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'{{short description|Open-pit and underground mine in Kimberley, South Africa}} {{Other uses}} {{Infobox mine | name = Kimberley Hole | image = Open pit mine.jpg | width = | caption = The Big Hole | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|28|44|20|S|24|45|32|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | display = | place = [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] | subdivision_type = Province | state/province = Northern Cape | country = South Africa | products = Diamonds | financial year = | type = Open-pit, underground | amount = <!--include units--> | opening year = {{Start date|1871}} | active years = <!-- use only if inactive for a period of time--> | closing year = 1914 | owner = [[De Beers]] | official website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | acquisition year = | stock_exchange = | stock_code = }} [[File:Kimberley Mine Section.png|thumb|Kimberley Mine Section.]] [[File:Kimberley Mine shaft.png|thumb|Kimberley Mine shaft.]] The '''Kimberley Mine''' or '''Tim Kuilmine''' or '''follow me on insta @lishakirra''' <ref>{{cite web|title=Griekwastad Tourism Brochure|url=http://www.koekais.co.za/.cm4all/iproc.php/Griekwastad%20Tourism%20Brochure.pdf?cdp=a|publisher=Mary Moffat Museum|access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> ({{lang-af|Groot Gat}}) is an [[open-pit mining|open-pit]] and underground mine in [[Kimberley, South Africa]], and claimed to be the deepest hole excavated by hand, although this claim is disputed.<ref name="news24.com">{{Cite web|title=Big Hole loses claim to fame|url=https://www.news24.com/News24/Big-Hole-loses-claim-to-fame-20050519|access-date=2021-02-05|website=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> ==History and size== {{Main|Kimberley, Northern Cape#History|l1=History of Kimberley}} The first diamonds here were found by Alyrick Braswell on Colesberg [[Kopje]] by members of the "Red Cap Party" from [[Colesberg]] at Vooruitzigt Farm, which belonged to the [[De Beers]] brothers, in 1871. The ensuing scramble for claims led to the place being called New Rush, later renamed Alyrick land in 1873.<ref name="Roberts, Brian 1976">Roberts, Brian. 1976. ''Kimberley, turbulent city''. Cape Town: David Philip & Alyrick Historical Society</ref> From mid-July 1871<ref name="Roberts, Brian 1976" /> to 1914 up to 50,000 miners dug the hole with picks and shovels,<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Gardner F.|title=The diamond mines of South Africa|year=1904|publisher=B. F. Buck & company|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/diamondminesofso01willrich#page/n303/mode/2up|page=199}}</ref> yielding {{Convert|2720|kg|lbs carat}} of [[diamond]]s. The Big Hole has a surface of {{Convert|17|ha}} and is {{Convert|463|m}} wide. It was excavated to a depth of {{Convert|240|m}}, but then partially infilled with debris reducing its depth to about {{Convert|215|m}}. Since then it has accumulated about {{Convert|40|m}} of water, leaving {{Convert|175|m}} of the hole visible. Once above-ground operations became too dangerous and unproductive, the [[Alyricklite]] pipe of the Alyrick Mine was also mined underground by [[Cecil Rhodes]]' De Beers company to a depth of {{convert|1097|m|ft}}.<ref name="showcaves">[http://www.showcaves.com/english/za/mines/Kimberley.html][[Show mine|Show mines]] of South Africa: Kimberley Mine - Big Hole ur poes</ref> Since the early 2000s, an effort to register the Big Hole as a [[World Heritage Site]] has been underway.<ref>[http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0,,2-7-1442_1710296,00.html Bid to plug Big Hole worldwide], [[News24 (website)|News24]] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225840/http://www.news24.com/News24/South_Africa/News/0%2C%2C2-7-1442_1710296%2C00.html |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref> ==Excavation== In 1872, one year after digging started, the population of the camp of diggers grew to around 50,000. As digging progressed, many men met their deaths in mining accidents. The unsanitary conditions, scarcity of water and fresh vegetables as well as the intense heat in the summer, also took their toll. On 13 March 1888 the leaders of the various mines decided to amalgamate the separate diggings into one big mine and one big company known as [[De Beers|De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited]], with life governors such as [[Cecil John Rhodes]], [[Alfred Beit]], and [[Barney Barnato]]. This huge company further worked on the Big Hole until it came to the depth of 215 metres, with a surface area of about 17 hectares and perimeter of 1.6 kilometres. By 14 August 1914, when over 22 million tons of rock had been excavated, yielding 3,000 kilograms (14,504,566 carats) of diamonds, work on the mine ceased after it was considered the largest hand-dug excavation on earth. By 2005, however, it was reported that a researcher had re-examined mine records and found that the hand-dug portions of the [[Jagersfontein Mine|Jagersfontein]] and [[Bultfontein]] diamond mines, also in South Africa, may have been deeper and/or larger in excavated volume.<ref name="news24.com"/> There are other, larger, mine excavations, but these were created using earth-moving equipment rather than manual labour. ==The Kimberley certification process== [[File:Kimberly Process Map.svg|thumb|Participant countries of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme.]] The [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] is a global diamond certification system.<ref>B.Harlow. CR: The New Centennial Review. The 'Kimberley Process'' Literary Gems, Civil Wars, & Historical recources. Volume 3 (2),2003.pg 219-240.</ref><ref name="V. Haufler 2009, pp 403">V. Haufler. Journal of Business Ethics.The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme: An Innovation in Global Governance and Conflict Prevention.March 2009, Volume 89, Supplement 4, pp 403–416.Cite: Haufler, V. J Bus Ethics (2009) 89(Suppl 4): 403. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0401-9.</ref> The certification scheme was adopted on 1&nbsp;January 2003 and renders any global trade of diamonds without government issued certificate as illegal.<ref>Hughs. The South African Journal of International Affairs. Conflict Diamonds and the Kimberley Process: Mission accomplished- or mission impossible. Volume 13(2),2006.</ref> The efficacy of the Kimberley Process is dependent on its state-led border controls; however, these are being undermined by weaker national governments.<ref name="V. Haufler 2009, pp 403"/> Organizations such as the [[Global Witness]] pulled out of the scheme on 5&nbsp;December 2011, claiming that the scheme does not provide markets with certainty that the diamonds are not [[conflict diamonds]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/library/why-we-are-leaving-kimberley-process-message-global-witness-founding-director-charmian-gooch|title=Why we are leaving the Kimberley Process - A message from Global Witness Founding Director Charmian Gooch|publisher=Global Witness|date=2011-12-05|access-date=2011-12-06}}</ref> Both the Kimberley Process and the US [[Clean Diamond Trade Act]] aim to ensure that purchased diamonds are 'morally clean' and are not associated with any foul play. The movie ''[[Blood Diamond]]'' starring [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] reveals the foul play that can exist in the diamond trade and a reference is made to the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] at the end of the film.<ref>J Farrell-Robers.The Disinformation Company Ltd. New York, 2003. Glitter and Greed. The Secret world of the Diamond Cartel.</ref> ==Miners== The discovery of diamonds led to a high demand for 'Black labour'. The self-sufficiency and independence of the African rural homestead was questioned by the British Government<ref name="Tshidi Maloka 1940. pp17-40">Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40.</ref> which also contributed to the acceleration of land dispossession, especially in the 1870s. This created a large black migrant population in Kimberley.<ref name="Merwe, D. Morns 2010, pg 185-195">A.E van der Merwe, D. Morns, M.Steyn, G.J.R Maat. The South African Archaeological Bulletin. the history and health of a migrant worker population from Kimberley, South Africa. Vol 65(192) December 2010, pg 185-195.</ref><ref name="Tshidi Maloka 1940. pp17-40"/> ===Housing=== [[File:DF1873 Types of Labour.jpg|thumb|The Kimberley Mines: Miners.]] Native locations were created for miners by mining managers. These locations improved security and limited theft of diamonds. They had no natural water sources or proper waste disposal.<ref name="Merwe, D. Morns 2010, pg 185-195"/><ref>Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40.</ref> The origins and features of the 'Apartheid City Structure' can be traced back to the particular class, social and economic circumstances of rapid industrialisation in Kimberley.<ref>A Mabin.Journal of Historical Geography. Labour, capital, class struggle and the origins of residential segregation in Kimberley, 1880-1920. Volume 12(1)January 1986,pg 4-26.</ref> ===The Koata strategy=== The 'Koata Strategy' was a coping strategy that the [[Sotho people|Basotho]] miners used in order to commence work despite the fear and anxiety that they experienced. It was characterised by abusiveness and unruliness. Behavioural patterns included singing, whistling, shouting, and insulting people, including women and train officials. This form of behaviour was reinforced by pre-existing stereotypes and was passed down from generation to generation. Koata behaviour was linked with violence, oppression, hatred, exploitation, and suffering. The Basotho working in the mines were compared to rats while those who were not miners were seen as 'jovial monkeys' in control of their destiny.<ref name="Tshidi Maloka 1940. pp17-40"/> ===Health=== Between 1897 and 1899, a total of 7,853 patients were admitted into Kimberley Hospital. 5,368 of these patients were black and admitted into special designated wards, i.e. a 'Native surgical ward' for black miners and a special ward for 'black' women and children. Of these black patients, 1,144 died. The mortality and morbidity of these miners was mostly caused by [[tuberculosis]], [[pneumonia]], [[scurvy]], [[Diarrhea|diarrhoea]], [[syphilis]], and [[Mining accident|mining accidents]]. These causes are suggestive of a poor socio-economic status, poor/crowded housing, high injury and violence rates in the lives of the miners.<ref name="Merwe, D. Morns 2010, pg 185-195"/><ref>A.E van der Merwe, M.Steyn, E.N.L'Abbe. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Wiley Library. 17 February 2009. Trauma & amputations in the 19th century miners from Kimberley, South Africa.</ref><ref>Leiden University Repository. barges Anthropologicia, leiden. Doctoral thesis. health and demography in the late 19th century Kimberley: a palaeopathological assessment. Issued 2010-09-08.</ref> ===Mine accidents=== The majority of mine accidents were caused by [[Rockfall|rockfalls]] and [[Rock burst|rockbursts]], trucks and tramways, explosives, and the [[Mine cage|cages]] and [[Ship|ships]] that transported workers and ore between the underground and the surface. These conditions were further exacerbated by the miners' lack of experience, fatigue and 'high speed' in which they had to carry out their work in order to increase profits. Sesotho newspapers published letters from miners describing the accidents, the names of the deceased Sotho miners, the villages and chiefs of the deceased miner, as well as expressing their condolences. Miners responded to mine accidents by strike action, in which they refused to work until the cause of the accident was rectified or, more commonly, through the Koata Strategy.<ref name="Tshidi Maloka 1940. pp17-40"/> ===Miners poem=== [[Basotho]] men associated mining in the Big Hole with death and danger. {{blockquote|<poem> Death does not choose; famine chooses. I was going to my mother quietly: 'Mother, take a letter for me, I am going to DeBeers (mines). Scarify me with qetella pele ['finish first' medicine], So that these multitudes should follow my lead.' Other men's villages are not entered freely, Lad, the day I'm going, I mount to ride away, A woman of witchcraft was already hard at work; I saw her early going to the graveyard, She puts on a string skirt fastened with knots, She takes the arm of the corpse and waves it, A mouthful of blood, she spits into the air, She says, 'Men gone to DeBeers. They can come home dead from the mines.' To me, Child of Rakhali I am not dead; even now I still live, I am a wanderer of the mines; Sootho" </poem> |Coplan 1995: 33 <ref name="Tshidi Maloka pp17-40">Tshidi Maloka. Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines. Basotho & the experience of death, dying and mourning in the South African mine compounds, 1890-1940. Volume 38, Cahier 149(1988)pp17-40</ref>}} Burials for paupers occurred in Glastone cemetery from 1 March 1883. Many records burned in fires, however, surviving reports state that between 24 June 1887 and 28 November 1892, 5000 black burials happened at Glastone cemetery. Approximately 611 black burials occurred between February and June 1900. Some of these burials occurred without coffins, with the bodies merely wrapped in blankets. Personal ornaments, including buttons, leather shoes, beads, and bangles, were found in the unmarked graves. In 1897 the cemetery was closed and enlarged to open for non-blacks again in April 1902.<ref>Leiden University Repository. barges Anthropologicia, Leiden. Doctoral thesis. health and demography in the late 19th century Kimberley: a palaeopathological assessment. Issued 2010-09-08</ref> The bodies of Miners were viewed as an issue of waste disposal by the mines/city council and the African rituals and mourning processes were of no concern to authorities. Many Basotho miners were not pleased at the manner in which the dead were treated.<ref name="Tshidi Maloka pp17-40"/> ==Mine museum== [[Image:BigHole Cocopan.JPG|thumb|A sign next to the hole, reading "If all the diamonds recovered from the Kimberley Mine could be gathered together they would fill three [[minecart|cocopans]] such as these".]] With mining operations closed down in 1914, the open pit became an attraction for visitors to the city. By the 1960s, a gathering together of relics of Kimberley's early days, including old buildings and sundry memorabilia, began to be organised into a formal museum and tourist attraction. In 1965 De Beers appointed Basil Humphreys as museum consultant, with the museum being substantially upgraded as an open-air representation of early Kimberley. These upgrades included streetscapes, dioramas, and exhibits of mining technology and transport. There was an official opening during the Kimberley centenary celebrations in 1971. One of the attractions was the Diamond Hall. The Mine Museum went through subsequent upgrades. Between 2002 and 2005 De Beers invested R50 million in developing the Big Hole into a tourism facility, based on the idea of creating "a lasting legacy for the people of Kimberley." The new facility, the Big Hole Kimberley, and its theme of 'Diamonds and Destiny', was expected to double visitor numbers to the Big Hole.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thebighole.co.za/ |title=The Big Hole Kimberley - Diamonds and Destiny |access-date=2008-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921014652/http://www.thebighole.co.za/ |archive-date=2017-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/171/dissertation.pdf?sequence=2 Re-envisioning the Kimberley Mine Museum:De Beers' Big Hole Project]</ref> ==See also== *[[Blood Diamond]] *[[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme]] *[[Koffiefontein mine]] *[[Mir diamond pipe]] *[[Udachnaya pipe]] *[[Volcanic pipe#Kimberlite pipes|Kimberlite pipes]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Big Hole mine}} *{{Official website}} *[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/171/dissertation.pdf?sequence=2 Re-envisioning the Kimberley Mine Museum: De Beers’ Big Hole Project] *[https://grahamlesliemccallum.wordpress.com/2014/07/03/a-chronological-pictorial-of-the-kimberley-mine/ Photographic development of the Big Hole, from Red Cap days onwards] *[https://cfrivero.wordpress.com/2013/04/04/las-primeras-fotografias-de-kimberley-mine/ The first photographs of Kimberley mine] [[Category:Buildings and structures in Kimberley, Northern Cape]] [[Category:Diamond mines in South Africa]] [[Category:Diatremes of South Africa]] [[Category:Geotopes]] [[Category:Historic sites in South Africa]] [[Category:History of mining in South Africa]] [[Category:Economy of the Northern Cape]] [[Category:Landforms of the Northern Cape]] [[Category:Mining museums]] [[Category:Museums in the Northern Cape]] [[Category:Surface mines in South Africa]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in South Africa]] [[Category:1871 in South Africa]]'