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[[File:Jupiter's swirling colourful clouds.jpg|200px|thumb|Jupiter's swirling colorful clouds. The Great Red Spot is in Jupiter's southern hemisphere, on the left side of the photo.]]
The '''Great Red Spot''' is a persistent [[high-pressure area|high-pressure region]] in the [[atmosphere of Jupiter]], producing an [[anticyclonic storm]] that is the largest in the [[Solar System]]. Located 22 [[degree (angle)|degree]]s south of [[Jupiter]]'s [[equator]], it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least {{#expr: ({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1665)}} years.<ref>
*{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2007 |url=https://www.space.com/3134-jupiter-data-sheet.html |title=Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.com |publisher=Imaginova |access-date=2008-06-03}}
*{{cite web |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610075946/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-10 |title=The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot |publisher=Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref> It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878 when continuous observations began.<ref name="Denning"/><ref>
*{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |date=2017-12-13 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-12-15 }}
*{{cite web |author1=Editors |title=Great Red Spot |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>
==Observation history==
[[Image:Pioneer 10 jup.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Image of Jupiter by ''Pioneer 10'' in 1974, showing a more prominently colored spot than when shown by ''Voyager 1'', later, in 1979.]]
[[Image:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from ''Voyager 1'' in 1979. The white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot has the approximate diameter of [[Earth]].]]
[[Image:790106-0203 Voyager 58M to 31M reduced.gif|thumb|right|Time-lapse sequence from the approach of ''[[Voyager 1]]'' to Jupiter, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and circulation of the Great Red Spot. ''NASA image''.]]
The Great Red Spot may have existed since before 1665, but it could also be the case that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and well-studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different than the storm that exists today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|author=Karl Hille|date=2015-08-04|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />
For example, the first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]). Much more convincing is [[Giovanni Cassini]]'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<ref>Rogers (1995), 6.</ref> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.<ref>Rogers (1995), 188.</ref>
A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by [[Donato Creti]], which is exhibited in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2003 |url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xv---secolo-xviii/donato-creti--osservazioni-astronomiche.html |title=Donato Creti, Astronomical observations |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Musei Vaticani}}</ref><ref name="Hockey1">Hockey (1999), 40-1.</ref> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various [[Italy|Italian]] scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer [[Eustachio Manfredi]] for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known to depict the Great Red Spot as red. No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<ref name="Hockey1" />
The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879 over 60 observations were recorded.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=William Frederick |title=Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 1899 |volume=59 |page=574 |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1899MNRAS..59..574D/0000574.000.html |access-date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D|doi-access=free }}</ref> After it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.
In the 21st century, the Great Red Spot was seen to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, it had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had had a century ago, when it reached a size of {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it would become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beatty |first=J. Kelly |title=Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot |journal=Sky and Telescope |year=2002 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=24 |url=http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |access-date=2007-06-21 }}</ref> In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.<ref name="disintegrating">{{cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/space/is-jupiters-great-red-spot-disintegrating|title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating?|author=Paul Scott Anderson|publisher=EarthSky|date=10 June 2019|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled concern {{citation needed|date=April 2021}} from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years. However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<ref name="may not">{{cite web|url=https://astronomy.com/news/2019/11/jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-disappearing|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing|author=Philip Marcus|publisher=Astronomy|date=26 November 2019|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
A smaller spot, designated [[Oval BA]], formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Lavega |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |title=The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |date=February 2001 |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=491–495 |bibcode=2001Icar..149..491S |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6548}}
</ref> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the ''Little Red Spot'' or ''Red, Jr.'' As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science@NASA |access-date=2007-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190145/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-date=2007-02-02
}}</ref> The storms pass each other about every two years but the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. [[Amy Simon|Amy Simon-Miller]], of the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with Imke de Pater and Phil Marcus of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and a team of professional astronomers since April 2006 to study the storms using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the [[Gemini Observatory]] without converging.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Michaud |title=Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=196 |access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Shiga |title=Third red spot erupts on Jupiter |magazine=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13963-third-red-spot-erupts-on-jupiter/ |access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref>
The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=The Great Dark Spot |publisher=Science at NASA |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |access-date=2007-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615100054/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of [[Neptune]] also called the [[Great Dark Spot]]. The latter feature was imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.
[[Image:Great red spot juno 20170712.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Closeup of the [[Great Red Spot]] taken from about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above it (July 11, 2017)]]
===Exploration===
On 25 February 1979,<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 951-972.</ref> when the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' spacecraft was {{convert|9200000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.
The [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'' spacecraft]], which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the surface.<ref name="junospots"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=2016-07-05|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-07-12}}</ref> Over the duration of the ''Juno'' mission, the spacecraft will continue to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<ref name="junospots"/>
==Structure==
[[File:Jupiter Great Red Spot Animation.gif|thumb|left|200px|The cyclic motion of the Great Red Spot, imaged by the ''[[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]]'' spacecraft]]
[[Image:Jupiter-Earth-Spot comparison.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Approximate size comparison of Earth and the Great Red Spot.]]
Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about six Earth days<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 954.</ref> or fourteen Jovian days. Measuring {{convert|16350|km|mi|abbr=on}} in width as of 3 April 2017, Jupiter's Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<ref name="junospots">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot|last=Perez|first=Martin|date=2017-07-12|work=NASA|access-date=2017-07-16|language=en}}</ref> The cloud-tops of this storm are about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surrounding cloud-tops.<ref>{{cite book | title=Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System | work=The Voyager Mission | page=5 | publisher=NASA | date=1979 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Voyager_Mission/KuBYXLt4K9MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA5 }}</ref>
[[Infrared]] data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<ref>Rogers (1995), 191.</ref> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. Acoustic (sound) waves rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Donoghue |first1=J. |last2=Moore |first2=L. |last3=Stallard |first3=T. S. |last4=Melin |first4=H. |title=Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot |journal=Nature |date=27 July 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7615 |pages=190–192 |doi=10.1038/nature18940|hdl=2381/38554 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counter-clockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the ''Voyager'' fly-bys.<ref>Rogers (1995), 194-6.</ref> The spot is confined by a modest eastward [[jet stream]] to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<ref>Beebe (1997), 35.</ref> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about {{convert|432|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<ref>Rogers (1995), 195.</ref> The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rogers |first=John
|url=http://www.britastro.org/jupiter/2006report09.htm
|title=Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB
|publisher=British Astronomical Association
|access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref>
The Great Red Spot's [[latitude]] has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its [[longitude]], however, is subject to constant variation.<ref>* {{cite journal|author1=Reese, Elmer J.|author2=Solberg, H. Gordon|year=1966|title=Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot|journal=Icarus|volume=5|issue=1–6|pages=266–273|bibcode=1966Icar....5..266R|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4|hdl-access=free|hdl=2060/19650022425}}<!--|access-date=2007-06-20 -->
* Rogers (1995), 192-3.</ref> Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.<ref>
*{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Peter H. |title=On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |year=1974 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1471–1472 |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/31/5/pdf/i1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf |access-date=2007-06-20 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1974JAtS...31.1471S}}
*Rogers (1995), 48, 193.</ref> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early nineteenth century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the [[South Equatorial Belt]] and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<ref>Rogers (1995), 193.</ref>
==Color and composition==
[[File:Telescopes and Spacecraft Join Forces to Probe Deep into Jupiter's Atmosphere (49892941386).png|thumb|upright=1.2|Clockwise from top left: [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of [[visible spectrum]]; [[infrared]] from the [[Gemini Observatory]];
multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; [[ultraviolet]] image from Hubble; visible light detail]]
It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of [[ammonium hydrosulfide]] and the organic compound [[acetylene]], which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called [[tholin]]s.<ref name="Hudson2018">{{cite journal
|last1=Loeffer |first1=Mark J.
|last2=Hudson |first2=Reggie L.
|title=Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)
|journal=Icarus
|year=2018 |volume=302
|pages=418–425
|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041}}</ref> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring of the Great Red Spot.<ref name="EarthSky">{{cite web|title=What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?|date=2014-11-11|url=https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red|access-date=2019-03-13|publisher=[[EarthSky]]}}</ref>
The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]] (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<ref name="Beebe1">Beebe (1997), 38-41.</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Jupiter’s Colourful Palette.tif|Jupiter's clouds taken on 27 June 2019 by Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Showcases New Portrait of Jupiter |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1914/ |website=www.spacetelescope.org |access-date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
File:PIA02863 - Jupiter surface motion animation.gif|Color animation of Jupiter's cloud motion and circulation of the Great Red Spot.
</gallery>
==Mechanical dynamics==
There is no definitive theory as to what causes the formation or color of the Great Red Spot. Laboratory studies are examining the effects that [[cosmic ray]]s or [[UV radiation|UV light]] from the Sun have on the chemical composition of the clouds of Jupiter. One question is whether the Sun's radiation reacts with [[ammonium hydrosulfide]] in the planet's outer atmosphere to create the deep red color.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=[[NASA]]|quote=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|Goddard]] scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter’s clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot’s color. |date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> Research suggests that the storm produces extreme amounts of [[gravity wave]]s and [[acoustic wave]]s, owing to the turbulence of the storm. The acoustic waves travel vertically upwards to a height of {{convert|500|mi|abbr=on}} above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is {{convert|1600|K}}—several hundred Kelvin warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Donoghue |first1=J. |last2=Moore |first2=L. |last3=Stallard |first3=T. S. |last4=Melin |first4=H. |title=Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot |journal=Nature |date=27 July 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7615 |pages=190–192 |doi=10.1038/nature18940|hdl=2381/38554 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The effect is described as being like "crashing [..] ocean waves on a beach".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source |website=NASA |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref> The reason the storm has continued to exist for centuries is that there is no planetary surface (only a liquid core of [[hydrogen]]) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterGreatRedSpot.html|title=Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot|publisher=www.astrophysicsspectator.com|date=November 24, 2004}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Solar System}}
* [[Extraterrestrial cyclone]]
* [[Great White Spot]], a similar storm on [[Saturn]]
* [[Hypercane]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|author=[Numerous authors]
|editor1=Beatty, Kelly J.
|editor2=Peterson, Carolyn Collins
|editor3=Chaiki, Andrew
|year=1999
|title=The New Solar System
|edition=4th
|publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation
|location=Massachusetts
|isbn=978-0933346864
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Reta |last=Beebe
|year=1997
|title=Jupiter the Giant Planet
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Smithsonian Books
|location=Washington
|isbn=978-1560986850
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Thomas |last=Hockey
|year=1999
|title=Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography
|publisher=IOP Publishing
|location=Bristol, Philadelphia
|isbn=978-0750304481
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Bertrand M.
|last=Peek
|author-link=Bertrand Meigh Peek
|year=1981
|title=The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook
|edition=Revised
|publisher=Faber and Faber Limited
|location=London
|isbn=978-0571180264
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek
}}
*{{cite book
|first=John H. |last=Rogers
|year=1995
|title=The Giant Planet Jupiter
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=978-0521410083
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Smith |first=B. A.
|display-authors=etal
|year=1979
|title=The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1
|journal=Science
|volume=204 |issue=4396|pages=951–957, 960–972
|bibcode=1979Sci...204..951S
|doi=10.1126/science.204.4396.951
|pmid=17800430
}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Great Red Spot}}
* {{cite news
|first=Sarah |last=Yang
|title=Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear
|publisher=UC Berkeley News |date=April 21, 2004
|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml
|access-date=2007-06-14
}}
* {{cite news
|first=Tony
|last=Phillips
|title=Jupiter's New Red Spot
|publisher=Science at NASA
|date=March 3, 2006
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|access-date=2007-06-14
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|archive-date=October 19, 2008
}}
* {{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science at NASA |date=June 5, 2006 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |access-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |archive-date=May 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}
*{{cite journal
|author1=Youssef, Ashraf
|author2=Marcus, Philip S.
|year=2003
|title=The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger
|journal=Icarus
|volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=74–93
|bibcode=2003Icar..162...74Y
|doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X
}}
* {{cite web
|last=Williams |first=Gareth P.
|date=May 4, 2005
|url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw
|title=NOAA Web Page
|publisher=Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
|access-date=2007-07-21
}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/ Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight] by Seán Doran (see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315 album] for more)
{{Jupiter}}
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Planetary spots]]
[[Category:Anticyclones]]
[[Category:Vortices]]
[[Category:Storms]]
[[Category:1830 in science]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|A persistent storm in the atmosphere of Jupiter}}
[[File:Jupiter's swirling colourful clouds.jpg|200px|thumb|Jupiter's swirling colorful clouds. The Great Red Spot is in Jupiter's southern hemisphere, on the left side of the photo.]]
The '''Great Red Spot''' is a persistent [[high-pressure area|high-pressure region]] in the [[atmosphere of Jupiter]], producing an [[anticyclonic storm]] that is the largest in the [[Solar System]]. Located 22 [[degree (angle)|degree]]s south of [[Jupiter]]'s [[equator]], it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least {{#expr: ({{CURRENTYEAR}} - 1665)}} years.<ref>
*{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2007 |url=https://www.space.com/3134-jupiter-data-sheet.html |title=Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.com |publisher=Imaginova |access-date=2008-06-03}}
*{{cite web |url=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040610075946/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-10 |title=The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot |publisher=Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee |access-date=2015-08-30}}</ref> It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878 when continuous observations began.<ref name="Denning"/><ref>
*{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |date=2017-12-13 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-12-15 }}
*{{cite web |author1=Editors |title=Great Red Spot |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>
==Structure==
[[File:Jupiter Great Red Spot Animation.gif|thumb|left|200px|The cyclic motion of the Great Red Spot, imaged by the ''[[Cassini-Huygens|Cassini]]'' spacecraft]]
[[Image:Jupiter-Earth-Spot comparison.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Approximate size comparison of Earth and the Great Red Spot.]]
Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about six Earth days<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 954.</ref> or fourteen Jovian days. Measuring {{convert|16350|km|mi|abbr=on}} in width as of 3 April 2017, Jupiter's Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<ref name="junospots">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot|last=Perez|first=Martin|date=2017-07-12|work=NASA|access-date=2017-07-16|language=en}}</ref> The cloud-tops of this storm are about {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surrounding cloud-tops.<ref>{{cite book | title=Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System | work=The Voyager Mission | page=5 | publisher=NASA | date=1979 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Voyager_Mission/KuBYXLt4K9MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA5 }}</ref>
[[Infrared]] data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<ref>Rogers (1995), 191.</ref> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. Acoustic (sound) waves rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Donoghue |first1=J. |last2=Moore |first2=L. |last3=Stallard |first3=T. S. |last4=Melin |first4=H. |title=Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot |journal=Nature |date=27 July 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7615 |pages=190–192 |doi=10.1038/nature18940|hdl=2381/38554 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counter-clockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the ''Voyager'' fly-bys.<ref>Rogers (1995), 194-6.</ref> The spot is confined by a modest eastward [[jet stream]] to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<ref>Beebe (1997), 35.</ref> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about {{convert|432|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<ref>Rogers (1995), 195.</ref> The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Rogers |first=John
|url=http://www.britastro.org/jupiter/2006report09.htm
|title=Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB
|publisher=British Astronomical Association
|access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref>
The Great Red Spot's [[latitude]] has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its [[longitude]], however, is subject to constant variation.<ref>* {{cite journal|author1=Reese, Elmer J.|author2=Solberg, H. Gordon|year=1966|title=Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot|journal=Icarus|volume=5|issue=1–6|pages=266–273|bibcode=1966Icar....5..266R|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4|hdl-access=free|hdl=2060/19650022425}}<!--|access-date=2007-06-20 -->
* Rogers (1995), 192-3.</ref> Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.<ref>
*{{cite journal |last=Stone |first=Peter H. |title=On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |year=1974 |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=1471–1472 |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/31/5/pdf/i1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf |access-date=2007-06-20 |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1974JAtS...31.1471S}}
*Rogers (1995), 48, 193.</ref> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early nineteenth century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the [[South Equatorial Belt]] and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<ref>Rogers (1995), 193.</ref>
==Color and composition==
[[File:Telescopes and Spacecraft Join Forces to Probe Deep into Jupiter's Atmosphere (49892941386).png|thumb|upright=1.2|Clockwise from top left: [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of [[visible spectrum]]; [[infrared]] from the [[Gemini Observatory]];
multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; [[ultraviolet]] image from Hubble; visible light detail]]
It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of [[ammonium hydrosulfide]] and the organic compound [[acetylene]], which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called [[tholin]]s.<ref name="Hudson2018">{{cite journal
|last1=Loeffer |first1=Mark J.
|last2=Hudson |first2=Reggie L.
|title=Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)
|journal=Icarus
|year=2018 |volume=302
|pages=418–425
|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041}}</ref> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring of the Great Red Spot.<ref name="EarthSky">{{cite web|title=What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?|date=2014-11-11|url=https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red|access-date=2019-03-13|publisher=[[EarthSky]]}}</ref>
The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]] (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<ref name="Beebe1">Beebe (1997), 38-41.</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Jupiter’s Colourful Palette.tif|Jupiter's clouds taken on 27 June 2019 by Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hubble Showcases New Portrait of Jupiter |url=https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1914/ |website=www.spacetelescope.org |access-date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
File:PIA02863 - Jupiter surface motion animation.gif|Color animation of Jupiter's cloud motion and circulation of the Great Red Spot.
</gallery>
==Mechanical dynamics==
There is no definitive theory as to what causes the formation or color of the Great Red Spot. Laboratory studies are examining the effects that [[cosmic ray]]s or [[UV radiation|UV light]] from the Sun have on the chemical composition of the clouds of Jupiter. One question is whether the Sun's radiation reacts with [[ammonium hydrosulfide]] in the planet's outer atmosphere to create the deep red color.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=[[NASA]]|quote=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies|Goddard]] scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter’s clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot’s color. |date=August 4, 2015}}</ref> Research suggests that the storm produces extreme amounts of [[gravity wave]]s and [[acoustic wave]]s, owing to the turbulence of the storm. The acoustic waves travel vertically upwards to a height of {{convert|500|mi|abbr=on}} above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is {{convert|1600|K}}—several hundred Kelvin warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Donoghue |first1=J. |last2=Moore |first2=L. |last3=Stallard |first3=T. S. |last4=Melin |first4=H. |title=Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot |journal=Nature |date=27 July 2016 |volume=536 |issue=7615 |pages=190–192 |doi=10.1038/nature18940|hdl=2381/38554 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The effect is described as being like "crashing [..] ocean waves on a beach".<ref>{{cite web |title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source |website=NASA |publisher=NASA |access-date=23 December 2018}}</ref> The reason the storm has continued to exist for centuries is that there is no planetary surface (only a liquid core of [[hydrogen]]) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterGreatRedSpot.html|title=Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot|publisher=www.astrophysicsspectator.com|date=November 24, 2004}}</ref>
==See also==
{{portal|Solar System}}
* [[Extraterrestrial cyclone]]
* [[Great White Spot]], a similar storm on [[Saturn]]
* [[Hypercane]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book
|author=[Numerous authors]
|editor1=Beatty, Kelly J.
|editor2=Peterson, Carolyn Collins
|editor3=Chaiki, Andrew
|year=1999
|title=The New Solar System
|edition=4th
|publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation
|location=Massachusetts
|isbn=978-0933346864
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Reta |last=Beebe
|year=1997
|title=Jupiter the Giant Planet
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Smithsonian Books
|location=Washington
|isbn=978-1560986850
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Thomas |last=Hockey
|year=1999
|title=Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography
|publisher=IOP Publishing
|location=Bristol, Philadelphia
|isbn=978-0750304481
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Bertrand M.
|last=Peek
|author-link=Bertrand Meigh Peek
|year=1981
|title=The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook
|edition=Revised
|publisher=Faber and Faber Limited
|location=London
|isbn=978-0571180264
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek
}}
*{{cite book
|first=John H. |last=Rogers
|year=1995
|title=The Giant Planet Jupiter
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|location=Cambridge
|isbn=978-0521410083
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Smith |first=B. A.
|display-authors=etal
|year=1979
|title=The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1
|journal=Science
|volume=204 |issue=4396|pages=951–957, 960–972
|bibcode=1979Sci...204..951S
|doi=10.1126/science.204.4396.951
|pmid=17800430
}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|Great Red Spot}}
* {{cite news
|first=Sarah |last=Yang
|title=Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear
|publisher=UC Berkeley News |date=April 21, 2004
|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml
|access-date=2007-06-14
}}
* {{cite news
|first=Tony
|last=Phillips
|title=Jupiter's New Red Spot
|publisher=Science at NASA
|date=March 3, 2006
|url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|access-date=2007-06-14
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm
|archive-date=October 19, 2008
}}
* {{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science at NASA |date=June 5, 2006 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |access-date=2007-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685 |archive-date=May 5, 2007 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}
*{{cite journal
|author1=Youssef, Ashraf
|author2=Marcus, Philip S.
|year=2003
|title=The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger
|journal=Icarus
|volume=162 |issue=1 |pages=74–93
|bibcode=2003Icar..162...74Y
|doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X
}}
* {{cite web
|last=Williams |first=Gareth P.
|date=May 4, 2005
|url=http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw
|title=NOAA Web Page
|publisher=Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
|access-date=2007-07-21
}}
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/ Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight] by Seán Doran (see [https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315 album] for more)
{{Jupiter}}
[[Category:Jupiter]]
[[Category:Planetary spots]]
[[Category:Anticyclones]]
[[Category:Vortices]]
[[Category:Storms]]
[[Category:1830 in science]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -6,30 +6,4 @@
*{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html |date=2017-12-13 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2017-12-15 }}
*{{cite web |author1=Editors |title=Great Red Spot |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>
-
-==Observation history==
-[[Image:Pioneer 10 jup.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Image of Jupiter by ''Pioneer 10'' in 1974, showing a more prominently colored spot than when shown by ''Voyager 1'', later, in 1979.]]
-[[Image:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from ''Voyager 1'' in 1979. The white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot has the approximate diameter of [[Earth]].]]
-[[Image:790106-0203 Voyager 58M to 31M reduced.gif|thumb|right|Time-lapse sequence from the approach of ''[[Voyager 1]]'' to Jupiter, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and circulation of the Great Red Spot. ''NASA image''.]]
-
-The Great Red Spot may have existed since before 1665, but it could also be the case that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and well-studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different than the storm that exists today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|author=Karl Hille|date=2015-08-04|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />
-
-For example, the first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]). Much more convincing is [[Giovanni Cassini]]'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<ref>Rogers (1995), 6.</ref> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.<ref>Rogers (1995), 188.</ref>
-
-A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by [[Donato Creti]], which is exhibited in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2003 |url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xv---secolo-xviii/donato-creti--osservazioni-astronomiche.html |title=Donato Creti, Astronomical observations |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Musei Vaticani}}</ref><ref name="Hockey1">Hockey (1999), 40-1.</ref> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various [[Italy|Italian]] scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer [[Eustachio Manfredi]] for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known to depict the Great Red Spot as red. No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<ref name="Hockey1" />
-
-The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879 over 60 observations were recorded.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=William Frederick |title=Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 1899 |volume=59 |page=574 |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1899MNRAS..59..574D/0000574.000.html |access-date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D|doi-access=free }}</ref> After it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.
-
-In the 21st century, the Great Red Spot was seen to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, it had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had had a century ago, when it reached a size of {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it would become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beatty |first=J. Kelly |title=Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot |journal=Sky and Telescope |year=2002 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=24 |url=http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |access-date=2007-06-21 }}</ref> In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.<ref name="disintegrating">{{cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/space/is-jupiters-great-red-spot-disintegrating|title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating?|author=Paul Scott Anderson|publisher=EarthSky|date=10 June 2019|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled concern {{citation needed|date=April 2021}} from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years. However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<ref name="may not">{{cite web|url=https://astronomy.com/news/2019/11/jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-disappearing|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing|author=Philip Marcus|publisher=Astronomy|date=26 November 2019|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
-
-A smaller spot, designated [[Oval BA]], formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Lavega |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |title=The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |date=February 2001 |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=491–495 |bibcode=2001Icar..149..491S |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6548}}
-</ref> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the ''Little Red Spot'' or ''Red, Jr.'' As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science@NASA |access-date=2007-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190145/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-date=2007-02-02
-}}</ref> The storms pass each other about every two years but the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. [[Amy Simon|Amy Simon-Miller]], of the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with Imke de Pater and Phil Marcus of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and a team of professional astronomers since April 2006 to study the storms using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the [[Gemini Observatory]] without converging.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Michaud |title=Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=196 |access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Shiga |title=Third red spot erupts on Jupiter |magazine=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13963-third-red-spot-erupts-on-jupiter/ |access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref>
-
-The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=The Great Dark Spot |publisher=Science at NASA |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |access-date=2007-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615100054/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of [[Neptune]] also called the [[Great Dark Spot]]. The latter feature was imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.
-[[Image:Great red spot juno 20170712.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Closeup of the [[Great Red Spot]] taken from about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above it (July 11, 2017)]]
-===Exploration===
-On 25 February 1979,<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 951-972.</ref> when the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' spacecraft was {{convert|9200000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.
-
-The [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'' spacecraft]], which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the surface.<ref name="junospots"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=2016-07-05|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-07-12}}</ref> Over the duration of the ''Juno'' mission, the spacecraft will continue to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<ref name="junospots"/>
==Structure==
' |
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2 => '[[Image:Pioneer 10 jup.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Image of Jupiter by ''Pioneer 10'' in 1974, showing a more prominently colored spot than when shown by ''Voyager 1'', later, in 1979.]] ',
3 => '[[Image:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|thumb|right|240px|A wide view of Jupiter and the Great Red Spot as seen from ''Voyager 1'' in 1979. The white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot has the approximate diameter of [[Earth]].]]',
4 => '[[Image:790106-0203 Voyager 58M to 31M reduced.gif|thumb|right|Time-lapse sequence from the approach of ''[[Voyager 1]]'' to Jupiter, showing the motion of atmospheric bands, and circulation of the Great Red Spot. ''NASA image''.]]',
5 => '',
6 => 'The Great Red Spot may have existed since before 1665, but it could also be the case that the present spot was first seen only in 1830, and well-studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879. The storm that was seen in the 17th century may have been different than the storm that exists today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery|author=Karl Hille|date=2015-08-04|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery|publisher=NASA|access-date=2017-11-18}}</ref> A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th century discovery. Whether the original spot dissipated and reformed, whether it faded, or if the observational record was simply poor is unknown.<ref name="Beebe1" />',
7 => '',
8 => 'For example, the first sighting of the Great Red Spot is often credited to [[Robert Hooke]], who described a spot on the planet in May 1664. However, it is likely that Hooke's spot was in another belt altogether (the North Equatorial Belt, as opposed to the current Great Red Spot's location in the [[South Equatorial Belt]]). Much more convincing is [[Giovanni Cassini]]'s description of a "permanent spot" the following year.<ref>Rogers (1995), 6.</ref> With fluctuations in visibility, Cassini's spot was observed from 1665 to 1713, but the 118-year observational gap makes the identity of the two spots inconclusive. The older spot's shorter observational history and slower motion than the modern spot makes it difficult to conclude that they are the same.<ref>Rogers (1995), 188.</ref>',
9 => '',
10 => 'A minor mystery concerns a Jovian spot depicted in a 1711 canvas by [[Donato Creti]], which is exhibited in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff |year=2003 |url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/la-pinacoteca/sala-xv---secolo-xviii/donato-creti--osservazioni-astronomiche.html |title=Donato Creti, Astronomical observations |publisher=Vatican Museums |access-date=2019-12-16 |website=Musei Vaticani}}</ref><ref name="Hockey1">Hockey (1999), 40-1.</ref> Part of a series of panels in which different (magnified) heavenly bodies serve as backdrops for various [[Italy|Italian]] scenes, and all overseen by the astronomer [[Eustachio Manfredi]] for accuracy, Creti's painting is the first known to depict the Great Red Spot as red. No Jovian feature was explicitly described in writing as red before the late 19th century.<ref name="Hockey1" />',
11 => '',
12 => 'The Great Red Spot has been observed since 5 September 1831. By 1879 over 60 observations were recorded.<ref name="Denning">{{cite journal |last1=Denning |first1=William Frederick |title=Early history of the great red spot on Jupiter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=June 1899 |volume=59 |page=574 |doi=10.1093/mnras/59.10.574 |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1899MNRAS..59..574D/0000574.000.html |access-date=23 September 2020 |publisher=Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |bibcode=1899MNRAS..59..574D|doi-access=free }}</ref> After it came into prominence in 1879, it has been under continuous observation.',
13 => '',
14 => 'In the 21st century, the Great Red Spot was seen to be shrinking in size. At the start of 2004, it had approximately half the longitudinal extent it had had a century ago, when it reached a size of {{convert|40,000|km|mi|abbr=on}}, about three times the diameter of Earth. At the present rate of reduction, it would become circular by 2040. It is not known how long the spot will last, or whether the change is a result of normal fluctuations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beatty |first=J. Kelly |title=Jupiter's Shrinking Red Spot |journal=Sky and Telescope |year=2002 |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=24 |url=http://www.saburchill.com/HOS/astronomy/034.html |access-date=2007-06-21 }}</ref> In 2019, the Great Red Spot began "flaking" at its edge, with fragments of the storm breaking off and dissipating.<ref name="disintegrating">{{cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/space/is-jupiters-great-red-spot-disintegrating|title=Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot disintegrating?|author=Paul Scott Anderson|publisher=EarthSky|date=10 June 2019|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> The shrinking and "flaking" fueled concern {{citation needed|date=April 2021}} from some astronomers that the Great Red Spot could dissipate within 20 years. However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the Great Red Spot reflects its cloud coverage and not the size of the actual, underlying vortex, and they also believe that the flaking events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems; if this is the case, this would mean that the Great Red Spot is not in danger of dissipating.<ref name="may not">{{cite web|url=https://astronomy.com/news/2019/11/jupiters-great-red-spot-is-not-disappearing|title=Jupiter's Great Red Spot may not be disappearing|author=Philip Marcus|publisher=Astronomy|date=26 November 2019|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>',
15 => '',
16 => 'A smaller spot, designated [[Oval BA]], formed in March 2000 from the merging of three white ovals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Lavega |first1=A. |display-authors=etal |title=The Merger of Two Giant Anticyclones in the Atmosphere of Jupiter |journal=[[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]] |date=February 2001 |volume=149 |issue=2 |pages=491–495 |bibcode=2001Icar..149..491S |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6548}}',
17 => '</ref> has turned reddish in color. Astronomers have named it the ''Little Red Spot'' or ''Red, Jr.'' As of 5 June 2006, the Great Red Spot and Oval BA appeared to be approaching convergence.<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Tony |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |title=Huge Storms Converge |publisher=Science@NASA |access-date=2007-01-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202190145/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm |archive-date=2007-02-02 ',
18 => '}}</ref> The storms pass each other about every two years but the passings of 2002 and 2004 were of little significance. [[Amy Simon|Amy Simon-Miller]], of the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], predicted the storms would have their closest passing on 4 July 2006. She worked with Imke de Pater and Phil Marcus of [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]] and a team of professional astronomers since April 2006 to study the storms using the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]; on 20 July 2006, the two storms were photographed passing each other by the [[Gemini Observatory]] without converging.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Michaud |title=Gemini Captures Close Encounter of Jupiter's Red Spots |publisher=Gemini Observatory |url=http://www.gemini.edu/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=196 |access-date=2007-06-15 }}</ref> In May 2008, a third storm turned red.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=David |last=Shiga |title=Third red spot erupts on Jupiter |magazine=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13963-third-red-spot-erupts-on-jupiter/ |access-date=2008-05-23}}</ref>',
19 => '',
20 => 'The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the Great Dark Spot, a feature observed near the northern pole of Jupiter in 2000 with the ''[[Cassini–Huygens]]'' spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Phillips |title=The Great Dark Spot |publisher=Science at NASA |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |access-date=2007-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615100054/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/12mar_darkspot.htm |archive-date=2007-06-15}}</ref> There is also a feature in the atmosphere of [[Neptune]] also called the [[Great Dark Spot]]. The latter feature was imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in 1989 and may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm. It was no longer present as of 1994, although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north.',
21 => '[[Image:Great red spot juno 20170712.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Closeup of the [[Great Red Spot]] taken from about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above it (July 11, 2017)]]',
22 => '===Exploration===',
23 => 'On 25 February 1979,<ref>Smith ''et al'' (1979), 951-972.</ref> when the ''[[Voyager 1]]'' spacecraft was {{convert|9200000|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Jupiter, it transmitted the first detailed image of the Great Red Spot. Cloud details as small as {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} across were visible. The colorful, wavy cloud pattern seen to the left (west) of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion.',
24 => '',
25 => 'The [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'' spacecraft]], which entered into a polar orbit around Jupiter in 2016, flew over the Great Red Spot upon its close approach to Jupiter on 11 July 2017, taking several images of the storm from a distance of about {{convert|5000|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} above the surface.<ref name="junospots"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/05/science/juno-enters-jupiters-orbit-capping-5-year-voyage.html|title=NASA's Juno Spacecraft Enters Into Orbit Around Jupiter|first=Kenneth|last=Chang|date=2016-07-05|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2017-07-12}}</ref> Over the duration of the ''Juno'' mission, the spacecraft will continue to study the composition and evolution of Jupiter's atmosphere, especially its Great Red Spot.<ref name="junospots"/>'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A persistent storm in the atmosphere of Jupiter</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg/200px-Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg/300px-Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg/400px-Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter%27s_swirling_colourful_clouds.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Jupiter's swirling colorful clouds. The Great Red Spot is in Jupiter's southern hemisphere, on the left side of the photo.</div></div></div>
<p>The <b>Great Red Spot</b> is a persistent <a href="/enwiki/wiki/High-pressure_area" title="High-pressure area">high-pressure region</a> in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">atmosphere of Jupiter</a>, producing an <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anticyclonic_storm" title="Anticyclonic storm">anticyclonic storm</a> that is the largest in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. Located 22 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Degree_(angle)" title="Degree (angle)">degrees</a> south of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, it produces wind-speeds up to 432 km/h (268 mph). Observations from 1665 to 1713 are believed to be of the same storm; if this is correct, it has existed for at least 356 years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> It was next observed in September 1831, with 60 recorded observations between then and 1878 when continuous observations began.<sup id="cite_ref-Denning_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denning-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Color_and_composition"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Color and composition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mechanical_dynamics"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Mechanical dynamics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Structure">Structure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif/200px-Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif/300px-Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter_Great_Red_Spot_Animation.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The cyclic motion of the Great Red Spot, imaged by the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a></i> spacecraft</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/250px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/375px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg/500px-Jupiter%2C_Earth_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2571" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Approximate size comparison of Earth and the Great Red Spot.</div></div></div>
<p>Jupiter's Great Red Spot rotates counterclockwise, with a period of about six Earth days<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> or fourteen Jovian days. Measuring 16,350 km (10,160 mi) in width as of 3 April 2017, Jupiter's Great Red Spot is 1.3 times the diameter of Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-junospots_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-junospots-5">[5]</a></sup> The cloud-tops of this storm are about 8 km (5.0 mi) above the surrounding cloud-tops.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> data have long indicated that the Great Red Spot is colder (and thus higher in altitude) than most of the other clouds on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> The upper atmosphere above the storm, however, has substantially higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. Acoustic (sound) waves rising from the turbulence of the storm below have been proposed as an explanation for the heating of this region.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Careful tracking of atmospheric features revealed the Great Red Spot's counter-clockwise circulation as far back as 1966, observations dramatically confirmed by the first time-lapse movies from the <i>Voyager</i> fly-bys.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The spot is confined by a modest eastward <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> to its south and a very strong westward one to its north.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> Though winds around the edge of the spot peak at about 432 km/h (268 mph), currents inside it seem stagnant, with little inflow or outflow.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> The rotation period of the spot has decreased with time, perhaps as a direct result of its steady reduction in size.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Great Red Spot's <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> has been stable for the duration of good observational records, typically varying by about a degree. Its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, however, is subject to constant variation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Because Jupiter does not rotate uniformly at all latitudes, astronomers have defined three different systems for defining the longitude. System II is used for latitudes of more than 10 degrees and was originally based on the average rotational period of the Great Red Spot of 9h 55m 42s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Despite this, however, the spot has "lapped" the planet in System II at least 10 times since the early nineteenth century. Its drift rate has changed dramatically over the years and has been linked to the brightness of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a> and the presence or absence of a South Tropical Disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Color_and_composition">Color and composition</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Color and composition">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_(49892941386).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/260px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="153" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/390px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png/520px-Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_%2849892941386%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="1462" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Telescopes_and_Spacecraft_Join_Forces_to_Probe_Deep_into_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere_(49892941386).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Clockwise from top left: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> image of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gemini_Observatory" title="Gemini Observatory">Gemini Observatory</a>; multiwavelength composite of Hubble and Gemini data showing visible light in blue and thermal infrared in red; <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> image from Hubble; visible light detail</div></div></div>
<p>It is not known what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish color. Hypotheses supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the color may be caused by chemical products created from the solar ultraviolet irradiation of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> and the organic compound <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, which produces a reddish material—likely complex organic compounds called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2018-16">[16]</a></sup> The high altitude of the compounds may also contribute to the coloring of the Great Red Spot.<sup id="cite_ref-EarthSky_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthSky-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Great Red Spot varies greatly in hue, from almost brick-red to pale salmon or even white. The spot occasionally disappears, becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its location in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Equatorial_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="South Equatorial Belt">South Equatorial Belt</a> (SEB). Its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the belt is bright white, the spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark, the spot is usually light. These periods when the spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; from 1947 to 1997, the spot was darkest in the periods 1961–1966, 1968–1975, 1989–1990, and 1992–1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Beebe1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beebe1-18">[18]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Jupiter%E2%80%99s_Colourful_Palette.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="3050" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Jupiter's clouds taken on 27 June 2019 by Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:81.5px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif/200px-PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif/300px-PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif/400px-PIA02863_-_Jupiter_surface_motion_animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Color animation of Jupiter's cloud motion and circulation of the Great Red Spot.
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanical_dynamics">Mechanical dynamics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical dynamics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>There is no definitive theory as to what causes the formation or color of the Great Red Spot. Laboratory studies are examining the effects that <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/UV_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="UV radiation">UV light</a> from the Sun have on the chemical composition of the clouds of Jupiter. One question is whether the Sun's radiation reacts with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> in the planet's outer atmosphere to create the deep red color.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> Research suggests that the storm produces extreme amounts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">gravity waves</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acoustic_wave" title="Acoustic wave">acoustic waves</a>, owing to the turbulence of the storm. The acoustic waves travel vertically upwards to a height of 500 mi (800 km) above the storm where they break in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. This creates a region of upper atmosphere that is 1,600 K (1,330 °C; 2,420 °F)—several hundred Kelvin warmer than the rest of the planet at this altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> The effect is described as being like "crashing [..] ocean waves on a beach".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The reason the storm has continued to exist for centuries is that there is no planetary surface (only a liquid core of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>) to provide friction; circulating gas eddies persist for a very long time in the atmosphere because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup>
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<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Extraterrestrial_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial cyclone">Extraterrestrial cyclone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_White_Spot" title="Great White Spot">Great White Spot</a>, a similar storm on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFStaff2007" class="citation web cs1">Staff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/3134-jupiter-data-sheet.html">"Jupiter Data Sheet – SPACE.com"</a>. Imaginova<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter+Data+Sheet+%E2%80%93+SPACE.com&rft.pub=Imaginova&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F3134-jupiter-data-sheet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040610075946/http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html">"The Solar System - The Planet Jupiter – The Great Red Spot"</a>. Dept. Physics & Astronomy – University of Tennessee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/jupiter/redspot.html">the original</a> on 2004-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Solar+System+-+The+Planet+Jupiter+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Red+Spot&rft.pub=Dept.+Physics+%26+Astronomy+%E2%80%93+University+of+Tennessee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsep10.phys.utk.edu%2Fastr161%2Flect%2Fjupiter%2Fredspot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-Denning-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denning_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Denning</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFChang2017" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (2017-12-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/13/science/jupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html">"The Great Red Spot Descends Deep Into Jupiter"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Great+Red+Spot+Descends+Deep+Into+Jupiter&rft.date=2017-12-13&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F12%2F13%2Fscience%2Fjupiter-great-red-spot-juno.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEditors" class="citation web cs1">Editors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Red-Spot">"Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Great+Red+Spot&rft.au=Editors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGreat-Red-Spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_extra_text:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: extra text: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith <i>et al</i> (1979), 954.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-junospots-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-junospots_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPerez2017" class="citation news cs1">Perez, Martin (2017-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot">"NASA's Juno Spacecraft Spots Jupiter's Great Red Spot"</a>. <i>NASA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Juno+Spacecraft+Spots+Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fjpl%2Fnasa-s-juno-spacecraft-spots-jupiter-s-great-red-spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Voyager_Mission/KuBYXLt4K9MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA5"><i>Jupiter, the Giant of the Solar System</i></a>. <i>The Voyager Mission</i>. NASA. 1979. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jupiter%2C+the+Giant+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Voyager_Mission%2FKuBYXLt4K9MC%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 191.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFO’DonoghueMooreStallardMelin2016" class="citation journal cs1">O’Donoghue, J.; Moore, L.; Stallard, T. S.; Melin, H. (27 July 2016). "Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot". <i>Nature</i>. <b>536</b> (7615): 190–192. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18940">10.1038/nature18940</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//hdl.handle.net/2381%2F38554">2381/38554</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Heating+of+Jupiter%27s+upper+atmosphere+above+the+Great+Red+Spot&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=7615&rft.pages=190-192&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2381%2F38554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature18940&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Donoghue&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+L.&rft.au=Stallard%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=Melin%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 194-6.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beebe (1997), 35.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 195.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britastro.org/jupiter/2006report09.htm">"Interim reports on STB (Oval BA passing GRS), STropB, GRS (internal rotation measured), EZ(S. Eq. Disturbance; dramatic darkening; NEB interactions), & NNTB"</a>. British Astronomical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interim+reports+on+STB+%28Oval+BA+passing+GRS%29%2C+STropB%2C+GRS+%28internal+rotation+measured%29%2C+EZ%28S.+Eq.+Disturbance%3B+dramatic+darkening%3B+NEB+interactions%29%2C+%26+NNTB&rft.pub=British+Astronomical+Association&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britastro.org%2Fjupiter%2F2006report09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReese,_Elmer_J.Solberg,_H._Gordon1966" class="citation journal cs1">Reese, Elmer J.; Solberg, H. Gordon (1966). "Recent measures of the latitude and longitude of Jupiter's red spot". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>5</b> (1–6): 266–273. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966Icar....5..266R">1966Icar....5..266R</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2866%2990036-4">10.1016/0019-1035(66)90036-4</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//hdl.handle.net/2060%2F19650022425">2060/19650022425</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Recent+measures+of+the+latitude+and+longitude+of+Jupiter%27s+red+spot&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%936&rft.pages=266-273&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F19650022425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2866%2990036-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966Icar....5..266R&rft.au=Reese%2C+Elmer+J.&rft.au=Solberg%2C+H.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span>
<ul><li>Rogers (1995), 192-3.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStone1974" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Peter H. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0469/31/5/pdf/i1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf">"On Jupiter's Rate of Rotation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 1471–1472. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974JAtS...31.1471S">1974JAtS...31.1471S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281974%29031%3C1471%3AOJROR%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<1471:OJROR>2.0.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+Jupiter%27s+Rate+of+Rotation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1471-1472&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281974%29031%3C1471%3AOJROR%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974JAtS...31.1471S&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fams.allenpress.com%2Farchive%2F1520-0469%2F31%2F5%2Fpdf%2Fi1520-0469-31-5-1471.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li>Rogers (1995), 48, 193.</li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers (1995), 193.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Hudson2018-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2018_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLoefferHudson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Loeffer, Mark J.; Hudson, Reggie L. (2018). "Coloring Jupiter's clouds: Radiolysis of ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4SH)". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>302</b>: 418–425. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.10.041">10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Coloring+Jupiter%27s+clouds%3A+Radiolysis+of+ammonium+hydrosulfide+%28NH4SH%29&rft.volume=302&rft.pages=418-425&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2017.10.041&rft.aulast=Loeffer&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Reggie+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EarthSky-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarthSky_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthsky.org/space/what-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red">"What makes Jupiter's Red Spot red?"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/EarthSky" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthSky">EarthSky</a>. 2014-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+makes+Jupiter%27s+Red+Spot+red%3F&rft.pub=EarthSky&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fspace%2Fwhat-makes-jupiters-red-spot-red&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Beebe1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beebe1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beebe (1997), 38-41.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1914/">"Hubble Showcases New Portrait of Jupiter"</a>. <i>www.spacetelescope.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spacetelescope.org&rft.atitle=Hubble+Showcases+New+Portrait+of+Jupiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fnews%2Fheic1914%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery">"Jupiter's Great Red Spot: A Swirling Mystery"</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. August 4, 2015. <q><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard</a> scientists Mark Loeffler and Reggie Hudson have been performing laboratory studies to investigate whether cosmic rays, one type of radiation that strikes Jupiter’s clouds, can chemically alter ammonium hydrosulfide to produce new compounds that could explain the spot’s color.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot%3A+A+Swirling+Mystery&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2015-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2Fjupiter-s-great-red-spot-a-swirling-mystery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFO’DonoghueMooreStallardMelin2016" class="citation journal cs1">O’Donoghue, J.; Moore, L.; Stallard, T. S.; Melin, H. (27 July 2016). "Heating of Jupiter's upper atmosphere above the Great Red Spot". <i>Nature</i>. <b>536</b> (7615): 190–192. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature18940">10.1038/nature18940</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//hdl.handle.net/2381%2F38554">2381/38554</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Heating+of+Jupiter%27s+upper+atmosphere+above+the+Great+Red+Spot&rft.volume=536&rft.issue=7615&rft.pages=190-192&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2381%2F38554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature18940&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Donoghue&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Moore%2C+L.&rft.au=Stallard%2C+T.+S.&rft.au=Melin%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source">"Jupiter's Great Red Spot Likely a Massive Heat Source"</a>. <i>NASA</i>. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Great+Red+Spot+Likely+a+Massive+Heat+Source&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fjupiter-s-great-red-spot-likely-a-massive-heat-source&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/planets/JupiterGreatRedSpot.html">"Jupiter's Atmosphere and Great Red Spot"</a>. www.astrophysicsspectator.com. November 24, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jupiter%27s+Atmosphere+and+Great+Red+Spot&rft.pub=www.astrophysicsspectator.com&rft.date=2004-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrophysicsspectator.com%2Ftopics%2Fplanets%2FJupiterGreatRedSpot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREF[Numerous_authors]1999" class="citation book cs1">[Numerous authors] (1999). Beatty, Kelly J.; Peterson, Carolyn Collins; Chaiki, Andrew (eds.). <i>The New Solar System</i> (4th ed.). Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0933346864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0933346864"><bdi>978-0933346864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Solar+System&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Sky+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0933346864&rft.au=%5BNumerous+authors%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBeebe1997" class="citation book cs1">Beebe, Reta (1997). <i>Jupiter the Giant Planet</i> (2nd ed.). Washington: Smithsonian Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560986850" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560986850"><bdi>978-1560986850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jupiter+the+Giant+Planet&rft.place=Washington&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1560986850&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=Reta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHockey1999" class="citation book cs1">Hockey, Thomas (1999). <i>Galileo's Planet: Observing Jupiter Before Photography</i>. Bristol, Philadelphia: IOP Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750304481" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750304481"><bdi>978-0750304481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+Planet%3A+Observing+Jupiter+Before+Photography&rft.place=Bristol%2C+Philadelphia&rft.pub=IOP+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0750304481&rft.aulast=Hockey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPeek1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertrand_Meigh_Peek" title="Bertrand Meigh Peek">Peek, Bertrand M.</a> (1981). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/planetjupiter00peek"><i>The Planet Jupiter: The Observer's Handbook</i></a></span> (Revised ed.). London: Faber and Faber Limited. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571180264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0571180264"><bdi>978-0571180264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planet+Jupiter%3A+The+Observer%27s+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber+Limited&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0571180264&rft.aulast=Peek&rft.aufirst=Bertrand+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplanetjupiter00peek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, John H. (1995). <i>The Giant Planet Jupiter</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521410083" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521410083"><bdi>978-0521410083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Giant+Planet+Jupiter&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521410083&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSmith1979" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, B. A.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1". <i>Science</i>. <b>204</b> (4396): 951–957, 960–972. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Sci...204..951S">1979Sci...204..951S</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951">10.1126/science.204.4396.951</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17800430">17800430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Jupiter+system+through+the+eyes+of+Voyager+1&rft.volume=204&rft.issue=4396&rft.pages=951-957%2C+960-972&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17800430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.204.4396.951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979Sci...204..951S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Great_Red_Spot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Great_Red_Spot" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Great Red Spot"><span style="">Great Red Spot</span></a></b></i>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYang2004" class="citation news cs1">Yang, Sarah (April 21, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/04/21_jupiter.shtml">"Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear"</a>. UC Berkeley News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Researcher+predicts+global+climate+change+on+Jupiter+as+giant+planet%27s+spots+disappear&rft.date=2004-04-21&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkeley.edu%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F2004%2F04%2F21_jupiter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tony (March 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019024917/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm">"Jupiter's New Red Spot"</a>. Science at NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/02mar_redjr.htm">the original</a> on October 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+New+Red+Spot&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F02mar_redjr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2006" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Tony (June 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505203040/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685">"Huge Storms Converge"</a>. Science at NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/05jun_redperil.htm?list56685">the original</a> on May 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Huge+Storms+Converge&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2006%2F05jun_redperil.htm%3Flist56685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYoussef,_AshrafMarcus,_Philip_S.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Youssef, Ashraf; Marcus, Philip S. (2003). "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>162</b> (1): 74–93. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..162...74Y">2003Icar..162...74Y</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2802%2900060-X">10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00060-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+jovian+white+ovals+from+formation+to+merger&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=74-93&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2802%2900060-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..162...74Y&rft.au=Youssef%2C+Ashraf&rft.au=Marcus%2C+Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Gareth P. (May 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~gw">"NOAA Web Page"</a>. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA+Web+Page&rft.pub=Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics+Laboratory&rft.date=2005-05-04&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfdl.noaa.gov%2F~gw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Red+Spot" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/35790218312/in/photostream/">Video based on Juno's Perijove 7 overflight</a> by Seán Doran (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/136797589@N04/albums/72157684110532315">album</a> for more)</li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Jupiter&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="*_Outline_of_Jupiter">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="image" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular moons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped moons</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_events" title="List of Jupiter events">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a> and<br />orbiting missions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i></a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> <small>(2022)</small></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <small>(2024)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> <small>(2021)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> <small>(2023)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chinese_Jupiter_probe" title="Chinese Jupiter probe">Gan De</a> <small>(2029)</small></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)"><i>Smara</i></a> <small>(2030)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jovian_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jovian (fiction)">Jovian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Moons</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Solar_system.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Solar system.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1620133308 |
