime to public corruption." Holder emphasized national security as a priority if confirmed, "We can and we must ensure that the American people remain secure and that the great Constitutional guarantees that define us as a nation are truly valued."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/white_house/transition2008/holder_profile.html |title=Obama Nominates Eric Holder as Nation's Top Law Enforcement Official|publisher=PBS|date=December 1, 2008}}</ref>
He was formally nominated on January 20, 2009 and was overwhelmingly approved by the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] on January 28 with a bipartisan vote of 17 to 2.<ref>Presidential Nomination [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ntquery/z?nomis:111PN0006407: PN64-07-111], 111th Congress, January 20, 2009</ref><ref>[http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/judiciary-panel-approves-holders-nomination/?scp=1&sq=holder&st=cse Judiciary Panel Approves Holder’s Nomination], ''The New York Times'', January 28, 2009,</ref> He was officially confirmed by the entire Senate on February 2, 2009, by a vote of 75 to 21 becoming the nation's first African-American Attorney General.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/us/politics/03holder.html |title=Holder Is Confirmed as Attorney General|work=The New York Times|date=February 2, 2002|first=Neil A.|last=Lewis}}</ref> His installation took place on March 27, 2009 at the [[Lisner Auditorium]] of [[George Washington University]].
==Tenure as Attorney General of the United States==
===Terrorism===
====Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids====
As Attorney General, Holder was a staunch opponent of legal limitations on the executive branch's ability to prosecute the [[War on Terror]]. In May 2011, Holder testified before Congress on the legality of the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|operation in which U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden]] earlier that month. Holder testified that the operation to kill bin Laden was legal, stating that international law allows for targeting enemy commanders. To support this point, Holder said that computer evidence seized from the raid demonstrated that bin Laden was still leading [[al-Qaeda]]. Moreover, Holder said, the [[SEAL Team Six|Navy SEAL team]] that carried out the raid conducted itself in a manner consistent with American values, and that the parameters of the mission included capturing bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13370919 |title=Bin Laden Death 'Not Assassination' – Eric Holder|date=May 12, 2011 | work=BBC News |access-date=May 6, 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:1201 National Security 06.jpg|thumb|Holder with Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton on December 2, 2008]]
Holder defended the legality of drone strikes against alleged terrorists. Addressing the death of [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], an American citizen who was killed by drone strike without [[trial]], Holder said "The U.S. government's use of lethal force in self-defense against a leader of al-Qaeda or an associated force who presents an imminent threat of violent attack would not be unlawful." He outlined a three-part test to affirm the lawfulness of the strikes: the terrorist poses an imminent threat of violence to the United States, capture is not possible and the operation is conducted in a manner consistent with the principles of the law of war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/holder-speak-targeted-killings-americans/story?id=15851232 |title=Holder: When War on Terror Targets Americans|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> At the time, al-Awlaki was an alleged leader and recruiter for [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]]. Holder later stated that "'[[due process|[d]ue process]]' and 'judicial process' are not one and the same, particularly when it comes to national security. The Constitution guarantees due process, not judicial process."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/03/holder-due-process-doesnt-necessarily-mean-courtroom/330933/ |title=Attorney General Holder: Due Process Doesn't Necessarily Mean a Courtroom |first=Adam |last=Martin |date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2019 }}</ref> Some civil liberties advocates have described the incident as "an extrajudicial execution" that breached al-Awlaki's right to due process, including a trial.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Steven |date=June 23, 2014 |title=Drone Memo Justifying Assassination of U.S. Citizen Released |website=U.S. News |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/23/drone-memo-assassination-us-citizen-anwar-al-awlaki-released |access-date=February 18, 2019}}</ref>
====Terrorism prosecutions====
A major legacy of Holder's tenure as attorney general was a shifting of terrorism cases to the civilian federal courts.<ref name="Apuzzo">Matt Apuzzo, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/us/a-holder-legacy-shifting-terror-cases-to-the-courts-and-winning.html A Holder Legacy: Shifting Terror Cases to the Civilian Courts, and Winning], ''New York Times'' (October 21, 2014).</ref><ref name="Olson">[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/eric-holders-defining-legacy-on-terror-117446.html Eric Holder's Defining Legacy on Terror], ''Politico Magazine'' (April 28, 2015).</ref> Under Holder, the DOJ successfully tried many terrorists in federal court, securing convictions and life sentences against a string of defendants, including [[Sulaiman Abu Ghaith]] (Osama bin Laden's spokesman); [[Ahmed Ghailani]] (a conspirator in the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 East Africa bombings]]); and [[Abu Hamza]] (an al-Qaeda operative).<ref name="Apuzzo"/><ref name="Olson"/> [[Faisal Shahzad]] (the [[2010 Times Square car bombing attempt|attempted Times Square bomber]]); and [[Omar Farouk Abdulmutallab]] (the failed "underwear bomber") pleaded guilty in federal court and were sentenced to life imprisonment during Holder's term.<ref>Phil Hirschkorn, [https://www.justsecurity.org/19000/federal-court-life-sentence-terrorism-abu-hamza-el-masri/ Another Life Sentence for a Terrorist Convicted in Federal Court], ''Just Security'' (January 9, 2015).</ref> During Holder's term, other terrorists—including [[Najibullah Zazi]] (who plotted a [[2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot|New York subway attack]]), and [[Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame]] (an [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabab]] supporter) pleaded guilty and cooperated with the government.<ref name="Olson"/> Matt Olsen, the director of the [[National Counterterrorism Center]] from 2011 to 2014, wrote in 2015: "Through his persistence, Holder demonstrated the wisdom and value of prosecuting terrorists in civilian courts and cemented this approach for future administrations."<ref name="Olson"/>
In November 2009, Holder announced that [[September 11 attacks|September 11 attack]] co-conspirators—[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], [[Ramzi Bin al-Shibh]], [[Walid bin Attash]], [[Ali Abdul Aziz Ali]] and [[Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi]]—would be tried in New York City on federal charges of conspiracy and murder.<ref name="Olson"/> Holder said at the time that the five would "stand trial in our justice system before an impartial jury under long-established rules and procedures."<ref name="Olson"/> This plan was frustrated by Congress, however, and "congressional restrictions on transferring Guantánamo detainees to federal court had delayed the case indefinitely."<ref name="Olson"/> In April 2011, Holder was forced to drop plans for a federal trial and instead refer the five to [[Guantanamo military commission|military commissions]]; at the time, Holder criticized Congress for interfering in the prosecution, saying: "[Congress has] taken one of the nation's most tested counterterrorism tools off the table and tied our hands in a way that would have serious ramifications."<ref>Sam Stein, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/04/eric-holder-ksm-trial_n_844564.html Eric Holder Lashes Out at Congress Over Decision to Try KSM in Military Tribunal], ''Huffington Post'' (April 4, 2011).</ref> The military commissions remain "mired in procedural delays, legal uncertainty and continued controversy" today.<ref name="Olson"/>
====International cooperation against terrorism====
In July 2010, Holder attended a heads of state summit of the [[African Union]] in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], where he told African leaders that the U.S. would continue to support the [[African Union Mission to Somalia|African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Attorney General Holder at the African Union Summit |url=https://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2010/ag-speech-100725.html |work=Justice.gov |date=July 25, 2010 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Delany">Max Delany, [http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2010/jul/25/uganda-president-calls-for-africa-to-fight-terror/ Uganda president calls for Africa to fight terror], Associated Press (July 25, 2010).</ref> Holder also vowed to work closer with African officials to stop terrorism, and announced that the FBI would be providing a team of forensic specialists to help assist in the investigation of the [[July 2010 Kampala attacks|terrorist bombings in Kampala]] during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].<ref name="Delany"/>
In a July 2014 speech to diplomats, academics, and national security officials in [[Oslo]], Holder called for international cooperation against terrorism in Syria and Iraq in order to stem the flow of [[Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War|foreign fighters]].<ref name="Phelps">Timothy M. Phelps, [https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-holder-syria-terrorism-20140707-story.html Eric Holder urges international cooperation on terrorism in Syria], ''Los Angeles Times'' (July 8, 2014).</ref> Holder specifically urged other nations to adopt [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] laws; carry out better undercover operations; share traveler information through [[Interpol]]; and "seek to stop individuals from becoming [[Radicalization|radicalized]] in the first place by putting in place strong programs to counter [[violent extremism]] in its earliest stages."<ref name="Phelps"/><ref>[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-holder-urges-international-effort-confront-threat-syrian-foreign-fighters Attorney General Holder Urges International Effort to Confront Threat of Syrian Foreign Fighters] (July 8, 2014).</ref>
===Civil rights===
[[File:Eric Holder at Wounded Knee Memorial.jpg|thumb|190px|Holder laying a wreath at the memorial site of the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] in South Dakota]]
====Voting rights and redistricting====
Holder is a vocal proponent of defending the [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965, which was reauthorized in 2006 with bipartisan support. Holder has criticized new [[Voter ID laws in the United States|voter ID laws in Texas, Florida and other states]], which he suggests may be politically motivated. In 2011, Holder said, "The reality is that in jurisdictions across the country, both overt and subtle forms of discrimination remain all too common." He went on to criticize Texas redistricting efforts, which were introduced when the state had increased its population by four million; Holder criticized the state for not allocating any new Congressional seats to represent Hispanic voters, arguing that the majority of the increased population were Latinos.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elana-estrin/eric-holder-voting-rights_b_1149462.html |title=Holder Delivers Voting Rights Speech|work=Huffington Post|date=December 14, 2011|first=Elana|last=Estrin}}</ref>
Under Holder's tenure, the DOJ sued [[Shelby County, Alabama]], for a violation of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. The small town of [[Calera, Alabama|Calera]] had re-drawn the city council districts without receiving pre-clearance from the DOJ, which was required by Section 5 in order to ensure that Southern states do not use such redistricting to weaken political representation for minority communities. For local elections, Calera had divided the African-American part of town, submerging it into two other districts. The DOJ argued that this eliminated the city's sole African-American councilman. Calera responded by arguing that the process of pre-clearance with the DOJ should no longer be required. On September 21, 2011, the federal district court upheld the constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, but the decision was overturned by the Supreme Court in ''[[Shelby County v. Holder]]'', which effectively struck down Section 5 of the act. Before that decision, Holder had vowed to continue to enforce federal voting rights laws, regardless of how the United States Supreme Court decided in case.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/justice/holder-voting-rights-act/|publisher=CNN |title=Eric Holder: Supreme Court decision won't stop voting rights enforcement |date=April 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/eric-holder-martin-luther-king_n_3017258.html|work=Huffington Post |title=Eric Holder: Martin Luther King Jr. 'Would Not Yet Be Satisfied' With Voting Rights |date=April 4, 2013 |first=Ryan J. |last=Reilly}}</ref>
In May 2012, with over a dozen states pushing new voter identification laws, Holder stated that he believed these new laws would hamper the ability of the elderly, students and minorities to vote. Regarding voting rights, he said, "for the first time in our [lifetimes], we are failing to live up to one of our most noble ideals." Holder pledged that the DOJ fight these laws "aggressively". He went on to say that "We have to honor the generations that took extraordinary risks" to achieve the right to vote.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rollingout.com/politics/voting-rights-are-under-attack-says-attorney-general-eric-holder/ |title=Voting Rights Are Under Attack Says Attorney General|date=May 31, 2012}}</ref>
In a speech before the NAACP in July 2012, Holder went on to say that the Texas voter ID laws were a "political pretext to disenfranchise American citizens of their [[Voting rights in the United States|most precious right]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/07/holder-tells-naacp-texas-voter-id-law-hurts-minorities/ |title=Holder Tells NAACP Texas Voter ID Laws Hurt Minorities|work=USA Today| date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> Holder compared the practices of these states to those in the era of Jim Crow segregation. Holder said, "Many of those without IDs would have to travel great distances to get them – and some would struggle to pay for the documents they might need to obtain them. We call those [[Poll tax (United States)|poll taxes]]."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78352.html/|publisher=Politico.com |title=Holder Revs Up NAACP Meeting|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref>
====Arizona immigration law====
In May 2010, Holder expressed concerns over reports he had received regarding [[Arizona SB 1070]], an Arizona immigration law. He said that he feared that the law could lead to [[racial profiling]]. Holder received criticism on the political right for criticizing the law before he had read it in its entirety.<ref>{{cite news |title=Holder Is Criticized for Comments on Ariz. Immigration Law, Which He Hasn't Read |last=Markon |first=Jerry |date=May 14, 2010 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051404231.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Holder Hasn't Read Arizona Law He Criticized |last=Dinan |first=Stephen |date=May 13, 2010 |work=[[The Washington Times]] |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/may/13/holder-hasnt-read-ariz-law-he-criticized/}}</ref>
In July 2010, after the DOJ reviewed the law, Holder filed suit against Arizona on the grounds that the state law is preempted by federal law. Holder was quoted as saying, "I understand, first off, the frustration of the people of Arizona and the concerns that they have with regard to the amount of illegal immigration that occurs, but the solution that the Arizona legislature came up with is inconsistent with our federal Constitution."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/10/ftn/main6666467.shtml |work=CBS News |title=Holder: Ariz. Law Inconsistent with Federal Law |date=July 10, 2010}}</ref>
A lawsuit challenging the law was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in June 2012, the Court struck down a majority of the law's provisions in ''[[Arizona v. United States]]''. Holder said that although he was pleased that much of the law had been struck down, he remained concerned over the burden it might place on local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration law and the possibility that it might be used to discriminate against the Latino community. He vowed to continue to monitor the impact of the law.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/June/12-ag-801.html |publisher= US Department of Justice | date=June 25, 2012</ref>
Holder has also stated that he supports comprehensive immigration reform{{clarifyme|date=September 2020}}, adding that it is a "matter of civil rights and human rights".<ref>http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/04/27/eric-holder-citizenship-for-illegal-immigrants-is-a-matter-of-civil-and-human-rights/|{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} date=April 24, 2013</ref>
====Same-sex marriage====
In February 2011, Holder announced that the DOJ would no longer defend cases involving the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] in court. Holder had recommended this course of action to the President, arguing that the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional, as laws that prohibit the marriage of gay couples do not meet the legal principle of [[strict scrutiny]]. Holder cited changing law in support of his action: "Much of the legal landscape has changed in the 15 years since Congress passed DOMA. The Supreme Court has ruled that laws criminalizing homosexual conduct are unconstitutional. Congress has repealed the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. Several lower courts have ruled DOMA itself to be unconstitutional." This decision was prompted by legal deadlines in two federal cases in [[Connecticut]] and New York, where same-sex married couples argued that DOMA's ban on federal benefits to those in gay marriages approved by the individual states, violates the Constitution's requirement of equal treatment.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 23, 2011 |title=Statement of the Attorney General on Litigation Involving the Defense of Marriage Act |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act |website=U.S. Department of Justice |publisher=Office of the Attorney General |access-date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926053902/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act |archive-date=September 26, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html/ |title=Obama Administration Will No Longer Defend DOMA |work=CBS News |date=February 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224122017/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html |archive-date=February 24, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In February 2012, Holder reaffirmed his position and stated that the DOJ would not defend DOMA in a legal challenge brought by members of the U.S. military, who were seeking benefits for their same-sex spouses, including: medical insurance, visitation rights in military hospitals and survivor benefits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/02/ag-holder-doj-wont-defend-a-challenge-to-doma-brought-by-members-of-military/|title=AG Holder: DOJ Won't Defend a Challenge to DOMA Brought by Members of Military|work=ABC News|date=February 17, 2012}}</ref>
Holder has also advocated for the interests of the 36,000 same-sex partnerships where Americans are in relationships with non-U.S. citizens. In May 2011, Holder set aside the decision to deport Paul Dorman, an Irish man who was in a same-sex partnership with a New Jersey citizen. Holder then asked immigration officials to reconsider their decision in order to determine whether Dorman can be considered a spouse under New Jersey law and whether Dorman would be considered a spouse under immigration law were it not for the Defense of Marriage Act. This action prompted some other immigration judges to halt the deportation proceeds of other foreigners in same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/06/30/deportation-citizens-same-sex-partner-canceled/ |title=Deportation of Citizen's Same-Sex Partner Canceled |date=June 30, 2011 | work=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/05/holder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case/|title=Holder Intervenes in Gay Man's Deportation Case |archive-date=May 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520073103/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/05/holder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case/}}</ref>
===Criminal investigations and prosecutions===
====Ted Stevens case====
In 2009, Holder decided to drop the [[Ted Stevens#Trial, conviction, and reversal|corruption case]] against former Senator [[Ted Stevens]] of Alaska after evidence of [[prosecutorial misconduct]] (specifically, the withholding of [[exculpatory evidence]]) emerged.<ref name="TedStevens">{{cite news |first=Nina |last=Totenberg |author-link=Nina Totenberg |title=Justice Dept. Seeks To Void Stevens' Conviction |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102589818|publisher=[[NPR]] |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=April 1, 2009 }}</ref> Holder was reportedly "horrified by the failure of prosecutors to turn over all relevant materials to the defense" and was alarmed at rebukes of federal prosecutors by Judge [[Emmet G. Sullivan|Emmet Sullivan]], a friend and former colleague of Holder.<ref name="TedStevens"/> The DOJ formally moved to dismiss the indictment against Stevens (who had been convicted the previous year on seven counts, but had never been sentenced) on April 1, 2009.<ref name="TedStevens"/> Holder issued a statement reading: "After careful review, I have concluded that certain information should have been provided to the defense for use at trial. In light of this conclusion, and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances of this particular case, I have determined that it is in the interest of justice to dismiss the indictment and not proceed with a new trial."<ref name="TedStevens"/> Judge Emmet Sullivan threw out the case several days later, issuing an order stating: "There was never a judgment of conviction in this case. The jury's verdict is being set aside and has no legal effect."<ref>Paul Singer, [http://www.rollcall.com/news/-33864-1.html Judge Follows Request by Stevens Lawyer], ''Roll Call'' (April 7, 2009).</ref> Holder ordered a review of the case by the [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] of DOJ.<ref name="TedStevens"/> Judge Sullivan conducted an inquiry of his own, appointed two attorneys to conduct an investigation which resulted in "a blistering 514-page report" (released in May 2012) detailing what went wrong in the prosecution, and criticizing three specific federal prosecutors (one of whom committed suicide in 2010) for concealing evidence.<ref>Del Quentin Wilber & Sari Horwitz, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/prosecutors-concealed-evidence-in-ted-stevens-case-report-finds/2012/03/15/gIQAJ5GNFS_story.html Prosecutors concealed evidence in Ted Stevens case, report finds], ''Washington Post'' (March 15, 2012).</ref> Holder was praised for his efforts to repair the damage caused by the affair, which was seen as "a profound embarrassment for the Justice Department."<ref>Neil A. Lewis, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/us/politics/02stevens.html Justice Dept. Moves to Void Stevens Case], New York Times (April 1, 2009).</ref>
====Marijuana====
In 2010, in the run up to the referendum on [[California Proposition 19]], which would have legalized [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] use for personal recreation, Holder stated that the DOJ would continue to prosecute individuals on the federal level for possession of marijuana even if voters approved a ballot measure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Attorney General Holder Opposes California Marijuana Bill |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/16/us-usa-marijuana-california-idUSTRE69F03V20101016|work=Reuters|date=October 16, 2010}}</ref> However, in the run up to the successful marijuana legalization referendums on [[Colorado Amendment 64]] and [[Washington Initiative 502]] in 2012, Holder and the Department of Justice remained silent on how they would respond if the ballot measures were enacted by voters. On November 6, 2012, [[Colorado Amendment 64]] and [[Washington Initiative 502]] were passed with 55.3% and 55.7% of the votes respectively. This would lead to a new memo released by [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]] [[James M. Cole]] on August 29, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf |title=Cole memo|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref> The memo instructed all [[United States Attorney]]s to not focus limited prosecutorial resources on state-authorized marijuana related activities, provided they follow eight priorities laid out by the Department of Justice.<ref name="AD091713">{{cite news|title=Feds won't challenge Washington's pot law|work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=August 29, 2013 |url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2013/08/washingtons-pot-law-wont-get-federal-challenge/ |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>
====Organized crime====
On January 20, 2011, the FBI arrested 127 members of the [[American Mafia|La Cosa Nostra]] in New York City, including members of all [[Five Families]] of New York City and the [[DeCavalcante family]] of New Jersey.<ref name="LCN speech">[https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-eric-holder-speaks-press-conference-organized-crime-arrests Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Press Conference on Organized Crime Arrests, New York, NY], United States Department of Justice (January 20, 2011).</ref><ref name="Pilkington">Ed Pilkington, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/20/fbi-arrests-127-mafia-crackdown FBI arrests 127 in its biggest ever Mafia crackdown], ''Guardian'' (January 20, 2011).</ref> Holder spoke at a press conference afterwards, celebrating the largest single-day operation against the Mafia in United States history.<ref name="LCN speech"/><ref name="Pilkington"/>
====Leak investigations====
Under Holder's leadership, the Department of Justice brought six leak-related prosecutions against current or former U.S. government employees, while all previous Presidential administrations combined had tried a total of three such cases. Holder was reportedly "surprised" by news reports pointing out this statistic, and was said to have told associates that he did not wish to have leak prosecutions be his legacy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/us/politics/accidental-path-to-record-leak-cases-under-obama.html?pagewanted=all |title=Administration Took Accidental Path to Setting Record for Leak Cases |last=Savage |first=Charlie |work=The New York Times |date=June 19, 2012 |access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Several prominent leak prosecutions under Holder involved communications between criminal defendants and journalists, and the pervasive use of traceable electronic communications between journalists and their sources provided the prosecution with a tool to determine the potential origin of published information.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/sunday-review/a-high-tech-war-on-leaks.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all |title=A High-Tech War on Leaks |last=Liptak |first=Adam |work=The New York Times |date=February 11, 2012 |access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Under Holder, the Justice Department argued that [[protection of sources|journalists had no legal protection to maintain the confidentiality of their sources]], and can be compelled by the government to reveal them, or potentially face criminal contempt charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2012/02/no_privilege.html |title=There is No Reporter's Privilege, Leak Prosecutors Insist |last=Aftergood |first=Steven |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] Secrecy news |date=February 29, 2012 |access-date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> On September 17, 2018, the [[Freedom of the Press Foundation]] obtained documents regarding the use of [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court|FISA courts]] to spy on journalists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/09/17/journalists-fisa-court-spying/|title=Government Can Spy on Journalists in the U.S. Using Invasive Foreign Intelligence Process|last=Currier|first=Cora|date=September 17, 2018|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reason.com/blog/2018/09/18/newly-released-eric-holder-memo-feds-can|title=Newly Released Eric Holder Memo: Feds Can Use FISA to Spy on Journalists|date=September 18, 2018|work=Reason.com|access-date=September 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedom.press/news/revealed-justice-depts-secret-rules-targeting-journalists-fisa-court-orders/|title=Revealed: The Justice Dept's secret rules for targeting journalists with FISA court orders|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref>
On May 13, 2013, the [[Associated Press]] announced that the telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012 had been seized by the Justice Department as part of the [[2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters]]. The AP described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into their news-gathering operation.<ref name=TTSanchez>{{cite news |last=Sanchez|first=Raf|title=US Justice Department secretly seizes Associated Press phone records |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10055318/US-Justice-Department-secretly-seizes-Associated-Press-phone-records.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=May 15, 2013|location=London|date=May 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name=TG130513>{{cite news |title=US government secretly obtained Associated Press phone records|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/13/america-government-associated-press-phone-records|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 15, 2013|location=London|date=May 13, 2013}}</ref> Holder testified under oath to the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] that he had recused himself from these leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, James Cole was in charge of the AP investigation and would've ordered the subpoenas.<ref name=nbcpolitics>{{cite web |last=Curry|first=Tom|title=Holder addresses AP leaks investigation, announces IRS probe |url=http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/14/18253923-holder-addresses-ap-leaks-investigation-announces-irs-probe?lite |work=NBC News|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> When questioning turned to the possibility of journalists being charged under the Espionage Act for reporting classified material, Holder stated: "With regard to the potential prosecution of the press for the disclosure of material, that is not something that I've ever been involved in, heard of or would think would be a wise policy."<ref>{{cite news|title=Holder Faces New Round of Criticism After Leak Inquiries|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/us/politics/holder-faces-a-new-round-of-criticism.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 1, 2013 |first1=Charlie |last1=Savage |first2=Jonathan |last2=Weisman|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref>
It was later reported that the DOJ monitored Fox News reporter [[James Rosen (journalist)|James Rosen's]] activities by tracking his visits to the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] through phone traces, timing of calls and his personal emails.<ref name=probe>{{cite news|last=Marimow|first=Ann E.|title=A rare peek into a Justice Department leak probe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/a-rare-peek-into-a-justice-department-leak-probe/2013/05/19/0bc473de-be5e-11e2-97d4-a479289a31f9_story.html?tid=pm_pop|work=The Washington Post|access-date=May 20, 2013|date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> [[NBC]] confirmed with the Justice Department that Holder had personally signed off on the Rosen subpoenas. The DOJ defended their decision and spoke about a balance between protecting national secrets and the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|1st Amendment]], stating: "After extensive deliberations, and after following all applicable laws, regulations and policies, the Department sought an appropriately tailored search warrant under the Privacy Protection Act."<ref>{{cite web|last=Isikoff|first=Michael|title=DOJ confirms Holder OK'd search warrant for Fox News reporter's emails|url=http://openchannel.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/23/18451142-doj-confirms-holder-okd-search-warrant-for-fox-news-reporters-emails|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> The revelation brought into question whether Holder had been intentionally misleading during his previous testimony. House Committee members sent an open letter to Holder, saying: "It is imperative that the committee, the Congress, and the American people be provided a full and accurate account of your involvement."<ref name=fnchouse>{{cite news|title=House Republicans challenge Holder testimony on reporter surveillance |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/05/29/prominent-liberal-attorney-turley-joins-call-for-holder-to-be-fired/|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=June 1, 2013|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref>
===Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program===
[[File:Obama signing the Fair Sentencing Act.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama signing the [[Fair Sentencing Act]] in 2010]]
On August 12, 2013, at the [[American Bar Association]]'s House of Delegates meeting, Holder announced the "Smart on Crime" program, which is "a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough-on-crime anti-drug legislation and policies."<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/sweeping_reversal_of_the_war_on_drugs_announced_by_atty_general_holder/?sc_cid=130815AR | title=Sweeping reversal of the War on Drugs announced by Atty General Holder |publisher=American Bar Association |work=ABA's 560-member policy making House of Delegates | date=August 12, 2013 | access-date=August 16, 2013 |author=Carter, Terry |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.abajournal.com/files/SMART_ON_CRIME.PDF | title=Smart on Crime: Reforming The Criminal Justice System | publisher=US Department of Justice | work=Remarks to American Bar Association's Annual Convention in San Francisco, CA | date=August 12, 2013 | access-date=August 16, 2013 | page=7}}</ref> Holder said the program "will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes "for which the accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct, rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins…"<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013"/><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013"/> Running through Holder's statements, the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed.<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013"/><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013"/> {{As of | August 2013}}, the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort "limited to the DOJ's policy parameters."<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013"/><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013"/>
===Additional actions===
In 2009, Holder announced and oversaw the federal government spending of $1 billion in grants to law enforcement agencies in every state to pay for the hiring of police officers. The money comes from the stimulus bill the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]] of 2009 and covered the salaries of 4,699 law enforcement officers for three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=US to Provide $1 billion to Hire cops |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-07-28/politics/police.stimulus_1_officers-for-three-years-police-officers-law-enforcement?_s=PM:POLITICS |publisher=CNN |date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312212050/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-07-28/politics/police.stimulus_1_officers-for-three-years-police-officers-law-enforcement?_s=PM:POLITICS |archive-date=March 12, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Grants and Resources for Community Policing |url=http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=2202 |date= July 28, 2009}}</ref>
When questioned about weapons regulations during a news conference to announce the arrest of [[Mexican drug cartel]] members, Holder stated that the Obama administration would seek to re-institute the expired [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]], which he strongly supports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/02/26/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry4831751.shtml|title=Holder Revives Talk of an Assault Weapons Ban|date=February 26, 2009 | work=CBS News | first=Brent | last=Lang}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=May 5, 2009 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/02/26/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry4831751.shtml |title=Holder Revives Talk of an Assault Weapons Ban|first=Lang |last=Lang|work=[[CBS News]] |date=February 26, 2009}}</ref>
After the U.S. government [[UBS AG#U.S. tax fraud controversy|filed suit]] against the Swiss bank [[UBS AG]], whom Holder had represented during his time in private practice, the attorney general recused himself from all legal matters concerning the bank, which stands accused of conspiracy in U.S. [[tax fraud]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2008676224_apholderbank.html |title=UBS bank listed among Holder ex-clients |work=The Seattle Times|date=January 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSWBT01077020090302|title=U.S., Swiss justice officials meet amid UBS probe |work=Reuters|date=March 2, 2009|first=Randall|last=Mikkelsen}}</ref>
Holder presented friend and predecessor [[Janet Reno]], Attorney General under the [[Clinton Administration]], the [[American Judicature Society]]'s (AJS) Justice Award on April 17, 2009. The award is the highest given by the AJS, and recognizes significant contributions toward improvements in the administration of justice within the United States.<ref>[http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2009/04/holder-to-present-reno-with-ajss-justice-award.html "Holder to Present Reno with AJS's Justice Award"] Palazzolo, Joe. The BLT:The Blog of Legal Times. April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009.</ref>
After the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]] in December 2010, Holder said that "We have an active, ongoing, criminal investigation with regard to this matter. We are not in a position as yet to announce the result of that investigation, but the investigation is—is ongoing. To the extent that we can find anybody who was involved in the breaking of American law and who has put at risk the assets and the people that I have described, they will be held responsible," Holder said. "They will be held accountable." Holder's comments leave open a crucial question, which is whether the investigators are looking at how WikiLeaks obtained the documents (not unlike probing a news organization's source), or if they're looking at whether WikiLeaks staffers violated criminal law and should be the ones indicted.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20024033-38.html#ixzz17XbldGQK |title=AG says WikiLeaks criminal probe is 'ongoing' |publisher=CNET |date=November 29, 2010 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> In May 2016, more than a year after leaving office, Holder told [[David Axelrod (political consultant)|David Axelrod]] in an interview he thought [[Edward Snowden]] had "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made", adding "I would say that doing what he did—and the way he did it—was inappropriate and illegal".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/30/politics/axe-files-axelrod-eric-holder/index.html |title=Eric Holder Says Edward Snowden Performed a 'Public Service' |first=Matthew |last=Jaffe |date=May 31, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 12, 2016 }}</ref> Republican Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] "lash[ed] out" at Holder, calling him "one of the worst attorneys general we've ever had" on ''[[Fox & Friends]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/281695-mcconnell-holder-one-of-the-worst-attorneys-general-ever |title=McConnell: Holder 'One of the Worst' Attorneys General Ever |first=Mark |last=Hensch |date=May 31, 2016 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=June 12, 2016 }}</ref>
On December 8, 2014, Holder unveiled a new policy banning profiling on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, and gender identity by federal law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/holder-unveils-revisions-limits-profiling-federal-law-enforcement-n263661|title=Holder Unveils Revisions to Limits on Profiling by Federal Law Enforcement - NBC News}}</ref> However, the new policy will not apply to screenings at border and airport, as well as in intelligence operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/08/us/new-profiling-laws/index.html |title=Expanded profiling ban not for borders, airports - CNN|first=Evan |last=Perez}}</ref>
===Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies===
Holder has been critical of "[[enhanced interrogation techniques]]" and the [[NSA warrantless surveillance]] program, accusing the Bush administration of a "disrespect for the rule of law... [that is] not only wrong, it is destructive in our struggle against terrorism."<ref name=BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118>{{cite news |access-date=November 18, 2008 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/11/holder_on_bush.html|title=Holder on Bush, executive power |date=November 18, 2008|series=News |format=Article |work=Boston Globe |last=Tuohey|first=Jason}}</ref> During his confirmation hearings, he deemed [[waterboarding]] a form of [[torture]] and therefore illegal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/01/15/1745836.aspx |title=Holder: "Waterboarding is torture" |work=MSNBC |access-date=January 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195653/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/01/15/1745836.aspx |archive-date=May 7, 2009}}</ref> In response, some Republican senators questioned him whether he would prosecute those who took part in waterboarding and delayed the confirmation vote on Holder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/21/senate-republicans-to-del_n_159740.html |title=Senate Republicans Delay Holder Confirmation |work=Huffington Post |date=February 21, 2009 |first=Ryan |last=Grim}}</ref>
Holder has stated that he favors closing the [[Guantánamo Bay detention camp]]; in 2002 he said that the detainees are not technically entitled to [[Geneva Convention]] protections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/11/holder-v-bush-o.html|title=Holder v Bush on War on Terror Tactics|last=Tapper|first=Jake|date=November 18, 2008|work=Political Punch |format=Blog |publisher=[[ABC News]]|access-date=November 23, 2008|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124014616/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/11/holder-v-bush-o.html |archive-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17878/eric_h_holder_jr_attorney_general_nominee.html |title=Profile of Eric Holder |website=CFR.org |access-date=January 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525181203/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17878/eric_h_holder_jr_attorney_general_nominee.html |archive-date=May 25, 2010 }}</ref> In March 2011, Holder left open the possibility that the Guantánamo Bay detention camp might remain open beyond President Obama's first term. Asked in a congressional hearing whether the prison would be closed by November 2012, Holder said: "I don't know." He said the Justice Department has established a task force to look at each of the 172 detainees being held at the Guantánamo prison to address how they should be dealt with. Holder's comments come just weeks after CIA Director [[Leon Panetta]] told a Senate panel that Osama bin Laden would probably be shipped to and held at the Guantánamo Bay facility if he were captured.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yager |first=Jordy |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/146917-holder-gitmo-may-stay-open-beyond-2012 |title=Gitmo may stay open beyond 2012 |website=Thehill.com |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref>
Holder is opposed to the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]]'s implementation of the [[USA PATRIOT Act|Patriot Act]], saying it is "bad ultimately for law enforcement and will cost us the support of the American people."<ref name=CNN_Woodruff_20040219>{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0404/19/ip.00.html |access-date=November 19, 2008 |publisher=CNN |work=[[Judy Woodruff]]'s [[The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer|Inside Politics]] |format=Transcript |title=White House, Woodward Clash Over Allegations of Oil Price Fixing With Saudis, Critics Find Fault with Patriot Act |date=April 19, 2004}}</ref><ref name=Salon_Greenwald_20081119>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/11/19/holder/index.html|title=Preliminary facts and thoughts about Eric Holder |date=November 19, 2008|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |series=Glenn Greenwald's Unclaimed Territory |format=Blog |access-date=November 19, 2008|last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Greenwald}}</ref>
===Racism===
Holder gave a speech on [[Racism in the United States|racism]] on February 18, 2009, during [[Black History Month]]. "Though this nation has proudly thought of itself as an ethnic melting pot in things racial, we have always been, and we, I believe, continue to be, in too many ways, essentially a nation of cowards," said Holder. "Though race-related issues continue to occupy a significant portion of our political discussion, and though there remain many unresolved racial issues in this nation, we, average Americans, simply do not talk enough with each other about things racial," he said.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090218.html?loc=interstitialskip|title=Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program|agency=U.S. Department of Justice|date=February 18, 2009}}</ref>
The speech stirred some controversy, with some reacting favorably to Holder's comments and others sharply criticizing them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/mitchell/2009/02/attorney_general_eric_holders.html|title=Attorney General Eric Holder's race speech stirs debate|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=February 19, 2009 |first=Mary |last=Mitchell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228040740/http://blogs.suntimes.com/mitchell/2009/02/attorney_general_eric_holders.html|archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/19/holder.folo/|title=Holder 'nation of cowards' remarks blasted, praised|publisher=CNN|date=February 19, 2009|first=Ed|last=Hornick}}</ref> Obama later clarified Holder's comments, saying that "I think it's fair to say that if I had been advising my attorney general, we would have used different language... I think the point that he was making is that we're oftentimes uncomfortable with talking about race until there's some sort of racial flare-up or conflict, and that we could probably be more constructive in facing up to the painful legacy of slavery and Jim Crow and discrimination."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/03/07/obama-discusses-holders-cowards-comment/|title=Obama Discusses Holder's 'Cowards' Remark|publisher=CNN|date=March 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/us/politics/08race.html|title=Attorney General Chided for Language on Race|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 2009|first=Helene|last=Cooper}}</ref>
====New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident====
{{See also|New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case}}
[[File:Philadelphia polling place security patrols 2008.png|thumb|right|Alleged instance of voter intimidation in Philadelphia during the 2008 US presidential election.]]
In May 2009, Holder's Department of Justice completed a civil suit originally brought by [[J. Christian Adams]] of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush Justice Department]] against the [[New Black Panther Party]], its chairman, and two of its members for [[voter intimidation]] due to their conduct during the 2008 election. Two members of the Party had stood outside a polling station during the election in paramilitary uniforms, one carrying a nightstick. Claiming a lack of evidence, the Department of Justice dropped charges against the party, its chairman, and one of the two members who had stood outside the polling station. With the evidence presented, the Department of Justice successfully obtained a narrow injunction against the other. Former lawyers who had served under the Bush Administration have stated that the current DOJ under Holder is unwilling to prosecute minorities for civil rights violations. Three other Justice Department lawyers, in recent interviews,{{When|date=January 2019}} gave the same description of the department's culture, which department officials strongly deny. In the months after the case ended, tensions persisted. Eventually, [[Christopher Coates]] (of the Justice's Civil Rights Division) acknowledged telling attorneys at a September 2009 lunch that the Obama administration was interested in filing cases – under a key voting rights section – only on behalf of minorities.<ref name="WP1">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/22/AR2010102203982.html "Dispute over New Black Panthers case causes deep divisions"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', October 22, 2010.</ref>
During a meeting with a House subcommittee, Holder argued that the behavior of the New Black Panther Party was not comparable to historical voter intimidation against minorities, which often involved acts of violence and murder. Holder said, "When you compare what people endured in the South in the '60s to try to get the right to vote for African Americans, to compare what people subjected to that with what happened in Philadelphia… I think does a great disservice to people who put their lives on the line for my people."<ref name="gersteinpanther">{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Gerstein |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/0311/Eric_Holder_Black_Panther_case_focus_demeans_my_people.html|title=Eric Holder: Black Panther case focus demeans 'my people'|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=March 1, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>
Critics have interpreted this comment as evidence of racial bias on Holder's part, with conservative [[James Taranto]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Randall |first1=Eric |date=July 6, 2012 |title=James Taranto: Why Is This Man HAHAHA-ing? |url=http://www.thewire.com/national/2012/07/james-taranto-why-man-haha-ing/54267/ |website=The Wire |access-date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301164438/http://www.thewire.com/national/2012/07/james-taranto-why-man-haha-ing/54267/ |archive-date=March 1, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' arguing that "If he [Holder] approaches the job with the attitude that any group smaller than all Americans is 'my people', he is the wrong man for the position."<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703559604576176381487078812 "Eric Holder's People"]. [[The Wall Street Journal]], March 2, 2011.</ref> Claiming the issue was politicized from the start,<ref name="WP1"/> Democrats have argued that those on the political right, particularly Adams, used this incident for purely political gain.<ref name="gersteinpanther"/>
=== Operation Fast and Furious ===
{{Main|Operation Fast and Furious}}
In May 2011, House Oversight Committee chairman, California Republican Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] and Iowa Republican Sen. [[Chuck Grassley]] sent Attorney General Holder a letter requesting details about [[Operation Fast and Furious]], which had been a failed federal firearms sting operation that allegedly allowed some 2,000 weapons to reach Mexican drug gangs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Blum |first=Justin |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-06/possible-u-s-payments-to-gun-smugglers-probed-by-congress.html |title=Congress Probes Payments to Gun Smugglers |publisher=Bloomberg |date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Tal|last1=Kopan|access-date=2019-08-27|title=Issa, Grassley write ATF over book|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/darrell-issa-chuck-grassley-fast-furious-book-98159.html|website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Grassley and Issa urged Holder to cooperate and turn over subpoenaed records that would reveal the scope of the alleged government coverup.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/07/06/justice-department-obstructing-fast-and-furious-gun-probe-atf-director-says/#ixzz1RQJ71Tc4 | publisher=Fox News Channel | title=Justice Department Obstructing 'Fast and Furious' Gun Probe, ATF Director Says | date=July 6, 2011}}</ref>
=== Contempt of Congress ===
In October 2011, the Justice Department released 7,600 pages of documents on Operation Fast and Furious. Republicans claimed some of those documents indicated that Holder had been sent early memos about Fast and Furious and therefore must have known about it before early 2011, which is when he'd testified he'd learned about it to the House Judiciary Committee;<ref>Fund, John and Von Spakovsky, Hans. (2014). ''Obama's Enforcer: Eric Holder's Justice Department.'' New York: Broadside Books. p. 143. {{ISBN|978-0-06-232092-6}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Memorandum to the Attorney General |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/pdf_40_43.pdf | work=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/assets/news/2012/01/DOJdocs.pdf |title=Holder emails |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/JusticeDepartmentOve |title=Listen to Holder lying under sworn testimony starting at 01:30:12 |publisher=C-spanvideo.org |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Serrano |first=Richard A. |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-atf-guns-20111004,0,6104103.story |title=Emails shows how top Justice Department officials knew of ATF gun program |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 3, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref> a later report from the Justice Department's independent inspector general found that Holder had "no prior knowledge" of the operation before early 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Justice department Fast and Furious investigation clears Eric Holder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/19/justice-fast-furious-holder-cleared |work=The Guardian |date=September 19, 2012}}</ref>
In April 2012, Issa announced that his committee was drafting a [[Contempt of Congress]] resolution against Holder in response to the committee allegedly being "stonewalled by the Justice Department" on additional documents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/27/issa-chaffetz-confirm-contempt-plans-for-holder-over-fast-and-furious/ |title=Issa, Chaffetz confirm contempt plans for Holder over Fast and Furious |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=April 27, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
On June 19, 2012, Holder met with Issa in person to discuss the requested documents. Holder said he offered to provide the documents to Issa on the condition that Issa provided his assurance that doing so would satisfy the committee subpoenas and resolve the dispute. Issa rejected the offer. Holder then told reporters "They rejected what I thought was an extraordinary offer on our part."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-19/politics/politics_holder-contempt_1_issa-contempt-vote-holder?_s=PM:POLITICS |title=Issa: Holder must turn over documents or face contempt vote |publisher=CNN |date=June 19, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708233608/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-19/politics/politics_holder-contempt_1_issa-contempt-vote-holder?_s=PM:POLITICS |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On June 20, 2012, the Oversight Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to hold Holder in contempt of Congress for not releasing the additional documents the committee had requested.<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhani and Davis|first=Aamer and Susan|title=House panel votes to cite Holder for contempt of Congress|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-06-20/holder-contempt-House-vote/55717644/1|work=USA Today |access-date=June 20, 2012|date=June 20, 2012}}</ref> A memo from Holder's office said of the vote: "It's an election-year tactic intended to distract attention."<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress contempt charge for US Attorney General Holder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18528798|publisher=BBC|access-date=June 20, 2012|date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> Although the vote was not directly relevant to gun legislation, the [[National Rifle Association]] announced that it would be scoring the contempt vote, due to Holder's previous stances on gun control legislation, placing political pressure on Democrats that wished to avoid repercussions from the gun lobby.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/26/12422617-citing-nra-score-democrats-brace-for-defections-in-holder-contempt-vote?lite|title= Citing NRA Score, Democrats Brace For Defections in Holder Contempt Vote|work=NBC News |date=June 26, 2012}}</ref>
On June 20—the same date as the Oversight Committee vote—President Obama asserted executive privilege over the remaining documents requested by the committee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cora |first1=Currier |title=The Facts Behind Obama's Executive Privilege Claim |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/the-facts-behind-obamas-executive-privilege-claim |publisher=ProPublica |date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> While Democrats argued that Holder was carrying out his constitutional role by honoring the executive privilege claim, on June 28, 2012, House Speaker John Boehner scheduled a vote on the contempt resolution anyway. Holder became the first U.S. Attorney General in history to be held in both criminal<ref>{{Cite web | title = Final Vote Results for Roll Call 441 | publisher = [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] | date = June 28, 2012 | url = http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll441.xml | access-date = June 29, 2012}}</ref> and civil<ref>{{Cite web | title = Final Vote Results for Roll Call 442 | publisher = [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] | date = June 28, 2012 | url = http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll442.xml | access-date = June 29, 2012}}</ref> contempt. He was held in contempt by the House of Representatives in a 255–67 vote, with 17 Democrats voting for the measure, 2 Republicans voting against the measure.<ref name="Week06292012">{{cite news |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Congress' Eric Holder contempt vote: 4 takeaways |url=https://theweek.com/article/index/230041/congress-eric-holder-contempt-vote-4-takeaways |newspaper=[[The Week]] |location=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |access-date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> The remaining Democrats refused to vote and marched out of the House, led by Nancy Pelosi, as a means of protesting the actions of Republicans. Holder responded to the vote, describing it as "the regrettable culmination of what became a misguided and politically motivated investigation in an election year."<ref name="House contempt">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=House holds Holder in contempt |publisher=CNN |date=June 28, 2012}}</ref>
The congressional action evoked reactions from across the political spectrum. Texas governor and Republican presidential candidate [[Rick Perry]] called on Holder to resign, stating "America simply cannot tolerate an attorney general who arms the very criminals he is supposed to protect us from".<ref>{{cite web|author=Rick Perry |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/nov/21/eric-holder-must-go/ |title=Eric Holder must go |work=The Washington Times |date=November 21, 2011 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> Republican Sen. [[John Cornyn]], ranking member of the [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security|Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security]] also called on Holder to resign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/12/lawmakers-press-holder-on-leak-probe-take-call-for-special-prosecutor-to-senate/ |title=Senator calls for Holder's resignation amid challenges over leak probe, Fast and Furious |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=June 12, 2012}}</ref> Among those opposing the contempt citation, Democratic Rep. [[Elijah Cummings]], the [[ranking member]] on the [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]] said, "Holder has acted honorably; he's done everything he could to allow us to do our job, which is to investigate this matter."<ref>{{cite web|author=Rick Perry |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0612/77570.html |title=Elijah Cummings: Eric Holder Acted Honorably Eric Holder must go |publisher=Politico |date=June 19, 2012 }}</ref>
The Justice Department declined to prosecute the attorney general on the contempt charge, citing the fact that President Obama had asserted [[executive privilege]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/29/eric-holder-contempt-charge-prosecution_n_1638420.html |work=Huffington Post | author=[[Jennifer Bendery]] | title=Eric Holder Won't Be Prosecuted For Contempt Charge, Jay Carney Says |date=June 29, 2012}}</ref>
In September 2012, after a nineteen-month review, the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]] cleared the Attorney General of any wrongdoing with regard to Fast and Furious, stating that there was "no evidence" that Holder knew about the operation before early 2011. The report did cite fourteen lower ranking officials for possible disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19656316 |title= Fast and Furious: Eric Holder Cleared but 14 Faulted|work=[[BBC]] News |date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref> Holder responded to the internal investigation, saying "It is unfortunate that some were so quick to make baseless accusations before they possessed the facts about these operations – accusations that turned out to be without foundation and that have caused a great deal of unnecessary harm and confusion."<ref>{{cite news|author=Kevin Johnson |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/09/19/fast-furious-inspector-general-eric-holder-justice-department/70000707/1#.UFqlAlRpZVs |title= Review: Holder did not know about 'Fast and Furious' |work=[[USA Today]] |date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref>
In retrospect, [[David Weigel]] of ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' called the contempt of Congress vote "both popular and stunningly ineffective, enraging Holder and turning him into a more outspoken and implacable foe of Republican policies on voting rights and policing."<ref>{{cite news|author=David Weigel|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-09-25/eric-holders-replacement-the-odds-on-six-candidates |title=Six People Who Can Replace Eric Holder and Save Barack Obama |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=September 25, 2014 |access-date=September 25, 2014 }}</ref>
In August 2014, federal judge [[Amy Berman Jackson]] ordered the Justice Department to provide Congress with a list of the previously withheld documents.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pete Yost|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-justice-dept-must-provide-list-of-fast-and-furious-documents/2014/08/20/92c88e20-28d8-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html |title=Judge: Justice Dept. must provide list of 'Fast and Furious' documents
|work=[[Washington Post]] |date=August 20, 2014 |access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> In October 2014, Jackson rejected a House bid to hold Holder in contempt of court, stating that it was "entirely unnecessary."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Josh |first1=Gerstein |title=Judge declines to hold Holder in contempt |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2014/10/judge-declines-to-hold-holder-in-contempt-196650 |publisher=Politico |date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> In January 2016, Jackson tossed out Obama's executive privilege claims but stressed that her ruling wasn't based on the merits of the claim, but instead on the fact that many of the documents had by then become public as part of the 2012 inspector general's report.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Josh |first1=Gerstein |title=Judge rejects Obama's executive privilege claim over Fast and Furious records |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/judge-rejects-obamas-executive-privilege-claim-over-fast-and-furious-records-217970 |publisher=Politico |date=January 19, 2016}}</ref>
=== Operation Choke Point ===
{{Main|Operation Choke Point}}
Operation Choke Point was an ongoing initiative of the [[United States Department of Justice]] that was announced in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/doj/speeches/2013/opa-speech-130320.html|title=Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force Executive DirectorMichael J. Bresnickat the Exchequer Club of Washington, D.C. - OPA - Department of Justice}}</ref> and investigated banks in the United States and the business they did with [[payment processors]], [[payday lenders]], and other companies believed to be at higher risk for fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing. This operation, first disclosed in an August 2013 Wall Street Journal story<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323838204578654411043000772 |title=Probe Turns Up Heat on Banks|author=Alan Zibel and Brent Kendall|date=August 8, 2013|work=WSJ}}</ref> was controversial for the potential threat to due process, as the government was pressuring financial institutions to cut off a company's access to banking services without first having shown that the targeted companies were in fact violating the law.<ref>{{cite news|title='High risk' label from feds puts gun sellers in banks' crosshairs, hurts business|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/18/targeted-gun-sellers-say-high-risk-label-from-feds/?page=all|access-date=May 22, 2014|newspaper=Washington Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/justice-dept-inquiry-takes-aim-at-banks-business-with-payday-lenders/|title=Justice Department Inquiry Takes Aim at Banks' Business With Payday Lenders|last=Silver-Greenberg|first=Jessica|date=January 26, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/04/16/operation-choke-point-the-battle-over-financial-data-between-the-government-and-banks/|title=Operation Choke Point: The battle over financial data between the government and banks |last=Douglas |first=Danielle|date=April 16, 2014|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/examinations/supervisory/insights/sisum11/managing.html|title=Managing Risks in Third-Party Payment Processor Relationships|access-date=May 11, 2014}}</ref>
===Refusal to prosecute financial institutions===
{{coatrack|date=September 2018}}
{{Main|Too big to fail}}
On March 6, 2013, Holder testified to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] that the size of large financial institutions has made it difficult for the Justice Department to bring criminal charges when they are suspected of crimes, because such charges can threaten the existence of a bank and therefore their interconnectedness may endanger the national or global economy. (See [[financial contagion]]). "Some of these institutions have become too large," Holder told the Committee, "It has an inhibiting impact on our ability to bring resolutions that I think would be more appropriate."<ref name=Mattingly>{{cite news |last=Mattingly|first=Phil|title=Too-Big-to-Fail Banks Limit Prosecutor Options, Holder Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-06/too-big-to-fail-banks-limit-prosecutor-options-holder-testifies.html|access-date=March 14, 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=March 6, 2013}}</ref>
In a January 29, 2013 letter to Holder, Senators [[Sherrod Brown]] and [[Charles Grassley]] had criticized this Justice Department policy citing "important questions about the Justice Department's prosecutorial philosophy."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/business-economy-financial-crisis/untouchables/senators-bash-doj-for-evasive-response-on-too-big-to-jail/ |title=Senators Bash DOJ for "Evasive" Response on "Too Big To Jail" |last=Breslow |first=Jason |date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]}}</ref> After receipt of a DOJ response letter, Brown and Grassley issued a statement saying, "The Justice Department's response is aggressively evasive. It does not answer our questions. We want to know how and why the Justice Department has determined that certain financial institutions are 'too big to jail' and that prosecuting those institutions would damage the financial system."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/Article.cfm?customel_dataPageID_1502=44858 |title=Unsatisfactory Response from Justice Department on 'Too Big to Jail' |author=Senators Charles Grassley and Sherrod Brown |date=March 1, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306114623/http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/Article.cfm?customel_dataPageID_1502=44858 |archive-date=March 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/business-economy-financial-crisis/untouchables/eric-holder-backtracks-remarks-on-too-big-to-jail/|title=Eric Holder Backtracks Remarks on "Too Big To Jail"|work=Frontline}}</ref>
Prosecution rates against crimes by large financial institutions are at 20-year lows.<ref name=Boyer>{{cite news|last=Boyer |first=Peter J.|title=Why Can't Obama Bring Wall Street to Justice?|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/why-can-t-obama-bring-wall-street-to-justice.html|access-date=April 13, 2013|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> Holder has also endorsed the notion that prosecutors, when deciding to pursue white-collar crimes, should give special consideration to "collateral consequences" of bringing charges against large corporate institutions, as outlined in a 1999 memorandum by Holder. Nearly a decade later Holder, as head of the Department of Justice, put this into practice and has demonstrated the weight "collateral consequences" has by repeatedly sought and reached deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements and settlements with large financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan Chase, HSBC, Countrywide Mortgage, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, and others where the institution pays a fine or penalty but faces no criminal charges and admits no wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/special/your-guide-to-the-latest-efforts-to-hold-big-banks-accountable|title=Your Guide to the Latest Efforts to Hold Big Banks Accountable |author=ProPublica|work=ProPublica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135155/https://www.propublica.org/special/your-guide-to-the-latest-efforts-to-hold-big-banks-accountable|archive-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>"The Divide" Matt Taibbi. 2014.</ref> Whereas in the previous decade the Bush administration's Department of Justice often sought criminal charges against individuals of large institutions regardless of "collateral consequences" such as cases involving [[Enron]], [[Adelphia Communications Corporation]], [[Tyco International]], and others.
In September 2014, he described the department's rationale in a speech at [[New York University]]:
{{quote|Responsibility remains so diffuse, and top executives so insulated," Holder said, "that any misconduct could again be considered more a symptom of the institution's culture than a result of the willful actions of any single individual."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-9-billion-witness-20141106|title=The $9 Billion Witness: Meet JPMorgan Chase's Worst Nightmare|work=Rolling Stone}}</ref>}}
According to a 2016 report prepared by Republican staff of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Committee on Financial Services]], Holder and other Justice Department officials had overruled the recommendation of prosecutors to pursue criminal charges against [[HSBC]] for its alleged role in money-laundering, instead settling with the bank for the then-record amount of $1.9 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-department-overruled-recommendation-to-pursue-charges-against-hsbc-report-says-1468229401 |title=Justice Department Overruled Recommendation to Pursue Charges Against HSBC, Report Says |first=Christopher M. |last=Matthews |date=July 11, 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=September 8, 2018 }}</ref>
===Resolution proposing articles of impeachment===
On November 14, 2013, Representative Pete Olson (R-TX), along with 19 Republicans, introduced a resolution proposing articles of impeachment against Holder. The articles cited Holder for his alleged role in [[ATF gunwalking scandal|Operation Fast and Furious]], refusal to defend the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] in court, failing to prosecute anyone involved in the [[IRS targeting controversy|IRS targeting]] of groups based on name and political theme, and for allegedly perjuring himself by stating that he had no knowledge of any potential prosecution of members of the media for disclosure of classified material.<ref name=hr411>{{cite web |url= http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hres411ih/pdf/BILLS-113hres411ih.pdf|title=H. RES. 411, Impeaching Eric H. Holder Jr., Attorney General of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors |access-date=November 16, 2013 |date=November 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/190219-gop-members-seek-to-impeach-holder|title=Twenty House Republicans call for Holder impeachment|work=The Hill|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> There were 29 co-sponsors to the bill. The bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary on November 14, 2013, however; no further action was taken.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/411/actions</ref>
===Resignation===
Holder resigned on September 25, 2014, citing personal reasons. He remained in office until the Senate confirmed his successor, [[Loretta Lynch]].<ref name="Wilber">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-25/holder-said-to-plan-to-resignation-as-attorney-general.html|title=Holder Said to Plan to Resignation as Attorney General|last1=Wilber|first1=Del Quentin|last2=Schoenberg|first2=Tom|date=September 25, 2014|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=September 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomas |first1=Pierre |last2=Levine |first2=Mike |last3=Date |first3=Jack |last4=Cloherty |first4=Jack |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Obama Announces Attorney General Eric Holder's Resignation |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/attorney-general-eric-holder-resign/story?id=25752751 |website=ABC News |access-date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925181727/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/attorney-general-eric-holder-resign/story?id=25752751 |archive-date=September 25, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Carrie|title=With Tears And Thanks, Attorney General Eric Holder Says Goodbye|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2015/04/24/402039688/with-tears-and-thanks-attorney-general-eric-holder-says-goodbye|publisher=NPR|access-date=April 25, 2015|date=April 24, 2015}}</ref>
==Return to private practice==
[[File:Eric Holder at DNC 0434 (27994325123).jpg|right|thumb|Holder at the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]]]]
In July 2015, Holder rejoined [[Covington & Burling]], the law firm at which he worked before becoming Attorney General. The law firm's clients have included many of the large banks Holder declined to prosecute for their alleged role in the financial crisis. [[Matt Taibbi]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' opined about the move, "I think this is probably the single biggest example of the [[Revolving door (politics)|revolving door]] that we've ever had."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/7/8/eric_holder_returns_to_wall_street |title=Matt Taibbi: Eric Holder Back to Wall Street-Tied Law Firm After Years of Refusing to Jail Bankers |date=July 8, 2015 |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |access-date=July 9, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/eric-holder-wall-street-double-agent-comes-in-from-the-cold-20150708 |author=[[Matt Taibbi]]|title=Eric Holder, Wall Street Double Agent, Comes in From the Cold |publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]| date=July 8, 2015 |access-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref>
In early 2016, Holder was hired by the [[MTN Group]], a South Africa-based telecommunications company as a part of its efforts to combat a $3.9 billion fine handed to the MTN Group by the government of [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/02/03/3-9b-fine-mtn-hires-ex-u-s-attorney-general-to-challenge-ncc/|title=$3.9b fine: MTN hires ex-U.S attorney general to challenge NCC|last=Ogbeche|first=Danielle|date=2016-02-03|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Rather than attempt to negotiate with the regulatory body that issued the fine, the [[Nigerian Communications Commission|Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)]], Holder worked with the Nigerian Attorney General [[Abubakar Malami]] to reach a compromise. While the NCC initially rejected a proposal from Malami for a reduced fine, it later decided to reduce the fine by more than half. The MTN Group paid the reduced amount, which totaled around $1.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-mtn-idUSKCN0ZH45I|title=How MTN sliced billions off its Nigerian telecoms fine|date=2016-07-01|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-24|language=en}}</ref>
In October 2016, Holder announced that he would chair the newly incorporated [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]], a group aiming to support Democratic candidates in state races ahead of the redistricting that will follow the [[2020 United States Census|2020 Census]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dovere|first1=Edward-Isaac|title=Obama, Holder to lead post-Trump redistricting campaign|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/obama-holder-redistricting-gerrymandering-229868|website=Politico|access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref>
During 2018, Holder suggested on several occasions that he might run for the presidency in 2020. In July, he told CNN he thought a presidential candidate needed five qualities—the ability to inspire others, a vision for the job, the ability to meet both the physical and mental strains of the job, and appropriate experience. Holder added that he believed he possessed those five qualities, but noted that his wife would be involved in his decision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/399406-eric-holder-yeah-im-interested-in-white-house-bid |title=Eric Holder: 'Yeah, I'm interested' in White House bid |first=Brett |last=Samuels |date=July 29, 2018 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=September 15, 2018 }}</ref> On March 4, 2019, Holder announced that he would not seek the White House in 2020 but would continue his work with the National Democratic Redistricting Committee to help elect a Democratic candidate who had the five qualities he thought were necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/eric-holder-i-wont-run-but-i-will-fight-to-elect-the-right-democratic-president/2019/03/02/9aeeed56-3c47-11e9-aaae-69364b2ed137_story.html |title=Eric Holder: I won't run, but I will fight to elect the right Democratic president |first=Eric |last=Holder |date=March 4, 2019 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=March 6, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/3/4/18249870/eric-holder-president-2020 |title=Former Attorney General Eric Holder: 'I will not run for president in 2020' |first=Li |last=Zhou |date=March 4, 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=March 6, 2019 }}</ref>
==Personal life==
Holder is married to Sharon Malone, an [[obstetrician]]. The couple have three children.<ref name=CovingtonBurlington_bio_20080615>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/eholder/ |work=Biographies| title=Eric H. Holder Jr. |access-date=November 18, 2008|date=June 15, 2008 |publisher=[[Covington & Burling LLP]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808111527/http://www.cov.com/eholder|archive-date=August 8, 2008 }}</ref> Malone's sister was [[Vivian Malone Jones]], famous for her part in the [[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]], which led to integration at the [[University of Alabama]].<ref name=WashingtonPost_Holley_20051014>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101302032.html |series=Metro |format=Obituaries|title=Vivian Malone Jones Dies; Integrated U-Ala. |last=Holley |first=Joe |date=October 14, 2005 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> Holder has been involved with various mentoring programs for inner-city youth. He is also an avid basketball fan<ref>{{cite web|last=Hook |first=Carol S. |url=http://politics.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2008/11/19/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eric-holder.html |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Eric Holder |publisher=Politics.usnews.com |date=November 19, 2008 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> and the uncle of former NBA All-Star [[Jeff Malone]].<ref name=10Things/> Holder and his wife live in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackpast.org/aah/holder-eric-h-1951|title=Holder, Eric H. (1951- ) {{!}} The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|website=blackpast.org|language=en|access-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref>
===Awards===
In May 2008, while still in private practice, ''[[Legal Times]]'' magazine named Holder as one of the "Greatest Washington Lawyers of the Past 30 Years," describing him as one of the "Visionaries."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/news/detail.aspx?news=1321 | title= Covington's Eizenstat, Gesell, Holder, Horsky and Ruff Among Legal Times' 'Greatest Washington Lawyers of Past 30 Years' |date=May 28, 2008 |website=Covington & Burlington LLP}}</ref> Also in that year, Holder was named by ''[[The National Law Journal]]'' as one of "the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/diversityoverview/ | title= Diversity Overview|website=Covington & Burlington LLP}}</ref> ''The National Law Journal'' commended Holder's practice in the areas of civil litigation and white-collar defense, as well as his work as a national co-chair for Obama's campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/news/detail.aspx?news=1322 | title=Two Covington Partners Among National Law Journal's 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers|website=Covington & Burlington LLP}}</ref>
On May 16, 2010, Holder delivered the commencement address at [[Boston University]], for both the all-university ceremony and the [[Boston University Law School|School of Law]]. In addition, he was presented with an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/node/10925 | title=2010 BU Honorary Degree Recipients |access-date=May 1, 2010|date=April 30, 2010 |work=BU Today}}</ref>
On May 22, 2011, Holder delivered the commencement address at the [[University of Virginia School of Law]]. Holder encouraged the graduates to emulate Virginia Law alumnus [[Robert F. Kennedy]]'s legacy of service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2011_spr/holder.htm |title=Holder Urges Grads to Emulate Robert Kennedy's Legacy of Service |access-date=February 25, 2013 |website=UVA School of Law News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406154938/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2011_spr/holder.htm |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On May 19, 2009, Holder was chosen by his alma mater, Columbia College, to be its Class Day Speaker.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/03/10/holder-selected-class-day-speaker |title=Holder Selected as Class Day Speaker |last=Resmovits |first=Joy |date=March 10, 2009 |work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]] |access-date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref>
In May 2009, Holder visited Barbados and met with government representatives from across the [[Caribbean]]. The government renamed the Tamarind Hall municipal building located at Tamarind Hall, Blackmans, St. Joseph after Holder. Now known as the ''Eric Holder Jr. Municipal Complex''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-cb-barbados-us-holder-052209-2009may22-story.html |title=Barbados names gov't offices for US attorney general|work=San Diego Tribune}}</ref> - This centre was constructed by [[Government of Barbados]] to house a Magistrate's Court, a police station, a branch of the public library, in addition to the St. Joseph district Post Office. The centre was officially opened on May 22, 2009, by the U.S Attorney General, Mr. Eric Holder Jr. while on a visit. In June 2009, the [[Government of Barbados]] announced that it would begin a project to determine the first 100 Great Barbadians, who would be selected by the public of Barbados. At the announcement of the project it was announced that Holder was the first candidate nominated for the final list.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=4226 |title=100 Great Barbadians to be recognised |access-date=June 11, 2009 |date=June 12, 2009 |work=[[Barbados Advocate]] |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215152342/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=4226 |archive-date=February 15, 2012 }}</ref>
In 2012, Holder received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2012 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2012/|quote= U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder and the Executive Director of the ACLU Anthony Romero at the 2012 Summit.}}</ref>
In August 2012, the [[National Urban League]] named Holder as a recipient of their "Living Legend" award, along with singer [[Stevie Wonder]].<ref>{{cite web|website=I Am Empowered|url=http://www.iamempowered.com/node/26346|title=2012 Living Legend Awards}}</ref>
In April 2013, Holder acknowledged having the position of the President's 'wing-man' and being there as the President's 'boy' during a radio interview with Tom Joyner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/politico44/2013/04/eric-holder-im-still-the-presidents-wingman-160861.html|title=Eric Holder: 'I'm still the president's wingman'|last=Gerstein|first=Josh|website=POLITICO|language=en|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> These awards and recognition are noteworthy because they contradict Holder's own public position that there should be "...a distance between [an Attorney General] and the president."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128392138|title=Obama, Holder Catch Heat For Close Ties|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>
Holder delivered the commencement address at [[Harvard Law School]] in May 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2012/05/24_attorney-general-eric-holder-hls-class-day.html |title='Put your skills to use to define our future,' Attorney General tells class |date=May 23, 2012 |website=Harvard Law School News}}</ref> the [[UC Berkeley School of Law]] in May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=University of California, Berkeley Law School Commencement Address|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Berkele|website=C-SPAN|access-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> and the [[UCLA School of Law]] in June 2020.
Holder received an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] from his alma mater, [[Columbia University]], in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.columbia.edu/content/2017-commencement-press-release|title=Columbia's 2017 Commencement Week Events Take Place from May 13 to 18|date=May 9, 2017|website=Columbia University News}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]
* [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |title=Black U.S. Attorney Brings an Indictment Against Powerful House Committee Chairman |date=June 20, 1994 |journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10|access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite news |url=http://business.highbeam.com/4977/article-1G1-19340518/new-sheriff-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124014617/https://business.highbeam.com/4977/article-1G1-19340518/new-sheriff-justice |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |title=A New Sheriff at Justice|last=Crabtree |first=Susan |date=April 28, 1997|work=Insight on the News|publisher=Highbeam |access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJiNKNMktOQC&pg=PA134 |title=First Black U.S. Attorney in D.C. |last=Haywood |first=Richette L. |date=September 1994 |journal=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636 |title= Making History |last=Longstreth |first= Andrew |date=June 2008 |journal=[[The American Lawyer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221164157/http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636|archive-date=December 21, 2008}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm1p1I30-0C&pg=PA35|title=Power Couples |last=Randolph |first=Laura B. |date=January 1999 |journal=Ebony |page=35|access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/us/politics/02holder.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pardon Is Back in Focus for the Justice Nominee |last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|author2=David Johnston|date=December 1, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 2, 2008}}
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|s=no|v=no|b=no|wikt=no|d=Q312644}}
* [https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/attorney-general-eric-h-holder-jr Profile] at the [[United States Department of Justice]]
* {{C-SPAN|ericholder}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/h/eric_h_holder_jr}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-no89-1286}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.usdoj.gov/dag/dagbio.htm |title=Justice Department Bio of Holder as Deputy Attorney General }}
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/eric-h-holder-jr Contemporary Black Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080808111527/http://www.cov.com/eholder Covington & Burling]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814012857/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=954&category=LawMakers&occupation=Attorney&name=Eric%20Holder The History Makers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204121234/http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/steering/e_holder_bio.htm Homeland Security Policy Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106014213/http://newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/Eric_Holder.php Eric Holder's federal campaign contribution report] at NewsMeat
* [https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ericholderdojaahistory.htm Authenticated text, audio, video of Eric Holder Speech at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program] AmericanRhetoric.com
{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jamie Gorelick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Deputy Attorney General]]|years=1997–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Mueller]]<br />Acting}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Janet Reno]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Attorney General]]<br />Acting|years=2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Ashcroft]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Michael Mukasey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Attorney General]]|years=2009–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Loretta Lynch]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{USAttGen}}
{{Obama cabinet}}
{{Patriot Act}}
{{NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Law|New York City|United States}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holder, Eric}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:African-American judges]]
[[Category:African-American lawyers]]
[[Category:African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States]]
[[Category:African-American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American judges]]
[[Category:American people of Barbadian descent]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:George Washington University faculty]]
[[Category:George Washington University trustees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Obama administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:People from the Bronx]]
[[Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys General]]
[[Category:United States Deputy Attorneys General]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. Democrats]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:People associated with Covington & Burling]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{about||the French writer|Éric Holder|the art dealer Eric Holder|Abbott and Holder}}
{{short description|82nd Attorney General of the United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Eric Holdma
|image = Eric Holdma official portrait.jpg
|office = 82nd [[United States Attorney General]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
|deputy = [[David W. Ogden]]<br />[[James M. Cole]]<br />[[Sally Yates]]
|term_start = February 3, 2009
|term_end = April 27, 2015
|predecessor = [[Michael Mukasey]]
|successor = [[Loretta Lynch]]
|president1 = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start1 = Acting: January 20, 2001
|term_end1 = February 2, 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Janet Reno]]
|successor1 = [[John Ashcroft]]
|office2 = 29th [[United States Deputy Attorney General]]
|president2 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start2 = June 13, 1997
|term_end2 = January 20, 2001
|predecessor2 = [[Jamie Gorelick]]
|successor2 = [[Larry Thompson]]
|office3 = [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]]
|president3 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start3 = January 20, 1993
|term_end3 = June 13, 1997
|predecessor3 = Ramsey Johnson
|successor3 = Mary Lou Leary
|office4 = Judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]
|nominator4 = [[Ronald Reagan]]
|term_start4 = 1988
|term_end4 = 1993
|predecessor4 = Virginia Riley
|successor4 = [[Judith Bartnoff]]
|birth_name = Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|1|21}}
|birth_place = {{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = Sharon Malone
|children = 3
|education = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
'''Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.''' (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] from 2009 to 2015. Holdma, serving in the [[Obama administration|administration]] of President [[Barack Obama]], was the [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries|first]] [[African Americans|African American]] to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<ref name="WashPost3Feb09">{{cite news |title=Holdma Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holdma-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html |last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=February 3, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A02 |access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>
Born in [[New York City]] to a [[American middle class|middle class]] family of [[Barbados|Barbadian]] origin, he graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]], [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia College]], and [[Columbia Law School]]. Following law school, he left New York to work for the [[Public Integrity Section]] of the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] for 12 years. He next served as a judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]] before being appointed by President Bill Clinton as [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] and subsequently [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]]. While U.S. Attorney, he prosecuted Congressman [[Dan Rostenkowski]] for corruption charges related to his role in the [[Congressional Post Office scandal]].
Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Obama's presidential campaign]] and one of three members of [[Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process|Obama's vice-presidential selection committee]]. Holdma was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in [[contempt of Congress]] during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious [[ATF gunwalking scandal]], the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|Justice Department's Inspector General]] later cleared Holdma of any wrongdoing. Holdma was succeeded as Attorney General by [[Loretta Lynch]] in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at [[gerrymandering]] reform through the [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].
==Early life and education==
Eric Himpton Holder Jr. was born in [[The Bronx]], New York, to parents with roots in [[Barbados]].<ref name="NYT-11Dec08">{{cite news |access-date=November 19, 2008 |url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/eric_h_holder_jr/index.html |title=Eric H. Holder Jr.|first=David |last=Johnston |series=The New Team |format=Series |work=The New York Times |date=November 11, 2008}}</ref><ref name=NationNews_Best_20081116>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/347652135987365.php |title=Obama's AG may be Bajan |access-date=November 18, 2008 |first=Tony |last=Best |date=November 16, 2008 |work=Local News |publisher=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |location=Barbados |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155641/http://www.nationnews.com/story/347652135987365.php |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/12/us/politics/11web-holder.html|title=Eric H. Holder Jr. |last=Johnston|first=David|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 31, 2009 | date=November 12, 2008}}</ref> Holder's father, Eric Himpton Holder Sr. (October 29, 1903 – February 12, 1998), was born in [[Saint Joseph, Barbados]], and arrived in the United States at the age of 11.<ref name='SSDI-EHH'>{{cite web |url=http://www.ancestry.com |title= Social Security Death Index [database on-line] |publisher= The Generations Network |location=United States |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref><ref name='ObamaBajanSon'>{{cite news |url=http://www.nationnews.com/story/345695006876384.php |title=Obama getting help from Bajan son |access-date=November 11, 2008 |first=Tony |last=Best |date=June 8, 2008 |work=Local News |publisher=[[The Daily Nation (Barbados)|Nation Newspaper]] |location=Barbados |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804000636/http://www.nationnews.com/story/345695006876384.php |archive-date=August 4, 2008 }}</ref> He later became a real estate broker. His mother, Miriam (January 25, 1924 – August 13, 2010), was born in [[New Jersey]], while his maternal grandparents were emigrants from [[Saint Philip, Barbados]].<ref name='ObamaBajanSon'/> Holder grew up in [[East Elmhurst]], [[Queens]], and attended public school until the age of 10. When entering the 4th grade he was selected to participate in a program for intellectually gifted students.<ref name="MakingHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202421950304 |title=Making History With Obama |access-date=November 18, 2008 |last=Longstreth |first=Andrew |date=June 2008 |work=Making History |format=Cover Story |publisher=[[The American Lawyer]]}}</ref>
In 1969, he graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]] in [[Manhattan]] and attended [[Columbia University]], where he played freshman basketball. He earned a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree in American history in 1973.<ref name=HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217>{{cite news |last=Tucker-Hamilton |first=Racine |author2=Hickey, Matthew |title=Interview with Eric H. Holder Jr. |work=Oral history project |format=Interview |publisher=[[The History Makers]] |date=December 17, 2004 |url=http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/honorable-eric-h-holder-jr |access-date=November 22, 2015}}</ref> Holder received his [[Juris Doctor|J.D.]] degree from [[Columbia Law School]], graduating in 1976. He worked for the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] during his first summer and the [[United States Attorney]] during his second summer.<ref name="MakingHistory"/>
In 1969, while a freshman at Columbia, Holder was one of several dozen students who staged an [[occupation (protest)|occupation]] of the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps]] office, renaming it as the [[Malcolm X]] student center.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/nyregion/01holder.html|title=Holder, High Achiever Poised to Scale New Heights|first=Javier C. |last=Hernández|date=November 30, 2008|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090519.html|title=Attorney General Eric Holder Delivers Remarks at Columbia College Commencement - OPA - Department of Justice}}</ref>
==Career==
After graduating from Columbia Law School, Holder joined the [[United States Department of Justice|U.S. Justice Department]]'s new [[Public Integrity Section]], where he worked from 1976 to 1988. During his time there, he assisted in the prosecution of [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Congressman [[John Jenrette]] for bribery discovered in the [[Abscam]] sting operation.<ref name="NYT-2Jun94">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E2D9113BF931A35755C0A962958260|title=Indictment of a Congressman: the Legal Case; Prosecutor No Stranger To Corruption in Politics |last=Lewis |first=Neil A. |series=U.S. |format=Article |date=June 2, 1994 |work=The New York Times |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> In 1988, [[Ronald Reagan]] appointed Holder to serve as a judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]].<ref name=Muckety>{{cite web |url=http://news.muckety.com/2008/06/05/obama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search/3221 |title=Obama picks Caroline Kennedy, Holder, Johnson to lead Vice-Presidential candidate search |access-date=June 29, 2008 |last=Memmott |first=A. James |date=June 5, 2008 |work=Muckety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701235153/http://news.muckety.com/2008/06/05/obama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search/3221 |archive-date=July 1, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Holder stepped down from the bench in 1993 to accept an appointment as [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] from President [[Bill Clinton]]. He was the first Black American U.S. Attorney in that office.<ref name="MakingHistory"/> At the beginning of his tenure, he oversaw the conclusion of the corruption case against [[Dan Rostenkowski]], part of the [[Congressional Post Office scandal]].<ref name="NYT-2Jun94"/> He was a U.S. Attorney until his elevation to Deputy Attorney General in 1997. Holder also served on [[The George Washington University]]'s Board of Trustees in 1996 and 1997.
===Deputy Attorney General===
[[File:Ericholder deputyag 20000818.png|250px|thumb|Holder opening an Interagency Working Group meeting of the White House Initiative on [[Asian American]]s hosted by the Department of Justice on October 18, 2000.]]
In 1997, after the retirement of [[Jamie Gorelick]], Clinton nominated Holder to be the Deputy Attorney General under [[Janet Reno]]. Holder was confirmed several months later in the Senate by a unanimous vote.<ref name=NYT_19970718>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DB1F38F93BA25754C0A961958260 |title=Nominee Confirmed For Deputy Position at the Justice Dept. |access-date=November 15, 2008|date=July 18, 1997|work=Archives }}</ref> During his confirmation hearing, Holder's opposition to the death penalty was questioned, but he pledged his intention to cooperate with the current laws and Reno, saying, "I am not a proponent of the death penalty, but I will enforce the law as this Congress gives it to us."<ref name=NYTConfirm>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE3DA153FF937A25755C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |title=Justice Dept. Nominee Faces Questions but No Strong Opposition |access-date=November 18, 2008|first=Neil A. |last=Lewis |date=June 14, 1997 |series=U.S. |format=Article |work=The New York Times }}</ref> Holder was the first African American to serve in that position.<ref name="MakingHistory"/>
As Deputy Attorney General, Holder's primary responsibilities were in the areas of budget and personnel issues; this also included resolving disputes among department heads and briefing reporters on policy initiatives, national security issue, and major investigations,<ref name="MakingHistory"/> including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigations]] (FBI) investigations into allegations of [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal|bribery and corruption in the 2002 Winter Olympics]] in [[Salt Lake City]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-02-18/us/9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid?_s=PM:US |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119114858/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-02-18/us/9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid?_s=PM:US |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 19, 2013 |title=Federal Probe of Salt Lake Olympic Bid Pretty Wide |date=February 18, 1999 |publisher=CNN }}</ref> Holder later advised Reno in the matters regarding the [[United States Office of the Independent Counsel|Independent Counsel statute]]. Reno made the decision to permit [[Kenneth Starr]] to expand his investigation into the [[Lewinsky affair]], leading to [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|Clinton's impeachment]].<ref name="MakingHistory"/>
In the wake of the murders of [[Matthew Shepard]] and [[Murder of James Byrd Jr.|James Byrd Jr.]], Holder was a vocal proponent of new [[hate crimes laws in the United States]]. Holder said that the current laws placed major constraints on the ability of federal investigators and prosecutors to assist in these types of cases.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-12/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119095836/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-12/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2013|title=Hate Crimes Legislation Introduced in Congress|date=March 12, 1999|publisher=CNN}}</ref>
In his final days with the [[Clinton administration]], Holder carried out his duties with [[Bill Clinton pardon controversy|Clinton's last-minute pardon]] of fugitive and Democratic contributor [[Marc Rich]]. Regarding discussions with the White House lawyers on the issue, Holder said he was at first "neutral" on the decision to grant Rich a pardon, but might lean in favor of it if there were national security benefits. Holder said that he was told that Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] had asked Clinton to grant the pardon. Holder said that, at the time, he did not give the case much thought, because he did not think the pardon would be granted, as no fugitive had ever previously been granted a presidential pardon. He later said he wished that he had looked into it more thoroughly,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2001-02-08/justice/pardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green?_s=PM:LAW |title=Holder Faces Grilling on Marc Rich Pardon |date=February 8, 2001 |publisher=CNN |access-date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302160328/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-02-08/justice/pardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green?_s=PM:LAW |archive-date=March 2, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and expressed regret over the incident. "I wish that I had ensured that the Department of Justice was more fully informed and involved in this pardon process", he said admitting the mistake.<ref name="AP-19Nov08">{{cite news |last=Yost |first=Pete |title =Marc Rich pardon controversy just won't die |agency =Associated Press |date=November 19, 2008 |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gEyF67-07z6eTT7dB941ggvWQgrAD94IAGIO1 |access-date =December 17, 2008 }}</ref>
Republicans on the House Government Reform Committee disagreed with Holder's version and alleged that he was a knowing participant, according to a 2003 report. They said Holder failed to fully inform prosecutors of the pending pardon, and they criticized his "neutral leaning favorable" opinion to Clinton.<ref name=NYT_Cowan_20020313>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E3DB1239F930A25750C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |title=Marc Rich Panel Says Top Justice Dept. Aide Held Information on Rich's Pardon |access-date=November 18, 2008|last=Cowan |first=Alison Leigh |date=March 13, 2002 |series=U.S. |format=Article |work=The New York Times }}</ref>
Former FBI director, [[Louis Freeh]], commented on the matter in 2009, saying that the Clinton White House had "used" Holder and kept both the FBI and the Department of Justice (DOJ) in the dark as to their full activities around the last minute pardons.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/politics/holder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon?_s=PM:POLITICS|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119084354/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/politics/holder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon?_s=PM:POLITICS|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 19, 2013|title=Former FBI Director: Holder was "used" in Rich Pardon|publisher=CNN|date=January 16, 2009}}</ref>
[[File:HolderEric.jpg|thumb|left|Official photo as Deputy Attorney General, {{circa|2000}}]]
Holder briefly served as Acting Attorney General under President [[George W. Bush]] until the Senate confirmed Bush's nominee [[John Ashcroft]].<ref name=CBSNews_20010202>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/29/politics/main267937.shtml |title=Ashcroft Settles In |access-date=June 29, 2008 |date=February 2, 2001 |work=Politics |publisher=[[CBS News]] }}</ref>
===Private practice===
From 2001 until he became Attorney General, Holder worked as an attorney at [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing clients such as [[Merck & Co.|Merck]] and the [[National Football League]].<ref name="NYT-11Dec08"/><ref name="MakingHistory"/> He represented the NFL during its [[Bad Newz Kennels dog fighting investigation|dog fighting investigation]] against [[Michael Vick]].<ref name=10Things>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2008/11/19/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eric-holder.html |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Eric Holder |last=Hook |first=Carol S. |date=November 19, 2008 |series=Nation & World: Politics |format=Article |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=November 23, 2008}}</ref>
In 2004, Holder helped negotiate an agreement with the Justice Department for [[Chiquita Brands International]] in a case that involved Chiquita's payment of "protection money" to the [[United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia]] (AUC), a group on the [[United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|U.S. government's list of foreign terrorist organizations]].<ref name=Terrorism-Law>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/01/AR2007080102601.html
|title=In Terrorism-Law Case, Chiquita Points to U.S. |first=Carol D. |last=Leonnig
|work=The Washington Post |date=August 2, 2007 |page=A01|access-date=November 14, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Banana-War>{{cite web |url=http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/international-news/portfolio/2007/09/17/Chiquita-Death-Squads |title=The Banana War |access-date=November 14, 2008 |date=October 2007 |last=Gray |first=Kevin |work=International News |publisher=[[Condé Nast Portfolio]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011003003/http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/international-news/portfolio/2007/09/17/Chiquita-Death-Squads |archive-date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref> In the agreement, Chiquita's officials pleaded guilty and paid a fine of $25 million. Holder represented Chiquita in the [[Civil law (common law)|civil action]] that grew out of this criminal case.<ref name=Banana-War/> In March 2004, Holder and Covington & Burling were hired by [[Governor of Illinois|Illinois Governor]] [[Rod Blagojevich]] to act as a special investigator to the [[Illinois Gaming Board]]. The investigation was subsequently canceled on May 18, 2004.<ref name="17Dec08">{{cite news |last =Fusco |first =Chris |title =Holder omitted Blagojevich link from questionnaire |work =Metro |date =December 17, 2008 |url =http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1334978,CST-NWS-holder17web.article |format =Article |access-date =December 17, 2008 |url-status =dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218100222/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1334978,CST-NWS-holder17web.article |archive-date =December 18, 2008 |df =mdy-all }}</ref>
The firm [[Guantanamo Bay attorneys|represented Guantanamo inmates]] but Holder "never participated directly in the firm's Guantanamo work" and was not expected to recuse himself from matters pertaining to it.<ref>Joe Palazzolo [http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202428688933 Some Justice Department Lawyers Have Gitmo Conflicts] March 2, 2009 Legal Times</ref>
In October 2004 he defended [[Purdue Pharma]] in a West Virginia court against accusations of deceptive marketing of their product OxyContin.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/projects/oxycontin-part1/ OxyContin case], www.latimes.com, 5 May 2016</ref>
During his years in private practice, Holder represented the Swiss private bank [[UBS]]. Because of this, he recused himself from participating in the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] investigation of UBS's abetting of [[tax evasion]] by U.S. account-holders and the prosecution of [[Brad Birkenfeld]]. (As Attorney General, he also recused himself from the [[Roger Clemens]] [[contempt of Congress]] prosecution because the pitcher was once a client of Covington and Burling.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Holder cites conflict of interest|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3969529|publisher=Associated Press |access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Holder|first=Eric|title=Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the UBS Press Conference|url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-121219.html|publisher=United States Department of Justice |access-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref>
While ''[[District of Columbia v. Heller]]'' was being heard by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in 2008, Holder joined the Reno-led [[Amicus curiae|amicus]] brief, which urged the Supreme Court to uphold Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban and said the position of the Department of Justice, from [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] through Clinton, was that the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]] does not protect an individual [[right to keep and bear arms]] for purposes unrelated to a State's operation of a well-regulated [[militia]].<ref name=ABA_JusticeBrief>{{cite web |url=http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07-08/07-290_PetitionerAmCuFmrDOJOfficials.pdf|title=Brief for Former Department of Justice Officials as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioners|publisher=[[American Bar Association]]}}</ref> Holder said that overturning the 1976 law "opens the door to more people having more access to guns and putting guns on the streets."<ref name=WashingtonPost_Nakamura-Barnes_20070310>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/09/AR2007030902416_pf.html |title=D.C.'s Ban on Handguns in Homes Is Thrown Out |first=David |last=Nakamura |author2=Barnes, Robert |date=March 10, 2007 |series=Metro: Special Reports |format=Article |work=The Washington Post |page=A01 |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref>
In late 2007, Holder joined then-Senator [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Barack Obama's presidential campaign]] as a senior legal advisor. He served on Obama's vice presidential selection committee.<ref name=Muckety/>
==Nomination as Attorney General of the United States==
On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Holder would be his nominee for Attorney General of the United States.<ref name="change.gov 1Dec08-1">{{cite web|author=[http://change.gov change.gov] |title=Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced |series=Newsroom |publisher=[[change.gov|Office of the President-elect]] |date=December 1, 2008 |url=http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |format=Press release |access-date=December 1, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182614/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/ |archive-date=December 1, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/12/obama_names_nat.html|title=Obama names national security team | last=Rhee |first=Foon |series=News |format=Article |work=Boston Globe|date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=December 1, 2008}}</ref> Obama praised his "toughness and independence." Obama went on to say that "[Holder] is deeply familiar with the law enforcement challenges we face: from terrorism to counter-intelligence; from white-collar crime to public corruption." Holder emphasized national security as a priority if confirmed, "We can and we must ensure that the American people remain secure and that the great Constitutional guarantees that define us as a nation are truly valued."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/white_house/transition2008/holder_profile.html |title=Obama Nominates Eric Holder as Nation's Top Law Enforcement Official|publisher=PBS|date=December 1, 2008}}</ref>
He was formally nominated on January 20, 2009 and was overwhelmingly approved by the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] on January 28 with a bipartisan vote of 17 to 2.<ref>Presidential Nomination [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ntquery/z?nomis:111PN0006407: PN64-07-111], 111th Congress, January 20, 2009</ref><ref>[http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/judiciary-panel-approves-holders-nomination/?scp=1&sq=holder&st=cse Judiciary Panel Approves Holder’s Nomination], ''The New York Times'', January 28, 2009,</ref> He was officially confirmed by the entire Senate on February 2, 2009, by a vote of 75 to 21 becoming the nation's first African-American Attorney General.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/us/politics/03holder.html |title=Holder Is Confirmed as Attorney General|work=The New York Times|date=February 2, 2002|first=Neil A.|last=Lewis}}</ref> His installation took place on March 27, 2009 at the [[Lisner Auditorium]] of [[George Washington University]].
==Tenure as Attorney General of the United States==
===Terrorism===
====Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids====
As Attorney General, Holder was a staunch opponent of legal limitations on the executive branch's ability to prosecute the [[War on Terror]]. In May 2011, Holder testified before Congress on the legality of the [[Death of Osama bin Laden|operation in which U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden]] earlier that month. Holder testified that the operation to kill bin Laden was legal, stating that international law allows for targeting enemy commanders. To support this point, Holder said that computer evidence seized from the raid demonstrated that bin Laden was still leading [[al-Qaeda]]. Moreover, Holder said, the [[SEAL Team Six|Navy SEAL team]] that carried out the raid conducted itself in a manner consistent with American values, and that the parameters of the mission included capturing bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13370919 |title=Bin Laden Death 'Not Assassination' – Eric Holder|date=May 12, 2011 | work=BBC News |access-date=May 6, 2019 }}</ref>
[[File:1201 National Security 06.jpg|thumb|Holder with Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton on December 2, 2008]]
Holder defended the legality of drone strikes against alleged terrorists. Addressing the death of [[Anwar al-Awlaki]], an American citizen who was killed by drone strike without [[trial]], Holder said "The U.S. government's use of lethal force in self-defense against a leader of al-Qaeda or an associated force who presents an imminent threat of violent attack would not be unlawful." He outlined a three-part test to affirm the lawfulness of the strikes: the terrorist poses an imminent threat of violence to the United States, capture is not possible and the operation is conducted in a manner consistent with the principles of the law of war.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/holder-speak-targeted-killings-americans/story?id=15851232 |title=Holder: When War on Terror Targets Americans|date=March 5, 2012}}</ref> At the time, al-Awlaki was an alleged leader and recruiter for [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]]. Holder later stated that "'[[due process|[d]ue process]]' and 'judicial process' are not one and the same, particularly when it comes to national security. The Constitution guarantees due process, not judicial process."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/03/holder-due-process-doesnt-necessarily-mean-courtroom/330933/ |title=Attorney General Holder: Due Process Doesn't Necessarily Mean a Courtroom |first=Adam |last=Martin |date=March 5, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2019 }}</ref> Some civil liberties advocates have described the incident as "an extrajudicial execution" that breached al-Awlaki's right to due process, including a trial.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nelson |first=Steven |date=June 23, 2014 |title=Drone Memo Justifying Assassination of U.S. Citizen Released |website=U.S. News |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/23/drone-memo-assassination-us-citizen-anwar-al-awlaki-released |access-date=February 18, 2019}}</ref>
====Terrorism prosecutions====
A major legacy of Holder's tenure as attorney general was a shifting of terrorism cases to the civilian federal courts.<ref name="Apuzzo">Matt Apuzzo, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/us/a-holder-legacy-shifting-terror-cases-to-the-courts-and-winning.html A Holder Legacy: Shifting Terror Cases to the Civilian Courts, and Winning], ''New York Times'' (October 21, 2014).</ref><ref name="Olson">[http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/eric-holders-defining-legacy-on-terror-117446.html Eric Holder's Defining Legacy on Terror], ''Politico Magazine'' (April 28, 2015).</ref> Under Holder, the DOJ successfully tried many terrorists in federal court, securing convictions and life sentences against a string of defendants, including [[Sulaiman Abu Ghaith]] (Osama bin Laden's spokesman); [[Ahmed Ghailani]] (a conspirator in the [[1998 United States embassy bombings|1998 East Africa bombings]]); and [[Abu Hamza]] (an al-Qaeda operative).<ref name="Apuzzo"/><ref name="Olson"/> [[Faisal Shahzad]] (the [[2010 Times Square car bombing attempt|attempted Times Square bomber]]); and [[Omar Farouk Abdulmutallab]] (the failed "underwear bomber") pleaded guilty in federal court and were sentenced to life imprisonment during Holder's term.<ref>Phil Hirschkorn, [https://www.justsecurity.org/19000/federal-court-life-sentence-terrorism-abu-hamza-el-masri/ Another Life Sentence for a Terrorist Convicted in Federal Court], ''Just Security'' (January 9, 2015).</ref> During Holder's term, other terrorists—including [[Najibullah Zazi]] (who plotted a [[2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot|New York subway attack]]), and [[Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame]] (an [[al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shabab]] supporter) pleaded guilty and cooperated with the government.<ref name="Olson"/> Matt Olsen, the director of the [[National Counterterrorism Center]] from 2011 to 2014, wrote in 2015: "Through his persistence, Holder demonstrated the wisdom and value of prosecuting terrorists in civilian courts and cemented this approach for future administrations."<ref name="Olson"/>
In November 2009, Holder announced that [[September 11 attacks|September 11 attack]] co-conspirators—[[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], [[Ramzi Bin al-Shibh]], [[Walid bin Attash]], [[Ali Abdul Aziz Ali]] and [[Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi]]—would be tried in New York City on federal charges of conspiracy and murder.<ref name="Olson"/> Holder said at the time that the five would "stand trial in our justice system before an impartial jury under long-established rules and procedures."<ref name="Olson"/> This plan was frustrated by Congress, however, and "congressional restrictions on transferring Guantánamo detainees to federal court had delayed the case indefinitely."<ref name="Olson"/> In April 2011, Holder was forced to drop plans for a federal trial and instead refer the five to [[Guantanamo military commission|military commissions]]; at the time, Holder criticized Congress for interfering in the prosecution, saying: "[Congress has] taken one of the nation's most tested counterterrorism tools off the table and tied our hands in a way that would have serious ramifications."<ref>Sam Stein, [https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/04/eric-holder-ksm-trial_n_844564.html Eric Holder Lashes Out at Congress Over Decision to Try KSM in Military Tribunal], ''Huffington Post'' (April 4, 2011).</ref> The military commissions remain "mired in procedural delays, legal uncertainty and continued controversy" today.<ref name="Olson"/>
====International cooperation against terrorism====
In July 2010, Holder attended a heads of state summit of the [[African Union]] in [[Kampala]], [[Uganda]], where he told African leaders that the U.S. would continue to support the [[African Union Mission to Somalia|African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Attorney General Holder at the African Union Summit |url=https://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2010/ag-speech-100725.html |work=Justice.gov |date=July 25, 2010 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Delany">Max Delany, [http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2010/jul/25/uganda-president-calls-for-africa-to-fight-terror/ Uganda president calls for Africa to fight terror], Associated Press (July 25, 2010).</ref> Holder also vowed to work closer with African officials to stop terrorism, and announced that the FBI would be providing a team of forensic specialists to help assist in the investigation of the [[July 2010 Kampala attacks|terrorist bombings in Kampala]] during the [[2010 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]].<ref name="Delany"/>
In a July 2014 speech to diplomats, academics, and national security officials in [[Oslo]], Holder called for international cooperation against terrorism in Syria and Iraq in order to stem the flow of [[Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War|foreign fighters]].<ref name="Phelps">Timothy M. Phelps, [https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-holder-syria-terrorism-20140707-story.html Eric Holder urges international cooperation on terrorism in Syria], ''Los Angeles Times'' (July 8, 2014).</ref> Holder specifically urged other nations to adopt [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] laws; carry out better undercover operations; share traveler information through [[Interpol]]; and "seek to stop individuals from becoming [[Radicalization|radicalized]] in the first place by putting in place strong programs to counter [[violent extremism]] in its earliest stages."<ref name="Phelps"/><ref>[https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-holder-urges-international-effort-confront-threat-syrian-foreign-fighters Attorney General Holder Urges International Effort to Confront Threat of Syrian Foreign Fighters] (July 8, 2014).</ref>
===Civil rights===
[[File:Eric Holder at Wounded Knee Memorial.jpg|thumb|190px|Holder laying a wreath at the memorial site of the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] in South Dakota]]
====Voting rights and redistricting====
Holder is a vocal proponent of defending the [[Voting Rights Act]] of 1965, which was reauthorized in 2006 with bipartisan support. Holder has criticized new [[Voter ID laws in the United States|voter ID laws in Texas, Florida and other states]], which he suggests may be politically motivated. In 2011, Holder said, "The reality is that in jurisdictions across the country, both overt and subtle forms of discrimination remain all too common." He went on to criticize Texas redistricting efforts, which were introduced when the state had increased its population by four million; Holder criticized the state for not allocating any new Congressional seats to represent Hispanic voters, arguing that the majority of the increased population were Latinos.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elana-estrin/eric-holder-voting-rights_b_1149462.html |title=Holder Delivers Voting Rights Speech|work=Huffington Post|date=December 14, 2011|first=Elana|last=Estrin}}</ref>
Under Holder's tenure, the DOJ sued [[Shelby County, Alabama]], for a violation of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. The small town of [[Calera, Alabama|Calera]] had re-drawn the city council districts without receiving pre-clearance from the DOJ, which was required by Section 5 in order to ensure that Southern states do not use such redistricting to weaken political representation for minority communities. For local elections, Calera had divided the African-American part of town, submerging it into two other districts. The DOJ argued that this eliminated the city's sole African-American councilman. Calera responded by arguing that the process of pre-clearance with the DOJ should no longer be required. On September 21, 2011, the federal district court upheld the constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, but the decision was overturned by the Supreme Court in ''[[Shelby County v. Holder]]'', which effectively struck down Section 5 of the act. Before that decision, Holder had vowed to continue to enforce federal voting rights laws, regardless of how the United States Supreme Court decided in case.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/justice/holder-voting-rights-act/|publisher=CNN |title=Eric Holder: Supreme Court decision won't stop voting rights enforcement |date=April 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/eric-holder-martin-luther-king_n_3017258.html|work=Huffington Post |title=Eric Holder: Martin Luther King Jr. 'Would Not Yet Be Satisfied' With Voting Rights |date=April 4, 2013 |first=Ryan J. |last=Reilly}}</ref>
In May 2012, with over a dozen states pushing new voter identification laws, Holder stated that he believed these new laws would hamper the ability of the elderly, students and minorities to vote. Regarding voting rights, he said, "for the first time in our [lifetimes], we are failing to live up to one of our most noble ideals." Holder pledged that the DOJ fight these laws "aggressively". He went on to say that "We have to honor the generations that took extraordinary risks" to achieve the right to vote.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rollingout.com/politics/voting-rights-are-under-attack-says-attorney-general-eric-holder/ |title=Voting Rights Are Under Attack Says Attorney General|date=May 31, 2012}}</ref>
In a speech before the NAACP in July 2012, Holder went on to say that the Texas voter ID laws were a "political pretext to disenfranchise American citizens of their [[Voting rights in the United States|most precious right]]."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/07/holder-tells-naacp-texas-voter-id-law-hurts-minorities/ |title=Holder Tells NAACP Texas Voter ID Laws Hurt Minorities|work=USA Today| date=July 10, 2012}}</ref> Holder compared the practices of these states to those in the era of Jim Crow segregation. Holder said, "Many of those without IDs would have to travel great distances to get them – and some would struggle to pay for the documents they might need to obtain them. We call those [[Poll tax (United States)|poll taxes]]."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78352.html/|publisher=Politico.com |title=Holder Revs Up NAACP Meeting|date=July 10, 2012}}</ref>
====Arizona immigration law====
In May 2010, Holder expressed concerns over reports he had received regarding [[Arizona SB 1070]], an Arizona immigration law. He said that he feared that the law could lead to [[racial profiling]]. Holder received criticism on the political right for criticizing the law before he had read it in its entirety.<ref>{{cite news |title=Holder Is Criticized for Comments on Ariz. Immigration Law, Which He Hasn't Read |last=Markon |first=Jerry |date=May 14, 2010 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051404231.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Holder Hasn't Read Arizona Law He Criticized |last=Dinan |first=Stephen |date=May 13, 2010 |work=[[The Washington Times]] |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/may/13/holder-hasnt-read-ariz-law-he-criticized/}}</ref>
In July 2010, after the DOJ reviewed the law, Holder filed suit against Arizona on the grounds that the state law is preempted by federal law. Holder was quoted as saying, "I understand, first off, the frustration of the people of Arizona and the concerns that they have with regard to the amount of illegal immigration that occurs, but the solution that the Arizona legislature came up with is inconsistent with our federal Constitution."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/10/ftn/main6666467.shtml |work=CBS News |title=Holder: Ariz. Law Inconsistent with Federal Law |date=July 10, 2010}}</ref>
A lawsuit challenging the law was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in June 2012, the Court struck down a majority of the law's provisions in ''[[Arizona v. United States]]''. Holder said that although he was pleased that much of the law had been struck down, he remained concerned over the burden it might place on local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration law and the possibility that it might be used to discriminate against the Latino community. He vowed to continue to monitor the impact of the law.<ref>https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2012/June/12-ag-801.html |publisher= US Department of Justice | date=June 25, 2012</ref>
Holder has also stated that he supports comprehensive immigration reform{{clarifyme|date=September 2020}}, adding that it is a "matter of civil rights and human rights".<ref>http://atlantablackstar.com/2013/04/27/eric-holder-citizenship-for-illegal-immigrants-is-a-matter-of-civil-and-human-rights/|{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} date=April 24, 2013</ref>
====Same-sex marriage====
In February 2011, Holder announced that the DOJ would no longer defend cases involving the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] in court. Holder had recommended this course of action to the President, arguing that the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional, as laws that prohibit the marriage of gay couples do not meet the legal principle of [[strict scrutiny]]. Holder cited changing law in support of his action: "Much of the legal landscape has changed in the 15 years since Congress passed DOMA. The Supreme Court has ruled that laws criminalizing homosexual conduct are unconstitutional. Congress has repealed the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. Several lower courts have ruled DOMA itself to be unconstitutional." This decision was prompted by legal deadlines in two federal cases in [[Connecticut]] and New York, where same-sex married couples argued that DOMA's ban on federal benefits to those in gay marriages approved by the individual states, violates the Constitution's requirement of equal treatment.<ref>{{cite web|date=February 23, 2011 |title=Statement of the Attorney General on Litigation Involving the Defense of Marriage Act |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act |website=U.S. Department of Justice |publisher=Office of the Attorney General |access-date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926053902/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act |archive-date=September 26, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html/ |title=Obama Administration Will No Longer Defend DOMA |work=CBS News |date=February 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224122017/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html |archive-date=February 24, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In February 2012, Holder reaffirmed his position and stated that the DOJ would not defend DOMA in a legal challenge brought by members of the U.S. military, who were seeking benefits for their same-sex spouses, including: medical insurance, visitation rights in military hospitals and survivor benefits.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/02/ag-holder-doj-wont-defend-a-challenge-to-doma-brought-by-members-of-military/|title=AG Holder: DOJ Won't Defend a Challenge to DOMA Brought by Members of Military|work=ABC News|date=February 17, 2012}}</ref>
Holder has also advocated for the interests of the 36,000 same-sex partnerships where Americans are in relationships with non-U.S. citizens. In May 2011, Holder set aside the decision to deport Paul Dorman, an Irish man who was in a same-sex partnership with a New Jersey citizen. Holder then asked immigration officials to reconsider their decision in order to determine whether Dorman can be considered a spouse under New Jersey law and whether Dorman would be considered a spouse under immigration law were it not for the Defense of Marriage Act. This action prompted some other immigration judges to halt the deportation proceeds of other foreigners in same-sex couples.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/06/30/deportation-citizens-same-sex-partner-canceled/ |title=Deportation of Citizen's Same-Sex Partner Canceled |date=June 30, 2011 | work=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/05/holder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case/|title=Holder Intervenes in Gay Man's Deportation Case |archive-date=May 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520073103/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/05/holder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case/}}</ref>
===Criminal investigations and prosecutions===
====Ted Stevens case====
In 2009, Holder decided to drop the [[Ted Stevens#Trial, conviction, and reversal|corruption case]] against former Senator [[Ted Stevens]] of Alaska after evidence of [[prosecutorial misconduct]] (specifically, the withholding of [[exculpatory evidence]]) emerged.<ref name="TedStevens">{{cite news |first=Nina |last=Totenberg |author-link=Nina Totenberg |title=Justice Dept. Seeks To Void Stevens' Conviction |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102589818|publisher=[[NPR]] |date=April 1, 2009 |access-date=April 1, 2009 }}</ref> Holder was reportedly "horrified by the failure of prosecutors to turn over all relevant materials to the defense" and was alarmed at rebukes of federal prosecutors by Judge [[Emmet G. Sullivan|Emmet Sullivan]], a friend and former colleague of Holder.<ref name="TedStevens"/> The DOJ formally moved to dismiss the indictment against Stevens (who had been convicted the previous year on seven counts, but had never been sentenced) on April 1, 2009.<ref name="TedStevens"/> Holder issued a statement reading: "After careful review, I have concluded that certain information should have been provided to the defense for use at trial. In light of this conclusion, and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances of this particular case, I have determined that it is in the interest of justice to dismiss the indictment and not proceed with a new trial."<ref name="TedStevens"/> Judge Emmet Sullivan threw out the case several days later, issuing an order stating: "There was never a judgment of conviction in this case. The jury's verdict is being set aside and has no legal effect."<ref>Paul Singer, [http://www.rollcall.com/news/-33864-1.html Judge Follows Request by Stevens Lawyer], ''Roll Call'' (April 7, 2009).</ref> Holder ordered a review of the case by the [[Office of Professional Responsibility]] of DOJ.<ref name="TedStevens"/> Judge Sullivan conducted an inquiry of his own, appointed two attorneys to conduct an investigation which resulted in "a blistering 514-page report" (released in May 2012) detailing what went wrong in the prosecution, and criticizing three specific federal prosecutors (one of whom committed suicide in 2010) for concealing evidence.<ref>Del Quentin Wilber & Sari Horwitz, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/prosecutors-concealed-evidence-in-ted-stevens-case-report-finds/2012/03/15/gIQAJ5GNFS_story.html Prosecutors concealed evidence in Ted Stevens case, report finds], ''Washington Post'' (March 15, 2012).</ref> Holder was praised for his efforts to repair the damage caused by the affair, which was seen as "a profound embarrassment for the Justice Department."<ref>Neil A. Lewis, [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/us/politics/02stevens.html Justice Dept. Moves to Void Stevens Case], New York Times (April 1, 2009).</ref>
====Marijuana====
In 2010, in the run up to the referendum on [[California Proposition 19]], which would have legalized [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] use for personal recreation, Holder stated that the DOJ would continue to prosecute individuals on the federal level for possession of marijuana even if voters approved a ballot measure.<ref>{{cite news |title=Attorney General Holder Opposes California Marijuana Bill |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/16/us-usa-marijuana-california-idUSTRE69F03V20101016|work=Reuters|date=October 16, 2010}}</ref> However, in the run up to the successful marijuana legalization referendums on [[Colorado Amendment 64]] and [[Washington Initiative 502]] in 2012, Holder and the Department of Justice remained silent on how they would respond if the ballot measures were enacted by voters. On November 6, 2012, [[Colorado Amendment 64]] and [[Washington Initiative 502]] were passed with 55.3% and 55.7% of the votes respectively. This would lead to a new memo released by [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]] [[James M. Cole]] on August 29, 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf |title=Cole memo|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref> The memo instructed all [[United States Attorney]]s to not focus limited prosecutorial resources on state-authorized marijuana related activities, provided they follow eight priorities laid out by the Department of Justice.<ref name="AD091713">{{cite news|title=Feds won't challenge Washington's pot law|work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=August 29, 2013 |url=http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2013/08/washingtons-pot-law-wont-get-federal-challenge/ |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref>
====Organized crime====
On January 20, 2011, the FBI arrested 127 members of the [[American Mafia|La Cosa Nostra]] in New York City, including members of all [[Five Families]] of New York City and the [[DeCavalcante family]] of New Jersey.<ref name="LCN speech">[https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-eric-holder-speaks-press-conference-organized-crime-arrests Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Press Conference on Organized Crime Arrests, New York, NY], United States Department of Justice (January 20, 2011).</ref><ref name="Pilkington">Ed Pilkington, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/20/fbi-arrests-127-mafia-crackdown FBI arrests 127 in its biggest ever Mafia crackdown], ''Guardian'' (January 20, 2011).</ref> Holder spoke at a press conference afterwards, celebrating the largest single-day operation against the Mafia in United States history.<ref name="LCN speech"/><ref name="Pilkington"/>
====Leak investigations====
Under Holder's leadership, the Department of Justice brought six leak-related prosecutions against current or former U.S. government employees, while all previous Presidential administrations combined had tried a total of three such cases. Holder was reportedly "surprised" by news reports pointing out this statistic, and was said to have told associates that he did not wish to have leak prosecutions be his legacy.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/us/politics/accidental-path-to-record-leak-cases-under-obama.html?pagewanted=all |title=Administration Took Accidental Path to Setting Record for Leak Cases |last=Savage |first=Charlie |work=The New York Times |date=June 19, 2012 |access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Several prominent leak prosecutions under Holder involved communications between criminal defendants and journalists, and the pervasive use of traceable electronic communications between journalists and their sources provided the prosecution with a tool to determine the potential origin of published information.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/sunday-review/a-high-tech-war-on-leaks.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all |title=A High-Tech War on Leaks |last=Liptak |first=Adam |work=The New York Times |date=February 11, 2012 |access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> Under Holder, the Justice Department argued that [[protection of sources|journalists had no legal protection to maintain the confidentiality of their sources]], and can be compelled by the government to reveal them, or potentially face criminal contempt charges.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2012/02/no_privilege.html |title=There is No Reporter's Privilege, Leak Prosecutors Insist |last=Aftergood |first=Steven |publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]] Secrecy news |date=February 29, 2012 |access-date=February 29, 2012}}</ref> On September 17, 2018, the [[Freedom of the Press Foundation]] obtained documents regarding the use of [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court|FISA courts]] to spy on journalists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2018/09/17/journalists-fisa-court-spying/|title=Government Can Spy on Journalists in the U.S. Using Invasive Foreign Intelligence Process|last=Currier|first=Cora|date=September 17, 2018|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://reason.com/blog/2018/09/18/newly-released-eric-holder-memo-feds-can|title=Newly Released Eric Holder Memo: Feds Can Use FISA to Spy on Journalists|date=September 18, 2018|work=Reason.com|access-date=September 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://freedom.press/news/revealed-justice-depts-secret-rules-targeting-journalists-fisa-court-orders/|title=Revealed: The Justice Dept's secret rules for targeting journalists with FISA court orders|access-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref>
On May 13, 2013, the [[Associated Press]] announced that the telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012 had been seized by the Justice Department as part of the [[2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters]]. The AP described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into their news-gathering operation.<ref name=TTSanchez>{{cite news |last=Sanchez|first=Raf|title=US Justice Department secretly seizes Associated Press phone records |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/us-politics/10055318/US-Justice-Department-secretly-seizes-Associated-Press-phone-records.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=May 15, 2013|location=London|date=May 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name=TG130513>{{cite news |title=US government secretly obtained Associated Press phone records|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/may/13/america-government-associated-press-phone-records|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 15, 2013|location=London|date=May 13, 2013}}</ref> Holder testified under oath to the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]] that he had recused himself from these leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, James Cole was in charge of the AP investigation and would've ordered the subpoenas.<ref name=nbcpolitics>{{cite web |last=Curry|first=Tom|title=Holder addresses AP leaks investigation, announces IRS probe |url=http://nbcpolitics.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/14/18253923-holder-addresses-ap-leaks-investigation-announces-irs-probe?lite |work=NBC News|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> When questioning turned to the possibility of journalists being charged under the Espionage Act for reporting classified material, Holder stated: "With regard to the potential prosecution of the press for the disclosure of material, that is not something that I've ever been involved in, heard of or would think would be a wise policy."<ref>{{cite news|title=Holder Faces New Round of Criticism After Leak Inquiries|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/us/politics/holder-faces-a-new-round-of-criticism.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 1, 2013 |first1=Charlie |last1=Savage |first2=Jonathan |last2=Weisman|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref>
It was later reported that the DOJ monitored Fox News reporter [[James Rosen (journalist)|James Rosen's]] activities by tracking his visits to the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] through phone traces, timing of calls and his personal emails.<ref name=probe>{{cite news|last=Marimow|first=Ann E.|title=A rare peek into a Justice Department leak probe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/a-rare-peek-into-a-justice-department-leak-probe/2013/05/19/0bc473de-be5e-11e2-97d4-a479289a31f9_story.html?tid=pm_pop|work=The Washington Post|access-date=May 20, 2013|date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> [[NBC]] confirmed with the Justice Department that Holder had personally signed off on the Rosen subpoenas. The DOJ defended their decision and spoke about a balance between protecting national secrets and the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|1st Amendment]], stating: "After extensive deliberations, and after following all applicable laws, regulations and policies, the Department sought an appropriately tailored search warrant under the Privacy Protection Act."<ref>{{cite web|last=Isikoff|first=Michael|title=DOJ confirms Holder OK'd search warrant for Fox News reporter's emails|url=http://openchannel.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/23/18451142-doj-confirms-holder-okd-search-warrant-for-fox-news-reporters-emails|access-date=June 1, 2013}}</ref> The revelation brought into question whether Holder had been intentionally misleading during his previous testimony. House Committee members sent an open letter to Holder, saying: "It is imperative that the committee, the Congress, and the American people be provided a full and accurate account of your involvement."<ref name=fnchouse>{{cite news|title=House Republicans challenge Holder testimony on reporter surveillance |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/05/29/prominent-liberal-attorney-turley-joins-call-for-holder-to-be-fired/|publisher=Fox News Channel|access-date=June 1, 2013|date=May 29, 2013}}</ref>
===Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program===
[[File:Obama signing the Fair Sentencing Act.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama signing the [[Fair Sentencing Act]] in 2010]]
On August 12, 2013, at the [[American Bar Association]]'s House of Delegates meeting, Holder announced the "Smart on Crime" program, which is "a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough-on-crime anti-drug legislation and policies."<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/sweeping_reversal_of_the_war_on_drugs_announced_by_atty_general_holder/?sc_cid=130815AR | title=Sweeping reversal of the War on Drugs announced by Atty General Holder |publisher=American Bar Association |work=ABA's 560-member policy making House of Delegates | date=August 12, 2013 | access-date=August 16, 2013 |author=Carter, Terry |page=1}}</ref><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.abajournal.com/files/SMART_ON_CRIME.PDF | title=Smart on Crime: Reforming The Criminal Justice System | publisher=US Department of Justice | work=Remarks to American Bar Association's Annual Convention in San Francisco, CA | date=August 12, 2013 | access-date=August 16, 2013 | page=7}}</ref> Holder said the program "will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes "for which the accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct, rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins…"<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013"/><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013"/> Running through Holder's statements, the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed.<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013"/><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013"/> {{As of | August 2013}}, the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort "limited to the DOJ's policy parameters."<ref name="ABA meeting Aug 12 2013"/><ref name="Reforming The Criminal Justice System Aug 12 2013"/>
===Additional actions===
In 2009, Holder announced and oversaw the federal government spending of $1 billion in grants to law enforcement agencies in every state to pay for the hiring of police officers. The money comes from the stimulus bill the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act]] of 2009 and covered the salaries of 4,699 law enforcement officers for three years.<ref>{{cite news |title=US to Provide $1 billion to Hire cops |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2009-07-28/politics/police.stimulus_1_officers-for-three-years-police-officers-law-enforcement?_s=PM:POLITICS |publisher=CNN |date=July 28, 2009 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312212050/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-07-28/politics/police.stimulus_1_officers-for-three-years-police-officers-law-enforcement?_s=PM:POLITICS |archive-date=March 12, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Grants and Resources for Community Policing |url=http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/default.asp?Item=2202 |date= July 28, 2009}}</ref>
When questioned about weapons regulations during a news conference to announce the arrest of [[Mexican drug cartel]] members, Holder stated that the Obama administration would seek to re-institute the expired [[Federal Assault Weapons Ban]], which he strongly supports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/02/26/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry4831751.shtml|title=Holder Revives Talk of an Assault Weapons Ban|date=February 26, 2009 | work=CBS News | first=Brent | last=Lang}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=May 5, 2009 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/02/26/politics/politicalhotsheet/entry4831751.shtml |title=Holder Revives Talk of an Assault Weapons Ban|first=Lang |last=Lang|work=[[CBS News]] |date=February 26, 2009}}</ref>
After the U.S. government [[UBS AG#U.S. tax fraud controversy|filed suit]] against the Swiss bank [[UBS AG]], whom Holder had represented during his time in private practice, the attorney general recused himself from all legal matters concerning the bank, which stands accused of conspiracy in U.S. [[tax fraud]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2008676224_apholderbank.html |title=UBS bank listed among Holder ex-clients |work=The Seattle Times|date=January 27, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSWBT01077020090302|title=U.S., Swiss justice officials meet amid UBS probe |work=Reuters|date=March 2, 2009|first=Randall|last=Mikkelsen}}</ref>
Holder presented friend and predecessor [[Janet Reno]], Attorney General under the [[Clinton Administration]], the [[American Judicature Society]]'s (AJS) Justice Award on April 17, 2009. The award is the highest given by the AJS, and recognizes significant contributions toward improvements in the administration of justice within the United States.<ref>[http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2009/04/holder-to-present-reno-with-ajss-justice-award.html "Holder to Present Reno with AJS's Justice Award"] Palazzolo, Joe. The BLT:The Blog of Legal Times. April 17, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009.</ref>
After the [[United States diplomatic cables leak]] in December 2010, Holder said that "We have an active, ongoing, criminal investigation with regard to this matter. We are not in a position as yet to announce the result of that investigation, but the investigation is—is ongoing. To the extent that we can find anybody who was involved in the breaking of American law and who has put at risk the assets and the people that I have described, they will be held responsible," Holder said. "They will be held accountable." Holder's comments leave open a crucial question, which is whether the investigators are looking at how WikiLeaks obtained the documents (not unlike probing a news organization's source), or if they're looking at whether WikiLeaks staffers violated criminal law and should be the ones indicted.<ref>{{cite web|last=McCullagh |first=Declan |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13578_3-20024033-38.html#ixzz17XbldGQK |title=AG says WikiLeaks criminal probe is 'ongoing' |publisher=CNET |date=November 29, 2010 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> In May 2016, more than a year after leaving office, Holder told [[David Axelrod (political consultant)|David Axelrod]] in an interview he thought [[Edward Snowden]] had "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made", adding "I would say that doing what he did—and the way he did it—was inappropriate and illegal".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/30/politics/axe-files-axelrod-eric-holder/index.html |title=Eric Holder Says Edward Snowden Performed a 'Public Service' |first=Matthew |last=Jaffe |date=May 31, 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 12, 2016 }}</ref> Republican Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] "lash[ed] out" at Holder, calling him "one of the worst attorneys general we've ever had" on ''[[Fox & Friends]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/281695-mcconnell-holder-one-of-the-worst-attorneys-general-ever |title=McConnell: Holder 'One of the Worst' Attorneys General Ever |first=Mark |last=Hensch |date=May 31, 2016 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=June 12, 2016 }}</ref>
On December 8, 2014, Holder unveiled a new policy banning profiling on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, and gender identity by federal law enforcement agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/holder-unveils-revisions-limits-profiling-federal-law-enforcement-n263661|title=Holder Unveils Revisions to Limits on Profiling by Federal Law Enforcement - NBC News}}</ref> However, the new policy will not apply to screenings at border and airport, as well as in intelligence operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/08/us/new-profiling-laws/index.html |title=Expanded profiling ban not for borders, airports - CNN|first=Evan |last=Perez}}</ref>
===Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies===
Holder has been critical of "[[enhanced interrogation techniques]]" and the [[NSA warrantless surveillance]] program, accusing the Bush administration of a "disrespect for the rule of law... [that is] not only wrong, it is destructive in our struggle against terrorism."<ref name=BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118>{{cite news |access-date=November 18, 2008 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/11/holder_on_bush.html|title=Holder on Bush, executive power |date=November 18, 2008|series=News |format=Article |work=Boston Globe |last=Tuohey|first=Jason}}</ref> During his confirmation hearings, he deemed [[waterboarding]] a form of [[torture]] and therefore illegal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/01/15/1745836.aspx |title=Holder: "Waterboarding is torture" |work=MSNBC |access-date=January 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507195653/http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2009/01/15/1745836.aspx |archive-date=May 7, 2009}}</ref> In response, some Republican senators questioned him whether he would prosecute those who took part in waterboarding and delayed the confirmation vote on Holder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/21/senate-republicans-to-del_n_159740.html |title=Senate Republicans Delay Holder Confirmation |work=Huffington Post |date=February 21, 2009 |first=Ryan |last=Grim}}</ref>
Holder has stated that he favors closing the [[Guantánamo Bay detention camp]]; in 2002 he said that the detainees are not technically entitled to [[Geneva Convention]] protections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/11/holder-v-bush-o.html|title=Holder v Bush on War on Terror Tactics|last=Tapper|first=Jake|date=November 18, 2008|work=Political Punch |format=Blog |publisher=[[ABC News]]|access-date=November 23, 2008|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124014616/http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2008/11/holder-v-bush-o.html |archive-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/17878/eric_h_holder_jr_attorney_general_nominee.html |title=Profile of Eric Holder |website=CFR.org |access-date=January 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525181203/http://www.cfr.org/publication/17878/eric_h_holder_jr_attorney_general_nominee.html |archive-date=May 25, 2010 }}</ref> In March 2011, Holder left open the possibility that the Guantánamo Bay detention camp might remain open beyond President Obama's first term. Asked in a congressional hearing whether the prison would be closed by November 2012, Holder said: "I don't know." He said the Justice Department has established a task force to look at each of the 172 detainees being held at the Guantánamo prison to address how they should be dealt with. Holder's comments come just weeks after CIA Director [[Leon Panetta]] told a Senate panel that Osama bin Laden would probably be shipped to and held at the Guantánamo Bay facility if he were captured.<ref>{{cite web|last=Yager |first=Jordy |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/administration/146917-holder-gitmo-may-stay-open-beyond-2012 |title=Gitmo may stay open beyond 2012 |website=Thehill.com |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref>
Holder is opposed to the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]]'s implementation of the [[USA PATRIOT Act|Patriot Act]], saying it is "bad ultimately for law enforcement and will cost us the support of the American people."<ref name=CNN_Woodruff_20040219>{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0404/19/ip.00.html |access-date=November 19, 2008 |publisher=CNN |work=[[Judy Woodruff]]'s [[The Situation Room with Wolf Blitzer|Inside Politics]] |format=Transcript |title=White House, Woodward Clash Over Allegations of Oil Price Fixing With Saudis, Critics Find Fault with Patriot Act |date=April 19, 2004}}</ref><ref name=Salon_Greenwald_20081119>{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/11/19/holder/index.html|title=Preliminary facts and thoughts about Eric Holder |date=November 19, 2008|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |series=Glenn Greenwald's Unclaimed Territory |format=Blog |access-date=November 19, 2008|last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Greenwald}}</ref>
===Racism===
Holder gave a speech on [[Racism in the United States|racism]] on February 18, 2009, during [[Black History Month]]. "Though this nation has proudly thought of itself as an ethnic melting pot in things racial, we have always been, and we, I believe, continue to be, in too many ways, essentially a nation of cowards," said Holder. "Though race-related issues continue to occupy a significant portion of our political discussion, and though there remain many unresolved racial issues in this nation, we, average Americans, simply do not talk enough with each other about things racial," he said.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090218.html?loc=interstitialskip|title=Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program|agency=U.S. Department of Justice|date=February 18, 2009}}</ref>
The speech stirred some controversy, with some reacting favorably to Holder's comments and others sharply criticizing them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/mitchell/2009/02/attorney_general_eric_holders.html|title=Attorney General Eric Holder's race speech stirs debate|work=Chicago Sun-Times|date=February 19, 2009 |first=Mary |last=Mitchell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228040740/http://blogs.suntimes.com/mitchell/2009/02/attorney_general_eric_holders.html|archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/19/holder.folo/|title=Holder 'nation of cowards' remarks blasted, praised|publisher=CNN|date=February 19, 2009|first=Ed|last=Hornick}}</ref> Obama later clarified Holder's comments, saying that "I think it's fair to say that if I had been advising my attorney general, we would have used different language... I think the point that he was making is that we're oftentimes uncomfortable with talking about race until there's some sort of racial flare-up or conflict, and that we could probably be more constructive in facing up to the painful legacy of slavery and Jim Crow and discrimination."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2009/03/07/obama-discusses-holders-cowards-comment/|title=Obama Discusses Holder's 'Cowards' Remark|publisher=CNN|date=March 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/08/us/politics/08race.html|title=Attorney General Chided for Language on Race|work=The New York Times|date=March 7, 2009|first=Helene|last=Cooper}}</ref>
====New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident====
{{See also|New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case}}
[[File:Philadelphia polling place security patrols 2008.png|thumb|right|Alleged instance of voter intimidation in Philadelphia during the 2008 US presidential election.]]
In May 2009, Holder's Department of Justice completed a civil suit originally brought by [[J. Christian Adams]] of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush Justice Department]] against the [[New Black Panther Party]], its chairman, and two of its members for [[voter intimidation]] due to their conduct during the 2008 election. Two members of the Party had stood outside a polling station during the election in paramilitary uniforms, one carrying a nightstick. Claiming a lack of evidence, the Department of Justice dropped charges against the party, its chairman, and one of the two members who had stood outside the polling station. With the evidence presented, the Department of Justice successfully obtained a narrow injunction against the other. Former lawyers who had served under the Bush Administration have stated that the current DOJ under Holder is unwilling to prosecute minorities for civil rights violations. Three other Justice Department lawyers, in recent interviews,{{When|date=January 2019}} gave the same description of the department's culture, which department officials strongly deny. In the months after the case ended, tensions persisted. Eventually, [[Christopher Coates]] (of the Justice's Civil Rights Division) acknowledged telling attorneys at a September 2009 lunch that the Obama administration was interested in filing cases – under a key voting rights section – only on behalf of minorities.<ref name="WP1">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/22/AR2010102203982.html "Dispute over New Black Panthers case causes deep divisions"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]'', October 22, 2010.</ref>
During a meeting with a House subcommittee, Holder argued that the behavior of the New Black Panther Party was not comparable to historical voter intimidation against minorities, which often involved acts of violence and murder. Holder said, "When you compare what people endured in the South in the '60s to try to get the right to vote for African Americans, to compare what people subjected to that with what happened in Philadelphia… I think does a great disservice to people who put their lives on the line for my people."<ref name="gersteinpanther">{{cite news |first=Josh |last=Gerstein |url=http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/0311/Eric_Holder_Black_Panther_case_focus_demeans_my_people.html|title=Eric Holder: Black Panther case focus demeans 'my people'|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=March 1, 2011|access-date=May 15, 2013}}</ref>
Critics have interpreted this comment as evidence of racial bias on Holder's part, with conservative [[James Taranto]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Randall |first1=Eric |date=July 6, 2012 |title=James Taranto: Why Is This Man HAHAHA-ing? |url=http://www.thewire.com/national/2012/07/james-taranto-why-man-haha-ing/54267/ |website=The Wire |access-date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301164438/http://www.thewire.com/national/2012/07/james-taranto-why-man-haha-ing/54267/ |archive-date=March 1, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> of the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' arguing that "If he [Holder] approaches the job with the attitude that any group smaller than all Americans is 'my people', he is the wrong man for the position."<ref>[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703559604576176381487078812 "Eric Holder's People"]. [[The Wall Street Journal]], March 2, 2011.</ref> Claiming the issue was politicized from the start,<ref name="WP1"/> Democrats have argued that those on the political right, particularly Adams, used this incident for purely political gain.<ref name="gersteinpanther"/>
=== Operation Fast and Furious ===
{{Main|Operation Fast and Furious}}
In May 2011, House Oversight Committee chairman, California Republican Rep. [[Darrell Issa]] and Iowa Republican Sen. [[Chuck Grassley]] sent Attorney General Holder a letter requesting details about [[Operation Fast and Furious]], which had been a failed federal firearms sting operation that allegedly allowed some 2,000 weapons to reach Mexican drug gangs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Blum |first=Justin |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-06/possible-u-s-payments-to-gun-smugglers-probed-by-congress.html |title=Congress Probes Payments to Gun Smugglers |publisher=Bloomberg |date=July 6, 2011 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Tal|last1=Kopan|access-date=2019-08-27|title=Issa, Grassley write ATF over book|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/darrell-issa-chuck-grassley-fast-furious-book-98159.html|website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Grassley and Issa urged Holder to cooperate and turn over subpoenaed records that would reveal the scope of the alleged government coverup.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/07/06/justice-department-obstructing-fast-and-furious-gun-probe-atf-director-says/#ixzz1RQJ71Tc4 | publisher=Fox News Channel | title=Justice Department Obstructing 'Fast and Furious' Gun Probe, ATF Director Says | date=July 6, 2011}}</ref>
=== Contempt of Congress ===
In October 2011, the Justice Department released 7,600 pages of documents on Operation Fast and Furious. Republicans claimed some of those documents indicated that Holder had been sent early memos about Fast and Furious and therefore must have known about it before early 2011, which is when he'd testified he'd learned about it to the House Judiciary Committee;<ref>Fund, John and Von Spakovsky, Hans. (2014). ''Obama's Enforcer: Eric Holder's Justice Department.'' New York: Broadside Books. p. 143. {{ISBN|978-0-06-232092-6}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news| title=Memorandum to the Attorney General |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/pdf_40_43.pdf | work=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/assets/news/2012/01/DOJdocs.pdf |title=Holder emails |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/JusticeDepartmentOve |title=Listen to Holder lying under sworn testimony starting at 01:30:12 |publisher=C-spanvideo.org |date=May 3, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Serrano |first=Richard A. |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-atf-guns-20111004,0,6104103.story |title=Emails shows how top Justice Department officials knew of ATF gun program |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 3, 2011 |access-date=February 14, 2012}}</ref> a later report from the Justice Department's independent inspector general found that Holder had "no prior knowledge" of the operation before early 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=Justice department Fast and Furious investigation clears Eric Holder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/19/justice-fast-furious-holder-cleared |work=The Guardian |date=September 19, 2012}}</ref>
In April 2012, Issa announced that his committee was drafting a [[Contempt of Congress]] resolution against Holder in response to the committee allegedly being "stonewalled by the Justice Department" on additional documents.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/04/27/issa-chaffetz-confirm-contempt-plans-for-holder-over-fast-and-furious/ |title=Issa, Chaffetz confirm contempt plans for Holder over Fast and Furious |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=April 27, 2012 |access-date=April 28, 2012}}</ref>
On June 19, 2012, Holder met with Issa in person to discuss the requested documents. Holder said he offered to provide the documents to Issa on the condition that Issa provided his assurance that doing so would satisfy the committee subpoenas and resolve the dispute. Issa rejected the offer. Holder then told reporters "They rejected what I thought was an extraordinary offer on our part."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-19/politics/politics_holder-contempt_1_issa-contempt-vote-holder?_s=PM:POLITICS |title=Issa: Holder must turn over documents or face contempt vote |publisher=CNN |date=June 19, 2012 |access-date=August 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708233608/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-06-19/politics/politics_holder-contempt_1_issa-contempt-vote-holder?_s=PM:POLITICS |archive-date=July 8, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On June 20, 2012, the Oversight Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to hold Holder in contempt of Congress for not releasing the additional documents the committee had requested.<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhani and Davis|first=Aamer and Susan|title=House panel votes to cite Holder for contempt of Congress|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-06-20/holder-contempt-House-vote/55717644/1|work=USA Today |access-date=June 20, 2012|date=June 20, 2012}}</ref> A memo from Holder's office said of the vote: "It's an election-year tactic intended to distract attention."<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress contempt charge for US Attorney General Holder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18528798|publisher=BBC|access-date=June 20, 2012|date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> Although the vote was not directly relevant to gun legislation, the [[National Rifle Association]] announced that it would be scoring the contempt vote, due to Holder's previous stances on gun control legislation, placing political pressure on Democrats that wished to avoid repercussions from the gun lobby.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/26/12422617-citing-nra-score-democrats-brace-for-defections-in-holder-contempt-vote?lite|title= Citing NRA Score, Democrats Brace For Defections in Holder Contempt Vote|work=NBC News |date=June 26, 2012}}</ref>
On June 20—the same date as the Oversight Committee vote—President Obama asserted executive privilege over the remaining documents requested by the committee.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cora |first1=Currier |title=The Facts Behind Obama's Executive Privilege Claim |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/the-facts-behind-obamas-executive-privilege-claim |publisher=ProPublica |date=June 21, 2012}}</ref> While Democrats argued that Holder was carrying out his constitutional role by honoring the executive privilege claim, on June 28, 2012, House Speaker John Boehner scheduled a vote on the contempt resolution anyway. Holder became the first U.S. Attorney General in history to be held in both criminal<ref>{{Cite web | title = Final Vote Results for Roll Call 441 | publisher = [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] | date = June 28, 2012 | url = http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll441.xml | access-date = June 29, 2012}}</ref> and civil<ref>{{Cite web | title = Final Vote Results for Roll Call 442 | publisher = [[Clerk of the United States House of Representatives]] | date = June 28, 2012 | url = http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll442.xml | access-date = June 29, 2012}}</ref> contempt. He was held in contempt by the House of Representatives in a 255–67 vote, with 17 Democrats voting for the measure, 2 Republicans voting against the measure.<ref name="Week06292012">{{cite news |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Congress' Eric Holder contempt vote: 4 takeaways |url=https://theweek.com/article/index/230041/congress-eric-holder-contempt-vote-4-takeaways |newspaper=[[The Week]] |location=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] |access-date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> The remaining Democrats refused to vote and marched out of the House, led by Nancy Pelosi, as a means of protesting the actions of Republicans. Holder responded to the vote, describing it as "the regrettable culmination of what became a misguided and politically motivated investigation in an election year."<ref name="House contempt">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/28/politics/holder-contempt/index.html?hpt=hp_t2 |title=House holds Holder in contempt |publisher=CNN |date=June 28, 2012}}</ref>
The congressional action evoked reactions from across the political spectrum. Texas governor and Republican presidential candidate [[Rick Perry]] called on Holder to resign, stating "America simply cannot tolerate an attorney general who arms the very criminals he is supposed to protect us from".<ref>{{cite web|author=Rick Perry |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/nov/21/eric-holder-must-go/ |title=Eric Holder must go |work=The Washington Times |date=November 21, 2011 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> Republican Sen. [[John Cornyn]], ranking member of the [[United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security|Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security]] also called on Holder to resign.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/12/lawmakers-press-holder-on-leak-probe-take-call-for-special-prosecutor-to-senate/ |title=Senator calls for Holder's resignation amid challenges over leak probe, Fast and Furious |publisher=Fox News Channel |date=June 12, 2012 |access-date=June 12, 2012}}</ref> Among those opposing the contempt citation, Democratic Rep. [[Elijah Cummings]], the [[ranking member]] on the [[United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform]] said, "Holder has acted honorably; he's done everything he could to allow us to do our job, which is to investigate this matter."<ref>{{cite web|author=Rick Perry |url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0612/77570.html |title=Elijah Cummings: Eric Holder Acted Honorably Eric Holder must go |publisher=Politico |date=June 19, 2012 }}</ref>
The Justice Department declined to prosecute the attorney general on the contempt charge, citing the fact that President Obama had asserted [[executive privilege]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/29/eric-holder-contempt-charge-prosecution_n_1638420.html |work=Huffington Post | author=[[Jennifer Bendery]] | title=Eric Holder Won't Be Prosecuted For Contempt Charge, Jay Carney Says |date=June 29, 2012}}</ref>
In September 2012, after a nineteen-month review, the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General]] cleared the Attorney General of any wrongdoing with regard to Fast and Furious, stating that there was "no evidence" that Holder knew about the operation before early 2011. The report did cite fourteen lower ranking officials for possible disciplinary action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19656316 |title= Fast and Furious: Eric Holder Cleared but 14 Faulted|work=[[BBC]] News |date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref> Holder responded to the internal investigation, saying "It is unfortunate that some were so quick to make baseless accusations before they possessed the facts about these operations – accusations that turned out to be without foundation and that have caused a great deal of unnecessary harm and confusion."<ref>{{cite news|author=Kevin Johnson |url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/09/19/fast-furious-inspector-general-eric-holder-justice-department/70000707/1#.UFqlAlRpZVs |title= Review: Holder did not know about 'Fast and Furious' |work=[[USA Today]] |date=September 19, 2012 }}</ref>
In retrospect, [[David Weigel]] of ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' called the contempt of Congress vote "both popular and stunningly ineffective, enraging Holder and turning him into a more outspoken and implacable foe of Republican policies on voting rights and policing."<ref>{{cite news|author=David Weigel|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-09-25/eric-holders-replacement-the-odds-on-six-candidates |title=Six People Who Can Replace Eric Holder and Save Barack Obama |work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=September 25, 2014 |access-date=September 25, 2014 }}</ref>
In August 2014, federal judge [[Amy Berman Jackson]] ordered the Justice Department to provide Congress with a list of the previously withheld documents.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pete Yost|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-justice-dept-must-provide-list-of-fast-and-furious-documents/2014/08/20/92c88e20-28d8-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html |title=Judge: Justice Dept. must provide list of 'Fast and Furious' documents
|work=[[Washington Post]] |date=August 20, 2014 |access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> In October 2014, Jackson rejected a House bid to hold Holder in contempt of court, stating that it was "entirely unnecessary."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Josh |first1=Gerstein |title=Judge declines to hold Holder in contempt |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2014/10/judge-declines-to-hold-holder-in-contempt-196650 |publisher=Politico |date=October 6, 2014}}</ref> In January 2016, Jackson tossed out Obama's executive privilege claims but stressed that her ruling wasn't based on the merits of the claim, but instead on the fact that many of the documents had by then become public as part of the 2012 inspector general's report.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Josh |first1=Gerstein |title=Judge rejects Obama's executive privilege claim over Fast and Furious records |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/01/judge-rejects-obamas-executive-privilege-claim-over-fast-and-furious-records-217970 |publisher=Politico |date=January 19, 2016}}</ref>
=== Operation Choke Point ===
{{Main|Operation Choke Point}}
Operation Choke Point was an ongoing initiative of the [[United States Department of Justice]] that was announced in 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/doj/speeches/2013/opa-speech-130320.html|title=Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force Executive DirectorMichael J. Bresnickat the Exchequer Club of Washington, D.C. - OPA - Department of Justice}}</ref> and investigated banks in the United States and the business they did with [[payment processors]], [[payday lenders]], and other companies believed to be at higher risk for fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing. This operation, first disclosed in an August 2013 Wall Street Journal story<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323838204578654411043000772 |title=Probe Turns Up Heat on Banks|author=Alan Zibel and Brent Kendall|date=August 8, 2013|work=WSJ}}</ref> was controversial for the potential threat to due process, as the government was pressuring financial institutions to cut off a company's access to banking services without first having shown that the targeted companies were in fact violating the law.<ref>{{cite news|title='High risk' label from feds puts gun sellers in banks' crosshairs, hurts business|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/may/18/targeted-gun-sellers-say-high-risk-label-from-feds/?page=all|access-date=May 22, 2014|newspaper=Washington Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/26/justice-dept-inquiry-takes-aim-at-banks-business-with-payday-lenders/|title=Justice Department Inquiry Takes Aim at Banks' Business With Payday Lenders|last=Silver-Greenberg|first=Jessica|date=January 26, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/04/16/operation-choke-point-the-battle-over-financial-data-between-the-government-and-banks/|title=Operation Choke Point: The battle over financial data between the government and banks |last=Douglas |first=Danielle|date=April 16, 2014|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/examinations/supervisory/insights/sisum11/managing.html|title=Managing Risks in Third-Party Payment Processor Relationships|access-date=May 11, 2014}}</ref>
===Refusal to prosecute financial institutions===
{{coatrack|date=September 2018}}
{{Main|Too big to fail}}
On March 6, 2013, Holder testified to the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] that the size of large financial institutions has made it difficult for the Justice Department to bring criminal charges when they are suspected of crimes, because such charges can threaten the existence of a bank and therefore their interconnectedness may endanger the national or global economy. (See [[financial contagion]]). "Some of these institutions have become too large," Holder told the Committee, "It has an inhibiting impact on our ability to bring resolutions that I think would be more appropriate."<ref name=Mattingly>{{cite news |last=Mattingly|first=Phil|title=Too-Big-to-Fail Banks Limit Prosecutor Options, Holder Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-03-06/too-big-to-fail-banks-limit-prosecutor-options-holder-testifies.html|access-date=March 14, 2013|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=March 6, 2013}}</ref>
In a January 29, 2013 letter to Holder, Senators [[Sherrod Brown]] and [[Charles Grassley]] had criticized this Justice Department policy citing "important questions about the Justice Department's prosecutorial philosophy."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/business-economy-financial-crisis/untouchables/senators-bash-doj-for-evasive-response-on-too-big-to-jail/ |title=Senators Bash DOJ for "Evasive" Response on "Too Big To Jail" |last=Breslow |first=Jason |date=March 5, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]}}</ref> After receipt of a DOJ response letter, Brown and Grassley issued a statement saying, "The Justice Department's response is aggressively evasive. It does not answer our questions. We want to know how and why the Justice Department has determined that certain financial institutions are 'too big to jail' and that prosecuting those institutions would damage the financial system."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/Article.cfm?customel_dataPageID_1502=44858 |title=Unsatisfactory Response from Justice Department on 'Too Big to Jail' |author=Senators Charles Grassley and Sherrod Brown |date=March 1, 2013 |access-date=March 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306114623/http://www.grassley.senate.gov/news/Article.cfm?customel_dataPageID_1502=44858 |archive-date=March 6, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/business-economy-financial-crisis/untouchables/eric-holder-backtracks-remarks-on-too-big-to-jail/|title=Eric Holder Backtracks Remarks on "Too Big To Jail"|work=Frontline}}</ref>
Prosecution rates against crimes by large financial institutions are at 20-year lows.<ref name=Boyer>{{cite news|last=Boyer |first=Peter J.|title=Why Can't Obama Bring Wall Street to Justice?|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/06/why-can-t-obama-bring-wall-street-to-justice.html|access-date=April 13, 2013|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=May 6, 2012}}</ref> Holder has also endorsed the notion that prosecutors, when deciding to pursue white-collar crimes, should give special consideration to "collateral consequences" of bringing charges against large corporate institutions, as outlined in a 1999 memorandum by Holder. Nearly a decade later Holder, as head of the Department of Justice, put this into practice and has demonstrated the weight "collateral consequences" has by repeatedly sought and reached deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements and settlements with large financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan Chase, HSBC, Countrywide Mortgage, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, and others where the institution pays a fine or penalty but faces no criminal charges and admits no wrongdoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/special/your-guide-to-the-latest-efforts-to-hold-big-banks-accountable|title=Your Guide to the Latest Efforts to Hold Big Banks Accountable |author=ProPublica|work=ProPublica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135155/https://www.propublica.org/special/your-guide-to-the-latest-efforts-to-hold-big-banks-accountable|archive-date=June 30, 2017}}</ref><ref>"The Divide" Matt Taibbi. 2014.</ref> Whereas in the previous decade the Bush administration's Department of Justice often sought criminal charges against individuals of large institutions regardless of "collateral consequences" such as cases involving [[Enron]], [[Adelphia Communications Corporation]], [[Tyco International]], and others.
In September 2014, he described the department's rationale in a speech at [[New York University]]:
{{quote|Responsibility remains so diffuse, and top executives so insulated," Holder said, "that any misconduct could again be considered more a symptom of the institution's culture than a result of the willful actions of any single individual."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-9-billion-witness-20141106|title=The $9 Billion Witness: Meet JPMorgan Chase's Worst Nightmare|work=Rolling Stone}}</ref>}}
According to a 2016 report prepared by Republican staff of the [[United States House Committee on Financial Services|House Committee on Financial Services]], Holder and other Justice Department officials had overruled the recommendation of prosecutors to pursue criminal charges against [[HSBC]] for its alleged role in money-laundering, instead settling with the bank for the then-record amount of $1.9 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/justice-department-overruled-recommendation-to-pursue-charges-against-hsbc-report-says-1468229401 |title=Justice Department Overruled Recommendation to Pursue Charges Against HSBC, Report Says |first=Christopher M. |last=Matthews |date=July 11, 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=September 8, 2018 }}</ref>
===Resolution proposing articles of impeachment===
On November 14, 2013, Representative Pete Olson (R-TX), along with 19 Republicans, introduced a resolution proposing articles of impeachment against Holder. The articles cited Holder for his alleged role in [[ATF gunwalking scandal|Operation Fast and Furious]], refusal to defend the [[Defense of Marriage Act]] in court, failing to prosecute anyone involved in the [[IRS targeting controversy|IRS targeting]] of groups based on name and political theme, and for allegedly perjuring himself by stating that he had no knowledge of any potential prosecution of members of the media for disclosure of classified material.<ref name=hr411>{{cite web |url= http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-113hres411ih/pdf/BILLS-113hres411ih.pdf|title=H. RES. 411, Impeaching Eric H. Holder Jr., Attorney General of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors |access-date=November 16, 2013 |date=November 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/190219-gop-members-seek-to-impeach-holder|title=Twenty House Republicans call for Holder impeachment|work=The Hill|date=November 14, 2013|access-date=November 14, 2013}}</ref> There were 29 co-sponsors to the bill. The bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary on November 14, 2013, however; no further action was taken.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-resolution/411/actions</ref>
===Resignation===
Holder resigned on September 25, 2014, citing personal reasons. He remained in office until the Senate confirmed his successor, [[Loretta Lynch]].<ref name="Wilber">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-09-25/holder-said-to-plan-to-resignation-as-attorney-general.html|title=Holder Said to Plan to Resignation as Attorney General|last1=Wilber|first1=Del Quentin|last2=Schoenberg|first2=Tom|date=September 25, 2014|publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=September 25, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomas |first1=Pierre |last2=Levine |first2=Mike |last3=Date |first3=Jack |last4=Cloherty |first4=Jack |date=September 25, 2014 |title=Obama Announces Attorney General Eric Holder's Resignation |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/attorney-general-eric-holder-resign/story?id=25752751 |website=ABC News |access-date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925181727/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/attorney-general-eric-holder-resign/story?id=25752751 |archive-date=September 25, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Carrie|title=With Tears And Thanks, Attorney General Eric Holder Says Goodbye|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2015/04/24/402039688/with-tears-and-thanks-attorney-general-eric-holder-says-goodbye|publisher=NPR|access-date=April 25, 2015|date=April 24, 2015}}</ref>
==Return to private practice==
[[File:Eric Holder at DNC 0434 (27994325123).jpg|right|thumb|Holder at the [[2016 Democratic National Convention]]]]
In July 2015, Holder rejoined [[Covington & Burling]], the law firm at which he worked before becoming Attorney General. The law firm's clients have included many of the large banks Holder declined to prosecute for their alleged role in the financial crisis. [[Matt Taibbi]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' opined about the move, "I think this is probably the single biggest example of the [[Revolving door (politics)|revolving door]] that we've ever had."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2015/7/8/eric_holder_returns_to_wall_street |title=Matt Taibbi: Eric Holder Back to Wall Street-Tied Law Firm After Years of Refusing to Jail Bankers |date=July 8, 2015 |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |access-date=July 9, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/eric-holder-wall-street-double-agent-comes-in-from-the-cold-20150708 |author=[[Matt Taibbi]]|title=Eric Holder, Wall Street Double Agent, Comes in From the Cold |publisher=[[Rolling Stone]]| date=July 8, 2015 |access-date=July 10, 2015}}</ref>
In early 2016, Holder was hired by the [[MTN Group]], a South Africa-based telecommunications company as a part of its efforts to combat a $3.9 billion fine handed to the MTN Group by the government of [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailypost.ng/2016/02/03/3-9b-fine-mtn-hires-ex-u-s-attorney-general-to-challenge-ncc/|title=$3.9b fine: MTN hires ex-U.S attorney general to challenge NCC|last=Ogbeche|first=Danielle|date=2016-02-03|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> Rather than attempt to negotiate with the regulatory body that issued the fine, the [[Nigerian Communications Commission|Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)]], Holder worked with the Nigerian Attorney General [[Abubakar Malami]] to reach a compromise. While the NCC initially rejected a proposal from Malami for a reduced fine, it later decided to reduce the fine by more than half. The MTN Group paid the reduced amount, which totaled around $1.7 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nigeria-mtn-idUSKCN0ZH45I|title=How MTN sliced billions off its Nigerian telecoms fine|date=2016-07-01|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-01-24|language=en}}</ref>
In October 2016, Holder announced that he would chair the newly incorporated [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]], a group aiming to support Democratic candidates in state races ahead of the redistricting that will follow the [[2020 United States Census|2020 Census]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dovere|first1=Edward-Isaac|title=Obama, Holder to lead post-Trump redistricting campaign|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/obama-holder-redistricting-gerrymandering-229868|website=Politico|access-date=November 12, 2016}}</ref>
During 2018, Holder suggested on several occasions that he might run for the presidency in 2020. In July, he told CNN he thought a presidential candidate needed five qualities—the ability to inspire others, a vision for the job, the ability to meet both the physical and mental strains of the job, and appropriate experience. Holder added that he believed he possessed those five qualities, but noted that his wife would be involved in his decision.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/399406-eric-holder-yeah-im-interested-in-white-house-bid |title=Eric Holder: 'Yeah, I'm interested' in White House bid |first=Brett |last=Samuels |date=July 29, 2018 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=September 15, 2018 }}</ref> On March 4, 2019, Holder announced that he would not seek the White House in 2020 but would continue his work with the National Democratic Redistricting Committee to help elect a Democratic candidate who had the five qualities he thought were necessary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/eric-holder-i-wont-run-but-i-will-fight-to-elect-the-right-democratic-president/2019/03/02/9aeeed56-3c47-11e9-aaae-69364b2ed137_story.html |title=Eric Holder: I won't run, but I will fight to elect the right Democratic president |first=Eric |last=Holder |date=March 4, 2019 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=March 6, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/3/4/18249870/eric-holder-president-2020 |title=Former Attorney General Eric Holder: 'I will not run for president in 2020' |first=Li |last=Zhou |date=March 4, 2019 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=March 6, 2019 }}</ref>
==Personal life==
Holder is married to Sharon Malone, an [[obstetrician]]. The couple have three children.<ref name=CovingtonBurlington_bio_20080615>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/eholder/ |work=Biographies| title=Eric H. Holder Jr. |access-date=November 18, 2008|date=June 15, 2008 |publisher=[[Covington & Burling LLP]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808111527/http://www.cov.com/eholder|archive-date=August 8, 2008 }}</ref> Malone's sister was [[Vivian Malone Jones]], famous for her part in the [[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]], which led to integration at the [[University of Alabama]].<ref name=WashingtonPost_Holley_20051014>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101302032.html |series=Metro |format=Obituaries|title=Vivian Malone Jones Dies; Integrated U-Ala. |last=Holley |first=Joe |date=October 14, 2005 |work=The Washington Post |access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> Holder has been involved with various mentoring programs for inner-city youth. He is also an avid basketball fan<ref>{{cite web|last=Hook |first=Carol S. |url=http://politics.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2008/11/19/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eric-holder.html |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Eric Holder |publisher=Politics.usnews.com |date=November 19, 2008 |access-date=January 7, 2012}}</ref> and the uncle of former NBA All-Star [[Jeff Malone]].<ref name=10Things/> Holder and his wife live in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackpast.org/aah/holder-eric-h-1951|title=Holder, Eric H. (1951- ) {{!}} The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed|website=blackpast.org|language=en|access-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref>
===Awards===
In May 2008, while still in private practice, ''[[Legal Times]]'' magazine named Holder as one of the "Greatest Washington Lawyers of the Past 30 Years," describing him as one of the "Visionaries."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/news/detail.aspx?news=1321 | title= Covington's Eizenstat, Gesell, Holder, Horsky and Ruff Among Legal Times' 'Greatest Washington Lawyers of Past 30 Years' |date=May 28, 2008 |website=Covington & Burlington LLP}}</ref> Also in that year, Holder was named by ''[[The National Law Journal]]'' as one of "the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/diversityoverview/ | title= Diversity Overview|website=Covington & Burlington LLP}}</ref> ''The National Law Journal'' commended Holder's practice in the areas of civil litigation and white-collar defense, as well as his work as a national co-chair for Obama's campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cov.com/news/detail.aspx?news=1322 | title=Two Covington Partners Among National Law Journal's 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers|website=Covington & Burlington LLP}}</ref>
On May 16, 2010, Holder delivered the commencement address at [[Boston University]], for both the all-university ceremony and the [[Boston University Law School|School of Law]]. In addition, he was presented with an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] degree.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bu.edu/today/node/10925 | title=2010 BU Honorary Degree Recipients |access-date=May 1, 2010|date=April 30, 2010 |work=BU Today}}</ref>
On May 22, 2011, Holder delivered the commencement address at the [[University of Virginia School of Law]]. Holder encouraged the graduates to emulate Virginia Law alumnus [[Robert F. Kennedy]]'s legacy of service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2011_spr/holder.htm |title=Holder Urges Grads to Emulate Robert Kennedy's Legacy of Service |access-date=February 25, 2013 |website=UVA School of Law News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406154938/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2011_spr/holder.htm |archive-date=April 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> On May 19, 2009, Holder was chosen by his alma mater, Columbia College, to be its Class Day Speaker.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2009/03/10/holder-selected-class-day-speaker |title=Holder Selected as Class Day Speaker |last=Resmovits |first=Joy |date=March 10, 2009 |work=[[Columbia Daily Spectator]] |access-date=July 7, 2010 }}</ref>
In May 2009, Holder visited Barbados and met with government representatives from across the [[Caribbean]]. The government renamed the Tamarind Hall municipal building located at Tamarind Hall, Blackmans, St. Joseph after Holder. Now known as the ''Eric Holder Jr. Municipal Complex''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-cb-barbados-us-holder-052209-2009may22-story.html |title=Barbados names gov't offices for US attorney general|work=San Diego Tribune}}</ref> - This centre was constructed by [[Government of Barbados]] to house a Magistrate's Court, a police station, a branch of the public library, in addition to the St. Joseph district Post Office. The centre was officially opened on May 22, 2009, by the U.S Attorney General, Mr. Eric Holder Jr. while on a visit. In June 2009, the [[Government of Barbados]] announced that it would begin a project to determine the first 100 Great Barbadians, who would be selected by the public of Barbados. At the announcement of the project it was announced that Holder was the first candidate nominated for the final list.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=4226 |title=100 Great Barbadians to be recognised |access-date=June 11, 2009 |date=June 12, 2009 |work=[[Barbados Advocate]] |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215152342/http://www.barbadosadvocate.com/newsitem.asp?more=local&NewsID=4226 |archive-date=February 15, 2012 }}</ref>
In 2012, Holder received the Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2012 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2012/|quote= U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder and the Executive Director of the ACLU Anthony Romero at the 2012 Summit.}}</ref>
In August 2012, the [[National Urban League]] named Holder as a recipient of their "Living Legend" award, along with singer [[Stevie Wonder]].<ref>{{cite web|website=I Am Empowered|url=http://www.iamempowered.com/node/26346|title=2012 Living Legend Awards}}</ref>
In April 2013, Holder acknowledged having the position of the President's 'wing-man' and being there as the President's 'boy' during a radio interview with Tom Joyner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/politico44/2013/04/eric-holder-im-still-the-presidents-wingman-160861.html|title=Eric Holder: 'I'm still the president's wingman'|last=Gerstein|first=Josh|website=POLITICO|language=en|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> These awards and recognition are noteworthy because they contradict Holder's own public position that there should be "...a distance between [an Attorney General] and the president."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128392138|title=Obama, Holder Catch Heat For Close Ties|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>
Holder delivered the commencement address at [[Harvard Law School]] in May 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2012/05/24_attorney-general-eric-holder-hls-class-day.html |title='Put your skills to use to define our future,' Attorney General tells class |date=May 23, 2012 |website=Harvard Law School News}}</ref> the [[UC Berkeley School of Law]] in May 2013,<ref>{{cite web|title=University of California, Berkeley Law School Commencement Address|url=http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Berkele|website=C-SPAN|access-date=October 22, 2013}}</ref> and the [[UCLA School of Law]] in June 2020.
Holder received an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] from his alma mater, [[Columbia University]], in May 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.columbia.edu/content/2017-commencement-press-release|title=Columbia's 2017 Commencement Week Events Take Place from May 13 to 18|date=May 9, 2017|website=Columbia University News}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates]]
* [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |title=Black U.S. Attorney Brings an Indictment Against Powerful House Committee Chairman |date=June 20, 1994 |journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10|access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite news |url=http://business.highbeam.com/4977/article-1G1-19340518/new-sheriff-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124014617/https://business.highbeam.com/4977/article-1G1-19340518/new-sheriff-justice |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 24, 2016 |title=A New Sheriff at Justice|last=Crabtree |first=Susan |date=April 28, 1997|work=Insight on the News|publisher=Highbeam |access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJiNKNMktOQC&pg=PA134 |title=First Black U.S. Attorney in D.C. |last=Haywood |first=Richette L. |date=September 1994 |journal=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636 |title= Making History |last=Longstreth |first= Andrew |date=June 2008 |journal=[[The American Lawyer]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221164157/http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636|archive-date=December 21, 2008}}
* {{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm1p1I30-0C&pg=PA35|title=Power Couples |last=Randolph |first=Laura B. |date=January 1999 |journal=Ebony |page=35|access-date=April 25, 2015}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/us/politics/02holder.html?pagewanted=all|title=Pardon Is Back in Focus for the Justice Nominee |last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|author2=David Johnston|date=December 1, 2008 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 2, 2008}}
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|s=no|v=no|b=no|wikt=no|d=Q312644}}
* [https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/attorney-general-eric-h-holder-jr Profile] at the [[United States Department of Justice]]
* {{C-SPAN|ericholder}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/h/eric_h_holder_jr}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-no89-1286}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.usdoj.gov/dag/dagbio.htm |title=Justice Department Bio of Holder as Deputy Attorney General }}
* [http://www.answers.com/topic/eric-h-holder-jr Contemporary Black Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080808111527/http://www.cov.com/eholder Covington & Burling]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814012857/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=954&category=LawMakers&occupation=Attorney&name=Eric%20Holder The History Makers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204121234/http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/steering/e_holder_bio.htm Homeland Security Policy Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106014213/http://newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/Eric_Holder.php Eric Holder's federal campaign contribution report] at NewsMeat
* [https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ericholderdojaahistory.htm Authenticated text, audio, video of Eric Holder Speech at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program] AmericanRhetoric.com
{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Jamie Gorelick]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Deputy Attorney General]]|years=1997–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Mueller]]<br />Acting}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Janet Reno]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Attorney General]]<br />Acting|years=2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Ashcroft]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Michael Mukasey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United States Attorney General]]|years=2009–2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Loretta Lynch]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{USAttGen}}
{{Obama cabinet}}
{{Patriot Act}}
{{NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Law|New York City|United States}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Holder, Eric}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American politicians]]
[[Category:African-American judges]]
[[Category:African-American lawyers]]
[[Category:African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States]]
[[Category:African-American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:American judges]]
[[Category:American people of Barbadian descent]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:George Washington University faculty]]
[[Category:George Washington University trustees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Obama administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:People from the Bronx]]
[[Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys for the District of Columbia]]
[[Category:United States Attorneys General]]
[[Category:United States Deputy Attorneys General]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. Democrats]]
[[Category:Columbia College (New York) alumni]]
[[Category:People associated with Covington & Burling]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
-|name = Eric Holder
-|image = Eric Holder official portrait.jpg
+|name = Eric Holdma
+|image = Eric Holdma official portrait.jpg
|office = 82nd [[United States Attorney General]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
@@ -35,5 +35,5 @@
|predecessor4 = Virginia Riley
|successor4 = [[Judith Bartnoff]]
-|birth_name = Eric Himpton Holder Jr.
+|birth_name = Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|1|21}}
|birth_place = {{nowrap|[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.}}
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@
|education = [[Columbia University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
-'''Eric Himpton Holder Jr.''' (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] from 2009 to 2015. Holder, serving in the [[Obama administration|administration]] of President [[Barack Obama]], was the [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries|first]] [[African Americans|African American]] to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<ref name="WashPost3Feb09">{{cite news |title=Holder Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holder-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html |last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=February 3, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A02 |access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>
+'''Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.''' (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] from 2009 to 2015. Holdma, serving in the [[Obama administration|administration]] of President [[Barack Obama]], was the [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries|first]] [[African Americans|African American]] to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<ref name="WashPost3Feb09">{{cite news |title=Holdma Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holdma-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html |last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=February 3, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A02 |access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>
Born in [[New York City]] to a [[American middle class|middle class]] family of [[Barbados|Barbadian]] origin, he graduated from [[Stuyvesant High School]], [[Columbia College (New York)|Columbia College]], and [[Columbia Law School]]. Following law school, he left New York to work for the [[Public Integrity Section]] of the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] for 12 years. He next served as a judge of the [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]] before being appointed by President Bill Clinton as [[United States Attorney for the District of Columbia]] and subsequently [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]]. While U.S. Attorney, he prosecuted Congressman [[Dan Rostenkowski]] for corruption charges related to his role in the [[Congressional Post Office scandal]].
-Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Obama's presidential campaign]] and one of three members of [[Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process|Obama's vice-presidential selection committee]]. Holder was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in [[contempt of Congress]] during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious [[ATF gunwalking scandal]], the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|Justice Department's Inspector General]] later cleared Holder of any wrongdoing. Holder was succeeded as Attorney General by [[Loretta Lynch]] in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at [[gerrymandering]] reform through the [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].
+Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Obama's presidential campaign]] and one of three members of [[Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process|Obama's vice-presidential selection committee]]. Holdma was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in [[contempt of Congress]] during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious [[ATF gunwalking scandal]], the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|Justice Department's Inspector General]] later cleared Holdma of any wrongdoing. Holdma was succeeded as Attorney General by [[Loretta Lynch]] in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at [[gerrymandering]] reform through the [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].
==Early life and education==
' |
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0 => '|name = Eric Holdma',
1 => '|image = Eric Holdma official portrait.jpg',
2 => '|birth_name = Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.',
3 => ''''Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.''' (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] from 2009 to 2015. Holdma, serving in the [[Obama administration|administration]] of President [[Barack Obama]], was the [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries|first]] [[African Americans|African American]] to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<ref name="WashPost3Feb09">{{cite news |title=Holdma Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holdma-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html |last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=February 3, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A02 |access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>',
4 => 'Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Obama's presidential campaign]] and one of three members of [[Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process|Obama's vice-presidential selection committee]]. Holdma was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in [[contempt of Congress]] during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious [[ATF gunwalking scandal]], the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|Justice Department's Inspector General]] later cleared Holdma of any wrongdoing. Holdma was succeeded as Attorney General by [[Loretta Lynch]] in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at [[gerrymandering]] reform through the [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '|name = Eric Holder',
1 => '|image = Eric Holder official portrait.jpg',
2 => '|birth_name = Eric Himpton Holder Jr.',
3 => ''''Eric Himpton Holder Jr.''' (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] from 2009 to 2015. Holder, serving in the [[Obama administration|administration]] of President [[Barack Obama]], was the [[List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries|first]] [[African Americans|African American]] to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<ref name="WashPost3Feb09">{{cite news |title=Holder Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holder-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html |last=Johnson |first=Carrie |date=February 3, 2009 |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A02 |access-date=July 3, 2009}}</ref>',
4 => 'Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of [[Covington & Burling]] in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during [[Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign|Obama's presidential campaign]] and one of three members of [[Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process|Obama's vice-presidential selection committee]]. Holder was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first [[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in [[contempt of Congress]] during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious [[ATF gunwalking scandal]], the [[United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General|Justice Department's Inspector General]] later cleared Holder of any wrongdoing. Holder was succeeded as Attorney General by [[Loretta Lynch]] in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at [[gerrymandering]] reform through the [[National Democratic Redistricting Committee]]. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the French writer, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89ric_Holder" title="Éric Holder">Éric Holder</a>. For the art dealer Eric Holder, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abbott_and_Holder" title="Abbott and Holder">Abbott and Holder</a>.</div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">82nd Attorney General of the United States</div>
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<table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="display:inline-block; font-size:130%;" class="fn">Eric Holdma</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Eric_Holdma_official_portrait.jpg" class="new" title="File:Eric Holdma official portrait.jpg">File:Eric Holdma official portrait.jpg</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">82nd <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 3, 2009 – April 27, 2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_W._Ogden" title="David W. Ogden">David W. Ogden</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_M._Cole" title="James M. Cole">James M. Cole</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sally_Yates" title="Sally Yates">Sally Yates</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />Acting: January 20, 2001 – February 2, 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">29th <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">United States Deputy Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 13, 1997 – January 20, 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick" title="Jamie Gorelick">Jamie Gorelick</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry_Thompson" title="Larry Thompson">Larry Thompson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Attorney for the District of Columbia">United States Attorney for the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1993 – June 13, 1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsey Johnson</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Lou Leary</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em 0.2em">Judge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court of the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1988–1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Virginia Riley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judith_Bartnoff" title="Judith Bartnoff">Judith Bartnoff</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1951-01-21</span>) </span>January 21, 1951<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 70)</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, U.S.</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Sharon Malone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Eric Simpton Holdma Jr.</b> (born January 21, 1951) is an American lawyer who served as the 82nd <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General of the United States</a> from 2009 to 2015. Holdma, serving in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">administration</a> of President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, was the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_Secretaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries">first</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> to hold the position of U.S. Attorney General.<sup id="cite_ref-WashPost3Feb09_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashPost3Feb09-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a> family of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbadian</a> origin, he graduated from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>. Following law school, he left New York to work for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_Integrity_Section" title="Public Integrity Section">Public Integrity Section</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> for 12 years. He next served as a judge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court of the District of Columbia</a> before being appointed by President Bill Clinton as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Attorney for the District of Columbia">United States Attorney for the District of Columbia</a> and subsequently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">Deputy Attorney General</a>. While U.S. Attorney, he prosecuted Congressman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a> for corruption charges related to his role in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congressional_Post_Office_scandal" title="Congressional Post Office scandal">Congressional Post Office scandal</a>.
</p><p>Following the Clinton administration, he worked at the law firm of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a> in Washington, D.C., representing the firm's multinational corporate clients in litigation. He was senior legal advisor to Barack Obama during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Obama's presidential campaign</a> and one of three members of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama_presidential_campaign_vice-presidential_selection_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama presidential campaign vice-presidential selection process">Obama's vice-presidential selection committee</a>. Holdma was a close ally and confidant of Obama's and was selected as President Obama's first <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">Attorney General</a>. Although he became the first sitting Attorney General to be held in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a> during an investigation of the Operation Fast and Furious <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Office_of_the_Inspector_General" title="United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General">Justice Department's Inspector General</a> later cleared Holdma of any wrongdoing. Holdma was succeeded as Attorney General by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> in April 2015. He returned to Covington & Burling, where he continues to practice corporate litigation, and is also involved with efforts at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> reform through the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a>. He is a member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Career</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Deputy_Attorney_General"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Deputy Attorney General</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Private_practice"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Private practice</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Nomination_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Nomination as Attorney General of the United States</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Tenure as Attorney General of the United States</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Terrorism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Terrorism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Defending_U.S._drone_strikes_and_raids"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Terrorism_prosecutions"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Terrorism prosecutions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#International_cooperation_against_terrorism"><span class="tocnumber">4.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">International cooperation against terrorism</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Civil_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Civil rights</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Voting_rights_and_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Voting rights and redistricting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Arizona_immigration_law"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Arizona immigration law</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Same-sex_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Same-sex marriage</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Criminal_investigations_and_prosecutions"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Criminal investigations and prosecutions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ted_Stevens_case"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ted Stevens case</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Marijuana"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Marijuana</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Organized_crime"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Organized crime</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Leak_investigations"><span class="tocnumber">4.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Leak investigations</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Department_of_Justice_Smart_on_Crime_Program"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Additional_actions"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Additional actions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Opinion_of_Bush_anti-terrorism_policies"><span class="tocnumber">4.6</span> <span class="toctext">Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Racism"><span class="tocnumber">4.7</span> <span class="toctext">Racism</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_incident"><span class="tocnumber">4.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Operation_Fast_and_Furious"><span class="tocnumber">4.8</span> <span class="toctext">Operation Fast and Furious</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Contempt_of_Congress"><span class="tocnumber">4.9</span> <span class="toctext">Contempt of Congress</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Operation_Choke_Point"><span class="tocnumber">4.10</span> <span class="toctext">Operation Choke Point</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Refusal_to_prosecute_financial_institutions"><span class="tocnumber">4.11</span> <span class="toctext">Refusal to prosecute financial institutions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Resolution_proposing_articles_of_impeachment"><span class="tocnumber">4.12</span> <span class="toctext">Resolution proposing articles of impeachment</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Resignation"><span class="tocnumber">4.13</span> <span class="toctext">Resignation</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Return_to_private_practice"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Return to private practice</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Eric Himpton Holder Jr. was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York, to parents with roots in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-11Dec08_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-11Dec08-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NationNews_Best_20081116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationNews_Best_20081116-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Holder's father, Eric Himpton Holder Sr. (October 29, 1903 – February 12, 1998), was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Barbados" title="Saint Joseph, Barbados">Saint Joseph, Barbados</a>, and arrived in the United States at the age of 11.<sup id="cite_ref-SSDI-EHH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSDI-EHH-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ObamaBajanSon_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObamaBajanSon-6">[6]</a></sup> He later became a real estate broker. His mother, Miriam (January 25, 1924 – August 13, 2010), was born in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, while his maternal grandparents were emigrants from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Philip,_Barbados" title="Saint Philip, Barbados">Saint Philip, Barbados</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ObamaBajanSon_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ObamaBajanSon-6">[6]</a></sup> Holder grew up in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Elmhurst" class="mw-redirect" title="East Elmhurst">East Elmhurst</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, and attended public school until the age of 10. When entering the 4th grade he was selected to participate in a program for intellectually gifted students.<sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1969, he graduated from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and attended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he played freshman basketball. He earned a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree in American history in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217-8">[8]</a></sup> Holder received his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> degree from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, graduating in 1976. He worked for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAACP_Legal_Defense_and_Educational_Fund" title="NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund">NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund</a> during his first summer and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> during his second summer.<sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1969, while a freshman at Columbia, Holder was one of several dozen students who staged an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">occupation</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> office, renaming it as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> student center.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Career">Career</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>After graduating from Columbia Law School, Holder joined the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Justice Department</a>'s new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_Integrity_Section" title="Public Integrity Section">Public Integrity Section</a>, where he worked from 1976 to 1988. During his time there, he assisted in the prosecution of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> Congressman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Jenrette" title="John Jenrette">John Jenrette</a> for bribery discovered in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abscam" title="Abscam">Abscam</a> sting operation.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-2Jun94_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2Jun94-11">[11]</a></sup> In 1988, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> appointed Holder to serve as a judge of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Superior_Court_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Superior Court of the District of Columbia">Superior Court of the District of Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Muckety_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muckety-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder stepped down from the bench in 1993 to accept an appointment as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States Attorney for the District of Columbia">United States Attorney for the District of Columbia</a> from President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>. He was the first Black American U.S. Attorney in that office.<sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup> At the beginning of his tenure, he oversaw the conclusion of the corruption case against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a>, part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congressional_Post_Office_scandal" title="Congressional Post Office scandal">Congressional Post Office scandal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-2Jun94_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-2Jun94-11">[11]</a></sup> He was a U.S. Attorney until his elevation to Deputy Attorney General in 1997. Holder also served on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_George_Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The George Washington University">The George Washington University</a>'s Board of Trustees in 1996 and 1997.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Deputy_Attorney_General">Deputy Attorney General</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deputy Attorney General">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png/250px-Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png/375px-Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png/500px-Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="311" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Ericholder_deputyag_20000818.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Holder opening an Interagency Working Group meeting of the White House Initiative on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian Americans</a> hosted by the Department of Justice on October 18, 2000.</div></div></div>
<p>In 1997, after the retirement of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick" title="Jamie Gorelick">Jamie Gorelick</a>, Clinton nominated Holder to be the Deputy Attorney General under <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>. Holder was confirmed several months later in the Senate by a unanimous vote.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_19970718_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_19970718-13">[13]</a></sup> During his confirmation hearing, Holder's opposition to the death penalty was questioned, but he pledged his intention to cooperate with the current laws and Reno, saying, "I am not a proponent of the death penalty, but I will enforce the law as this Congress gives it to us."<sup id="cite_ref-NYTConfirm_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTConfirm-14">[14]</a></sup> Holder was the first African American to serve in that position.<sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>As Deputy Attorney General, Holder's primary responsibilities were in the areas of budget and personnel issues; this also included resolving disputes among department heads and briefing reporters on policy initiatives, national security issue, and major investigations,<sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup> including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Bureau of Investigations">Federal Bureau of Investigations</a> (FBI) investigations into allegations of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympic_bid_scandal" title="2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal">bribery and corruption in the 2002 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Holder later advised Reno in the matters regarding the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Office_of_the_Independent_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Office of the Independent Counsel">Independent Counsel statute</a>. Reno made the decision to permit <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kenneth_Starr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Starr">Kenneth Starr</a> to expand his investigation into the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lewinsky_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewinsky affair">Lewinsky affair</a>, leading to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Clinton's impeachment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the wake of the murders of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matthew_Shepard" title="Matthew Shepard">Matthew Shepard</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Murder_of_James_Byrd_Jr." title="Murder of James Byrd Jr.">James Byrd Jr.</a>, Holder was a vocal proponent of new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hate_crimes_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate crimes laws in the United States">hate crimes laws in the United States</a>. Holder said that the current laws placed major constraints on the ability of federal investigators and prosecutors to assist in these types of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In his final days with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a>, Holder carried out his duties with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bill_Clinton_pardon_controversy" title="Bill Clinton pardon controversy">Clinton's last-minute pardon</a> of fugitive and Democratic contributor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc_Rich" title="Marc Rich">Marc Rich</a>. Regarding discussions with the White House lawyers on the issue, Holder said he was at first "neutral" on the decision to grant Rich a pardon, but might lean in favor of it if there were national security benefits. Holder said that he was told that Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> had asked Clinton to grant the pardon. Holder said that, at the time, he did not give the case much thought, because he did not think the pardon would be granted, as no fugitive had ever previously been granted a presidential pardon. He later said he wished that he had looked into it more thoroughly,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> and expressed regret over the incident. "I wish that I had ensured that the Department of Justice was more fully informed and involved in this pardon process", he said admitting the mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-19Nov08_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-19Nov08-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>Republicans on the House Government Reform Committee disagreed with Holder's version and alleged that he was a knowing participant, according to a 2003 report. They said Holder failed to fully inform prosecutors of the pending pardon, and they criticized his "neutral leaning favorable" opinion to Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Cowan_20020313_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Cowan_20020313-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>Former FBI director, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Freeh" title="Louis Freeh">Louis Freeh</a>, commented on the matter in 2009, saying that the Clinton White House had "used" Holder and kept both the FBI and the Department of Justice (DOJ) in the dark as to their full activities around the last minute pardons.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:188px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:HolderEric.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/HolderEric.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="232" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="232" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:HolderEric.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Official photo as Deputy Attorney General, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span></div></div></div>
<p>Holder briefly served as Acting Attorney General under President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> until the Senate confirmed Bush's nominee <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSNews_20010202_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSNews_20010202-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Private_practice">Private practice</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Private practice">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>From 2001 until he became Attorney General, Holder worked as an attorney at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a> in Washington, D.C., representing clients such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-11Dec08_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-11Dec08-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakingHistory-7">[7]</a></sup> He represented the NFL during its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bad_Newz_Kennels_dog_fighting_investigation" title="Bad Newz Kennels dog fighting investigation">dog fighting investigation</a> against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Vick" title="Michael Vick">Michael Vick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10Things_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10Things-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2004, Holder helped negotiate an agreement with the Justice Department for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chiquita_Brands_International" title="Chiquita Brands International">Chiquita Brands International</a> in a case that involved Chiquita's payment of "protection money" to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Self-Defense_Forces_of_Colombia" title="United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia">United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia</a> (AUC), a group on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_State_Department_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">U.S. government's list of foreign terrorist organizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Terrorism-Law_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terrorism-Law-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banana-War_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banana-War-24">[24]</a></sup> In the agreement, Chiquita's officials pleaded guilty and paid a fine of $25 million. Holder represented Chiquita in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil action</a> that grew out of this criminal case.<sup id="cite_ref-Banana-War_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banana-War-24">[24]</a></sup> In March 2004, Holder and Covington & Burling were hired by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois Governor</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich" title="Rod Blagojevich">Rod Blagojevich</a> to act as a special investigator to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illinois_Gaming_Board" title="Illinois Gaming Board">Illinois Gaming Board</a>. The investigation was subsequently canceled on May 18, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-17Dec08_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17Dec08-25">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p>The firm <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_attorneys" title="Guantanamo Bay attorneys">represented Guantanamo inmates</a> but Holder "never participated directly in the firm's Guantanamo work" and was not expected to recuse himself from matters pertaining to it.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2004 he defended <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purdue_Pharma" title="Purdue Pharma">Purdue Pharma</a> in a West Virginia court against accusations of deceptive marketing of their product OxyContin.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup>
</p><p>During his years in private practice, Holder represented the Swiss private bank <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a>. Because of this, he recused himself from participating in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> investigation of UBS's abetting of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a> by U.S. account-holders and the prosecution of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brad_Birkenfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Brad Birkenfeld">Brad Birkenfeld</a>. (As Attorney General, he also recused himself from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Clemens" title="Roger Clemens">Roger Clemens</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a> prosecution because the pitcher was once a client of Covington and Burling.)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>While <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/District_of_Columbia_v._Heller" title="District of Columbia v. Heller">District of Columbia v. Heller</a></i> was being heard by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 2008, Holder joined the Reno-led <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus</a> brief, which urged the Supreme Court to uphold Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban and said the position of the Department of Justice, from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> through Clinton, was that the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> does not protect an individual <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">right to keep and bear arms</a> for purposes unrelated to a State's operation of a well-regulated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_JusticeBrief_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_JusticeBrief-30">[30]</a></sup> Holder said that overturning the 1976 law "opens the door to more people having more access to guns and putting guns on the streets."<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_Nakamura-Barnes_20070310_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Nakamura-Barnes_20070310-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In late 2007, Holder joined then-Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign">Barack Obama's presidential campaign</a> as a senior legal advisor. He served on Obama's vice presidential selection committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Muckety_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muckety-12">[12]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nomination_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States">Nomination as Attorney General of the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nomination as Attorney General of the United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama announced that Holder would be his nominee for Attorney General of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-change.gov_1Dec08-1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change.gov_1Dec08-1-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Obama praised his "toughness and independence." Obama went on to say that "[Holder] is deeply familiar with the law enforcement challenges we face: from terrorism to counter-intelligence; from white-collar crime to public corruption." Holder emphasized national security as a priority if confirmed, "We can and we must ensure that the American people remain secure and that the great Constitutional guarantees that define us as a nation are truly valued."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>He was formally nominated on January 20, 2009 and was overwhelmingly approved by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> on January 28 with a bipartisan vote of 17 to 2.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup> He was officially confirmed by the entire Senate on February 2, 2009, by a vote of 75 to 21 becoming the nation's first African-American Attorney General.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> His installation took place on March 27, 2009 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisner_Auditorium" title="Lisner Auditorium">Lisner Auditorium</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Tenure_as_Attorney_General_of_the_United_States">Tenure as Attorney General of the United States</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tenure as Attorney General of the United States">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Terrorism">Terrorism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Terrorism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Defending_U.S._drone_strikes_and_raids">Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defending U.S. drone strikes and raids">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>As Attorney General, Holder was a staunch opponent of legal limitations on the executive branch's ability to prosecute the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. In May 2011, Holder testified before Congress on the legality of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">operation in which U.S. special forces killed Osama bin Laden</a> earlier that month. Holder testified that the operation to kill bin Laden was legal, stating that international law allows for targeting enemy commanders. To support this point, Holder said that computer evidence seized from the raid demonstrated that bin Laden was still leading <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>. Moreover, Holder said, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEAL_Team_Six" title="SEAL Team Six">Navy SEAL team</a> that carried out the raid conducted itself in a manner consistent with American values, and that the parameters of the mission included capturing bin Laden.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1201_National_Security_06.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1201_National_Security_06.jpg/220px-1201_National_Security_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1201_National_Security_06.jpg/330px-1201_National_Security_06.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/1201_National_Security_06.jpg/440px-1201_National_Security_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="315" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:1201_National_Security_06.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Holder with Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton on December 2, 2008</div></div></div>
<p>Holder defended the legality of drone strikes against alleged terrorists. Addressing the death of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a>, an American citizen who was killed by drone strike without <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>, Holder said "The U.S. government's use of lethal force in self-defense against a leader of al-Qaeda or an associated force who presents an imminent threat of violent attack would not be unlawful." He outlined a three-part test to affirm the lawfulness of the strikes: the terrorist poses an imminent threat of violence to the United States, capture is not possible and the operation is conducted in a manner consistent with the principles of the law of war.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> At the time, al-Awlaki was an alleged leader and recruiter for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a>. Holder later stated that "'<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">[d]ue process</a>' and 'judicial process' are not one and the same, particularly when it comes to national security. The Constitution guarantees due process, not judicial process."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> Some civil liberties advocates have described the incident as "an extrajudicial execution" that breached al-Awlaki's right to due process, including a trial.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Terrorism_prosecutions">Terrorism prosecutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terrorism prosecutions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>A major legacy of Holder's tenure as attorney general was a shifting of terrorism cases to the civilian federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Apuzzo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apuzzo-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup> Under Holder, the DOJ successfully tried many terrorists in federal court, securing convictions and life sentences against a string of defendants, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sulaiman_Abu_Ghaith" title="Sulaiman Abu Ghaith">Sulaiman Abu Ghaith</a> (Osama bin Laden's spokesman); <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_Ghailani" title="Ahmed Ghailani">Ahmed Ghailani</a> (a conspirator in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">1998 East Africa bombings</a>); and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abu_Hamza" title="Abu Hamza">Abu Hamza</a> (an al-Qaeda operative).<sup id="cite_ref-Apuzzo_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apuzzo-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faisal_Shahzad" title="Faisal Shahzad">Faisal Shahzad</a> (the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Times_Square_car_bombing_attempt" title="2010 Times Square car bombing attempt">attempted Times Square bomber</a>); and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omar_Farouk_Abdulmutallab" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Farouk Abdulmutallab">Omar Farouk Abdulmutallab</a> (the failed "underwear bomber") pleaded guilty in federal court and were sentenced to life imprisonment during Holder's term.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> During Holder's term, other terrorists—including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Najibullah_Zazi" title="Najibullah Zazi">Najibullah Zazi</a> (who plotted a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_New_York_City_Subway_and_United_Kingdom_plot" title="2009 New York City Subway and United Kingdom plot">New York subway attack</a>), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ahmed_Abdulkadir_Warsame" title="Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame">Ahmed Abdulkadir Warsame</a> (an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabab</a> supporter) pleaded guilty and cooperated with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup> Matt Olsen, the director of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a> from 2011 to 2014, wrote in 2015: "Through his persistence, Holder demonstrated the wisdom and value of prosecuting terrorists in civilian courts and cemented this approach for future administrations."<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>In November 2009, Holder announced that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attack</a> co-conspirators—<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramzi_Bin_al-Shibh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramzi Bin al-Shibh">Ramzi Bin al-Shibh</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walid_bin_Attash" title="Walid bin Attash">Walid bin Attash</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ali_Abdul_Aziz_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Abdul Aziz Ali">Ali Abdul Aziz Ali</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mustafa_Ahmed_al-Hawsawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi">Mustafa Ahmed al-Hawsawi</a>—would be tried in New York City on federal charges of conspiracy and murder.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup> Holder said at the time that the five would "stand trial in our justice system before an impartial jury under long-established rules and procedures."<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup> This plan was frustrated by Congress, however, and "congressional restrictions on transferring Guantánamo detainees to federal court had delayed the case indefinitely."<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup> In April 2011, Holder was forced to drop plans for a federal trial and instead refer the five to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">military commissions</a>; at the time, Holder criticized Congress for interfering in the prosecution, saying: "[Congress has] taken one of the nation's most tested counterterrorism tools off the table and tied our hands in a way that would have serious ramifications."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> The military commissions remain "mired in procedural delays, legal uncertainty and continued controversy" today.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-43">[43]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="International_cooperation_against_terrorism">International cooperation against terrorism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International cooperation against terrorism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In July 2010, Holder attended a heads of state summit of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, where he told African leaders that the U.S. would continue to support the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delany_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delany-47">[47]</a></sup> Holder also vowed to work closer with African officials to stop terrorism, and announced that the FBI would be providing a team of forensic specialists to help assist in the investigation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/July_2010_Kampala_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="July 2010 Kampala attacks">terrorist bombings in Kampala</a> during the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Delany_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delany-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a July 2014 speech to diplomats, academics, and national security officials in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Holder called for international cooperation against terrorism in Syria and Iraq in order to stem the flow of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_rebel_fighters_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War">foreign fighters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phelps_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phelps-48">[48]</a></sup> Holder specifically urged other nations to adopt <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">conspiracy</a> laws; carry out better undercover operations; share traveler information through <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>; and "seek to stop individuals from becoming <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalized</a> in the first place by putting in place strong programs to counter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent extremism</a> in its earliest stages."<sup id="cite_ref-Phelps_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phelps-48">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Civil rights">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:192px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/190px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/285px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg/380px-Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_Wounded_Knee_Memorial.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Holder laying a wreath at the memorial site of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a> in South Dakota</div></div></div>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Voting_rights_and_redistricting">Voting rights and redistricting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voting rights and redistricting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Holder is a vocal proponent of defending the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965, which was reauthorized in 2006 with bipartisan support. Holder has criticized new <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voter_ID_laws_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter ID laws in the United States">voter ID laws in Texas, Florida and other states</a>, which he suggests may be politically motivated. In 2011, Holder said, "The reality is that in jurisdictions across the country, both overt and subtle forms of discrimination remain all too common." He went on to criticize Texas redistricting efforts, which were introduced when the state had increased its population by four million; Holder criticized the state for not allocating any new Congressional seats to represent Hispanic voters, arguing that the majority of the increased population were Latinos.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup>
</p><p>Under Holder's tenure, the DOJ sued <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby County, Alabama</a>, for a violation of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act. The small town of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calera,_Alabama" title="Calera, Alabama">Calera</a> had re-drawn the city council districts without receiving pre-clearance from the DOJ, which was required by Section 5 in order to ensure that Southern states do not use such redistricting to weaken political representation for minority communities. For local elections, Calera had divided the African-American part of town, submerging it into two other districts. The DOJ argued that this eliminated the city's sole African-American councilman. Calera responded by arguing that the process of pre-clearance with the DOJ should no longer be required. On September 21, 2011, the federal district court upheld the constitutionality of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, but the decision was overturned by the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i>, which effectively struck down Section 5 of the act. Before that decision, Holder had vowed to continue to enforce federal voting rights laws, regardless of how the United States Supreme Court decided in case.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2012, with over a dozen states pushing new voter identification laws, Holder stated that he believed these new laws would hamper the ability of the elderly, students and minorities to vote. Regarding voting rights, he said, "for the first time in our [lifetimes], we are failing to live up to one of our most noble ideals." Holder pledged that the DOJ fight these laws "aggressively". He went on to say that "We have to honor the generations that took extraordinary risks" to achieve the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a speech before the NAACP in July 2012, Holder went on to say that the Texas voter ID laws were a "political pretext to disenfranchise American citizens of their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">most precious right</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Holder compared the practices of these states to those in the era of Jim Crow segregation. Holder said, "Many of those without IDs would have to travel great distances to get them – and some would struggle to pay for the documents they might need to obtain them. We call those <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Arizona_immigration_law">Arizona immigration law</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arizona immigration law">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In May 2010, Holder expressed concerns over reports he had received regarding <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070</a>, an Arizona immigration law. He said that he feared that the law could lead to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a>. Holder received criticism on the political right for criticizing the law before he had read it in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2010, after the DOJ reviewed the law, Holder filed suit against Arizona on the grounds that the state law is preempted by federal law. Holder was quoted as saying, "I understand, first off, the frustration of the people of Arizona and the concerns that they have with regard to the amount of illegal immigration that occurs, but the solution that the Arizona legislature came up with is inconsistent with our federal Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>A lawsuit challenging the law was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in June 2012, the Court struck down a majority of the law's provisions in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arizona_v._United_States" title="Arizona v. United States">Arizona v. United States</a></i>. Holder said that although he was pleased that much of the law had been struck down, he remained concerned over the burden it might place on local law enforcement to enforce federal immigration law and the possibility that it might be used to discriminate against the Latino community. He vowed to continue to monitor the impact of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder has also stated that he supports comprehensive immigration reform<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, adding that it is a "matter of civil rights and human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Same-sex_marriage">Same-sex marriage</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Same-sex marriage">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In February 2011, Holder announced that the DOJ would no longer defend cases involving the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> in court. Holder had recommended this course of action to the President, arguing that the Defense of Marriage Act was unconstitutional, as laws that prohibit the marriage of gay couples do not meet the legal principle of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>. Holder cited changing law in support of his action: "Much of the legal landscape has changed in the 15 years since Congress passed DOMA. The Supreme Court has ruled that laws criminalizing homosexual conduct are unconstitutional. Congress has repealed the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. Several lower courts have ruled DOMA itself to be unconstitutional." This decision was prompted by legal deadlines in two federal cases in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> and New York, where same-sex married couples argued that DOMA's ban on federal benefits to those in gay marriages approved by the individual states, violates the Constitution's requirement of equal treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</p><p>In February 2012, Holder reaffirmed his position and stated that the DOJ would not defend DOMA in a legal challenge brought by members of the U.S. military, who were seeking benefits for their same-sex spouses, including: medical insurance, visitation rights in military hospitals and survivor benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder has also advocated for the interests of the 36,000 same-sex partnerships where Americans are in relationships with non-U.S. citizens. In May 2011, Holder set aside the decision to deport Paul Dorman, an Irish man who was in a same-sex partnership with a New Jersey citizen. Holder then asked immigration officials to reconsider their decision in order to determine whether Dorman can be considered a spouse under New Jersey law and whether Dorman would be considered a spouse under immigration law were it not for the Defense of Marriage Act. This action prompted some other immigration judges to halt the deportation proceeds of other foreigners in same-sex couples.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Criminal_investigations_and_prosecutions">Criminal investigations and prosecutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criminal investigations and prosecutions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Ted_Stevens_case">Ted Stevens case</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ted Stevens case">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In 2009, Holder decided to drop the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Stevens#Trial,_conviction,_and_reversal" title="Ted Stevens">corruption case</a> against former Senator <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Ted Stevens</a> of Alaska after evidence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct" title="Prosecutorial misconduct">prosecutorial misconduct</a> (specifically, the withholding of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence" title="Exculpatory evidence">exculpatory evidence</a>) emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-TedStevens_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-66">[66]</a></sup> Holder was reportedly "horrified by the failure of prosecutors to turn over all relevant materials to the defense" and was alarmed at rebukes of federal prosecutors by Judge <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmet_G._Sullivan" title="Emmet G. Sullivan">Emmet Sullivan</a>, a friend and former colleague of Holder.<sup id="cite_ref-TedStevens_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-66">[66]</a></sup> The DOJ formally moved to dismiss the indictment against Stevens (who had been convicted the previous year on seven counts, but had never been sentenced) on April 1, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-TedStevens_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-66">[66]</a></sup> Holder issued a statement reading: "After careful review, I have concluded that certain information should have been provided to the defense for use at trial. In light of this conclusion, and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances of this particular case, I have determined that it is in the interest of justice to dismiss the indictment and not proceed with a new trial."<sup id="cite_ref-TedStevens_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-66">[66]</a></sup> Judge Emmet Sullivan threw out the case several days later, issuing an order stating: "There was never a judgment of conviction in this case. The jury's verdict is being set aside and has no legal effect."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup> Holder ordered a review of the case by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_Professional_Responsibility" title="Office of Professional Responsibility">Office of Professional Responsibility</a> of DOJ.<sup id="cite_ref-TedStevens_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TedStevens-66">[66]</a></sup> Judge Sullivan conducted an inquiry of his own, appointed two attorneys to conduct an investigation which resulted in "a blistering 514-page report" (released in May 2012) detailing what went wrong in the prosecution, and criticizing three specific federal prosecutors (one of whom committed suicide in 2010) for concealing evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup> Holder was praised for his efforts to repair the damage caused by the affair, which was seen as "a profound embarrassment for the Justice Department."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Marijuana">Marijuana</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marijuana">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>In 2010, in the run up to the referendum on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/California_Proposition_19" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 19">California Proposition 19</a>, which would have legalized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> use for personal recreation, Holder stated that the DOJ would continue to prosecute individuals on the federal level for possession of marijuana even if voters approved a ballot measure.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> However, in the run up to the successful marijuana legalization referendums on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_Amendment_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Amendment 64">Colorado Amendment 64</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Washington Initiative 502</a> in 2012, Holder and the Department of Justice remained silent on how they would respond if the ballot measures were enacted by voters. On November 6, 2012, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colorado_Amendment_64" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Amendment 64">Colorado Amendment 64</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Initiative_502" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Initiative 502">Washington Initiative 502</a> were passed with 55.3% and 55.7% of the votes respectively. This would lead to a new memo released by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">Deputy Attorney General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_M._Cole" title="James M. Cole">James M. Cole</a> on August 29, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> The memo instructed all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a> to not focus limited prosecutorial resources on state-authorized marijuana related activities, provided they follow eight priorities laid out by the Department of Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-AD091713_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AD091713-72">[72]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Organized_crime">Organized crime</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Organized crime">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>On January 20, 2011, the FBI arrested 127 members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">La Cosa Nostra</a> in New York City, including members of all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Five_Families" title="Five Families">Five Families</a> of New York City and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeCavalcante_family" class="mw-redirect" title="DeCavalcante family">DeCavalcante family</a> of New Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-LCN_speech_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCN_speech-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pilkington_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilkington-74">[74]</a></sup> Holder spoke at a press conference afterwards, celebrating the largest single-day operation against the Mafia in United States history.<sup id="cite_ref-LCN_speech_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCN_speech-73">[73]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pilkington_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilkington-74">[74]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Leak_investigations">Leak investigations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Leak investigations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>Under Holder's leadership, the Department of Justice brought six leak-related prosecutions against current or former U.S. government employees, while all previous Presidential administrations combined had tried a total of three such cases. Holder was reportedly "surprised" by news reports pointing out this statistic, and was said to have told associates that he did not wish to have leak prosecutions be his legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Several prominent leak prosecutions under Holder involved communications between criminal defendants and journalists, and the pervasive use of traceable electronic communications between journalists and their sources provided the prosecution with a tool to determine the potential origin of published information.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup> Under Holder, the Justice Department argued that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protection_of_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of sources">journalists had no legal protection to maintain the confidentiality of their sources</a>, and can be compelled by the government to reveal them, or potentially face criminal contempt charges.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> On September 17, 2018, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a> obtained documents regarding the use of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">FISA courts</a> to spy on journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 13, 2013, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> announced that the telephone records for 20 of their reporters during a two-month period in 2012 had been seized by the Justice Department as part of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2013_Department_of_Justice_investigations_of_reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters">2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters</a>. The AP described these acts as a "massive and unprecedented intrusion" into their news-gathering operation.<sup id="cite_ref-TTSanchez_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTSanchez-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TG130513_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TG130513-82">[82]</a></sup> Holder testified under oath to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">House Judiciary Committee</a> that he had recused himself from these leak investigations to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. Holder said his Deputy Attorney General, James Cole was in charge of the AP investigation and would've ordered the subpoenas.<sup id="cite_ref-nbcpolitics_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcpolitics-83">[83]</a></sup> When questioning turned to the possibility of journalists being charged under the Espionage Act for reporting classified material, Holder stated: "With regard to the potential prosecution of the press for the disclosure of material, that is not something that I've ever been involved in, heard of or would think would be a wise policy."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup>
</p><p>It was later reported that the DOJ monitored Fox News reporter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Rosen_(journalist)" title="James Rosen (journalist)">James Rosen's</a> activities by tracking his visits to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> through phone traces, timing of calls and his personal emails.<sup id="cite_ref-probe_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-probe-85">[85]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> confirmed with the Justice Department that Holder had personally signed off on the Rosen subpoenas. The DOJ defended their decision and spoke about a balance between protecting national secrets and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1st Amendment</a>, stating: "After extensive deliberations, and after following all applicable laws, regulations and policies, the Department sought an appropriately tailored search warrant under the Privacy Protection Act."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> The revelation brought into question whether Holder had been intentionally misleading during his previous testimony. House Committee members sent an open letter to Holder, saying: "It is imperative that the committee, the Congress, and the American people be provided a full and accurate account of your involvement."<sup id="cite_ref-fnchouse_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnchouse-87">[87]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Department_of_Justice_Smart_on_Crime_Program">Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Department of Justice Smart on Crime Program">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg/220px-Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg/330px-Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg/440px-Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Obama_signing_the_Fair_Sentencing_Act.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Barack Obama signing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fair_Sentencing_Act" title="Fair Sentencing Act">Fair Sentencing Act</a> in 2010</div></div></div>
<p>On August 12, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>'s House of Delegates meeting, Holder announced the "Smart on Crime" program, which is "a sweeping initiative by the Justice Department that in effect renounces several decades of tough-on-crime anti-drug legislation and policies."<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-89">[89]</a></sup> Holder said the program "will encourage U.S. attorneys to charge defendants only with crimes "for which the accompanying sentences are better suited to their individual conduct, rather than excessive prison terms more appropriate for violent criminals or drug kingpins…"<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-89">[89]</a></sup> Running through Holder's statements, the increasing economic burden of over-incarceration was stressed.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-89">[89]</a></sup> As of August 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Smart on Crime program is not a legislative initiative but an effort "limited to the DOJ's policy parameters."<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_meeting_Aug_12_2013-88">[88]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reforming_The_Criminal_Justice_System_Aug_12_2013-89">[89]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_actions">Additional actions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Additional actions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 2009, Holder announced and oversaw the federal government spending of $1 billion in grants to law enforcement agencies in every state to pay for the hiring of police officers. The money comes from the stimulus bill the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act</a> of 2009 and covered the salaries of 4,699 law enforcement officers for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></sup>
</p><p>When questioned about weapons regulations during a news conference to announce the arrest of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mexican_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican drug cartel">Mexican drug cartel</a> members, Holder stated that the Obama administration would seek to re-institute the expired <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a>, which he strongly supports.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the U.S. government <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UBS_AG#U.S._tax_fraud_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">filed suit</a> against the Swiss bank <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UBS_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="UBS AG">UBS AG</a>, whom Holder had represented during his time in private practice, the attorney general recused himself from all legal matters concerning the bank, which stands accused of conspiracy in U.S. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tax_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax fraud">tax fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder presented friend and predecessor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>, Attorney General under the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Administration">Clinton Administration</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Judicature_Society" title="American Judicature Society">American Judicature Society</a>'s (AJS) Justice Award on April 17, 2009. The award is the highest given by the AJS, and recognizes significant contributions toward improvements in the administration of justice within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></sup>
</p><p>After the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables leak</a> in December 2010, Holder said that "We have an active, ongoing, criminal investigation with regard to this matter. We are not in a position as yet to announce the result of that investigation, but the investigation is—is ongoing. To the extent that we can find anybody who was involved in the breaking of American law and who has put at risk the assets and the people that I have described, they will be held responsible," Holder said. "They will be held accountable." Holder's comments leave open a crucial question, which is whether the investigators are looking at how WikiLeaks obtained the documents (not unlike probing a news organization's source), or if they're looking at whether WikiLeaks staffers violated criminal law and should be the ones indicted.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></sup> In May 2016, more than a year after leaving office, Holder told <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Axelrod_(political_consultant)" title="David Axelrod (political consultant)">David Axelrod</a> in an interview he thought <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> had "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made", adding "I would say that doing what he did—and the way he did it—was inappropriate and illegal".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></sup> Republican Senate Majority Leader <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> "lash[ed] out" at Holder, calling him "one of the worst attorneys general we've ever had" on <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fox_%26_Friends" title="Fox & Friends">Fox & Friends</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></sup>
</p><p>On December 8, 2014, Holder unveiled a new policy banning profiling on the basis of religion, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, and gender identity by federal law enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></sup> However, the new policy will not apply to screenings at border and airport, as well as in intelligence operations.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Opinion_of_Bush_anti-terrorism_policies">Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Opinion of Bush anti-terrorism policies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Holder has been critical of "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance">NSA warrantless surveillance</a> program, accusing the Bush administration of a "disrespect for the rule of law... [that is] not only wrong, it is destructive in our struggle against terrorism."<sup id="cite_ref-BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118-102">[102]</a></sup> During his confirmation hearings, he deemed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> a form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and therefore illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></sup> In response, some Republican senators questioned him whether he would prosecute those who took part in waterboarding and delayed the confirmation vote on Holder.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder has stated that he favors closing the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantánamo Bay detention camp">Guantánamo Bay detention camp</a>; in 2002 he said that the detainees are not technically entitled to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> protections.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> In March 2011, Holder left open the possibility that the Guantánamo Bay detention camp might remain open beyond President Obama's first term. Asked in a congressional hearing whether the prison would be closed by November 2012, Holder said: "I don't know." He said the Justice Department has established a task force to look at each of the 172 detainees being held at the Guantánamo prison to address how they should be dealt with. Holder's comments come just weeks after CIA Director <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> told a Senate panel that Osama bin Laden would probably be shipped to and held at the Guantánamo Bay facility if he were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder is opposed to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s implementation of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">Patriot Act</a>, saying it is "bad ultimately for law enforcement and will cost us the support of the American people."<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Woodruff_20040219_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Woodruff_20040219-108">[108]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salon_Greenwald_20081119_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon_Greenwald_20081119-109">[109]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Racism">Racism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Racism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Holder gave a speech on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a> on February 18, 2009, during <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a>. "Though this nation has proudly thought of itself as an ethnic melting pot in things racial, we have always been, and we, I believe, continue to be, in too many ways, essentially a nation of cowards," said Holder. "Though race-related issues continue to occupy a significant portion of our political discussion, and though there remain many unresolved racial issues in this nation, we, average Americans, simply do not talk enough with each other about things racial," he said.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></sup>
</p><p>The speech stirred some controversy, with some reacting favorably to Holder's comments and others sharply criticizing them.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></sup> Obama later clarified Holder's comments, saying that "I think it's fair to say that if I had been advising my attorney general, we would have used different language... I think the point that he was making is that we're oftentimes uncomfortable with talking about race until there's some sort of racial flare-up or conflict, and that we could probably be more constructive in facing up to the painful legacy of slavery and Jim Crow and discrimination."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></sup>
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<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_incident">New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New Black Panther Party voter intimidation incident">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party_voter_intimidation_case" title="New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case">New Black Panther Party voter intimidation case</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png/220px-Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png/330px-Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png/440px-Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="360" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Philadelphia_polling_place_security_patrols_2008.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Alleged instance of voter intimidation in Philadelphia during the 2008 US presidential election.</div></div></div>
<p>In May 2009, Holder's Department of Justice completed a civil suit originally brought by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._Christian_Adams" title="J. Christian Adams">J. Christian Adams</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush Justice Department</a> against the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Black Panther Party">New Black Panther Party</a>, its chairman, and two of its members for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">voter intimidation</a> due to their conduct during the 2008 election. Two members of the Party had stood outside a polling station during the election in paramilitary uniforms, one carrying a nightstick. Claiming a lack of evidence, the Department of Justice dropped charges against the party, its chairman, and one of the two members who had stood outside the polling station. With the evidence presented, the Department of Justice successfully obtained a narrow injunction against the other. Former lawyers who had served under the Bush Administration have stated that the current DOJ under Holder is unwilling to prosecute minorities for civil rights violations. Three other Justice Department lawyers, in recent interviews,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> gave the same description of the department's culture, which department officials strongly deny. In the months after the case ended, tensions persisted. Eventually, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Coates" title="Christopher Coates">Christopher Coates</a> (of the Justice's Civil Rights Division) acknowledged telling attorneys at a September 2009 lunch that the Obama administration was interested in filing cases – under a key voting rights section – only on behalf of minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-WP1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP1-115">[115]</a></sup>
</p><p>During a meeting with a House subcommittee, Holder argued that the behavior of the New Black Panther Party was not comparable to historical voter intimidation against minorities, which often involved acts of violence and murder. Holder said, "When you compare what people endured in the South in the '60s to try to get the right to vote for African Americans, to compare what people subjected to that with what happened in Philadelphia… I think does a great disservice to people who put their lives on the line for my people."<sup id="cite_ref-gersteinpanther_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gersteinpanther-116">[116]</a></sup>
</p><p>Critics have interpreted this comment as evidence of racial bias on Holder's part, with conservative <a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Taranto" title="James Taranto">James Taranto</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></sup> of the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> arguing that "If he [Holder] approaches the job with the attitude that any group smaller than all Americans is 'my people', he is the wrong man for the position."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></sup> Claiming the issue was politicized from the start,<sup id="cite_ref-WP1_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP1-115">[115]</a></sup> Democrats have argued that those on the political right, particularly Adams, used this incident for purely political gain.<sup id="cite_ref-gersteinpanther_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gersteinpanther-116">[116]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation_Fast_and_Furious">Operation Fast and Furious</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Operation Fast and Furious">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Fast_and_Furious" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fast and Furious">Operation Fast and Furious</a></div>
<p>In May 2011, House Oversight Committee chairman, California Republican Rep. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Darrell_Issa" title="Darrell Issa">Darrell Issa</a> and Iowa Republican Sen. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> sent Attorney General Holder a letter requesting details about <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Fast_and_Furious" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Fast and Furious">Operation Fast and Furious</a>, which had been a failed federal firearms sting operation that allegedly allowed some 2,000 weapons to reach Mexican drug gangs.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></sup> Grassley and Issa urged Holder to cooperate and turn over subpoenaed records that would reveal the scope of the alleged government coverup.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Contempt_of_Congress">Contempt of Congress</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Contempt of Congress">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In October 2011, the Justice Department released 7,600 pages of documents on Operation Fast and Furious. Republicans claimed some of those documents indicated that Holder had been sent early memos about Fast and Furious and therefore must have known about it before early 2011, which is when he'd testified he'd learned about it to the House Judiciary Committee;<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></sup> a later report from the Justice Department's independent inspector general found that Holder had "no prior knowledge" of the operation before early 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2012, Issa announced that his committee was drafting a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a> resolution against Holder in response to the committee allegedly being "stonewalled by the Justice Department" on additional documents.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 19, 2012, Holder met with Issa in person to discuss the requested documents. Holder said he offered to provide the documents to Issa on the condition that Issa provided his assurance that doing so would satisfy the committee subpoenas and resolve the dispute. Issa rejected the offer. Holder then told reporters "They rejected what I thought was an extraordinary offer on our part."<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 20, 2012, the Oversight Committee voted 23–17 along party lines to hold Holder in contempt of Congress for not releasing the additional documents the committee had requested.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></sup> A memo from Holder's office said of the vote: "It's an election-year tactic intended to distract attention."<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></sup> Although the vote was not directly relevant to gun legislation, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> announced that it would be scoring the contempt vote, due to Holder's previous stances on gun control legislation, placing political pressure on Democrats that wished to avoid repercussions from the gun lobby.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></sup>
</p><p>On June 20—the same date as the Oversight Committee vote—President Obama asserted executive privilege over the remaining documents requested by the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></sup> While Democrats argued that Holder was carrying out his constitutional role by honoring the executive privilege claim, on June 28, 2012, House Speaker John Boehner scheduled a vote on the contempt resolution anyway. Holder became the first U.S. Attorney General in history to be held in both criminal<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></sup> and civil<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></sup> contempt. He was held in contempt by the House of Representatives in a 255–67 vote, with 17 Democrats voting for the measure, 2 Republicans voting against the measure.<sup id="cite_ref-Week06292012_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Week06292012-136">[136]</a></sup> The remaining Democrats refused to vote and marched out of the House, led by Nancy Pelosi, as a means of protesting the actions of Republicans. Holder responded to the vote, describing it as "the regrettable culmination of what became a misguided and politically motivated investigation in an election year."<sup id="cite_ref-House_contempt_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House_contempt-137">[137]</a></sup>
</p><p>The congressional action evoked reactions from across the political spectrum. Texas governor and Republican presidential candidate <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> called on Holder to resign, stating "America simply cannot tolerate an attorney general who arms the very criminals he is supposed to protect us from".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></sup> Republican Sen. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a>, ranking member of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Immigration,_Refugees_and_Border_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security">Subcommittee on Immigration, Refugees and Border Security</a> also called on Holder to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></sup> Among those opposing the contempt citation, Democratic Rep. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Elijah Cummings</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Oversight_and_Government_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform">United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform</a> said, "Holder has acted honorably; he's done everything he could to allow us to do our job, which is to investigate this matter."<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Justice Department declined to prosecute the attorney general on the contempt charge, citing the fact that President Obama had asserted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></sup>
</p><p>In September 2012, after a nineteen-month review, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_Office_of_the_Inspector_General" title="United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General">United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General</a> cleared the Attorney General of any wrongdoing with regard to Fast and Furious, stating that there was "no evidence" that Holder knew about the operation before early 2011. The report did cite fourteen lower ranking officials for possible disciplinary action.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></sup> Holder responded to the internal investigation, saying "It is unfortunate that some were so quick to make baseless accusations before they possessed the facts about these operations – accusations that turned out to be without foundation and that have caused a great deal of unnecessary harm and confusion."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></sup>
</p><p>In retrospect, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/David_Weigel" title="David Weigel">David Weigel</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i> called the contempt of Congress vote "both popular and stunningly ineffective, enraging Holder and turning him into a more outspoken and implacable foe of Republican policies on voting rights and policing."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2014, federal judge <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amy_Berman_Jackson" title="Amy Berman Jackson">Amy Berman Jackson</a> ordered the Justice Department to provide Congress with a list of the previously withheld documents.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></sup> In October 2014, Jackson rejected a House bid to hold Holder in contempt of court, stating that it was "entirely unnecessary."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></sup> In January 2016, Jackson tossed out Obama's executive privilege claims but stressed that her ruling wasn't based on the merits of the claim, but instead on the fact that many of the documents had by then become public as part of the 2012 inspector general's report.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation_Choke_Point">Operation Choke Point</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Operation Choke Point">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Operation_Choke_Point" title="Operation Choke Point">Operation Choke Point</a></div>
<p>Operation Choke Point was an ongoing initiative of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> that was announced in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></sup> and investigated banks in the United States and the business they did with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Payment_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="Payment processors">payment processors</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Payday_lenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Payday lenders">payday lenders</a>, and other companies believed to be at higher risk for fraud, money laundering, and terrorist financing. This operation, first disclosed in an August 2013 Wall Street Journal story<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></sup> was controversial for the potential threat to due process, as the government was pressuring financial institutions to cut off a company's access to banking services without first having shown that the targeted companies were in fact violating the law.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Refusal_to_prosecute_financial_institutions">Refusal to prosecute financial institutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Refusal to prosecute financial institutions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="box-Coat_rack plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may primarily relate to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:COATRACK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COATRACK">a different subject</a>, or place <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:POVFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:POVFORK">a particular aspect rather than the subject as a whole</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive detail</a> that may be against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></div>
<p>On March 6, 2013, Holder testified to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> that the size of large financial institutions has made it difficult for the Justice Department to bring criminal charges when they are suspected of crimes, because such charges can threaten the existence of a bank and therefore their interconnectedness may endanger the national or global economy. (See <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_contagion" title="Financial contagion">financial contagion</a>). "Some of these institutions have become too large," Holder told the Committee, "It has an inhibiting impact on our ability to bring resolutions that I think would be more appropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-Mattingly_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattingly-154">[154]</a></sup>
</p><p>In a January 29, 2013 letter to Holder, Senators <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Grassley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Grassley">Charles Grassley</a> had criticized this Justice Department policy citing "important questions about the Justice Department's prosecutorial philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></sup> After receipt of a DOJ response letter, Brown and Grassley issued a statement saying, "The Justice Department's response is aggressively evasive. It does not answer our questions. We want to know how and why the Justice Department has determined that certain financial institutions are 'too big to jail' and that prosecuting those institutions would damage the financial system."<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></sup>
</p><p>Prosecution rates against crimes by large financial institutions are at 20-year lows.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-158">[158]</a></sup> Holder has also endorsed the notion that prosecutors, when deciding to pursue white-collar crimes, should give special consideration to "collateral consequences" of bringing charges against large corporate institutions, as outlined in a 1999 memorandum by Holder. Nearly a decade later Holder, as head of the Department of Justice, put this into practice and has demonstrated the weight "collateral consequences" has by repeatedly sought and reached deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements and settlements with large financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan Chase, HSBC, Countrywide Mortgage, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs, and others where the institution pays a fine or penalty but faces no criminal charges and admits no wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></sup> Whereas in the previous decade the Bush administration's Department of Justice often sought criminal charges against individuals of large institutions regardless of "collateral consequences" such as cases involving <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adelphia_Communications_Corporation" title="Adelphia Communications Corporation">Adelphia Communications Corporation</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyco_International" title="Tyco International">Tyco International</a>, and others.
</p><p>In September 2014, he described the department's rationale in a speech at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Responsibility remains so diffuse, and top executives so insulated," Holder said, "that any misconduct could again be considered more a symptom of the institution's culture than a result of the willful actions of any single individual."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>According to a 2016 report prepared by Republican staff of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Committee on Financial Services</a>, Holder and other Justice Department officials had overruled the recommendation of prosecutors to pursue criminal charges against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a> for its alleged role in money-laundering, instead settling with the bank for the then-record amount of $1.9 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Resolution_proposing_articles_of_impeachment">Resolution proposing articles of impeachment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resolution proposing articles of impeachment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>On November 14, 2013, Representative Pete Olson (R-TX), along with 19 Republicans, introduced a resolution proposing articles of impeachment against Holder. The articles cited Holder for his alleged role in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">Operation Fast and Furious</a>, refusal to defend the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> in court, failing to prosecute anyone involved in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/IRS_targeting_controversy" title="IRS targeting controversy">IRS targeting</a> of groups based on name and political theme, and for allegedly perjuring himself by stating that he had no knowledge of any potential prosecution of members of the media for disclosure of classified material.<sup id="cite_ref-hr411_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hr411-163">[163]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></sup> There were 29 co-sponsors to the bill. The bill was referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary on November 14, 2013, however; no further action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Resignation">Resignation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Resignation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Holder resigned on September 25, 2014, citing personal reasons. He remained in office until the Senate confirmed his successor, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilber_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilber-166">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Return_to_private_practice">Return to private practice</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Return to private practice">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_(27994325123).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg/220px-Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg/330px-Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg/440px-Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_%2827994325123%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1497" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eric_Holder_at_DNC_0434_(27994325123).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Holder at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a></div></div></div>
<p>In July 2015, Holder rejoined <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Covington_%26_Burling" title="Covington & Burling">Covington & Burling</a>, the law firm at which he worked before becoming Attorney General. The law firm's clients have included many of the large banks Holder declined to prosecute for their alleged role in the financial crisis. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matt_Taibbi" title="Matt Taibbi">Matt Taibbi</a> of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i> opined about the move, "I think this is probably the single biggest example of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a> that we've ever had."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></sup>
</p><p>In early 2016, Holder was hired by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN Group</a>, a South Africa-based telecommunications company as a part of its efforts to combat a $3.9 billion fine handed to the MTN Group by the government of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></sup> Rather than attempt to negotiate with the regulatory body that issued the fine, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nigerian_Communications_Commission" title="Nigerian Communications Commission">Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC)</a>, Holder worked with the Nigerian Attorney General <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abubakar_Malami" title="Abubakar Malami">Abubakar Malami</a> to reach a compromise. While the NCC initially rejected a proposal from Malami for a reduced fine, it later decided to reduce the fine by more than half. The MTN Group paid the reduced amount, which totaled around $1.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2016, Holder announced that he would chair the newly incorporated <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a>, a group aiming to support Democratic candidates in state races ahead of the redistricting that will follow the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/2020_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Census">2020 Census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></sup>
</p><p>During 2018, Holder suggested on several occasions that he might run for the presidency in 2020. In July, he told CNN he thought a presidential candidate needed five qualities—the ability to inspire others, a vision for the job, the ability to meet both the physical and mental strains of the job, and appropriate experience. Holder added that he believed he possessed those five qualities, but noted that his wife would be involved in his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></sup> On March 4, 2019, Holder announced that he would not seek the White House in 2020 but would continue his work with the National Democratic Redistricting Committee to help elect a Democratic candidate who had the five qualities he thought were necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Holder is married to Sharon Malone, an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Obstetrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrician">obstetrician</a>. The couple have three children.<sup id="cite_ref-CovingtonBurlington_bio_20080615_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CovingtonBurlington_bio_20080615-177">[177]</a></sup> Malone's sister was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone Jones</a>, famous for her part in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a>, which led to integration at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama" title="University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_Holley_20051014_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost_Holley_20051014-178">[178]</a></sup> Holder has been involved with various mentoring programs for inner-city youth. He is also an avid basketball fan<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></sup> and the uncle of former NBA All-Star <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Malone" title="Jeff Malone">Jeff Malone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10Things_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10Things-22">[22]</a></sup> Holder and his wife live in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></sup>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In May 2008, while still in private practice, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legal_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Times">Legal Times</a></i> magazine named Holder as one of the "Greatest Washington Lawyers of the Past 30 Years," describing him as one of the "Visionaries."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></sup> Also in that year, Holder was named by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_National_Law_Journal" title="The National Law Journal">The National Law Journal</a></i> as one of "the 50 Most Influential Minority Lawyers in America."<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></sup> <i>The National Law Journal</i> commended Holder's practice in the areas of civil litigation and white-collar defense, as well as his work as a national co-chair for Obama's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 16, 2010, Holder delivered the commencement address at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, for both the all-university ceremony and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boston_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston University Law School">School of Law</a>. In addition, he was presented with an honorary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></sup>
</p><p>On May 22, 2011, Holder delivered the commencement address at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Virginia_School_of_Law" title="University of Virginia School of Law">University of Virginia School of Law</a>. Holder encouraged the graduates to emulate Virginia Law alumnus <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>'s legacy of service.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></sup> On May 19, 2009, Holder was chosen by his alma mater, Columbia College, to be its Class Day Speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></sup>
</p><p>In May 2009, Holder visited Barbados and met with government representatives from across the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The government renamed the Tamarind Hall municipal building located at Tamarind Hall, Blackmans, St. Joseph after Holder. Now known as the <i>Eric Holder Jr. Municipal Complex</i><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></sup> - This centre was constructed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Government of Barbados</a> to house a Magistrate's Court, a police station, a branch of the public library, in addition to the St. Joseph district Post Office. The centre was officially opened on May 22, 2009, by the U.S Attorney General, Mr. Eric Holder Jr. while on a visit. In June 2009, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Barbados" title="Government of Barbados">Government of Barbados</a> announced that it would begin a project to determine the first 100 Great Barbadians, who would be selected by the public of Barbados. At the announcement of the project it was announced that Holder was the first candidate nominated for the final list.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2012, Holder received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2012, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a> named Holder as a recipient of their "Living Legend" award, along with singer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></sup>
</p><p>In April 2013, Holder acknowledged having the position of the President's 'wing-man' and being there as the President's 'boy' during a radio interview with Tom Joyner.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></sup> These awards and recognition are noteworthy because they contradict Holder's own public position that there should be "...a distance between [an Attorney General] and the president."<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></sup>
</p><p>Holder delivered the commencement address at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in May 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></sup> the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">UC Berkeley School of Law</a> in May 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></sup> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UCLA_School_of_Law" title="UCLA School of Law">UCLA School of Law</a> in June 2020.
</p><p>Holder received an honorary <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> from his alma mater, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, in May 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates">Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_Secretaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries">List of African-American United States Cabinet Secretaries</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<li id="cite_note-WashPost3Feb09-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost3Feb09_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Carrie (February 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/02/02/eric-holdma-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html">"Holdma Confirmed As the First Black Attorney General: Nominee Overcame Objections in GOP"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Holdma+Confirmed+As+the+First+Black+Attorney+General%3A+Nominee+Overcame+Objections+in+GOP&rft.pages=A02&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2009%2F02%2F02%2Feric-holdma-confirmed-as-_n_163319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-11Dec08-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-11Dec08_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-11Dec08_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David (November 11, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/eric_h_holder_jr/index.html">"Eric H. Holder Jr"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Series)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. The New Team<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eric+H.+Holder+Jr.&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fh%2Feric_h_holder_jr%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NationNews_Best_20081116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationNews_Best_20081116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBest2008" class="citation news cs1">Best, Tony (November 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714155641/http://www.nationnews.com/story/347652135987365.php">"Obama's AG may be Bajan"</a>. <i>Local News</i>. Barbados: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Nation_(Barbados)" title="The Daily Nation (Barbados)">Nation Newspaper</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationnews.com/story/347652135987365.php">the original</a> on July 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+News&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+AG+may+be+Bajan&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2Fstory%2F347652135987365.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, David (November 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/12/us/politics/11web-holder.html">"Eric H. Holder Jr"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eric+H.+Holder+Jr.&rft.date=2008-11-12&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F12%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F11web-holder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-SSDI-EHH-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSDI-EHH_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancestry.com">"Social Security Death Index [database on-line]"</a>. United States: The Generations Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Security+Death+Index+%5Bdatabase+on-line%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=The+Generations+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ObamaBajanSon-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ObamaBajanSon_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ObamaBajanSon_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBest2008" class="citation news cs1">Best, Tony (June 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804000636/http://www.nationnews.com/story/345695006876384.php">"Obama getting help from Bajan son"</a>. <i>Local News</i>. Barbados: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Daily_Nation_(Barbados)" title="The Daily Nation (Barbados)">Nation Newspaper</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationnews.com/story/345695006876384.php">the original</a> on August 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Local+News&rft.atitle=Obama+getting+help+from+Bajan+son&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationnews.com%2Fstory%2F345695006876384.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-MakingHistory-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MakingHistory_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLongstreth2008" class="citation web cs1">Longstreth, Andrew (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202421950304">"Making History With Obama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Cover Story)</span>. <i>Making History</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_American_Lawyer" title="The American Lawyer">The American Lawyer</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+History&rft.atitle=Making+History+With+Obama&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Longstreth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fjsp%2Farticle.jsp%3Fid%3D1202421950304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryMakers_Tucker-Hamilton_20041217_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTucker-HamiltonHickey,_Matthew2004" class="citation news cs1">Tucker-Hamilton, Racine; Hickey, Matthew (December 17, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/honorable-eric-h-holder-jr">"Interview with Eric H. Holder Jr"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Interview)</span>. <i>Oral history project</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_History_Makers" class="mw-redirect" title="The History Makers">The History Makers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+history+project&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Eric+H.+Holder+Jr.&rft.date=2004-12-17&rft.aulast=Tucker-Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Racine&rft.au=Hickey%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorymakers.com%2Fbiography%2Fhonorable-eric-h-holder-jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHernández2008" class="citation web cs1">Hernández, Javier C. (November 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/nyregion/01holder.html">"Holder, High Achiever Poised to Scale New Heights"</a> – via www.nytimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holder%2C+High+Achiever+Poised+to+Scale+New+Heights&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Javier+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F01%2Fnyregion%2F01holder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090519.html">"Attorney General Eric Holder Delivers Remarks at Columbia College Commencement - OPA - Department of Justice"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attorney+General+Eric+Holder+Delivers+Remarks+at+Columbia+College+Commencement+-+OPA+-+Department+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fag%2Fspeeches%2F2009%2Fag-speech-090519.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT-2Jun94-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2Jun94_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2Jun94_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil A. (June 2, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E2D9113BF931A35755C0A962958260">"Indictment of a Congressman: the Legal Case; Prosecutor No Stranger To Corruption in Politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. U.S<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indictment+of+a+Congressman%3A+the+Legal+Case%3B+Prosecutor+No+Stranger+To+Corruption+in+Politics&rft.date=1994-06-02&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C04E2D9113BF931A35755C0A962958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Muckety-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muckety_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muckety_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMemmott2008" class="citation web cs1">Memmott, A. James (June 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701235153/http://news.muckety.com/2008/06/05/obama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search/3221">"Obama picks Caroline Kennedy, Holder, Johnson to lead Vice-Presidential candidate search"</a>. <i>Muckety</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.muckety.com/2008/06/05/obama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search/3221">the original</a> on July 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muckety&rft.atitle=Obama+picks+Caroline+Kennedy%2C+Holder%2C+Johnson+to+lead+Vice-Presidential+candidate+search&rft.date=2008-06-05&rft.aulast=Memmott&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.muckety.com%2F2008%2F06%2F05%2Fobama-picks-caroline-kennedy-eric-holder-to-join-johnson-in-vp-search%2F3221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT_19970718-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_19970718_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9404E7DB1F38F93BA25754C0A961958260">"Nominee Confirmed For Deputy Position at the Justice Dept"</a>. <i>Archives</i>. July 18, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives&rft.atitle=Nominee+Confirmed+For+Deputy+Position+at+the+Justice+Dept.&rft.date=1997-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9404E7DB1F38F93BA25754C0A961958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYTConfirm-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTConfirm_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil A. (June 14, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950CE3DA153FF937A25755C0A961958260&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">"Justice Dept. Nominee Faces Questions but No Strong Opposition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. U.S<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Dept.+Nominee+Faces+Questions+but+No+Strong+Opposition&rft.date=1997-06-14&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950CE3DA153FF937A25755C0A961958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26partner%3Dpermalink%26exprod%3Dpermalink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119114858/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-02-18/us/9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid?_s=PM:US">"Federal Probe of Salt Lake Olympic Bid Pretty Wide"</a>. CNN. February 18, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/1999-02-18/us/9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid?_s=PM:US">the original</a> on January 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+Probe+of+Salt+Lake+Olympic+Bid+Pretty+Wide&rft.date=1999-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F1999-02-18%2Fus%2F9902_18_justice.olympics_1_federal-probe-justice-department-bid%3F_s%3DPM%3AUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119095836/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-12/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS">"Hate Crimes Legislation Introduced in Congress"</a>. CNN. March 12, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-12/politics/hate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS">the original</a> on January 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hate+Crimes+Legislation+Introduced+in+Congress&rft.date=1999-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F1999-03-12%2Fpolitics%2Fhate.crimes_1_crimes-bill-crimes-legislation-victims%3F_s%3DPM%3AALLPOLITICS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302160328/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-02-08/justice/pardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green?_s=PM:LAW">"Holder Faces Grilling on Marc Rich Pardon"</a>. CNN. February 8, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2001-02-08/justice/pardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green?_s=PM:LAW">the original</a> on March 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holder+Faces+Grilling+on+Marc+Rich+Pardon&rft.date=2001-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2001-02-08%2Fjustice%2Fpardon.probe.03_1_evasion-and-illegal-oil-marc-rich-pincus-green%3F_s%3DPM%3ALAW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AP-19Nov08-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AP-19Nov08_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYost2008" class="citation news cs1">Yost, Pete (November 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gEyF67-07z6eTT7dB941ggvWQgrAD94IAGIO1">"Marc Rich pardon controversy just won't die"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Marc+Rich+pardon+controversy+just+won%27t+die&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Yost&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fap%2Farticle%2FALeqM5gEyF67-07z6eTT7dB941ggvWQgrAD94IAGIO1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-NYT_Cowan_20020313-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Cowan_20020313_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCowan2002" class="citation news cs1">Cowan, Alison Leigh (March 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06E3DB1239F930A25750C0A9649C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"Marc Rich Panel Says Top Justice Dept. Aide Held Information on Rich's Pardon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. U.S<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marc+Rich+Panel+Says+Top+Justice+Dept.+Aide+Held+Information+on+Rich%27s+Pardon&rft.date=2002-03-13&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Alison+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D06E3DB1239F930A25750C0A9649C8B63%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119084354/http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/politics/holder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon?_s=PM:POLITICS">"Former FBI Director: Holder was "used" in Rich Pardon"</a>. CNN. January 16, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2009-01-16/politics/holder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon?_s=PM:POLITICS">the original</a> on January 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+FBI+Director%3A+Holder+was+%22used%22+in+Rich+Pardon&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.cnn.com%2F2009-01-16%2Fpolitics%2Fholder.confirmation_1_marc-rich-rich-case-pardon%3F_s%3DPM%3APOLITICS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-CBSNews_20010202-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBSNews_20010202_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/29/politics/main267937.shtml">"Ashcroft Settles In"</a>. <i>Politics</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. February 2, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics&rft.atitle=Ashcroft+Settles+In&rft.date=2001-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2001%2F01%2F29%2Fpolitics%2Fmain267937.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10Things-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10Things_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10Things_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHook2008" class="citation web cs1">Hook, Carol S. (November 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2008/11/19/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eric-holder.html">"10 Things You Didn't Know About Eric Holder"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. Nation & World: Politics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=10+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Eric+Holder&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Carol+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2F11%2F19%2F10-things-you-didnt-know-about-eric-holder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Terrorism-Law-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Terrorism-Law_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLeonnig2007" class="citation news cs1">Leonnig, Carol D. (August 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/01/AR2007080102601.html">"In Terrorism-Law Case, Chiquita Points to U.S."</a> <i>The Washington Post</i>. p. A01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+Terrorism-Law+Case%2C+Chiquita+Points+to+U.S.&rft.pages=A01&rft.date=2007-08-02&rft.aulast=Leonnig&rft.aufirst=Carol+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F08%2F01%2FAR2007080102601.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Banana-War-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banana-War_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banana-War_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGray2007" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Kevin (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011003003/http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/international-news/portfolio/2007/09/17/Chiquita-Death-Squads">"The Banana War"</a>. <i>International News</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast_Portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Nast Portfolio">Condé Nast Portfolio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/international-news/portfolio/2007/09/17/Chiquita-Death-Squads">the original</a> on October 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+News&rft.atitle=The+Banana+War&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portfolio.com%2Fnews-markets%2Finternational-news%2Fportfolio%2F2007%2F09%2F17%2FChiquita-Death-Squads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17Dec08-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17Dec08_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFusco2008" class="citation news cs1">Fusco, Chris (December 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218100222/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1334978,CST-NWS-holder17web.article">"Holder omitted Blagojevich link from questionnaire"</a>. <i>Metro</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1334978,CST-NWS-holder17web.article">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span> on December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Holder+omitted+Blagojevich+link+from+questionnaire&rft.date=2008-12-17&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fmetro%2Fblagojevich%2F1334978%2CCST-NWS-holder17web.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Palazzolo <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202428688933">Some Justice Department Lawyers Have Gitmo Conflicts</a> March 2, 2009 Legal Times</span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/projects/oxycontin-part1/">OxyContin case</a>, www.latimes.com, 5 May 2016</span>
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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=3969529">"Holder cites conflict of interest"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holder+cites+conflict+of+interest&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.espn.go.com%2Fmlb%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D3969529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHolder" class="citation web cs1">Holder, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/ag/speeches/2012/ag-speech-121219.html">"Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the UBS Press Conference"</a>. United States Department of Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attorney+General+Eric+Holder+Speaks+at+the+UBS+Press+Conference&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Justice&rft.aulast=Holder&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fiso%2Fopa%2Fag%2Fspeeches%2F2012%2Fag-speech-121219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ABA_JusticeBrief-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABA_JusticeBrief_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/publiced/preview/briefs/pdfs/07-08/07-290_PetitionerAmCuFmrDOJOfficials.pdf">"Brief for Former Department of Justice Officials as Amici Curiae Supporting Petitioners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+for+Former+Department+of+Justice+Officials+as+Amici+Curiae+Supporting+Petitioners&rft.pub=American+Bar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abanet.org%2Fpubliced%2Fpreview%2Fbriefs%2Fpdfs%2F07-08%2F07-290_PetitionerAmCuFmrDOJOfficials.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-change.gov_1Dec08-1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-change.gov_1Dec08-1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFchange.gov2008" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://change.gov">change.gov</a> (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201182614/http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/">"Key members of Obama-Biden national security team announced"</a>. Newsroom. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Change.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="Change.gov">Office of the President-elect</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://change.gov/newsroom/entry/key_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced/">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Press release)</span> on December 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+members+of+Obama-Biden+national+security+team+announced&rft.series=Newsroom&rft.pub=Office+of+the+President-elect&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.au=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fchange.gov+change.gov%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchange.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fentry%2Fkey_members_of_obama_biden_national_security_team_announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRhee2008" class="citation news cs1">Rhee, Foon (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/12/obama_names_nat.html">"Obama names national security team"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Obama+names+national+security+team&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Rhee&rft.aufirst=Foon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticalintelligence%2F2008%2F12%2Fobama_names_nat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/indepth_coverage/white_house/transition2008/holder_profile.html">"Obama Nominates Eric Holder as Nation's Top Law Enforcement Official"</a>. PBS. December 1, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+Nominates+Eric+Holder+as+Nation%27s+Top+Law+Enforcement+Official&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Findepth_coverage%2Fwhite_house%2Ftransition2008%2Fholder_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Presidential Nomination <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ntquery/z?nomis:111PN0006407:">PN64-07-111</a>, 111th Congress, January 20, 2009</span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/judiciary-panel-approves-holders-nomination/?scp=1&sq=holder&st=cse">Judiciary Panel Approves Holder’s Nomination</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, January 28, 2009,</span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil A. (February 2, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/us/politics/03holder.html">"Holder Is Confirmed as Attorney General"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holder+Is+Confirmed+as+Attorney+General&rft.date=2002-02-02&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F02%2F03%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F03holder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13370919">"Bin Laden Death 'Not Assassination' – Eric Holder"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. May 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bin+Laden+Death+%27Not+Assassination%27+%E2%80%93+Eric+Holder&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-13370919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/holder-speak-targeted-killings-americans/story?id=15851232">"Holder: When War on Terror Targets Americans"</a>. March 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holder%3A+When+War+on+Terror+Targets+Americans&rft.date=2012-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBlotter%2Fholder-speak-targeted-killings-americans%2Fstory%3Fid%3D15851232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMartin2019" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Adam (March 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/03/holder-due-process-doesnt-necessarily-mean-courtroom/330933/">"Attorney General Holder: Due Process Doesn't Necessarily Mean a Courtroom"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attorney+General+Holder%3A+Due+Process+Doesn%27t+Necessarily+Mean+a+Courtroom&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2012%2F03%2Fholder-due-process-doesnt-necessarily-mean-courtroom%2F330933%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Steven (June 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/06/23/drone-memo-assassination-us-citizen-anwar-al-awlaki-released">"Drone Memo Justifying Assassination of U.S. Citizen Released"</a>. <i>U.S. News</i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News&rft.atitle=Drone+Memo+Justifying+Assassination+of+U.S.+Citizen+Released&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014%2F06%2F23%2Fdrone-memo-assassination-us-citizen-anwar-al-awlaki-released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Apuzzo-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apuzzo_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apuzzo_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Apuzzo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/22/us/a-holder-legacy-shifting-terror-cases-to-the-courts-and-winning.html">A Holder Legacy: Shifting Terror Cases to the Civilian Courts, and Winning</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (October 21, 2014).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Olson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olson_43-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/04/eric-holders-defining-legacy-on-terror-117446.html">Eric Holder's Defining Legacy on Terror</a>, <i>Politico Magazine</i> (April 28, 2015).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Hirschkorn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/19000/federal-court-life-sentence-terrorism-abu-hamza-el-masri/">Another Life Sentence for a Terrorist Convicted in Federal Court</a>, <i>Just Security</i> (January 9, 2015).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sam Stein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/04/04/eric-holder-ksm-trial_n_844564.html">Eric Holder Lashes Out at Congress Over Decision to Try KSM in Military Tribunal</a>, <i>Huffington Post</i> (April 4, 2011).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/speeches/2010/ag-speech-100725.html">"Attorney General Holder at the African Union Summit"</a>. <i>Justice.gov</i>. July 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice.gov&rft.atitle=Attorney+General+Holder+at+the+African+Union+Summit&rft.date=2010-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fag%2Fspeeches%2F2010%2Fag-speech-100725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Delany-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delany_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delany_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Delany, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/2010/jul/25/uganda-president-calls-for-africa-to-fight-terror/">Uganda president calls for Africa to fight terror</a>, Associated Press (July 25, 2010).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Phelps-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phelps_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phelps_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy M. Phelps, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-holder-syria-terrorism-20140707-story.html">Eric Holder urges international cooperation on terrorism in Syria</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i> (July 8, 2014).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-holder-urges-international-effort-confront-threat-syrian-foreign-fighters">Attorney General Holder Urges International Effort to Confront Threat of Syrian Foreign Fighters</a> (July 8, 2014).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2011" class="citation news cs1">Estrin, Elana (December 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/elana-estrin/eric-holder-voting-rights_b_1149462.html">"Holder Delivers Voting Rights Speech"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Holder+Delivers+Voting+Rights+Speech&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft.aulast=Estrin&rft.aufirst=Elana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Felana-estrin%2Feric-holder-voting-rights_b_1149462.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/justice/holder-voting-rights-act/">"Eric Holder: Supreme Court decision won't stop voting rights enforcement"</a>. CNN. April 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder%3A+Supreme+Court+decision+won%27t+stop+voting+rights+enforcement&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2Fjustice%2Fholder-voting-rights-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReilly2013" class="citation news cs1">Reilly, Ryan J. (April 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/04/eric-holder-martin-luther-king_n_3017258.html">"Eric Holder: Martin Luther King Jr. 'Would Not Yet Be Satisfied' With Voting Rights"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder%3A+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+%27Would+Not+Yet+Be+Satisfied%27+With+Voting+Rights&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Ryan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2Feric-holder-martin-luther-king_n_3017258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rollingout.com/politics/voting-rights-are-under-attack-says-attorney-general-eric-holder/">"Voting Rights Are Under Attack Says Attorney General"</a>. May 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Voting+Rights+Are+Under+Attack+Says+Attorney+General&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frollingout.com%2Fpolitics%2Fvoting-rights-are-under-attack-says-attorney-general-eric-holder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/07/holder-tells-naacp-texas-voter-id-law-hurts-minorities/">"Holder Tells NAACP Texas Voter ID Laws Hurt Minorities"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. July 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Holder+Tells+NAACP+Texas+Voter+ID+Laws+Hurt+Minorities&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Fondeadline%2Fpost%2F2012%2F07%2Fholder-tells-naacp-texas-voter-id-law-hurts-minorities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0712/78352.html/">"Holder Revs Up NAACP Meeting"</a>. Politico.com. July 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holder+Revs+Up+NAACP+Meeting&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F0712%2F78352.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMarkon2010" class="citation news cs1">Markon, Jerry (May 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/14/AR2010051404231.html">"Holder Is Criticized for Comments on Ariz. Immigration Law, Which He Hasn't Read"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Holder+Is+Criticized+for+Comments+on+Ariz.+Immigration+Law%2C+Which+He+Hasn%27t+Read&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft.aulast=Markon&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F05%2F14%2FAR2010051404231.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDinan2010" class="citation web cs1">Dinan, Stephen (May 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/may/13/holder-hasnt-read-ariz-law-he-criticized/">"Holder Hasn't Read Arizona Law He Criticized"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Holder+Hasn%27t+Read+Arizona+Law+He+Criticized&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.aulast=Dinan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fmay%2F13%2Fholder-hasnt-read-ariz-law-he-criticized%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/10/ftn/main6666467.shtml">"Holder: Ariz. Law Inconsistent with Federal Law"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. July 10, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Holder%3A+Ariz.+Law+Inconsistent+with+Federal+Law&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2010%2F07%2F10%2Fftn%2Fmain6666467.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act">"Statement of the Attorney General on Litigation Involving the Defense of Marriage Act"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of Justice</i>. Office of the Attorney General. February 23, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140926053902/http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/statement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+Attorney+General+on+Litigation+Involving+the+Defense+of+Marriage+Act&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2Fstatement-attorney-general-litigation-involving-defense-marriage-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224122017/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html">"Obama Administration Will No Longer Defend DOMA"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. February 23, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html/">the original</a> on February 24, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Obama+Administration+Will+No+Longer+Defend+DOMA&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2F8301-503544_162-20035398-503544.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2012/02/ag-holder-doj-wont-defend-a-challenge-to-doma-brought-by-members-of-military/">"AG Holder: DOJ Won't Defend a Challenge to DOMA Brought by Members of Military"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. February 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=AG+Holder%3A+DOJ+Won%27t+Defend+a+Challenge+to+DOMA+Brought+by+Members+of+Military&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F02%2Fag-holder-doj-wont-defend-a-challenge-to-doma-brought-by-members-of-military%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/06/30/deportation-citizens-same-sex-partner-canceled/">"Deportation of Citizen's Same-Sex Partner Canceled"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. June 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Deportation+of+Citizen%27s+Same-Sex+Partner+Canceled&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2F2011%2F06%2F30%2Fdeportation-citizens-same-sex-partner-canceled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520073103/http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/05/holder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case/">"Holder Intervenes in Gay Man's Deportation Case"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/05/holder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case/">the original</a> on May 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Holder+Intervenes+in+Gay+Man%27s+Deportation+Case&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F05%2F05%2Fholder-intervenes-gay-mans-deportation-case%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TedStevens-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TedStevens_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TedStevens_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TedStevens_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TedStevens_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TedStevens_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nina_Totenberg" title="Nina Totenberg">Totenberg, Nina</a> (April 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102589818">"Justice Dept. Seeks To Void Stevens' Conviction"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Justice+Dept.+Seeks+To+Void+Stevens%27+Conviction&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.aulast=Totenberg&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D102589818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Singer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollcall.com/news/-33864-1.html">Judge Follows Request by Stevens Lawyer</a>, <i>Roll Call</i> (April 7, 2009).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Quentin Wilber & Sari Horwitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/crime/prosecutors-concealed-evidence-in-ted-stevens-case-report-finds/2012/03/15/gIQAJ5GNFS_story.html">Prosecutors concealed evidence in Ted Stevens case, report finds</a>, <i>Washington Post</i> (March 15, 2012).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil A. Lewis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/02/us/politics/02stevens.html">Justice Dept. Moves to Void Stevens Case</a>, New York Times (April 1, 2009).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/10/16/us-usa-marijuana-california-idUSTRE69F03V20101016">"Attorney General Holder Opposes California Marijuana Bill"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. October 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Attorney+General+Holder+Opposes+California+Marijuana+Bill&rft.date=2010-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2010%2F10%2F16%2Fus-usa-marijuana-california-idUSTRE69F03V20101016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/iso/opa/resources/3052013829132756857467.pdf">"Cole memo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cole+memo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fiso%2Fopa%2Fresources%2F3052013829132756857467.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-AD091713-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AD091713_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.seattletimes.com/today/2013/08/washingtons-pot-law-wont-get-federal-challenge/">"Feds won't challenge Washington's pot law"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. August 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Feds+won%27t+challenge+Washington%27s+pot+law&rft.date=2013-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.seattletimes.com%2Ftoday%2F2013%2F08%2Fwashingtons-pot-law-wont-get-federal-challenge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-LCN_speech-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCN_speech_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCN_speech_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-eric-holder-speaks-press-conference-organized-crime-arrests">Attorney General Eric Holder Speaks at the Press Conference on Organized Crime Arrests, New York, NY</a>, United States Department of Justice (January 20, 2011).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-Pilkington-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pilkington_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pilkington_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ed Pilkington, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/20/fbi-arrests-127-mafia-crackdown">FBI arrests 127 in its biggest ever Mafia crackdown</a>, <i>Guardian</i> (January 20, 2011).</span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSavage2012" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Charlie (June 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/20/us/politics/accidental-path-to-record-leak-cases-under-obama.html?pagewanted=all">"Administration Took Accidental Path to Setting Record for Leak Cases"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Administration+Took+Accidental+Path+to+Setting+Record+for+Leak+Cases&rft.date=2012-06-19&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F20%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Faccidental-path-to-record-leak-cases-under-obama.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2012" class="citation news cs1">Liptak, Adam (February 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/12/sunday-review/a-high-tech-war-on-leaks.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all">"A High-Tech War on Leaks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+High-Tech+War+on+Leaks&rft.date=2012-02-11&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F12%2Fsunday-review%2Fa-high-tech-war-on-leaks.html%3Fhpw%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BostonGlobe_Tuohey_20081118_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTuohey2008" class="citation news cs1">Tuohey, Jason (November 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2008/11/holder_on_bush.html">"Holder on Bush, executive power"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Article)</span>. <i>Boston Globe</i>. News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Holder+on+Bush%2C+executive+power&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.aulast=Tuohey&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticalintelligence%2F2008%2F11%2Fholder_on_bush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2009/ag-speech-090218.html?loc=interstitialskip">"Remarks as Prepared for Delivery by Attorney General Eric Holder at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program"</a>. U.S. Department of Justice. February 18, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remarks+as+Prepared+for+Delivery+by+Attorney+General+Eric+Holder+at+the+Department+of+Justice+African+American+History+Month+Program&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fag%2Fspeeches%2F2009%2Fag-speech-090218.html%3Floc%3Dinterstitialskip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gersteinpanther-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gersteinpanther_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gersteinpanther_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGerstein2011" class="citation news cs1">Gerstein, Josh (March 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/joshgerstein/0311/Eric_Holder_Black_Panther_case_focus_demeans_my_people.html">"Eric Holder: Black Panther case focus demeans 'my people<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder%3A+Black+Panther+case+focus+demeans+%27my+people%27&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fjoshgerstein%2F0311%2FEric_Holder_Black_Panther_case_focus_demeans_my_people.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRandall2012" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Eric (July 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewire.com/national/2012/07/james-taranto-why-man-haha-ing/54267/">"James Taranto: Why Is This Man HAHAHA-ing?"</a>. <i>The Wire</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140301164438/http://www.thewire.com/national/2012/07/james-taranto-why-man-haha-ing/54267/">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=James+Taranto%3A+Why+Is+This+Man+HAHAHA-ing%3F&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewire.com%2Fnational%2F2012%2F07%2Fjames-taranto-why-man-haha-ing%2F54267%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703559604576176381487078812">"Eric Holder's People"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, March 2, 2011.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBlum2011" class="citation news cs1">Blum, Justin (July 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-06/possible-u-s-payments-to-gun-smugglers-probed-by-congress.html">"Congress Probes Payments to Gun Smugglers"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congress+Probes+Payments+to+Gun+Smugglers&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-07-06%2Fpossible-u-s-payments-to-gun-smugglers-probed-by-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKopan" class="citation web cs1">Kopan, Tal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2013/10/darrell-issa-chuck-grassley-fast-furious-book-98159.html">"Issa, Grassley write ATF over book"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Issa%2C+Grassley+write+ATF+over+book&rft.aulast=Kopan&rft.aufirst=Tal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F10%2Fdarrell-issa-chuck-grassley-fast-furious-book-98159.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/07/06/justice-department-obstructing-fast-and-furious-gun-probe-atf-director-says/#ixzz1RQJ71Tc4">"Justice Department Obstructing 'Fast and Furious' Gun Probe, ATF Director Says"</a>. Fox News Channel. July 6, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Justice+Department+Obstructing+%27Fast+and+Furious%27+Gun+Probe%2C+ATF+Director+Says&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2011%2F07%2F06%2Fjustice-department-obstructing-fast-and-furious-gun-probe-atf-director-says%2F%23ixzz1RQJ71Tc4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fund, John and Von Spakovsky, Hans. (2014). <i>Obama's Enforcer: Eric Holder's Justice Department.</i> New York: Broadside Books. p. 143. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-232092-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-232092-6">978-0-06-232092-6</a>.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/pdf_40_43.pdf">"Memorandum to the Attorney General"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CBS News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Memorandum+to+the+Attorney+General&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fhtdocs%2Fpdf%2Fpdf_40_43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/assets/news/2012/01/DOJdocs.pdf">"Holder emails"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holder+emails&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fassets%2Fnews%2F2012%2F01%2FDOJdocs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/JusticeDepartmentOve">"Listen to Holder lying under sworn testimony starting at 01:30:12"</a>. C-spanvideo.org. May 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Listen+to+Holder+lying+under+sworn+testimony+starting+at+01%3A30%3A12&rft.pub=C-spanvideo.org&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FJusticeDepartmentOve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSerrano2011" class="citation news cs1">Serrano, Richard A. (October 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-atf-guns-20111004,0,6104103.story">"Emails shows how top Justice Department officials knew of ATF gun program"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Emails+shows+how+top+Justice+Department+officials+knew+of+ATF+gun+program&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.aulast=Serrano&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fnation%2Fla-na-atf-guns-20111004%2C0%2C6104103.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2012" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (September 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/19/justice-fast-furious-holder-cleared">"Justice department Fast and Furious investigation clears Eric Holder"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Justice+department+Fast+and+Furious+investigation+clears+Eric+Holder&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fsep%2F19%2Fjustice-fast-furious-holder-cleared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMadhani_and_Davis2012" class="citation news cs1">Madhani and Davis, Aamer and Susan (June 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/story/2012-06-20/holder-contempt-House-vote/55717644/1">"House panel votes to cite Holder for contempt of Congress"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=House+panel+votes+to+cite+Holder+for+contempt+of+Congress&rft.date=2012-06-20&rft.aulast=Madhani+and+Davis&rft.aufirst=Aamer+and+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2Fstory%2F2012-06-20%2Fholder-contempt-House-vote%2F55717644%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-18528798">"Congress contempt charge for US Attorney General Holder"</a>. BBC. June 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Congress+contempt+charge+for+US+Attorney+General+Holder&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-18528798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/06/26/12422617-citing-nra-score-democrats-brace-for-defections-in-holder-contempt-vote?lite">"Citing NRA Score, Democrats Brace For Defections in Holder Contempt Vote"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. June 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Citing+NRA+Score%2C+Democrats+Brace+For+Defections+in+Holder+Contempt+Vote&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstread.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F06%2F26%2F12422617-citing-nra-score-democrats-brace-for-defections-in-holder-contempt-vote%3Flite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll441.xml">"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 441"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a>. June 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Vote+Results+for+Roll+Call+441&rft.pub=Clerk+of+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclerk.house.gov%2Fevs%2F2012%2Froll441.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Week06292012-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Week06292012_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/article/index/230041/congress-eric-holder-contempt-vote-4-takeaways">"Congress' Eric Holder contempt vote: 4 takeaways"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. June 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Congress%27+Eric+Holder+contempt+vote%3A+4+takeaways&rft.date=2012-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticle%2Findex%2F230041%2Fcongress-eric-holder-contempt-vote-4-takeaways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRick_Perry2011" class="citation web cs1">Rick Perry (November 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/nov/21/eric-holder-must-go/">"Eric Holder must go"</a>. <i>The Washington Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder+must+go&rft.date=2011-11-21&rft.au=Rick+Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fnov%2F21%2Feric-holder-must-go%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2012/06/12/lawmakers-press-holder-on-leak-probe-take-call-for-special-prosecutor-to-senate/">"Senator calls for Holder's resignation amid challenges over leak probe, Fast and Furious"</a>. Fox News Channel. June 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senator+calls+for+Holder%27s+resignation+amid+challenges+over+leak+probe%2C+Fast+and+Furious&rft.date=2012-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F06%2F12%2Flawmakers-press-holder-on-leak-probe-take-call-for-special-prosecutor-to-senate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Johnson2012" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Johnson (September 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/09/19/fast-furious-inspector-general-eric-holder-justice-department/70000707/1#.UFqlAlRpZVs">"Review: Holder did not know about 'Fast and Furious<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Holder+did+not+know+about+%27Fast+and+Furious%27&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft.au=Kevin+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Fondeadline%2Fpost%2F2012%2F09%2F19%2Ffast-furious-inspector-general-eric-holder-justice-department%2F70000707%2F1%23.UFqlAlRpZVs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPete_Yost2014" class="citation news cs1">Pete Yost (August 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-justice-dept-must-provide-list-of-fast-and-furious-documents/2014/08/20/92c88e20-28d8-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html">"Judge: Justice Dept. must provide list of 'Fast and Furious' documents"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Judge%3A+Justice+Dept.+must+provide+list+of+%27Fast+and+Furious%27+documents&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.au=Pete+Yost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fjudge-justice-dept-must-provide-list-of-fast-and-furious-documents%2F2014%2F08%2F20%2F92c88e20-28d8-11e4-8593-da634b334390_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23public-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/summit/2012/">"2012 Summit Highlights Photo"</a>. <q>U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder and the Executive Director of the ACLU Anthony Romero at the 2012 Summit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2012+Summit+Highlights+Photo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Fsummit%2F2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iamempowered.com/node/26346">"2012 Living Legend Awards"</a>. <i>I Am Empowered</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=I+Am+Empowered&rft.atitle=2012+Living+Legend+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iamempowered.com%2Fnode%2F26346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGerstein" class="citation web cs1">Gerstein, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/politico44/2013/04/eric-holder-im-still-the-presidents-wingman-160861.html">"Eric Holder: 'I'm still the president's wingman<span class="cs1-kern-right">'</span>"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder%3A+%27I%27m+still+the+president%27s+wingman%27&rft.aulast=Gerstein&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fpolitico44%2F2013%2F04%2Feric-holder-im-still-the-presidents-wingman-160861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128392138">"Obama, Holder Catch Heat For Close Ties"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Obama%2C+Holder+Catch+Heat+For+Close+Ties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D128392138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/news/2012/05/24_attorney-general-eric-holder-hls-class-day.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">'</span>Put your skills to use to define our future,' Attorney General tells class"</a>. <i>Harvard Law School News</i>. May 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+School+News&rft.atitle=%27Put+your+skills+to+use+to+define+our+future%2C%27+Attorney+General+tells+class&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2012%2F05%2F24_attorney-general-eric-holder-hls-class-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Berkele">"University of California, Berkeley Law School Commencement Address"</a>. <i>C-SPAN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN&rft.atitle=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+Law+School+Commencement+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2FBerkele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.columbia.edu/content/2017-commencement-press-release">"Columbia's 2017 Commencement Week Events Take Place from May 13 to 18"</a>. <i>Columbia University News</i>. May 9, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University+News&rft.atitle=Columbia%27s+2017+Commencement+Week+Events+Take+Place+from+May+13+to+18&rft.date=2017-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2F2017-commencement-press-release&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I7sDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10">"Black U.S. Attorney Brings an Indictment Against Powerful House Committee Chairman"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i>. June 20, 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Black+U.S.+Attorney+Brings+an+Indictment+Against+Powerful+House+Committee+Chairman&rft.date=1994-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI7sDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCrabtree1997" class="citation news cs1">Crabtree, Susan (April 28, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124014617/https://business.highbeam.com/4977/article-1G1-19340518/new-sheriff-justice">"A New Sheriff at Justice"</a>. <i>Insight on the News</i>. Highbeam. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.highbeam.com/4977/article-1G1-19340518/new-sheriff-justice">the original</a> on January 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insight+on+the+News&rft.atitle=A+New+Sheriff+at+Justice&rft.date=1997-04-28&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.highbeam.com%2F4977%2Farticle-1G1-19340518%2Fnew-sheriff-justice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1994" class="citation journal cs1">Haywood, Richette L. (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJiNKNMktOQC&pg=PA134">"First Black U.S. Attorney in D.C."</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=First+Black+U.S.+Attorney+in+D.C.&rft.date=1994-09&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=Richette+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJiNKNMktOQC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLongstreth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Longstreth, Andrew (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221164157/http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636">"Making History"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_American_Lawyer" title="The American Lawyer">The American Lawyer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202421743636">the original</a> on December 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Making+History&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Longstreth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Fjsp%2Ftal%2FPubArticleTAL.jsp%3Fid%3D1202421743636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRandolph1999" class="citation journal cs1">Randolph, Laura B. (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zSm1p1I30-0C&pg=PA35">"Power Couples"</a>. <i>Ebony</i>: 35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=Power+Couples&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Randolph&rft.aufirst=Laura+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzSm1p1I30-0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLichtblauDavid_Johnston2008" class="citation news cs1">Lichtblau, Eric; David Johnston (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/02/us/politics/02holder.html?pagewanted=all">"Pardon Is Back in Focus for the Justice Nominee"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pardon+Is+Back+in+Focus+for+the+Justice+Nominee&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.aulast=Lichtblau&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=David+Johnston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F12%2F02%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F02holder.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Eric_Holder&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="metadata plainlinks sistersitebox plainlist mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0;background:#f9f9f9"><div style="padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center"><b style="display:block">Eric Holder</b>at Wikipedia's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div><ul style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto"><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eric_Holder" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Eric Holder">Media</a> from Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eric_Holder" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Eric Holder">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eric_Holder" class="extiw" title="q:Eric Holder">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li style="min-height:31px"><span style="display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span style="display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312644" class="extiw" title="d:Q312644">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ag/bio/attorney-general-eric-h-holder-jr">Profile</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?ericholder">Appearances</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/h/eric_h_holder_jr/index.html">"Eric Holder collected news and commentary"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Eric+Holder+collected+news+and+commentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.nytimes.com%2Ftop%2Freference%2Ftimestopics%2Fpeople%2Fh%2Feric_h_holder_jr%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEric+Holder" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no89-1286">Works by or about Eric Holder</a> in libraries (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> catalog)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/www.usdoj.gov/dag/dagbio.htm">Justice Department Bio of Holder as Deputy Attorney General</a> at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archive index)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/eric-h-holder-jr">Contemporary Black Biography</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808111527/http://www.cov.com/eholder">Covington & Burling</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814012857/http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/biography.asp?bioindex=954&category=LawMakers&occupation=Attorney&name=Eric%20Holder">The History Makers</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204121234/http://www.gwumc.edu/hspi/steering/e_holder_bio.htm">Homeland Security Policy Institute</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106014213/http://newsmeat.com/washington_political_donations/Eric_Holder.php">Eric Holder's federal campaign contribution report</a> at NewsMeat</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ericholderdojaahistory.htm">Authenticated text, audio, video of Eric Holder Speech at the Department of Justice African American History Month Program</a> AmericanRhetoric.com</li></ul>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamie_Gorelick" title="Jamie Gorelick">Jamie Gorelick</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Attorney_General" title="United States Deputy Attorney General">United States Deputy Attorney General</a></b><br />1997–2001
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a><br />Acting</span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a><br />Acting</b><br />2001
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center;">
<td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a></span>
</td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></b><br />2009–2015
</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br /><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a></span>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Attorneys_General" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:USAttGen" title="Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:USAttGen" title="Template talk:USAttGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:USAttGen&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Attorneys_General" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorneys General</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">Bradford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Lee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">Breckinridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Rodney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">Wirt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Gilpin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Legaré</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">Nelson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Bates</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">Speed</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Stanbery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Hoar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amos_T._Akerman" title="Amos T. Akerman">Akerman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">Williams</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Taft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Brewster</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Augustus_Hill_Garland" title="Augustus Hill Garland">A. Garland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_H._H._Miller" title="William H. H. Miller">Miller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Harmon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">Griggs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">Wickersham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Gregory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Palmer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Daugherty</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">Sargent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">W. D. Mitchell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Biddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">T. C. Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">McGranery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Katzenbach</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">R. Clark</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">J. N. Mitchell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Kleindienst</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">Saxbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Levi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Bell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Civiletti</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Thornburgh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Reno</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Mukasey</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Lynch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">M. Garland</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="image" title="Seal of the United States Department of Justice"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Justice" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_cabinet" title="Template talk:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Obama_cabinet&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2009–2017)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2009–2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a> (2011–2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009–2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a> (2016–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_McDonald_(businessman)" title="Bob McDonald (businessman)">Bob McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/100px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/200px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a> (2009–2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2010–2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karen_Mills" title="Karen Mills">Karen Mills</a> (2012–2013)*</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (2011–2012)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2012–2013)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012<br /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Patriot_Act&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Titles&#95;_I_·_II_·_III_·_IV_·_V_·_VI_·_VII_·_VIII_·_IX_·_X_(History)"><b>Titles</b>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_I" title="Patriot Act, Title I">I</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_II" title="Patriot Act, Title II">II</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_III" title="Patriot Act, Title III">III</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IV" title="Patriot Act, Title IV">IV</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_V" title="Patriot Act, Title V">V</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VI" title="Patriot Act, Title VI">VI</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VII" title="Patriot Act, Title VII">VII</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_VIII" title="Patriot Act, Title VIII">VIII</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_IX" title="Patriot Act, Title IX">IX</a> · <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriot_Act,_Title_X" title="Patriot Act, Title X">X</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Holder</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1992)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Brown (U.S. Secretary of Commerce)">Ron Brown</a> (1993)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> and Joseph Madison (1997)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> (1999)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aaron_McGruder" title="Aaron McGruder">Aaron McGruder</a> (2002)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2003)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">The Dave Matthews Band</a> (2004)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2005)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a> (2006)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (2007)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2008)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> & <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (2009)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> (2010)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a> (2012)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle Howard</a> (2013)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (2014)</li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eric Holder</a> (2015)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bree_Newsome" title="Bree Newsome">Brittany "Bree" Newsome</a>, Justice League NYC, Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri, The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter, Rev. Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a>, Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley, Rev. Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jussie_Smollett" title="Jussie Smollett">Jussie Smollett</a> (2016)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Ogletree" title="Charles Ogletree">Charles Ogletree</a> (2017)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_Lucy_(labor_leader)" title="William Lucy (labor leader)">William Lucy</a> (2018)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (2019)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> (2020)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0"><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:P_vip.svg" class="image"><img alt="P vip.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/21px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/31px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" class="image"><img alt="Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/24px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/36px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/48px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_York_City.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of New York City.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/24px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="14" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/36px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></span></li><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of the United States.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="13" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312644#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312644#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312644#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no89001286">no89001286</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NARA_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA (identifier)">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10575328">10575328</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SNAC-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SNAC-ID (identifier)">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wm1kh7">w6wm1kh7</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/31551257">31551257</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/WorldCat_Identities_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities (identifier)">WorldCat Identities</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no89001286">lccn-no89001286</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1618458104 |
