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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1974 Cypriot coup d'état
| width =
| partof = [[Cyprus dispute]]
| place = [[Cyprus]]
| date = 15 July 1974
| result = Coup Successful
* [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|EOKA_flag.svg}} [[EOKA-B]]
*[[Progressive Party (Greece)|Progressive Party]]
*[[Cypriot National Guard]]
'''Supported by:'''<br>
{{flagicon|Greece|1970}} [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|Greece]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Cyprus|1960}} [[Government of Cyprus|Cypriot Government]]<br>
Factions of [[Cypriot National Guard]]<br>{{flagicon image|Edek.jpg}} [[EDEK]] militias<br>[[Panhellenic Liberation Movement]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|EOKA_flag.svg}} [[Nikos Sampson]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg|22px|border]] [[Makarios III]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Cyprus dispute}}
The '''1974 coup d'état''' in Cyprus was a military [[coup d'état]] by the Greek Army in Cyprus, the [[Cypriot National Guard]] and the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]]. On 15 July 1974 the coup plotters ousted President [[Makarios III]] and replaced him with pro-[[Enosis]] (Greek [[Irridentism|irridentist]]) nationalist [[Nikos Sampson]] as replaced president, only for 2 days.<ref name=Mallinson/><ref name="TIME">{{Cite journal |title=CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=July 29, 1974 |journal=[[TIME]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Cook | first = Chris |author2= Diccon Bewes | title = What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History | publisher = Routledge | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC | isbn = 978-1-85728-533-8| page = 65 }}</ref> The Sampson regime was described as a [[puppet state]], whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis|title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus|journal=History and Anthropology|date=2003|volume=14|issue=3|pages=253–270|doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642|s2cid=143231403|quote="[...] culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atkin|first1=Nicholas|last2=Biddiss|first2=Michael|last3=Tallett|first3=Frank|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789|isbn=9781444390728|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC|date=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5|date=1996|publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University|pages=204}}</ref> in the short term, the coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".<ref>''Strategic review, Volume 5'' (1977), United States Strategic Institute, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCfcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&dq=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-L3VT_WBEMHKsgbL8rj3Ag&redir_esc=y p. 48].</ref><ref>Allcock, John B. ''Border and territorial disputes'' (1992), Longman Group, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6pztAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&dq=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-L3VT_WBEMHKsgbL8rj3Ag&redir_esc=y p. 55].</ref> The coup was viewed as illegal by the [[United Nations]] and violated human rights laws.
== Background ==
The Republic of Cyprus was established in 1960 with the [[London and Zurich Agreements]], and the [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]] were the two founding communities. However, following constitutional [[13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III|amendments]] that were proposed by Makarios III and rejected by Turkish Cypriots,<ref name="country12">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm Eric Solsten, ed. ''Cyprus: A Country Study''], Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]] erupted throughout the island, the Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended partially due to forced prevention and partially due to willing withdrawal, and Turkish Cypriots started living in [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199757169|pages=35–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC}}</ref>
Greece had established a national policy of ''[[enosis]]'' to achieve the island's union with Greece since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huth|first1=Paul|title=Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict|date=2009|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472022045|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC|quote=From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis}}</ref> After 1964, the Greek government tried to control Makarios' policies, and following his unwillingness to obey Athens, attempted to destabilize his government. While the Greek policy shifted to a more cooperative one after 1967, when an extremist military junta [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|took power in Greece]], it supported the far-right [[EOKA-B]] group against Makarios.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=Michael W.|last2=Sambanis|first2=Nicholas|title=Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations|date=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400837694|pages=263–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiU--drvaxgC&q=1967+ultranationalist+greece&pg=PA265}}</ref> [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]], the ''de facto'' leader of the junta, believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer.<ref name="TIME"/> Between 1971 and 1974, five plans were prepared by the Greek government to overthrow Makarios' government.<ref>Athanasopulos 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&dq=1974+cypriot+coup&q=1967#v=onepage&q=EOKA-B&f=false p. 152].</ref> According to [[Christopher Hitchens]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] had contributed financially to anti-Makarios and anti-communist elements in both Greece and Cyprus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/feb/26/extract.features11|title=Extract: The Trial of Henry Kissinger (III)|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|date=2001-02-26|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>
== The coup ==
{{multiple image|image1=Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg|width1=115|image2=|width2=180|footer=Makarios (centre), the deposed president, and Sampson (on the right), the leader installed.}}
The coup was ordered by Dimitrios Ioannidis, the shadow leader of the Greek junta, and Greek officers led the Cypriot National Guard to capture the [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]] in Nicosia.<ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC | pages = 34–5 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> The building was almost entirely burned down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Palace|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425035507/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en|archive-date=2015-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to [[Paphos]], where the British managed to retrieve him in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri]] to [[Malta]] in a [[Royal Air Force]] transport plane, and from there to London the next morning.<ref name="TIME"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Constandinos|first1=Andreas|title=America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy Or Foreign Policy Failure?|date=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467887076|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOHYjyShuGIC&q=makarios+whirlwind&pg=PA206|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | date = June 30, 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA80 | isbn = 978-1-85043-580-8| page = 80 }}</ref> On 19 July, he attended a [[United Nations Security Council]] meeting in New York and gave a speech, in which he stated that Cyprus had been invaded by Greece.<ref>[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/PV.1780(OR)&Lang=S UN] The Official Record of United Nations Security Council 1780th Meeting (19.07.1974)</ref>
The newly established regime has been described as an extremist [[puppet state|puppet regime]] of the Greek junta.<ref name=coakley>{{cite book|last1=Coakley|first1=John|title=Pathways from Ethnic Conflict: Institutional Redesign in Divided Societies|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317988472|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VXcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Madianou|first1=Mirca|title=Mediating the Nation|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136611056|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5lDaSGNZrkC&pg=PA39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Förster|first1=Larissa|title=Influence Without Boots on the Ground: Seaborne Crisis Response|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9781935352037|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hNtC_7VyIC&pg=PA161}}</ref> On 15 July, between 8 am and 9 am, the coup leaders proclaimed their victory on the state channel [[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation]], saying "The national guard intervened in order to solve the problematical situation. [...]. Makarios is dead." However, before his flight, Makarios announced that he was alive from a private broadcast in Paphos. The new government heavily censored the press and stopped left-wing newspapers being printed. Only right-wing newspapers ''Machi'', ''Ethniki'' and ''Agon'' continued publishing, and their style was very propagandistic. Sampson did not openly announce his intention of ''enosis'' in the days following the coup, but instead focused on suppressing any support for Makarios and heavy propaganda to vilify his government.<ref name=emili>{{cite conference |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2nd_Symposium/Emili_Jungling_paper.pdf |title=Perception of the facts about the coup in Cyprus (15th of July 1974) in the Cyprus daily press |first=Emili |last=Jüngling|date=June 2005 |conference=2nd LSE PhD Symposium on Modern Greece: “Current Social Science Research on Greece” |location=Hellenic Observatory, [[London School of Economics]], London |access-date= 16 April 2015}}</ref>
In response, [[Rauf Denktaş]], the leader of the Turkish Cypriot Administration, stated that he believed that the events were among Greek Cypriots and called for Turkish Cypriots not to go out, as well as for [[UNFICYP]] to take extensive security measures for Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{cite news|title=Türk Birliği Alarma Geçti|publisher=Milliyet|date=16 July 1974|page=7|language=tr}}</ref> The Cypriot National Guard made no attempts to enter the [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves]], but raided Greek and Turkish Cypriot homes alike in mixed villages to confiscate weapons. The Turkish government brought claims that ammunition was being carried to Cyprus by [[Olympic Air]] to the attention of UNFICYP.<ref name=milara/> Whether the Turkish Cypriots suffered as a direct result of the coup remains controversial, but Sampson was seen as an untrustworthy figure due to his pro-enosis policies and "brutal" role against Turkish Cypriots in 1963.<ref name=hoff/>
Following the coup, the newly established junta started a crackdown on Makarios supporters, resulting in a number of deaths and a "significant number", according to Frank Hoffmeister, being detained. The number of deaths from the coup remains a disputed issue,<ref name=hoff/> as the Republic of Cyprus lists the deaths due to the coup among the missing due to the Turkish invasion. According to Haralambos Athanasopulos, at least 500 Greek Cypriots have been placed on the list of 1617 Greek Cypriot missing people and their deaths blamed on the Turks and Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Athanasopulos|first1=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law|date=2001|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786450039|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&q=1974+cypriot+coup&pg=PA15}}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' on 19 July 1974, violent clashes had broken out in [[Paphos]], and even excluding Paphos, the death toll due to Greek Cypriot infighting was about 300 civilians and 30 Greek soldiers, whose bodies were brought to Athens.<ref name=milara>{{cite news|title=Kıbrıs'ta Türk Evlerinin Aranmasını Protesto Ettik|publisher=Milliyet|date=19 July 1974|page=7|language=tr}}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
In response to the coup, on 20 July 1974 [[Turkey]] [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invaded the island]] claiming that the action was compliant with the [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)|1960 Treaty of Guarantee]],<ref name="Mirbagheri2010">{{cite book|author=Farid Mirbagheri|title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA83|access-date=27 July 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5526-7|page=83}}</ref><ref name="Frucht2004">{{cite book|author=Richard C. Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA880|access-date=27 July 2012|date=31 December 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=880|quote=The process reached a critical threshold in 1974 when a botched nationalist coup instigated by the Greek junta against the Cypriot government was used as a pretext by Turkey to invade and occupy the northern part of the island. Greece and ...}}</ref> taking control of the north and dividing Cyprus along what became known as the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|Green Line]], cutting off about a third of the total territory. Sampson resigned, the military regime that had appointed him collapsed, and Makarios returned. The Turkish Cypriots established an independent government for what they called the ''[[Turkish Federated State of Cyprus]]'' (TFSC), with [[Rauf Denktaş]] as president. In 1983 they would proclaim the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] on the northern part of the island, which remains a ''[[de facto]]'' state.<ref>A ''de facto'' state but not a ''de jure'' one; TRNC has been recognised only by itself and by Turkey. Airlines wishing to fly to the TRNC must first land in Turkey and hgen take off again to Northern Cyprus.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Greece|Cyprus}}
* [[Enosis]]
* [[EOKA B]]
* [[Cyprus dispute]]
* [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]]
* [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)]]
* [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
* [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus]]
* [[Rodger P. Davies]]
* [[Republic of Cyprus]]
* [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1974 Cypriot coup d'etat}}
[[Category:Cyprus dispute]]
[[Category:Military coups in Cyprus]]
[[Category:1970s coups d'état and coup attempts|Cyprus]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 in Cyprus]]
[[Category:July 1974 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Greek junta]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1974 Cypriot coup d'état
| width =
| partof = [[Cyprus dispute]]
| place = [[Cyprus]]
| date = 15 July 1974
| result = Coup Successful
* [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|EOKA_flag.svg}} [[EOKA-B]]
*[[Progressive Front (Cyprus)|Progressive Front]]
*[[Cypriot National Guard]]
'''Supported by:'''<br>
{{flagicon|Greece|1970}} [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|Greece]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Cyprus|1960}} [[Government of Cyprus|Cypriot Government]]<br>
Factions of [[Cypriot National Guard]]<br>{{flagicon image|Edek.jpg}} [[EDEK]] militias<br>[[Panhellenic Liberation Movement]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|EOKA_flag.svg}} [[Nikos Sampson]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg|22px|border]] [[Makarios III]]
}}
{{Campaignbox Cyprus dispute}}
The '''1974 coup d'état''' in Cyprus was a military [[coup d'état]] by the Greek Army in Cyprus, the [[Cypriot National Guard]] and the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974]]. On 15 July 1974 the coup plotters ousted President [[Makarios III]] and replaced him with pro-[[Enosis]] (Greek [[Irridentism|irridentist]]) nationalist [[Nikos Sampson]] as replaced president, only for 2 days.<ref name=Mallinson/><ref name="TIME">{{Cite journal |title=CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island |date=July 29, 1974 |journal=[[TIME]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Cook | first = Chris |author2= Diccon Bewes | title = What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History | publisher = Routledge | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC | isbn = 978-1-85728-533-8| page = 65 }}</ref> The Sampson regime was described as a [[puppet state]], whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Papadakis|first1=Yiannis|title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus|journal=History and Anthropology|date=2003|volume=14|issue=3|pages=253–270|doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642|s2cid=143231403|quote="[...] culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece"}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Atkin|first1=Nicholas|last2=Biddiss|first2=Michael|last3=Tallett|first3=Frank|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789|isbn=9781444390728|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC|date=2011-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5|date=1996|publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University|pages=204}}</ref> in the short term, the coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".<ref>''Strategic review, Volume 5'' (1977), United States Strategic Institute, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCfcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&dq=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-L3VT_WBEMHKsgbL8rj3Ag&redir_esc=y p. 48].</ref><ref>Allcock, John B. ''Border and territorial disputes'' (1992), Longman Group, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6pztAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&dq=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-L3VT_WBEMHKsgbL8rj3Ag&redir_esc=y p. 55].</ref> The coup was viewed as illegal by the [[United Nations]] and violated human rights laws.
== Background ==
The Republic of Cyprus was established in 1960 with the [[London and Zurich Agreements]], and the [[Greek Cypriots]] and [[Turkish Cypriots]] were the two founding communities. However, following constitutional [[13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III|amendments]] that were proposed by Makarios III and rejected by Turkish Cypriots,<ref name="country12">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm Eric Solsten, ed. ''Cyprus: A Country Study''], Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]] erupted throughout the island, the Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended partially due to forced prevention and partially due to willing withdrawal, and Turkish Cypriots started living in [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ker-Lindsay|first1=James|title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199757169|pages=35–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC}}</ref>
Greece had established a national policy of ''[[enosis]]'' to achieve the island's union with Greece since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Huth|first1=Paul|title=Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict|date=2009|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472022045|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC|quote=From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis}}</ref> After 1964, the Greek government tried to control Makarios' policies, and following his unwillingness to obey Athens, attempted to destabilize his government. While the Greek policy shifted to a more cooperative one after 1967, when an extremist military junta [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|took power in Greece]], it supported the far-right [[EOKA-B]] group against Makarios.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Doyle|first1=Michael W.|last2=Sambanis|first2=Nicholas|title=Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations|date=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400837694|pages=263–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiU--drvaxgC&q=1967+ultranationalist+greece&pg=PA265}}</ref> [[Dimitrios Ioannidis]], the ''de facto'' leader of the junta, believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer.<ref name="TIME"/> Between 1971 and 1974, five plans were prepared by the Greek government to overthrow Makarios' government.<ref>Athanasopulos 2001, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&dq=1974+cypriot+coup&q=1967#v=onepage&q=EOKA-B&f=false p. 152].</ref> According to [[Christopher Hitchens]], the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] had contributed financially to anti-Makarios and anti-communist elements in both Greece and Cyprus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/feb/26/extract.features11|title=Extract: The Trial of Henry Kissinger (III)|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|date=2001-02-26|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-05-25}}</ref>
== The coup ==
{{multiple image|image1=Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg|width1=115|image2=|width2=180|footer=Makarios (centre), the deposed president, and Sampson (on the right), the leader installed.}}
The coup was ordered by Dimitrios Ioannidis, the shadow leader of the Greek junta, and Greek officers led the Cypriot National Guard to capture the [[Presidential Palace, Nicosia|Presidential Palace]] in Nicosia.<ref name=hoff>{{cite book |author= Hoffmeister, Frank |title= Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher= EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers|year= 2006 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC | pages = 34–5 |isbn= 978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref> The building was almost entirely burned down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Palace|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en|publisher=Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus|access-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425035507/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en|archive-date=2015-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to [[Paphos]], where the British managed to retrieve him in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|Akrotiri]] to [[Malta]] in a [[Royal Air Force]] transport plane, and from there to London the next morning.<ref name="TIME"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Constandinos|first1=Andreas|title=America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy Or Foreign Policy Failure?|date=2009|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781467887076|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOHYjyShuGIC&q=makarios+whirlwind&pg=PA206|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book | last = Mallinson | first = William | title = Cyprus: A Modern History | publisher = I. B. Tauris | date = June 30, 2005 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA80 | isbn = 978-1-85043-580-8| page = 80 }}</ref> On 19 July, he attended a [[United Nations Security Council]] meeting in New York and gave a speech, in which he stated that Cyprus had been invaded by Greece.<ref>[http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/PV.1780(OR)&Lang=S UN] The Official Record of United Nations Security Council 1780th Meeting (19.07.1974)</ref>
The newly established regime has been described as an extremist [[puppet state|puppet regime]] of the Greek junta.<ref name=coakley>{{cite book|last1=Coakley|first1=John|title=Pathways from Ethnic Conflict: Institutional Redesign in Divided Societies|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317988472|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VXcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Madianou|first1=Mirca|title=Mediating the Nation|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136611056|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5lDaSGNZrkC&pg=PA39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Förster|first1=Larissa|title=Influence Without Boots on the Ground: Seaborne Crisis Response|date=2013|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=9781935352037|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hNtC_7VyIC&pg=PA161}}</ref> On 15 July, between 8 am and 9 am, the coup leaders proclaimed their victory on the state channel [[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation]], saying "The national guard intervened in order to solve the problematical situation. [...]. Makarios is dead." However, before his flight, Makarios announced that he was alive from a private broadcast in Paphos. The new government heavily censored the press and stopped left-wing newspapers being printed. Only right-wing newspapers ''Machi'', ''Ethniki'' and ''Agon'' continued publishing, and their style was very propagandistic. Sampson did not openly announce his intention of ''enosis'' in the days following the coup, but instead focused on suppressing any support for Makarios and heavy propaganda to vilify his government.<ref name=emili>{{cite conference |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2nd_Symposium/Emili_Jungling_paper.pdf |title=Perception of the facts about the coup in Cyprus (15th of July 1974) in the Cyprus daily press |first=Emili |last=Jüngling|date=June 2005 |conference=2nd LSE PhD Symposium on Modern Greece: “Current Social Science Research on Greece” |location=Hellenic Observatory, [[London School of Economics]], London |access-date= 16 April 2015}}</ref>
In response, [[Rauf Denktaş]], the leader of the Turkish Cypriot Administration, stated that he believed that the events were among Greek Cypriots and called for Turkish Cypriots not to go out, as well as for [[UNFICYP]] to take extensive security measures for Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{cite news|title=Türk Birliği Alarma Geçti|publisher=Milliyet|date=16 July 1974|page=7|language=tr}}</ref> The Cypriot National Guard made no attempts to enter the [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves]], but raided Greek and Turkish Cypriot homes alike in mixed villages to confiscate weapons. The Turkish government brought claims that ammunition was being carried to Cyprus by [[Olympic Air]] to the attention of UNFICYP.<ref name=milara/> Whether the Turkish Cypriots suffered as a direct result of the coup remains controversial, but Sampson was seen as an untrustworthy figure due to his pro-enosis policies and "brutal" role against Turkish Cypriots in 1963.<ref name=hoff/>
Following the coup, the newly established junta started a crackdown on Makarios supporters, resulting in a number of deaths and a "significant number", according to Frank Hoffmeister, being detained. The number of deaths from the coup remains a disputed issue,<ref name=hoff/> as the Republic of Cyprus lists the deaths due to the coup among the missing due to the Turkish invasion. According to Haralambos Athanasopulos, at least 500 Greek Cypriots have been placed on the list of 1617 Greek Cypriot missing people and their deaths blamed on the Turks and Turkish Cypriots.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Athanasopulos|first1=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law|date=2001|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9780786450039|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&q=1974+cypriot+coup&pg=PA15}}</ref> According to ''[[Milliyet]]'' on 19 July 1974, violent clashes had broken out in [[Paphos]], and even excluding Paphos, the death toll due to Greek Cypriot infighting was about 300 civilians and 30 Greek soldiers, whose bodies were brought to Athens.<ref name=milara>{{cite news|title=Kıbrıs'ta Türk Evlerinin Aranmasını Protesto Ettik|publisher=Milliyet|date=19 July 1974|page=7|language=tr}}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
In response to the coup, on 20 July 1974 [[Turkey]] [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|invaded the island]] claiming that the action was compliant with the [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)|1960 Treaty of Guarantee]],<ref name="Mirbagheri2010">{{cite book|author=Farid Mirbagheri|title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA83|access-date=27 July 2012|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5526-7|page=83}}</ref><ref name="Frucht2004">{{cite book|author=Richard C. Frucht|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA880|access-date=27 July 2012|date=31 December 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=880|quote=The process reached a critical threshold in 1974 when a botched nationalist coup instigated by the Greek junta against the Cypriot government was used as a pretext by Turkey to invade and occupy the northern part of the island. Greece and ...}}</ref> taking control of the north and dividing Cyprus along what became known as the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|Green Line]], cutting off about a third of the total territory. Sampson resigned, the military regime that had appointed him collapsed, and Makarios returned. The Turkish Cypriots established an independent government for what they called the ''[[Turkish Federated State of Cyprus]]'' (TFSC), with [[Rauf Denktaş]] as president. In 1983 they would proclaim the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] on the northern part of the island, which remains a ''[[de facto]]'' state.<ref>A ''de facto'' state but not a ''de jure'' one; TRNC has been recognised only by itself and by Turkey. Airlines wishing to fly to the TRNC must first land in Turkey and hgen take off again to Northern Cyprus.</ref>
==See also==
{{Portal|Greece|Cyprus}}
* [[Enosis]]
* [[EOKA B]]
* [[Cyprus dispute]]
* [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]]
* [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)]]
* [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
* [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus]]
* [[Rodger P. Davies]]
* [[Republic of Cyprus]]
* [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1974 Cypriot coup d'etat}}
[[Category:Cyprus dispute]]
[[Category:Military coups in Cyprus]]
[[Category:1970s coups d'état and coup attempts|Cyprus]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 in Cyprus]]
[[Category:July 1974 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Greek junta]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1974 Cypriot coup d'état</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>15 July 1974</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status">
<p>Coup Successful
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<p><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Cyprus">Cypriot Government</a><br />
</p>
Factions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cypriot National Guard</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%28logo%29.jpg/23px-%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%28logo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%28logo%29.jpg/35px-%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%28logo%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%28logo%29.jpg/46px-%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD_%28logo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="78" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EDEK" class="mw-redirect" title="EDEK">EDEK</a> militias<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panhellenic_Liberation_Movement" title="Panhellenic Liberation Movement">Panhellenic Liberation Movement</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<p><span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EOKA_flag.svg/16px-EOKA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EOKA_flag.svg/24px-EOKA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EOKA_flag.svg/32px-EOKA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="487" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EOKA-B" class="mw-redirect" title="EOKA-B">EOKA-B</a>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Front_(Cyprus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Progressive Front (Cyprus) (page does not exist)">Progressive Front</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cypriot National Guard</a></li></ul>
<p><b>Supported by:</b><br />
</p>
<span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece_%281970-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–74">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;">
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cyprus_(1960%E2%80%932006).svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Cyprus (1960–2006).svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cyprus_%281960%E2%80%932006%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em">
<span class="flagicon"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EOKA_flag.svg/16px-EOKA_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EOKA_flag.svg/24px-EOKA_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/EOKA_flag.svg/32px-EOKA_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="487" /></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikos_Sampson" title="Nikos Sampson">Nikos Sampson</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyprus_dispute" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Cyprus_dispute" title="Template:Campaignbox Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Cyprus_dispute" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Cyprus_dispute&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyprus_dispute" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–1959)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1963%E2%80%9364" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus crisis of 1963–64">Cyprus crisis of 1963–64</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas</a> (1963)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a> (1964)</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_crisis_of_1967" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus crisis of 1967">Cyprus crisis of 1967</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1974 coup</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">1974 Turkish invasion</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Pentemili_beachhead" title="Battle of Pentemili beachhead">Battle of Pentemili beachhead</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_S-300_crisis" title="Cypriot S-300 crisis">S-300 crisis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">Maritime zones dispute</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2018_Cyprus_gas_dispute" title="2018 Cyprus gas dispute">2018 dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul>
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<p>The <b>1974 coup d'état</b> in Cyprus was a military <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> by the Greek Army in Cyprus, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cypriot National Guard</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">Greek military junta of 1967–1974</a>. On 15 July 1974 the coup plotters ousted President <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Makarios_III" title="Makarios III">Makarios III</a> and replaced him with pro-<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a> (Greek <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irridentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irridentism">irridentist</a>) nationalist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikos_Sampson" title="Nikos Sampson">Nikos Sampson</a> as replaced president, only for 2 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The Sampson regime was described as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, whose ultimate aim was the annexation of the island by Greece;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> in the short term, the coupists proclaimed the establishment of the "Hellenic Republic of Cyprus".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> The coup was viewed as illegal by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and violated human rights laws.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_coup"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The coup</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Republic of Cyprus was established in 1960 with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_and_Zurich_Agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="London and Zurich Agreements">London and Zurich Agreements</a>, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> were the two founding communities. However, following constitutional <a href="/enwiki/wiki/13_Amendments_proposed_by_Makarios_III" class="mw-redirect" title="13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III">amendments</a> that were proposed by Makarios III and rejected by Turkish Cypriots,<sup id="cite_ref-country12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-country12-9">[9]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">intercommunal violence</a> erupted throughout the island, the Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended partially due to forced prevention and partially due to willing withdrawal, and Turkish Cypriots started living in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">enclaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Greece had established a national policy of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">enosis</a></i> to achieve the island's union with Greece since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> After 1964, the Greek government tried to control Makarios' policies, and following his unwillingness to obey Athens, attempted to destabilize his government. While the Greek policy shifted to a more cooperative one after 1967, when an extremist military junta <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–1974">took power in Greece</a>, it supported the far-right <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EOKA-B" class="mw-redirect" title="EOKA-B">EOKA-B</a> group against Makarios.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannidis" title="Dimitrios Ioannidis">Dimitrios Ioannidis</a>, the <i>de facto</i> leader of the junta, believed that Makarios was no longer a true supporter of enosis, and suspected him of being a communist sympathizer.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-2">[2]</a></sup> Between 1971 and 1974, five plans were prepared by the Greek government to overthrow Makarios' government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> According to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> had contributed financially to anti-Makarios and anti-communist elements in both Greece and Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_coup">The coup</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The coup">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg/115px-Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg/173px-Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg/230px-Makarios_III_and_Robert_F._Wagner_NYWTS_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="1282" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Makarios (centre), the deposed president, and Sampson (on the right), the leader installed.</div></div></div></div>
<p>The coup was ordered by Dimitrios Ioannidis, the shadow leader of the Greek junta, and Greek officers led the Cypriot National Guard to capture the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Nicosia" title="Presidential Palace, Nicosia">Presidential Palace</a> in Nicosia.<sup id="cite_ref-hoff_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoff-15">[15]</a></sup> The building was almost entirely burned down.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> Makarios narrowly escaped death in the attack. He fled the presidential palace from its back door and went to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, where the British managed to retrieve him in the afternoon of 16 July and flew him from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> transport plane, and from there to London the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-TIME_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TIME-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson-1">[1]</a></sup> On 19 July, he attended a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> meeting in New York and gave a speech, in which he stated that Cyprus had been invaded by Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The newly established regime has been described as an extremist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet regime</a> of the Greek junta.<sup id="cite_ref-coakley_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coakley-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> On 15 July, between 8 am and 9 am, the coup leaders proclaimed their victory on the state channel <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation">Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation</a>, saying "The national guard intervened in order to solve the problematical situation. [...]. Makarios is dead." However, before his flight, Makarios announced that he was alive from a private broadcast in Paphos. The new government heavily censored the press and stopped left-wing newspapers being printed. Only right-wing newspapers <i>Machi</i>, <i>Ethniki</i> and <i>Agon</i> continued publishing, and their style was very propagandistic. Sampson did not openly announce his intention of <i>enosis</i> in the days following the coup, but instead focused on suppressing any support for Makarios and heavy propaganda to vilify his government.<sup id="cite_ref-emili_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emili-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In response, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F" title="Rauf Denktaş">Rauf Denktaş</a>, the leader of the Turkish Cypriot Administration, stated that he believed that the events were among Greek Cypriots and called for Turkish Cypriots not to go out, as well as for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UNFICYP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNFICYP">UNFICYP</a> to take extensive security measures for Turkish Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> The Cypriot National Guard made no attempts to enter the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">Turkish Cypriot enclaves</a>, but raided Greek and Turkish Cypriot homes alike in mixed villages to confiscate weapons. The Turkish government brought claims that ammunition was being carried to Cyprus by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympic_Air" title="Olympic Air">Olympic Air</a> to the attention of UNFICYP.<sup id="cite_ref-milara_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milara-24">[24]</a></sup> Whether the Turkish Cypriots suffered as a direct result of the coup remains controversial, but Sampson was seen as an untrustworthy figure due to his pro-enosis policies and "brutal" role against Turkish Cypriots in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-hoff_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoff-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Following the coup, the newly established junta started a crackdown on Makarios supporters, resulting in a number of deaths and a "significant number", according to Frank Hoffmeister, being detained. The number of deaths from the coup remains a disputed issue,<sup id="cite_ref-hoff_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoff-15">[15]</a></sup> as the Republic of Cyprus lists the deaths due to the coup among the missing due to the Turkish invasion. According to Haralambos Athanasopulos, at least 500 Greek Cypriots have been placed on the list of 1617 Greek Cypriot missing people and their deaths blamed on the Turks and Turkish Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> According to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Milliyet" title="Milliyet">Milliyet</a></i> on 19 July 1974, violent clashes had broken out in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a>, and even excluding Paphos, the death toll due to Greek Cypriot infighting was about 300 civilians and 30 Greek soldiers, whose bodies were brought to Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-milara_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milara-24">[24]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aftermath">Aftermath</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In response to the coup, on 20 July 1974 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">invaded the island</a> claiming that the action was compliant with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Guarantee_(1960)" title="Treaty of Guarantee (1960)">1960 Treaty of Guarantee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mirbagheri2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirbagheri2010-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frucht2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frucht2004-27">[27]</a></sup> taking control of the north and dividing Cyprus along what became known as the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">Green Line</a>, cutting off about a third of the total territory. Sampson resigned, the military regime that had appointed him collapsed, and Makarios returned. The Turkish Cypriots established an independent government for what they called the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Federated_State_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish Federated State of Cyprus">Turkish Federated State of Cyprus</a></i> (TFSC), with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rauf_Denkta%C5%9F" title="Rauf Denktaş">Rauf Denktaş</a> as president. In 1983 they would proclaim the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> on the northern part of the island, which remains a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EOKA_B" title="EOKA B">EOKA B</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cypriot intercommunal violence</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Guarantee_(1960)" title="Treaty of Guarantee (1960)">Treaty of Guarantee (1960)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rodger_P._Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodger P. Davies">Rodger P. Davies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit source</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style="">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Mallinson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2005" class="citation book cs1">Mallinson, William (June 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA80"><i>Cyprus: A Modern History</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 80. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-580-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-580-8"><bdi>978-1-85043-580-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyprus%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-580-8&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHEjkuhF2GsMC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TIME-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TIME_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html">"CYPRUS: Big Troubles over a Small Island"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TIME" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME">TIME</a></i>. July 29, 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=CYPRUS%3A+Big+Troubles+over+a+Small+Island&rft.date=1974-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C911440%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCookDiccon_Bewes1997" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris; Diccon Bewes (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FuGrcgcOiXoC"><i>What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 65. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-533-8"><bdi>978-1-85728-533-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened+Where%3A+A+Guide+to+Places+and+Events+in+Twentieth-century+History&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-533-8&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Diccon+Bewes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFuGrcgcOiXoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPapadakis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Papadakis, Yiannis (2003). "Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus". <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 253–270. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0275720032000136642">10.1080/0275720032000136642</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143231403">143231403</a>. <q>[...] culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Nation%2C+narrative+and+commemoration%3A+political+ritual+in+divided+Cyprus&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=253-270&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0275720032000136642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143231403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Papadakis&rft.aufirst=Yiannis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAtkinBiddissTallett2011" class="citation book cs1">Atkin, Nicholas; Biddiss, Michael; Tallett, Frank (2011-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC"><i>The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789</i></a>. p. 184. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444390728" title="Special:BookSources/9781444390728"><bdi>9781444390728</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Modern+European+History+Since+1789&rft.pages=184&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.isbn=9781444390728&rft.aulast=Atkin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Biddiss%2C+Michael&rft.au=Tallett%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QyXCTW_MCQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5</i>. Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University. 1996. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+international+law+and+practice%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Detroit+College+of+Law+at+Michigan+State+University&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strategic review, Volume 5</i> (1977), United States Strategic Institute, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCfcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&dq=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-L3VT_WBEMHKsgbL8rj3Ag&redir_esc=y">p. 48</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allcock, John B. <i>Border and territorial disputes</i> (1992), Longman Group, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pztAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&dq=%22Hellenic+Republic+of+Cyprus%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-L3VT_WBEMHKsgbL8rj3Ag&redir_esc=y">p. 55</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-country12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-country12_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm">Eric Solsten, ed. <i>Cyprus: A Country Study</i></a>, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFKer-Lindsay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ker-Lindsay, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC"><i>The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–6. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199757169" title="Special:BookSources/9780199757169"><bdi>9780199757169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cyprus+Problem%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.pages=35-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199757169&rft.aulast=Ker-Lindsay&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxTL382g5sWwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHuth2009" class="citation book cs1">Huth, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC"><i>Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 206. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472022045" title="Special:BookSources/9780472022045"><bdi>9780472022045</bdi></a>. <q>From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standing+Your+Ground%3A+Territorial+Disputes+and+International+Conflict&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780472022045&rft.aulast=Huth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIAc-R5fgQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDoyleSambanis2011" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Michael W.; Sambanis, Nicholas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aiU--drvaxgC&q=1967+ultranationalist+greece&pg=PA265"><i>Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 263–4. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400837694" title="Special:BookSources/9781400837694"><bdi>9781400837694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+War+and+Building+Peace%3A+United+Nations+Peace+Operations&rft.pages=263-4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781400837694&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rft.au=Sambanis%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaiU--drvaxgC%26q%3D1967%2Bultranationalist%2Bgreece%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athanasopulos 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&dq=1974+cypriot+coup&q=1967#v=onepage&q=EOKA-B&f=false">p. 152</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2001" class="citation web cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2001-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/feb/26/extract.features11">"Extract: The Trial of Henry Kissinger (III)"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Extract%3A+The+Trial+of+Henry+Kissinger+%28III%29&rft.date=2001-02-26&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2001%2Ffeb%2F26%2Fextract.features11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-hoff-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoff_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoff_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoff_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeister,_Frank2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmeister, Frank (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC"><i>Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession</i></a>. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 34–5. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15223-6"><bdi>978-90-04-15223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+aspects+of+the+Cyprus+problem%3A+Annan+Plan+and+EU+accession&rft.pages=34-5&rft.pub=EMartinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15223-6&rft.au=Hoffmeister%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZXbg3ZwvGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425035507/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en">"Presidential Palace"</a>. Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc29_en/prc29_en">the original</a> on 2015-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Palace&rft.pub=Presidency+of+the+Republic+of+Cyprus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.gov.cy%2Fpresidency%2Fpresidency.nsf%2Fprc29_en%2Fprc29_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFConstandinos2009" class="citation book cs1">Constandinos, Andreas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOHYjyShuGIC&q=makarios+whirlwind&pg=PA206"><i>America, Britain and the Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calculated Conspiracy Or Foreign Policy Failure?</i></a>. AuthorHouse. p. 206. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467887076" title="Special:BookSources/9781467887076"><bdi>9781467887076</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%2C+Britain+and+the+Cyprus+Crisis+of+1974%3A+Calculated+Conspiracy+Or+Foreign+Policy+Failure%3F&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781467887076&rft.aulast=Constandinos&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJOHYjyShuGIC%26q%3Dmakarios%2Bwhirlwind%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=S/PV.1780(OR)&Lang=S">UN</a> The Official Record of United Nations Security Council 1780th Meeting (19.07.1974)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-coakley-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coakley_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2013" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VXcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>Pathways from Ethnic Conflict: Institutional Redesign in Divided Societies</i></a>. Routledge. p. 131. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317988472" title="Special:BookSources/9781317988472"><bdi>9781317988472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathways+from+Ethnic+Conflict%3A+Institutional+Redesign+in+Divided+Societies&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317988472&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VXcAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMadianou2012" class="citation book cs1">Madianou, Mirca (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5lDaSGNZrkC&pg=PA39"><i>Mediating the Nation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136611056" title="Special:BookSources/9781136611056"><bdi>9781136611056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediating+the+Nation&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136611056&rft.aulast=Madianou&rft.aufirst=Mirca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5lDaSGNZrkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFörster2013" class="citation book cs1">Förster, Larissa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hNtC_7VyIC&pg=PA161"><i>Influence Without Boots on the Ground: Seaborne Crisis Response</i></a>. Government Printing Office. p. 161. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935352037" title="Special:BookSources/9781935352037"><bdi>9781935352037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Influence+Without+Boots+on+the+Ground%3A+Seaborne+Crisis+Response&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781935352037&rft.aulast=F%C3%B6rster&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4hNtC_7VyIC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-emili-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emili_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJüngling2005" class="citation conference cs1">Jüngling, Emili (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/research/hellenicObservatory/pdf/2nd_Symposium/Emili_Jungling_paper.pdf"><i>Perception of the facts about the coup in Cyprus (15th of July 1974) in the Cyprus daily press</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2nd LSE PhD Symposium on Modern Greece: “Current Social Science Research on Greece”. Hellenic Observatory, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Perception+of+the+facts+about+the+coup+in+Cyprus+%2815th+of+July+1974%29+in+the+Cyprus+daily+press&rft.place=Hellenic+Observatory%2C+London+School+of+Economics%2C+London&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCngling&rft.aufirst=Emili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FeuropeanInstitute%2Fresearch%2FhellenicObservatory%2Fpdf%2F2nd_Symposium%2FEmili_Jungling_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1">"Türk Birliği Alarma Geçti" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 16 July 1974. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk+Birli%C4%9Fi+Alarma+Ge%C3%A7ti&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1974-07-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-milara-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-milara_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-milara_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1">"Kıbrıs'ta Türk Evlerinin Aranmasını Protesto Ettik" (in Turkish). Milliyet. 19 July 1974. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s%27ta+T%C3%BCrk+Evlerinin+Aranmas%C4%B1n%C4%B1+Protesto+Ettik&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1974-07-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFAthanasopulos2001" class="citation book cs1">Athanasopulos, Haralambos (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnlyjuKJa8YC&q=1974+cypriot+coup&pg=PA15"><i>Greece, Turkey and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law</i></a>. McFarland. p. 15. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786450039" title="Special:BookSources/9780786450039"><bdi>9780786450039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+Turkey+and+the+Aegean+Sea%3A+A+Case+Study+in+International+Law&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780786450039&rft.aulast=Athanasopulos&rft.aufirst=Haralambos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnlyjuKJa8YC%26q%3D1974%2Bcypriot%2Bcoup%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Mirbagheri2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mirbagheri2010_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFarid_Mirbagheri2010" class="citation book cs1">Farid Mirbagheri (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA83"><i>Historical Dictionary of Cyprus</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 83. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5526-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5526-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-5526-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Cyprus&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5526-7&rft.au=Farid+Mirbagheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df82Jn_H4VukC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Frucht2004-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frucht2004_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRichard_C._Frucht2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard C. Frucht (31 December 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA880"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 880. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>. <q>The process reached a critical threshold in 1974 when a botched nationalist coup instigated by the Greek junta against the Cypriot government was used as a pretext by Turkey to invade and occupy the northern part of the island. Greece and ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.au=Richard+C.+Frucht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C%26pg%3DPA880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1974+Cypriot+coup+d%27%C3%A9tat" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A <i>de facto</i> state but not a <i>de jure</i> one; TRNC has been recognised only by itself and by Turkey. Airlines wishing to fly to the TRNC must first land in Turkey and hgen take off again to Northern Cyprus.</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1619225093 |
