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'{{Update|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Spanish diaspora |image =Spanish people around the world.svg | total = '''Spanish nationals<!--referring to those with Spanish nationality/citizenship--> abroad:'''<br />2,618,592{{increase}}<ref name="El País">[http://elpais.com/elpais/2016/03/17/media/1458216979_045532.html El País, 17 March 2016.] (In Spanish)</ref><br>(of which 766,966 were born in [[Spain]])<br><small>2020 estimates</small> | genealogy = | popplace = Number of Spanish citizens by country | region1 = {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] | pop1 = 473,519 | ref1 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region2 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop2 = 273,290 | ref2 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region3 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | pop3 = 167,426 | ref3 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region4 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | pop4 = 167,151 | ref4 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region5 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop5 = 152,291 | ref5 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Cuba}} | pop6 = 147,617 | ref6 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Mexico}} | pop7 = 144,553 | ref7 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|Venezuela}} | pop8 = 142,302 | ref8 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | pop9 = 133,188 | ref9 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region10 = {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] | pop10 = 124,414 | ref10 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region11 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} | pop11 = 67,960 | ref11 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Uruguay}} | pop12 = 67,414 | ref12 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Chile}} | pop13 = 66,399 | ref13 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region14 = {{flagcountry|Ecuador}} | pop14 = 58,646 | ref14 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region15 = {{flagcountry|Romania}} |pop15 = 46,000 |ref15 = <ref>https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|Colombia}} | pop16 = 37,086 | ref16 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}} | pop17 = 29,984 | ref17 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|Peru}} | pop18 = 28,425 | ref18 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region19 = {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic]] | pop19 = 27,310 | ref19 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region20 = {{flagcountry|Andorra}} | pop20 = 26,558 | ref20 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region21 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} | pop21 = 25,446 | ref21 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region22 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop22 = 22,785 | ref22 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region23 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop23 = 18,118 | ref23 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region24 = {{flagcountry|Bolivia}} | pop24 = 16,676 | ref24 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Panama}} | pop25 = 14,503 | ref25 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region26 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} | pop26 = 14,274 | ref26 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region27 = {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Morocco]] | pop27 = 11,342 | ref27 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region28 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} | pop28 = 11,235 | ref28 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region29 = {{flagcountry|Ireland}} | pop29 = 10,681 | ref29 = <ref name="INE Population Abroad 2020">[https://www.ine.es/prensa/pere_2020.pdf Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2020]</ref> | region32 = {{flagcountry|Philippines}} | pop32 = 3,110 | ref32 = <ref>There are 3,110 immigrants from Spain according to {{Citation | url = http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/p85001/a2012/l0/&file=01001.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 | title = INE | date = 2012-01-01}}</ref> | region33 = {{flagcountry|El Salvador}} | pop33 = 2,450 | ref33 = <ref name="ine.es">[http://www.ine.es/censoe/censo_cerrado/index.html Censo electoral de españoles residentes en el extranjero 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127104640/http://www.ine.es/censoe/censo_cerrado/index.html |date=2010-01-27 }}</ref> | region34 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} | pop34 = 2,043 | region35 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop35 = 3,000 | ref35 = | region36 = {{flagcountry|Guatemala}} | pop36 = 1,351 | region37 = {{flagcountry|Iceland}} | pop37 = 1,000 | ref37 = | region38 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop38 = 965 | ref38 = <ref>[http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=25&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=2 State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census] (Ukrainian)</ref> | region39 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}} | pop39 = 1,000 | region40 = {{flagcountry|Thailand}} | pop40 = 1,000 | langs = [[Languages of Spain|Spanish languages]] (mainly [[Spanish language|Spanish]], also [[Basque language|Basque]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Galician language|Galician]], etc.), [[French language|French]],<!--Spanish French--> [[English language|English]],<!--Spanish American--> [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<!--Spanish Brazilian-->, [[German language|German]],<!--Spanish German--> and others. | rels = Predominantly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]] | related = {{hlist|[[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] | [[French people|French]] | [[Italian people|Italians]]<br>other [[Western Europe]]ans · [[Hispanic]]s | [[Sephardim|Sephardi Jews]]}} | footnotes = | native_name = | native_name_lang = }} The '''[[Spaniards|Spanish]] diaspora''' consists of [[Spaniards|Spanish]] and its [[Lineal descendant|descendants]] who [[emigrated]] from [[Spain]]. The diaspora is concentrated in places that were part of the [[Spanish Empire]]. Countries such as [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Ecuador]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]], and, to a lesser extent, [[Brazil]], [[Belize]], [[Haiti]], the [[Philippines]], [[United States]], [[Canada]] and the rest of [[Europe]]. ==Origins (1402–1521)== [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], under the reign of [[Henry III of Castile|Henry III]], began the colonization of the [[Canary Islands]] in 1402, authorizing under feudal agreement to [[Normandy|Norman]] noblemen [[Jean de Béthencourt]]. The conquest of the Canary Islands, inhabited by [[guanches|Guanche]] people, was only finished when the armies of the [[Crown of Castille]] won, in long and bloody wars, the islands of [[Gran Canaria]] (1478–1483), La Palma (1492–1493) and [[Tenerife]] (1494–1496). The marriage of the ''{{lang|es|[[Catholic Monarchs|Reyes Católicos]]}}'' ([[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]]) created a [[personal union|confederation of reigns]], each with their own administrations, but ruled by a common monarchy. According to [[Henry Kamen]], it was only after centuries of a common rule that these separated realms formed a fully unified state. In 1492, Spain drove out the last Moorish king of Granada. After their victory, the [[Catholic monarchs]] negotiated with [[Christopher Columbus]], a [[Genoa|Genoese]] sailor attempting to reach [[Cipangu]] by sailing west. Castile was already engaged in a [[Age of Exploration|race of exploration]] with Portugal to reach the [[Far East]] by sea when Columbus made his bold proposal to Isabella. Columbus instead inadvertently "discovered" the [[Americas]], inaugurating the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonization of the continents]]. The [[Indies]] were reserved for Castile. [[File:Columbus Taking Possession.jpg|thumb|[[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] and his Spanish crew arriving in the [[New World]].]] ==Age of Discovery== After the [[Age of Discovery]], the Spanish were the earliest and one of the largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the [[Spanish Empire]]'s expansion during the first half of the 16th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the Spanish people", with particular concentrations "in North and South America". The Spanish Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by Spanish people" who left Spain and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures" in the Americas. As a result of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, what became Latin America was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant Spanish". == List of countries by population of Spanish descent== {| class="wikitable"r|- ! style="width:23%;"|Country || Hispanic population || % of country||Reference || Criterion |- | [[Spanish Argentine|Argentina]] || 25,000,000 || 57 || || The majority of Argentines have at least partial Spanish ancestry. Dont include other European ancestry, as well as Indigenous and others. {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} |- | [[Spanish Mexican|Mexico]] || 105,700,000 || 80 + ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico |title=Mexico – Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=10 July 2010}}</ref> || estimated: 17% as ''[[White Mexican|White]]'' and 65-68% as ''[[mestizo]]s''. |- | [[Spanish Chilean|Chile]] || 15,623,289 || 88.9 || {{Better source needed|date=June 2020}} || (''White''/''Spanish+mestizo'') |- | [[Spanish Brazilian|Brazil]] || 8,000,000–20,000,000 || 4.2–8 || <ref>[http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Brasilia/es/MenuPpal/NotaPaisBrasil/Paginas/notapais_brasil.aspx Embassy's Country Note on Brazil mentioning that 20 million Brazilians are of Spanish descent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426050456/http://www.maec.es/subwebs/Embajadas/Brasilia/es/MenuPpal/NotaPaisBrasil/Paginas/notapais_brasil.aspx |date=2009-04-26 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf www.schwartzman.org.br]</ref> || |- | [[White Colombian|Colombia]] || 39,000,000 || 86 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || Non Blacks (pure) and Indigenous |- | [[Spanish immigration to Cuba|Cuba]] || 10,050,849 || 88.9 ||<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm|title=Census of population and homes|publisher=Government of Cuba|date=16 September 2002|language=es|access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref>|| self-description as ''white'', ''mulatto'' and ''mestizo'' |- | [[Spanish Peruvian|Peru]] || 18,600,000 || 60 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | [[Spanish Guatemalan|Guatemala]] || 8,739,917 || 51 || {{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} || ''[[Ladino people|Ladinos]]'' (non-indigenous) |- | [[Spanish Salvadoran|Salvador]] || 6,058,769 || 93 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | [[Nicaraguans#Ethnic groups|Nicaragua]] || 5,056,114 - 5,350,074 || 86 or 91 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || ''mestizo'' and ''white'' combined (perhaps 5% of ''mulattos'') |- | [[Spanish Costa Rican|Costa Rica]] || 3,344,000 || 83.6 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | [[Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] || 3,064,862 || 80.5 ||<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000, Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data] {{webarchive|url=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403025722/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US72&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_DP1&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U |date=2009-04-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |title=Puerto Rico's History on race |access-date=2012-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224431/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br><ref name="page 6, Puerto Rican ancestry">[https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf page 6, Puerto Rican ancestry] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20041204015245/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf |date=2004-12-04 }}</ref><ref name=PRID>[http://names.mongabay.com/ancestry/Puerto_Rico.html Puerto Rican identity]</ref><br><ref name="2010.census.gov">[http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=72 ''2010 Census Interactive Population Search: Puerto Rico.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628161934/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=72 |date=2012-06-28 }} - assuming this applies to [[Puerto Rican Diaspora]] in United States of 4.6 million, 3-4 million should be ''White'', and most of those should be Spanish based on history of European immigration to Puerto Rico - Retrieved 16 December 2011.</ref>|| self-description as ''White'', 83,879 (2.1%) identified as ''Spaniard'' |- | [[Spanish American|United States]]|| 2,389,841–3,500,000; 66,789,512 || 0.8–1.1; 18.8 ||<ref name="factfinder.census.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=U.S. Census Bureau, Spaniard, 2008 American Community Survey |access-date=2010-12-02 }}</ref>|| self-description, 625,562 (0.2%) identified as ''Spaniard'', and 18.8% of Latin Americans (2019 est.) |- | [[Spanish Canadian|Canada]]|| 368,305 || 1.4 || || |- | [[Spanish Filipino|Philippines]] || 2,700,000 || 3.5|| {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | [[Spanish Bolivian|Bolivia]] || 4,780,000 || 43 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | [[Spanish Uruguayan|Uruguay]] || ~1,000,000 || 80+ || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | [[Dominican Republic]] || 9,589,388 || 88 ||<ref>http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/dominican-republic-population</ref> || Genealogical testing in 2012 found the average Dominican is 58% European, 35% Sub-Saharan African and 7% Asian-Native American. |- | [[Spanish Venezuelan|Venezuela]] || 25,079,923 || 90.1 || {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} || |- | '''Total in Diaspora''' ||292,800,000|| || || |- | [[Spanish people|Spain]] || 46,000,000 || 8 ||<ref>Population of {{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxiBD/tabla.do?per=01&type=db&divi=EPOB&idtab=2|title=Official Population Figures of Spain. Population on the 1&nbsp;April 2010|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística de España|access-date=5 July 2010}} 46,030,109 resident figure</ref>|| undefined |- | [[France]] || 1,200,000 || || || |} ==Africa== [[File:Algérie, le lundi de Pâques à Oran, divertissements de la colonie espagnole, de Vierge.jpg|thumb|Spanish settlers in [[Oran]], Algeria]] ===Conquest of the Canary Islands=== {{main|Conquest of the Canary Islands|Canarian people}} The first period of the conquest of the Canaries was carried out by the Norman nobles [[Jean de Béthencourt]] and [[Gadifer de la Salle]]. Their motives were basically economic: Bethencourt possessed textile factories and dye works and the Canaries offered a source of dyes such as the [[orchil]] lichen. The treaty settled disputes between Castile and Portucalense County over the control of the Atlantic, in which Castilian control of the Canary islands was recognized but which also confirmed Portuguese possession of the Azores, Madeira, the Cape Verde islands and gave them rights to lands discovered and to be discovered...and any other island which might be found and conquered from the Canary islands beyond toward Guinea. The [[Castilians]] continued to dominate the islands, but due to the topography and the resistance of the native [[Guanches]], complete pacification was not achieved until 1495, when [[Tenerife]] and [[La Palma]] were finally subdued by [[Alonso Fernández de Lugo]]. After that, the Canaries were incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Castile]]. The islands were conquered by mostly [[Andalusia]]ns and some [[Crown of Castile|Castilians]] at the beginnings of the 15th century. In 1402, they began to subdue the native [[Guanches|Guanche]] population and the Guanches were initially enslaved and gradually absorbed by the Spanish colonizers. After subsequent settlement by Spaniards and other [[European ethnic groups|European peoples]], mainly [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], the remaining Guanches were gradually diluted by the settlers and their culture largely vanished. [[Alonso Fernández de Lugo]], conqueror of Tenerife and La Palma, oversaw extensive immigration to these islands during a short period from the late 1490s to the 1520s from mainland Europe, and immigrants included [[Galicians]], [[Castile (historical region)|Castilians]], [[Portugal|Portuguese]], [[Italy|Italians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Basque people|Basques]] and [[Flanders|Flemings]]. At subsequent judicial enquiries, Fernández de Lugo was accused of favoring [[Genoa|Genoese]] and Portuguese immigrants over Castilians.<ref>[http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/lapalma/history.html History of La Palma<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Equatorial Guinea=== {{main|Spanish Equatoguineans}} {{Section empty|date=November 2014}} ==Americas== ===Argentina=== {{main|Spanish Argentines}} [[File:Argentina - Misiones - Oberá - Fiesta del Inmigrante 2014 - Desfile Inaugural 26.JPG|thumb|[[Immigrant's Festival]] in [[Misiones Province|Misiones]], Argentina]] Spanish settlement in Argentina, that is the arrival of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] emigrants in [[Argentina]], took place firstly in the period before Argentina's independence from Spain, and again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the [[Spanish Empire]] was the sole colonial power in the territories that became Argentina after the 1816 [[Argentine declaration of independence]]. Thus, before 1816, a great part of the [[European peoples|European]] settlers in Argentina were from Spain, and they carried the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonial]] administration, including religious affairs, government, and commercial business. A substantial Spanish-descended [[Criollo people|Criollo]] population gradually built up in the new cities, while some mixed with the [[Indigenous peoples in Argentina|indigenous populations]] (''[[Mestizos]]''), with the [[African immigration to Latin America|black slave population]] (''[[Mulattoes]]''), or with other European immigrants. Since a great part of the immigrants to Argentina before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and the fact that a significative part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Argentina were Spaniards, the vast majority of [[Argentinian people|Argentinians]] are of mostly Spanish ancestry. However, this prevalence and the numerous shared cultural aspects between Argentina and Spain (the [[Spanish language]], [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Criollo people|Criollo]]/[[Hispanic]] traditions), massive [[Immigration to Argentina]] at the turn of the 20th century involved a majority of non-Spanish peoples from all over Europe. ===Brazil=== {{main|Spanish Brazilians|Spanish immigration to Brazil}} Spanish immigration was the third largest among immigrant groups in Brazil; about 750,000 immigrants entered Brazil from Spanish ports (a number smaller only than that of Argentina and Cuba after the independence of Latin American countries).<ref name="Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil">[http://www.scielo.br/img/revistas/rsp/v8s0/03t2.gif Entrada de estrangeiros no Brasil]</ref> Numbers of Spaniards coming to Brazil before independence are unknown, but they had a presence, particularly more significant during the [[Iberian Union]] period and in [[São Paulo state]]. During the dynastic union between Portugal and Spain (1580–1640), many Spaniards settled in Brazil, particularly in São Paulo. As a consequence, there is a large number of Brazilian descendants of these early settlers, especially since the early inhabitants of São Paulo explored and settled in other parts of Brazil. The descendants of Bartolomeu Bueno de Ribeira, born in Seville around 1555, who settled in São Paulo around 1583, marrying Maria Pires, are an example of it.<ref>GeneAll.net [http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=338361 Bartolomeu Bueno de Ribeira]</ref> Afonso Taunay, in his book dealing with early São Paulo, ''[[São Paulo in the XVI century]]'', mentions also Baltazar de Godoy, Francisco de Saavedra, Jusepe de Camargo, Martin Fernandes Tenório de Aguilar, Bartolomeu de Quadros, among others. In his genealogical account of the settling of [[São Paulo]], Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme, also mentions the three Rendon brothers, Juan Matheus Rendon, Francisco Rendon de Quebedo and Pedro Matheus Rendon Cabeza de Vaca, as well as Diogo Lara, form [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]]. Spaniards from [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] also settled in Brazil during that time, like [[Jorge de Barros]], for example.<ref>http://www.projetocompartilhar.org/SAESPp/jorgedebarros1615.htm</ref> The family names Bueno, Godoy, Lara, Saavedra, Camargo, etc., tracing back to these early settlers, are quite popular throughout [[Southeast Brazil]], [[Southern Brazil]] and the [[Center-West Region, Brazil|Center-West]]. [[Silva Leme]], in his work ''Genealogia Paulistana'' ("Paulistana Genealogy"), addresses several of these families.<ref>http://buratto.org/paulistana/</ref> Brazilian censuses do not research "ethnic origins" or ancestry, which makes it very difficult to give accurate numbers of Brazilians of Spanish descent. The only reliable research available is the 1998 July PME, the scope of which, however, is limited (it covers only six metropolitan regions), resulting in probably skewed results, as it includes the metropolitan regions of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, and Salvador, probably the most important concentrations of Brazilians of Spanish descent.<ref>Elda Evangelina Gonzáles Martínez. O Brasil como país de destino para os migrantes espanhóis. In Boris Fausto. [https://books.google.com/books?id=sFEuUUyJrSEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=fazer+a+am%C3%A9rica&hl=pt-BR&ei=9-QnTJHmOcT6lwew9YWlCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina]. p. 248-251.</ref> In the 1998 PME, Brazilians of Spanish descent were 4.4%<ref>Simon Schwartzman. [http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/pdf/origem.pdf Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil]. Quadro 2, p. 7.</ref> of the analysed populations. If the same proportion would be found in all territory, this would mean about 8,400,000 Brazilians of Spanish descent, but such extrapolation is problematic, and quite certainly results in an overestimate, due to the issues pointed above. ===Canada=== {{main|Spanish Canadians}} The population of Canadians of Spanish descent is 368,305. [[File:Retrato de Don German Riesco Errázuriz.jpg|thumb|upright|Chilean President [[Germán Riesco]] was the son of a Spanish merchant. His mother was the sister of President [[Federico Errázuriz Zañartu]], of Basque descent.]] ===Chile=== {{main|Spanish Chilean}} The earliest [[Emigration from Europe|European immigrants]] were Spanish colonisers who arrived in the 16th century. They came to form the majority of the population by the time of [[Chilean independence]].<ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html Vascos en Chile.]</ref> They came mainly from [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] and [[Andalusia]] and formed the majority population. In the 18th and 19th centuries, many [[Basques]] from both Spain and [[France]] came to Chile were they integrated into the existing elites of Castilian origin.<ref name="Diariovasco">[http://www.diariovasco.com/pg060724/prensa/noticias/AlDia/200607/24/DVA-ALD-003.html ''Diario vasco''.]</ref><ref name="deia.com">[http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php Enterview to the president of the Basque parliament.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511001812/http://www.deia.com/es/impresa/2008/05/22/bizkaia/ekonomia/469496.php |date=2009-05-11 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r52-20726/es/contenidos/noticia/albis12_257_txile_08_11/es_txile/albis12_257_txile_08_11.html Chilean Basques]. Ainara Madariaga (writer). "''Imaginarios vascos desde Chile la construcción de imaginarios vascos en Chile durante el siglo XX''".</ref><ref>[http://www.euskonews.com/0072zbk/gaia7204es.html Basques in Chile.]</ref><ref>''Contacto Interlingüístico e intercultural en el mundo hispano''. Instituto valenciano de lenguas y culturas. Universitat de València. Cite:"''Un 20% de la población chilena tiene su origen en el País Vasco''".</ref><ref>[http://www.empresariosvascos.cl/boletines/2008-11-03-BOLETIN-EMPREBASK.pdf Basque entrepreneurs. ''La población chilena con ascendencia vasca bordea entre el 15% y el 20% del total, por lo que es uno de los países con mayor presencia de emigrantes venidos de Euskadi''.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202064123/http://www.empresariosvascos.cl/boletines/2008-11-03-BOLETIN-EMPREBASK.pdf |date=2010-02-02 }}{{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>[http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf ''El 27% de los chilenos son descendientes de emigrantes vascos''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819165814/http://www.euzkoetxeachile.cl/libros/04-De%20los%20Vascos%20Onati%20y%20los%20Elorza-2.pdf |date=2013-08-19 }} From Oñati and Elorza family. Waldo Ayarza Elorza. {{in lang|es}}</ref><ref>[http://www.euskalkultura.com/noticias/jon-erdozia-nuevo-delegado-en-chile-iniciativas-vasco-chilenas-como-emprebask-son-exportables-a-otros-paises?language_sync=1 Presencia vasca en Chile.] {{in lang|es}}</ref> Other European nationalities then followed and also became rich and fused with each other and the Basque–Castilian elite to create modern [[Chilean culture]]. In the 20th century, there was an influx of refugees of the [[Spanish Civil War]] and Franco's regime. (see [[Winnipeg (ship)|Winnipeg ship]]) They have kepted their Spanish national identity and set up Spanish clubs throughout the country. The [[Spanish culture]] of the original settlers slowly evolved into Chilean folk culture, especially the ''[[huaso]]'' one, and at the time of independence had abandoned national affiliation with Spain. ===Colombia=== {{main|Spanish Colombian}} Spanish emigration to Colombia began in the early 16th century and continues to the present day. About 500,000 Spaniards emigrated to Colombia during the colonial period. There are currently over 27,000 Spanish immigrants in Colombia. ===Cuba=== {{main|Spanish immigration to Cuba}} [[File:MartiJohnManuel K TRestauration.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jose Marti]] - Cuban poet had Spanish parents.]] [[File:Ana de Armas GQ 2018 2.png|thumb|upright|[[Ana de Armas]] - Spanish-Cuban famous actress has Spanish grandparents and citizenship.]] Spanish immigration to Cuba began in 1492, when [[Christopher Columbus]] first landed on the island, and continues to the present day. The first sighting of a Spanish boat approaching the island was on 28 October 1492, probably at [[Baracoa]] on the eastern point of the island. [[Christopher Columbus]], on his first voyage to the Americas, sailed south from what is now [[the Bahamas]] to explore the northeast coast of Cuba and the northern coast of [[Hispaniola]]. Columbus found the island believing it to be a peninsula of the Asian mainland.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Worlds of Christopher Columbus |author=Carla Rahn Phillips |edition=reprint, illustrated |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-44652-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tVAxgY0sUpEC&pg=RA2-PA205 205] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVAxgY0sUpEC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Early Mapping of Southeast Asia |author=Thomas Suarez |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-962-593-470-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC&pg=PA109 109] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG7ZMAbv_jAC }}</ref> In 1511, [[Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar]] set out with three ships and an army of 300 men from Santo Domingo to form the first Spanish settlement in Cuba, with orders from Spain to conquer the island. Most heritage comes from [[Canarian people|Canarians]], [[Asturian people|Asturians]], [[Galician people|Galicians]] and [[Castilian people|Castilians]]. The native white population are nearly all descendants of the Spaniards.<ref>[http://www.cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?lID=1&artID=538 Spanish Emigration to Cuba]</ref> ====20th and 21st centuries==== Other results show that between 1902 and 1931, 780,400 (60.8%) were from Spain, 197,600 (15.4%) from Haiti, 115,600 (9.0%) from Jamaica and 190,300 (14.8%) other countries.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sFEuUUyJrSEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fazer+a+Am%C3%A9rica:+a+imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+em+massa+para+a+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina&source=bl&ots=c42TuHsL8d&sig=Gdla82-woFjtQNGcjBR5V7OVnOs&hl=en&ei=rngjTOGiA52IOO3W7LEF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina] By Boris Fausto</ref> In 2014, there were 108,858 with Spanish citizenship, with only 2,114 born in Spain.<ref name="INE Population Abroad 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/prensa/np898.pdf |title=Explotación estadística del Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero a 1 de enero de 2015 |access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref><ref name="INE Population Abroad by nationality">{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/p85001/a2015/l0/&file=01004.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 |title=Padrón de Españoles Residentes en el Extranjero (PERE) |format=PDF |access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> ===Dominican Republic=== [[File:Maria-montez.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Maria Montez]]]] {{main|White Dominicans}} [[File:Oscar de la Renta by foto di matti.cropped.jpg|left|thumb|205x205px|[[Oscar de la Renta]]]] The presence of whites in the Dominican Republic dates back to the founding of La Isabela, the first European settlement in the Americas, by Christopher Columbus in 1493 after the destruction of the Fuerte de la Navidad a year prior by the Cacique Caonabo. In 1510, there were 10,000 Spaniards in the colony of Santo Domingo, and it rose to over 20,000 in 1520. During the eighteenth century, there were French colonists that settled in many Spanish towns, particularly in [[Santiago de los Caballeros]]; by 1730 they accounted for 25% of the population. In 1718 a Royal Decree ordered the expel of the French people from the colony of Santo Domingo. The Grand Mayor of Santiago, Antonio Pichardo Vinuesta, refused to obey the decree arguing that most of the Frenchmen had married local Spanish women and therefore, their expulsion would damage the economy of the [[Cibao|Cibao Region]]. The Grand Mayor Pichardo was tried and imprisoned in the city of Santo Domingo, but in the next year, the [[Council of the Indies]] reasoned in favor of Pichardo and decided a pardon to the Frenchmen. In 1720-1721, a revolt in Santiago against a new tax on [[beef]] exports to the Saint Domingue colony, arose [[Francization|Frenchification]] fears in the [[Santo Domingo]] elite; Captain-General Fernando Constanzo, governor of the Santo Domingo, accused the Elite of the Cibao of seeking to annex their provinces to France. After the failed plans of the Spanish Monarchy to expel the French colonists, the Monarchy decided to actively encourage the mass settlement of Spanish families in its territory. Over the nineteenth century, the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo was the subject of a mass migration of Spaniards, most of whom came from the Canary Islands.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Parsons|first=James J.|date=April 1983|title=The Migration of Canary Islanders to the Americas: An Unbroken Current Since Columbus|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/migration-of-canary-islanders-to-the-americas-an-unbroken-current-since-columbus/B99EF224555F9873BF2015BE4C42747F|journal=The Americas|language=en|volume=39|issue=4|pages=447–481|doi=10.1017/S0003161500050173|issn=0003-1615}}</ref> Due to this migration, it decreased the amount of non-whites in the colony with the black population dropping to 12%, the mulatto population to 8%, and the quadroons to 31% In present times the majority of the descendants of these Spaniards can be found in the North or Cibao Region of Dominican Republic, representing a significant portion of the population in Provinces such as Valverde, Espaillat, Hermanas Mirabal, La Vega and specially in Santiago; but other places with important white minorities include Distrito Nacional, La Romana, Bonao, San Felipe de Puerto Plata, Punta Cana Village and Santa Cruz de Barahona. It is estimated that there are currently 26,880 Spanish nationals living in the Dominican Republic.<ref name=":0" /> ===Guatemala=== {{main|Spanish immigration to Guatemala}} The arrival of the [[Spanish people|Spaniards]] in [[Guatemala]] began in 1524 with the conquest of the territory under the command of [[Pedro de Alvarado]]. After the conquest and the [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala|colonial]] era, more people came to the country, not as conquerors, but to do business or daily activities.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Minster|first1=Christopher|title=The Maya: Conquest of the K'iche by Pedro de Alvarado|url=http://latinamericanhistory.about.com/od/theconquestofthemaya/p/08mayaconquest.htm|website=About (Education)|access-date=2015-04-11|language=es}}</ref> The Spanish embassy in [[Guatemala City]] reports some 9,311 Spaniards living in Guatemala in 2014. Early European immigrants from Guatemala were Spaniards who conquered the indigenous [[Maya peoples|Mayan]] population in 1524. They ruled for almost 300 years. Although the [[Spanish conquest of Guatemala]] was primarily the result of its technical superiority, the Spaniards were helped by the Mayans who were already involved in a bitter internal struggle. After a period of political instability exacerbated by the collapse of the world market for [[indigo]], main exporter in the region of Europe, each province seceded from the federation, starting with [[Costa Rica]]. The federation collapsed between 1838 and 1840, when Guatemala became an independent nation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=James|title=Guatemala: Economic Migrants Replace Political Refugees|url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/guatemala-economic-migrants-replace-political-refugees|website=MPI|access-date=2015-04-11}}</ref> ===Mexico=== {{main|Spaniards in Mexico}} {{multiple image | total_width = 400 | image1 = Belinda Peregrin Schull.jpg| caption1 = [[Belinda Peregrín]] | image2 = Fantasy Island Ricardo Montalban (cropped).jpg| caption2 = [[Ricardo Montalbán]] | image3 = Charros en Tequixquiac (2).JPG| caption3 = The [[charrería]], a Mexican sport with Spanish origins | image4 = Guillermo_del_Toro_in_2017.jpg| caption4 = [[Guillermo del Toro]] }} Spanish [[immigration to Mexico]] began in 1519 and spans to the present day.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico/27384/Ethnic-groups Encyclopædia Britannica - Mexico: Ethnic Groups]</ref> The first Spanish settlement was established in February 1519, as a result of the landing of [[Hernán Cortés]] in the [[Yucatán Peninsula]], accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men, 13 horses and a small number of cannons.<ref name=Grunberg>Bernard Grunberg, ''"La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés''", in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' n°322, July–August 2007</ref> In March 1519, Cortés formally claimed the land for the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish crown]], and the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|conquest of the Aztec Empire]], a key event in the Spanish conquest of modern-day Mexico in general, was completed in 1521. In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.<ref>{{Cite journal|url= http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |title= The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America |first= James |last= Axtell |journal= Humanities |date= September–October 1991 |volume= 12 |issue= 5 |pages= 12–18 |access-date= 2008-10-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART |archive-date = May 17, 2008}}</ref> Since the conquest of Mexico, this region became the principal destination of Spanish colonial settlers in the 16th century. The first Spaniards who arrived in Mexico were soldiers and sailors from [[Extremadura]], [[Andalusia]] and [[La Mancha]] after the [[conquest of the Americas]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.emperadores.es/circuitos/tierra-de-conquistadores |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307000858/http://emperadores.es/circuitos/tierra-de-conquistadores |archive-date=2016-03-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.allspainaccommodation.com/extremadura/extremadura.htm</ref> At the end of the 16th century both commoner and aristocrat from Spain were migrating to Mexico. [[File:Sta Rosa de Lima por Claudio Coello.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Saint Rose of Lima]]]] ===Peru=== {{main|Spanish Peruvian}} The regions from which most Spanish immigrants originated were those of [[Extremadura]], [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Catalonia]] and [[Andalusia]]. Most of the colonial immigrants, in consequence, went from the southern regions of Spain to what now is considered the coastal Peruvian region.{{Clarify|date=November 2008}} These immigrants generally departed from the ports of [[Cádiz]] or [[Seville]] and arrived in the ports of [[Callao]], [[Mollendo]] and [[Pimentel District|Pimentel]]. Many of these immigrants made a stopover in a Caribbean port before arriving in Peru. {{Citation needed|date=May 2016}} Before the development of the [[Panama Canal]], ships went around [[Cape Horn]] to reach Peruvian ports. Although not many, a few travelers made their way from Europe to Peru via the [[Amazon River]]. These immigrants would seek passage on the many commercial ships going to retrieve rubber in Peru to bring back to Europe. These immigrants arrived at the river port of [[Iquitos]]. Almost all of them stayed there. These immigrants numbered no more than a few thousand. Around 44% of Peruvians are ''mestizos'' (people of mixed white and native Peruvian descent), more than 7% are ''mulattoes'', making a total of 51% mixed segment.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [[:es:Etnografía del Perú|/ Etnografía del Perú]]</ref> ===Puerto Rico=== {{main|Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | header_background = | footer = | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Manuel Fernandez Juncos 1917.jpg | width1 = 138 | caption1 = [[Manuel Fernández Juncos|Manuel Fernández]] wrote ''[[La Borinqueña]]''. | alt1 = | image2 = Puig US16 (38) (29236398233).jpg | width2 = 118 | caption2 = [[Monica Puig]] at the [[2016 US Open (tennis)|2016 US Open]]. | alt2 = }} Spanish immigration to Puerto Rico began in 1493 (continuing to 1898 as a part of the [[Spanish Empire]]) and continues to the present day. On 25 September 1493, [[Christopher Columbus]] set sail on his [[Christopher Columbus#Second voyage|second voyage]] with 17 ships and 1,200–1,500 men from [[Cádiz]], Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=The second voyage of Columbus|publisher=World Book, Inc.|url=http://www.worldbook.com/wc/popup?path=features/explorers&page=html/newworld_chris_second.html&direct=yes|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120628225436/http://www.worldbook.com/wc/popup?path=features/explorers&page=html/newworld_chris_second.html&direct=yes|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2012|access-date=11 February 2006}}</ref> On 19 November 1493, he landed on the island, naming it ''San Juan Bautista'' in honor of Saint [[John the Baptist]]. The first Spanish settlement, [[Caparra Archaeological Site|Caparra]], was founded on 8 August 1508 by [[Juan Ponce de León]], born in [[Valladolid]], Spain, a [[lieutenant]] under Columbus, who later became the first governor of the island.<ref>[[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]] is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived on the island.</ref> From the start of the conquest of Puerto Rico, [[Castilian people|Castilians]] ruled over the religious ([[Roman Catholicism in Puerto Rico|Roman Catholicism]]) and [[Politics of Puerto Rico|political]] life. Some came to the island for just a few years and then returned to Spain, however many stayed. Puerto Rico's founding family were [[Castilian people|Castilians]] (Ponce de León family). Their home was built in 1521 by Ponce de León but he died in the same year, leaving "Casa Blanca" to his young son Luis Ponce de León. The original structure didn't last long; two years after its construction, a hurricane destroyed it, and it was rebuilt by Ponce de León's son-in-law Juan Garcia Troche. The southern city of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] is named after [[Juan Ponce de León y Loayza]], the great-grandson of Juan Ponce de León<!-- edited because not the JP de León not island's discoverer. -->.<ref>[http://www.enciclopediapr1.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=09012901&page=2 Founding and History of Ponce]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Immigration to the island caused the population to grow rapidly during the 19th century. In 1800 the population was 155,426 and ended the century with almost a million inhabitants (953,243), multiplying the population by about six times. The main component responsible was the [[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]] which led to immigrants from some 74 countries arriving. Included were hundreds of [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsican]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Irish]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|German]], [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], [[Maltese people|Maltese]] and Portuguese families moving to the island. Some countries were represented by only a few (51 [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Chinese]] individuals for example). The country that still sent the most people was Spain. From the start of colonization, other groups from [[Catalonia]], [[Asturias]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], and [[Majorca]] had also immigrated, although the [[Canarian people]] formed the basis. Once the 19th century came, things changed drastically. According to Puerto Rican authors such as Cifre de Loubriel who researched the immigration wave patterns made to the island, during the 19th century the greatest number of Spaniards that came to the island with their families were Catalans and Mallorcans from the nearby [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean regions]]. The second most common Spanish region with the largest numbers were the Galicians and Asturians, and the third regions were Canary Islanders, Basques and [[Andalusians]]. The [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Galicians]], [[Majorcans]] and [[Asturians]] would come with whole families most of the time. There were regions of the island that attracted some immigrants more than others which was mainly for political or economic reasons. ===United States=== {{main|Spanish Americans}} {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |+ |----- !colspan=6|Immigration to the United States<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA393&lpg=PA393&dq=spanish+immigration+to+united+states+68,611+20,433&source=bl&ots=2mzTjLeR41&sig=FZGWMNssdCC-0w5wUcC9bnDKbpE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GEmdVcyWJovcUYHVroAJ&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=spanish%20immigration%20to%20united%20states%2068%2C611%2020%2C433&f=false Encyclopedia of North American Immigration By John Powell]</ref> |----- ! style="background:#efefef;" | Years ! style="background:#efefef;" | Arrivals ! style="background:#efefef;" | Years ! style="background:#efefef;" | Arrivals ! style="background:#efefef;" | Years ! style="background:#efefef;" | Arrivals |----- | 1820&ndash;1830||2,616||1891&ndash;1900||8,731||1961&ndash;1970||44,659 |----- |1831&ndash;1840||2,125||1901&ndash;1910||27,935||1971&ndash;1980||39,141 |----- |1841&ndash;1850||2,209||1911&ndash;1920||68,611||1981&ndash;1990||20,433 |----- |1851&ndash;1860||9,298||1921&ndash;1930||28,958||1991&ndash;2000||17,157 |----- |1861&ndash;1870||6,697||1931&ndash;1940||3,258||2001&ndash;2005||6,052 |----- |1871&ndash;1880||5,266||1941&ndash;1950||2,898||||| |----- |1881&ndash;1890||4,419||1951&ndash;1960||7,894|||| |----- | colspan="6" style="text-align:right;"| Total number of arrivals (183 years): '''305,797''' |} The Spanish are one of the longest-established [[European Americans|European-American]] groups with a continuous presence in [[Florida]] since 1565<ref name=loc>{{cite web |url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/colonial/jb_colonial_augustin_1.html |title=A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=2012-06-29}}</ref> and are the eighth-largest (choosing the term "Spaniard") [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] group in the United States of America. In addition, a substantial proportion of Americans are also of Spanish descent indirectly via a Latin American country due to Spanish colonialism, although the term "Spanish-American" is used only to refer to Americans whose ancestry originates entirely or partially from [[Spain]]. They are found in large concentrations in five major states from 1940 through the early twenty-first century. In 1940, the highest concentration of Spaniards were in [[New York (state)|New York]] (primarily [[New York City]]), followed by [[California]], [[Florida]], [[New Jersey]] and [[Pennsylvania]]. Immigration to the United States from Spain was minimal but steady during the first half of the nineteenth century, with an increase during the 1850s and 1860s resulting from the social disruption of the Carlist civil wars. Much larger numbers of Spanish immigrants entered the country in the first quarter of the twentieth century—27,000 in the first decade and 68,000 in the second—due to the same circumstances of rural poverty and urban congestion that led other Europeans to emigrate in that period, as well as unpopular wars. The Spanish presence in the United States declined sharply between 1930 and 1940 from a total of 110,000 to 85,000. Many immigrants moved either back to Spain or to another country. {{multiple image|perrow=2|caption_align=center | image1 = Mabel Alvarez.jpg|width1=144| caption1 = [[Mabel Alvarez]] Prominent American artist | image2 = Rita Hayworth - 1940.JPG|width2=136| caption2 = Actress [[Rita Hayworth]] | image3 = Adele Mara (The Tiger Women-1945).jpg|width3=154| caption3 = Actress [[Adele Mara]] | image4 = Martin Sheen 1987.jpg|width4=126|caption4 = Actor [[Martin Sheen]] | image5 = George Santayana.jpg|width5=145|caption5 = Philosopher [[George Santayana]] | image6 = Admiral Farragut2.jpg|width6=120|caption6 = Union Admiral [[David Farragut]] }} ====Number of Spanish Americans==== In the 2013 [[American Community Survey]], 759,781 people that reported "Spaniard", 652,884 were native USA-born and 106,897 were foreign-born. 65.3% of the foreign-born were born in Europe, 25.1% were born in [[Latin America]], 8.3% from [[Asia]], 0.6% in [[Northern America]], 0.5% in [[Africa]] and 0.1% in [[Oceania]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Spaniard: POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES - 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |access-date=2015-07-12 }}</ref> * Spanish – 505,254<ref name="factfinder.census.gov"/> * Spanish American – 21,540<ref name="factfinder.census.gov"/> ====2010 Census==== The [[2010 United States Census|2010 Census]] is the 23rd and most recent United States [[United States Census|national census]]. National [[Census Day]], the reference day used for the census, was April 1, 2010.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web |title=Interactive Timeline |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/about/timeline-text.php |work=About the 2010 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=June 17, 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032051/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/about/timeline-text.php |archive-date=December 20, 2010 }}</ref> * Spaniard – 635,253<ref name="timeline"/> Statistics for those who self-identify as ethnic Spaniard, Spanish, Spanish American in the 2010 [[American Community Survey]]. * Spaniard – 694,494<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey |access-date=2015-07-12 }}</ref> * Spanish – 482,072<ref name="ReferenceB"/> * Spanish American – 48,810<ref name="ReferenceB"/> ===Uruguay=== {{main|Spanish Uruguayans}} Spanish settlement in Uruguay took place firstly in the period before Uruguay's independence from Spain (then known as "[[Banda Oriental]]", a sparsely populated strip of land). Then again in large numbers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. A substantial Spanish-descended [[Criollo people|Criollo]] population gradually built up, while some mixed with the [[Indigenous peoples in Uruguay|indigenous populations]] (''[[Mestizos]]''), with the [[African immigration to Latin America|black slave population]] (''[[Mulattoes]]''), or with other European immigrants. Since a great part of the immigrants to Uruguay before the mid-19th century were of Spanish descent, and the fact that a significative part of the late-19th century/early-20th century immigrants to Uruguay were Spaniards, the vast majority of [[Uruguayan people|Uruguayans]] are of mostly Spanish ancestry. However, this prevalence and the numerous shared cultural aspects between Uruguay and Spain (the [[Spanish language]], [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Criollo people|Criollo]]/[[Hispanic]] traditions), massive [[Immigration to Uruguay]] at the turn of the 20th century involved a majority of non-Spanish peoples from all over Europe. ===Venezuela=== {{main|Spanish immigration to Venezuela}} Spanish immigration to Venezuela began with the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]], and continued during [[Colonial Venezuela]] and, after independence in 1830, during the nineteenth century. Further immigration took place particularly following [[World War II]]. ==Asia== ===Philippines=== {{main|Spanish Filipino}} [[File:Augusto Ayala (cropped).png|thumb|upright|Industrialist [[Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala]], CEO of [[Ayala Corporation]]. The [[Zobel de Ayala family]] are of Spanish and German descent.]] A [[Spanish Filipino]] is any citizen or resident of the Philippines who is of Spanish ancestral origin. These Filipinos of Spanish descent trace part of their ancestry to [[Spain]] directly or via a [[Latin America]]n country and are mostly descendants of the migrants to the [[Spanish East Indies]] now known as the Philippines. For three centuries (333 years), between 1565 and 1898, Mexicans of Spanish descent, Spaniards, and Latin Americans sailed to and from the Spanish East Indies as government officials, soldiers, priests, settlers, traders, sailors and adventurers in the [[Manila Galleon|Manila-Acapulco Galleon]], assisting Spain in its trade between Europe and Latin America ([[Hispanic America|Spanish America]]); and Latin America and China. According to an 1818 study by the renowned German [[ethnologist]] [[Fedor Jagor|Fëdor Jagor]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=GydHYs7g6pYC/ "The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes"], about ''"1/3rd of the inhabitants of the [[island of Luzon]] were mixed with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry and that the vast majority of military personnel have Latin-American origins."''<ref name=fedor>{{cite book|last=Jagor|first=Fedor|title=The Former Philippines Through Foreign Eyes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GydHYs7g6pYC|chapter=Part VI People and Prospects of the Philippines|chapter-url=http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html|year=2007|publisher=Echo Library|isbn=978-1-4068-1542-9|display-authors=etal}}</ref> ==Europe== [[File:Jean Reno.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Jean Reno]] was born in [[Casablanca]], [[French Morocco|Morocco]], to Spanish [[Andalusians|Andalusian]] parents]] ===France=== {{main|Spanish immigration to France}} French people of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of [[France]] who is of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] ancestral origin. Famous people of Spanish origin have included [[Louis de Funès]], [[Eric Cantona]], [[Anne Hidalgo]], [[Diego Buñuel]], [[Luis Fernández]], [[Jean Reno]], [[Olivier Martinez]], [[Paco Rabanne]], [[Mathieu Valbuena]], [[Manuel Amoros]], [[Raymond Domenech]], [[Albert Camus]] and [[Manuel Valls]]. ===Germany=== {{main|Spaniards in Germany}} Germans of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of [[Germany]] who is of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] ancestral origin. Between 1960–1973, up to 600,000 [[Spaniards]] emigrated to Germany.<ref>50 Jahre spanische Einwanderung in der BRD, http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/tagungsberichte/id=3471</ref> Notable Spaniards in Germany include [[Mario Gómez]], [[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]], [[Gonzalo Castro]], [[Francisco Copado]], [[Curro Torres]], [[Enrique Sánchez Lansch]], [[Marc Gallego]], [[Stefan Ortega]], [[Joselu]], [[Daniel Brühl]], [[Oscar Corrochano]], [[Cristian Fiel]]. ===Switzerland=== {{main|Spaniards in Switzerland}} Swiss of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of [[Switzerland]] who is of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] ancestral origin. Famous Spaniards in Siwtzerland: [[Ricardo Cabanas]], [[Ricardo Rodríguez (footballer)|Ricardo Rodríguez]], [[Philippe Senderos]], [[Luis Cembranos]], [[Gerardo Seoane]], [[Riccardo Meili]], [[Raphael Diaz]], [[Vincent Perez]]. ===United Kingdom=== {{main|Spaniards in the United Kingdom}} British of Spanish descent is any citizen or resident of the [[United Kingdom]] who is of [[Spanish people|Spanish]] ancestral origin. Famous Spaniards in the United Kingdom: [[John Galliano]], [[Patrick Murray (actor)|Patrick Murray]], [[Geri Halliwell]], [[John Garcia Thompson]], [[Roland Orzabal]], [[Michael Portillo]], [[Lita Roza]], [[Mary I of England|Mary I]], [[Edward II]], [[Jay Rodriguez]]. ==Oceania== ===Australia=== {{main|Spanish Australians}} There are approximately 78,271 Australians of Spanish descent, most of which reside within the major cities of Sydney and Melbourne, with lesser numbers in Brisbane and Perth.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} Of these, according to the 2006 Australian census, 12,276 were born in Spain.<ref>[http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=0&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=0&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=POLTD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Ancestry%20(Region)%20by%20Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Parents&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Ancestry& Australia ancestry 2006.]</ref> ===New Zealand=== {{main|Spanish New Zealanders}} There are approximately 2,043 New Zealanders who are of full or partial Spanish descent, most of whom reside within the major cities of Auckland and Wellington. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Spanish diaspora}} {{European diasporas}} [[Category:Spanish diaspora| ]] [[Category:European diasporas]]'