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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Infobox horse
|name= Miniature Horse
|image=Miniatuurpaardje.jpg
|image_caption= Miniature horse at show in Europe
|features = Small size, with horse phenotype {{convert|34|-|38|in|cm}} at the [[withers]]
|altname=
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'''Miniature horses''' are horses defined by their small height. They can be found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas, and are the result of centuries of [[selective breeding]]. Depending on the particular [[breed registry]] involved, the height of these horses is usually less than {{convert|34|-|38|in|cm}} tall at the [[withers]]. While miniature horses fit a height-based definition to be considered a very small [[pony]], many retain the physical appearance of the full sized [[horse]] and are thus considered "horses" by their respective registries. They have various colors and coat patterns.
Miniature horses are generally bred to be friendly and to interact well with people. For this reason they have been kept as family pets, though they still retain natural [[horse behavior]], including a natural [[fight-or-flight response|fight or flight]] instinct, and must be treated like any full-sized [[equine]], even if they primarily serve as a [[pet|companion animal]]. They have also been trained as [[service animal]]s, akin to [[assistance dog]]s. Miniature horses are also trained for [[driving (horse)|driving]], [[equine agility]], and other competitive [[horse show]] events.
==Characteristics and registration==
[[File:Charming.JPG|thumb|Miniature horse stallion]]
There are two registries in the [[United States]] for miniature horses: the American Miniature Horse Association (AMHA) and the American Miniature Horse Registry (AMHR). The AMHA was founded in 1978 and was dedicated to establishing the miniature horse as a distinct breed of horse.<ref name="AMHA"/><ref name=Dutson/> Many of the international organizations are associated with the AMHA, including clubs throughout Canada and in several European countries.<ref>[http://www.amha.org/member-services/approved-clubs "Approved Clubs".], ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHR is a division of the American [[Shetland pony]] Club and was established as a separate registry in 1972.<ref name="shetland pony">[http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm "Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214052642/http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm |date=December 14, 2006}} ''The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club'' Accessed January 17, 2007</ref>
Worldwide, there are dozens of miniature horse registries. Some organizations emphasize breeding of miniatures with horse characteristics, others encourage minis to retain pony characteristics. Along with registries for miniature horses in general, there are also breed-specific registries, such as several for the [[Falabella]] horse.<ref>[http://www.guidehorse.com/registry.htm "The Top 20 Miniature Horse Registries".] ''The Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
In the AMHR, Miniatures cannot exceed 38 inches at the [[withers]] (which the AMHR defines as located at the last hair of the mane). There are two divisions in AMHR: the "A" division for horses {{convert|34|in|cm}} and under, and the "B" division for horses {{convert|34|to|38|in|cm}}.<ref name="AMHR">[http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html "American Miniature Horse"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051100/http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html |date=April 29, 2014}}, ''American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHA requires that horses stand under 34 inches. Horses of any eye or [[equine coat color|coat color]], and any form of [[horse markings|white markings]], are allowed to be registered. The AMHA standard suggests that if a person were to see a photograph of a miniature horse, without any size reference, it would be identical in characteristics, conformation, and proportion to a full-sized horse.<ref name="AMHA">[http://www.amha.org/docs/default-source/Rule-Book/2014_amha_rulebook_web.pdf?sfvrsn=0 "2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book"], ''American Miniature Horse Association'', page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> According to the AMHR, a "Miniature should be a small, sound, well-balanced horse and should give the impression of strength, agility and alertness. A Miniature should be eager and friendly but not skittish in disposition."<ref name="shetland pony"/>
They are generally quite hardy, often living longer on average than some full-sized horse breeds; the average life span of miniature horses is from 25 to 35 years.<ref name="facts">[http://www.guidehorse.com/faq_horses.htm "Miniature Horse Facts"], ''Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> However, there are also some health issues that are more frequently found in miniature horses than their full-sized relatives. Overfeeding is a common problem in miniature horses, leading to obesity; this is especially true when owners are used to owning full-sized horses. Dental issues, including crowding, [[brachygnathism]] (overbites) and [[prognathism]] (underbites) are frequently seen, due to having the same number of teeth in a much smaller mouth. They can also experience retention of [[deciduous teeth]] (baby teeth) and sinus problems from overcrowding. The combination of a propensity for overeating and dental problems can lead to an increased occurrence of [[horse colic|colic]]. A major metabolic problem seen more frequently in miniature horses is [[hyperlipemia]], where an appetite-reducing stressor can cause the body to break down significant amounts of fat, overwhelming the liver and potentially leading to liver failure. Reproduction is also more difficult in miniature horses, with a higher incidence of difficult births and a greater potential for [[eclampsia]]. The majority of the health problems seen more frequently in miniature horses are easily rectified with proper feeding and maintenance.<ref name=TheHorseMini/>
==History==
[[File:Mini-ponei(REFON).jpg|thumb|Miniature stallion with mares and foals]]
Miniature horses were first developed in Europe in the 1600s, and by 1765 they were seen frequently as the pets of nobility. Others were used in coal mines in England and continental Europe.<ref name=IMH>[http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/american-miniature-horse "American Miniature Horse".] ''International Museum of the Horse''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The English began using small ponies in their mines after the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]] prohibited the use of young children as mine workers. [[Shetland pony|Shetland ponies]] were most frequently seen, although any small, strong ponies that would fit in the small mine shafts were used as [[pit pony|pit ponies]]. The first small horses in the United States date to 1861, when John Rarey imported four Shetland ponies, one of which was {{convert|24|in|cm}} tall.<ref name=Dutson/> Additional small British horses, as well as small Dutch mine horses, were brought to the US throughout the late 1800s.<ref name=AMHAHistory>[http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 "About the Breed".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072245/http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 |date=April 1, 2013}} ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> These small horses continued the work of their British relatives, being employed in the coal mines of the eastern and central US until the mid-1900s.<ref name=Dutson>{{cite book|title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America|author=Dutson, Judith|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1580176135|pages=168–170}}</ref> In the 1960s, public appreciation for miniature horses began to grow, and they were increasingly used in a number of equestrian disciplines.<ref name=AMHAHistory/>
The [[Falabella]] was originally developed in [[Argentina]] in the mid-1800s by Patrick Newtall. When Newtall died, the herd and breeding methods were passed to Newtall's son-in-law, Juan Falabella. Juan added additional bloodlines including the [[Welsh Pony]], [[Shetland pony]], and small [[Thoroughbreds]]. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|pages=183–184}}</ref>
The South African Miniature Horse was developed in South Africa and has a wide range of [[equine conformation|conformations]] represented in its population. Some resemble miniature [[Arabian horse|Arabians]], while others appear to be scaled-down versions of [[draft horse]]s.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|page=385}}</ref> Wynand de Wet was the first breeder of miniature horses in South Africa, beginning his program in 1945 in [[Lindley, Free State|Lindley, South Africa]]. Other breeders soon followed, with many using Arabian horses in their breeding programs. In 1984, a breed registry was begun, and the national livestock association recognized the South African Miniature Horse as an independent breed in 1989. There are approximately 700 miniature horses registered in South Africa.<ref>[http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 "History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814042428/http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 |date=August 14, 2011}}, ''Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa''. Accessed April 28, 2014</ref>
==Uses==
[[File:Miniature Horse Show.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Miniature horses at a [[horse show]].]]
There are many [[horse show]] opportunities offered by registries and show sanctioning organizations worldwide. Many classes are offered, including [[Halter (horse show)|halter]] ([[horse conformation]]), in-hand hunter and jumper, [[driving (horse)|driving]], liberty, costume, obstacle or [[trail class]]es, and [[horse showmanship|showmanship]]. Miniature horses are also used as companion animals and pets for children, elderly people, and people who are [[Guide horse|blind]] or have [[Service animal|other disabilities]], as they are generally less intimidating than full-sized horses.<ref name=IMH/> While miniature horses can be trained to work indoors, they are still real horses and are healthier when allowed to live outdoors (with proper shelter and room to run) when not working with humans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.guidehorse.com/horses_house.htm |title=Horses in the house |publisher=Guide Horse Foundation |access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref>
==Controversies==
===Horse or pony?===
There is an ongoing debate over whether a miniature horse should possess [[horse]] or [[pony]] characteristics. This is a common controversy within the miniature horse world and also is a hot debate between mini aficionados and other horse and pony breed owners. While technically any member of ''[[Horse|Equus ferus caballus]]'' under {{hands|14.2}} is termed a "pony," many breeds, including some miniature breeds, actually retain a horse [[phenotype]] and their [[breed registry]] therefore classifies them as horses.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
Some miniature horse breed standards prefer pony characteristics such as short, stout legs and elongated torsos, while others prefer ordinary horse proportions.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html Mini Horse History] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070121182047/http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html |date=21 January 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref> Even the name is in dispute, terms such as "Midget Pony" and "Pygmy Horse" used in addition to "Miniature horse" and breed-specific names such as [[Falabella (horse)|Falabella]]. The level of controversy is reflected by the presence of over 30 different registries for miniaturized horses or ponies just within the English-speaking world.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html List of Miniature Horse Registries] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428092249/http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html |date=28 April 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref>
===Dwarfism===
[[file:ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg|right|thumb|Thumbelina - a Dwarf mare]]
[[Dwarfing|Dwarfism]] is a concern within the miniature horse world. Dwarf horses, while often setting world records for size, are not considered to have desirable traits, generally have incorrect [[horse conformation|conformation]], and may have significant health and soundness issues.<ref name=TheHorseMini>[http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31198/the-miniature-horse-more-than-just-a-smaller-horse "The Miniature Horse: More Than Just a Smaller Horse".] ''The Horse''. January 13, 2013. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> Therefore, many miniature horse registries try to avoid accepting minis affected by dwarfism for breeding stock registration.<ref>Ashby, Barbara. [http://ltlamerica.tripod.com/dwarfism.html "Dwarfism in Miniature Horses."] ''Miniature Horse World,'', p. 37–39 June/July issue, publication year unclear, web page accessed September 2, 2007.<!--This is a linkvio, as we are linking to a copyright violation. Needs to have the url replaced with one licensed to MHW, or the url needs to be removed--></ref> In 2014, a commercial DNA test became available for one set of dwarfism mutations. The four mutations of the [[ACAN (gene)|ACAN gene]] are known to cause dwarfism or aborted fetuses in miniature horses. The test does not detect the mutations that cause skeletal [[atavism]] in miniature horses and some ponies, or the [[osteochondrodysplasia]] dwarfism seen in some horse breeds.<ref>[http://www.thehorse.com/articles/33767/testing-available-for-dwarfism-gene-in-miniature-horses "Testing Available for Dwarfism Gene in Miniature Horses"], ''The Horse'', April 24, 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
The oldest living horse on record was a miniature horse affected by dwarfism named Angel who lived with the Horse Protection Society of [[North Carolina]] and lived to be over 50.<ref name="facts"/> The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is also a horse affected by dwarfism, [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], who is fully mature but stands {{convert|17|in|cm}} tall and weighs {{convert|60|lb}}. In 2010 a {{convert|6|lb|adj=on}} miniature horse foal named Einstein challenged Thumbelina for the title of the World's Smallest Horse in part based upon the idea that there should be a separate world record category for the smallest non-dwarf horse.<ref>[https://www.bostonherald.com/2010/04/26/puny-pony-creating-a-buzz-on-nh-farm/ Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm], ''Boston Herald'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
===Assistance animals===
[[File:Guide horse.jpg|thumb|upright|A demonstration image of a miniature horse working as a service animal]]
{{See also|Guide horse}}
There is controversy over whether miniature horses are suitable as [[assistance animal]]s for persons with disabilities. Those who favor their use point out that horses live much longer than dogs and can be trained to perform similar tasks. Another plus is that some individuals, particularly from [[Muslim]] cultures, consider dogs unclean, but accept horses.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30155540 Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman], ''MSNBC'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
Opponents of their use raise concerns that miniature horses are [[prey]] animals, with a fight-or-flight instinct that may limit their usefulness, and for legal reasons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} In the US, where they are legally classified as [[livestock]] and require outdoor stabling for good health, their use is limited to owners with access to a large yard in communities having tolerant land use regulations.<!--cite to articles explaining same--> In terms of practical considerations, they note that it is difficult for even a miniature horse to do things such as lie down in the seat of a taxicab or to stay in a hotel room for extended periods of time.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
<!--good article to work in as a source in this section, balanced... http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=10993 -->
==See also==
* [[Miniature cattle]]
* [[Guide horse]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite magazine|title=Miniature Horses|first=R.L.|last=Blakely|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|pp=384–393|volume=167|issue=3|date=March 1985|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}
==External links==
{{commons|Miniature horse|Miniature horse}}
*[http://www.amha.org American Miniature Horse Association]
*[http://www.shetlandminiature.com American Miniature Horse Registry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331065945/http://chevalminiature.jimdo.com/ American Miniature Horse in France]
*[http://www.cheval-miniature-afcm.com/ Association Française du Cheval Miniature]
{{Equine|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Types of horse]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Infobox horse
|name= Miniature Horse
|image=Miniatuurpaardj.jpg
|image_caption= Miniature horse at show in Europe
|features = Small size, with horse phenotype {{convert|34|-|38|in|cm}} at the [[withers]]
|altname=hey girl what you doing
|country=nun at school
|group1= ohk you work today
|std1= yes girl?
}}
'''Miniature horses''' are horses defined by their small height. They can be found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas, and are the result of centuries of [[selective breeding]]. Depending on the particular [[breed registry]] involved, the height of these horses is usually less than {{convert|34|-|38|in|cm}} tall at the [[withers]]. While miniature horses fit a height-based definition to be considered a very small [[pony]], many retain the physical appearance of the full sized [[horse]] and are thus considered "horses" by their respective registries. They have various colors and coat patterns.
Miniature horses are generally bred to be friendly and to interact well with people. For this reason they have been kept as family pets, though they still retain natural [[horse behavior]], including a natural [[fight-or-flight response|fight or flight]] instinct, and must be treated like any full-sized [[equine]], even if they primarily serve as a [[pet|companion animal]]. They have also been trained as [[service animal]]s, akin to [[assistance dog]]s. Miniature horses are also trained for [[driving (horse)|driving]], [[equine agility]], and other competitive [[horse show]] events.
==Characteristics and registration==
[[File:Charming.JPG|thumb|Miniature horse stallion]]
There are two registries in the [[United States]] for miniature horses: the American Miniature Horse Association (AMHA) and the American Miniature Horse Registry (AMHR). The AMHA was founded in 1978 and was dedicated to establishing the miniature horse as a distinct breed of horse.<ref name="AMHA"/><ref name=Dutson/> Many of the international organizations are associated with the AMHA, including clubs throughout Canada and in several European countries.<ref>[http://www.amha.org/member-services/approved-clubs "Approved Clubs".], ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHR is a division of the American [[Shetland pony]] Club and was established as a separate registry in 1972.<ref name="shetland pony">[http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm "Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own,"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214052642/http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm |date=December 14, 2006}} ''The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club'' Accessed January 17, 2007</ref>
Worldwide, there are dozens of miniature horse registries. Some organizations emphasize breeding of miniatures with horse characteristics, others encourage minis to retain pony characteristics. Along with registries for miniature horses in general, there are also breed-specific registries, such as several for the [[Falabella]] horse.<ref>[http://www.guidehorse.com/registry.htm "The Top 20 Miniature Horse Registries".] ''The Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
In the AMHR, Miniatures cannot exceed 38 inches at the [[withers]] (which the AMHR defines as located at the last hair of the mane). There are two divisions in AMHR: the "A" division for horses {{convert|34|in|cm}} and under, and the "B" division for horses {{convert|34|to|38|in|cm}}.<ref name="AMHR">[http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html "American Miniature Horse"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051100/http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html |date=April 29, 2014}}, ''American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The AMHA requires that horses stand under 34 inches. Horses of any eye or [[equine coat color|coat color]], and any form of [[horse markings|white markings]], are allowed to be registered. The AMHA standard suggests that if a person were to see a photograph of a miniature horse, without any size reference, it would be identical in characteristics, conformation, and proportion to a full-sized horse.<ref name="AMHA">[http://www.amha.org/docs/default-source/Rule-Book/2014_amha_rulebook_web.pdf?sfvrsn=0 "2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book"], ''American Miniature Horse Association'', page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> According to the AMHR, a "Miniature should be a small, sound, well-balanced horse and should give the impression of strength, agility and alertness. A Miniature should be eager and friendly but not skittish in disposition."<ref name="shetland pony"/>
They are generally quite hardy, often living longer on average than some full-sized horse breeds; the average life span of miniature horses is from 25 to 35 years.<ref name="facts">[http://www.guidehorse.com/faq_horses.htm "Miniature Horse Facts"], ''Guide Horse Foundation''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> However, there are also some health issues that are more frequently found in miniature horses than their full-sized relatives. Overfeeding is a common problem in miniature horses, leading to obesity; this is especially true when owners are used to owning full-sized horses. Dental issues, including crowding, [[brachygnathism]] (overbites) and [[prognathism]] (underbites) are frequently seen, due to having the same number of teeth in a much smaller mouth. They can also experience retention of [[deciduous teeth]] (baby teeth) and sinus problems from overcrowding. The combination of a propensity for overeating and dental problems can lead to an increased occurrence of [[horse colic|colic]]. A major metabolic problem seen more frequently in miniature horses is [[hyperlipemia]], where an appetite-reducing stressor can cause the body to break down significant amounts of fat, overwhelming the liver and potentially leading to liver failure. Reproduction is also more difficult in miniature horses, with a higher incidence of difficult births and a greater potential for [[eclampsia]]. The majority of the health problems seen more frequently in miniature horses are easily rectified with proper feeding and maintenance.<ref name=TheHorseMini/>
==History==
[[File:Mini-ponei(REFON).jpg|thumb|Miniature stallion with mares and foals]]
Miniature horses were first developed in Europe in the 1600s, and by 1765 they were seen frequently as the pets of nobility. Others were used in coal mines in England and continental Europe.<ref name=IMH>[http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/american-miniature-horse "American Miniature Horse".] ''International Museum of the Horse''. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref> The English began using small ponies in their mines after the [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]] prohibited the use of young children as mine workers. [[Shetland pony|Shetland ponies]] were most frequently seen, although any small, strong ponies that would fit in the small mine shafts were used as [[pit pony|pit ponies]]. The first small horses in the United States date to 1861, when John Rarey imported four Shetland ponies, one of which was {{convert|24|in|cm}} tall.<ref name=Dutson/> Additional small British horses, as well as small Dutch mine horses, were brought to the US throughout the late 1800s.<ref name=AMHAHistory>[http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 "About the Breed".] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072245/http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121 |date=April 1, 2013}} ''American Miniature Horse Association''. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> These small horses continued the work of their British relatives, being employed in the coal mines of the eastern and central US until the mid-1900s.<ref name=Dutson>{{cite book|title=Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America|author=Dutson, Judith|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1580176135|pages=168–170}}</ref> In the 1960s, public appreciation for miniature horses began to grow, and they were increasingly used in a number of equestrian disciplines.<ref name=AMHAHistory/>
The [[Falabella]] was originally developed in [[Argentina]] in the mid-1800s by Patrick Newtall. When Newtall died, the herd and breeding methods were passed to Newtall's son-in-law, Juan Falabella. Juan added additional bloodlines including the [[Welsh Pony]], [[Shetland pony]], and small [[Thoroughbreds]]. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|pages=183–184}}</ref>
The South African Miniature Horse was developed in South Africa and has a wide range of [[equine conformation|conformations]] represented in its population. Some resemble miniature [[Arabian horse|Arabians]], while others appear to be scaled-down versions of [[draft horse]]s.<ref>{{cite book|date=2007|title=International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds|author=Hendricks, Bonnie|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=9780806138848|page=385}}</ref> Wynand de Wet was the first breeder of miniature horses in South Africa, beginning his program in 1945 in [[Lindley, Free State|Lindley, South Africa]]. Other breeders soon followed, with many using Arabian horses in their breeding programs. In 1984, a breed registry was begun, and the national livestock association recognized the South African Miniature Horse as an independent breed in 1989. There are approximately 700 miniature horses registered in South Africa.<ref>[http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 "History"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814042428/http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2 |date=August 14, 2011}}, ''Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa''. Accessed April 28, 2014</ref>
==Uses==
[[File:Miniature Horse Show.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Miniature horses at a [[horse show]].]]
There are many [[horse show]] opportunities offered by registries and show sanctioning organizations worldwide. Many classes are offered, including [[Halter (horse show)|halter]] ([[horse conformation]]), in-hand hunter and jumper, [[driving (horse)|driving]], liberty, costume, obstacle or [[trail class]]es, and [[horse showmanship|showmanship]]. Miniature horses are also used as companion animals and pets for children, elderly people, and people who are [[Guide horse|blind]] or have [[Service animal|other disabilities]], as they are generally less intimidating than full-sized horses.<ref name=IMH/> While miniature horses can be trained to work indoors, they are still real horses and are healthier when allowed to live outdoors (with proper shelter and room to run) when not working with humans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.guidehorse.com/horses_house.htm |title=Horses in the house |publisher=Guide Horse Foundation |access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref>
==Controversies==
===Horse or pony?===
There is an ongoing debate over whether a miniature horse should possess [[horse]] or [[pony]] characteristics. This is a common controversy within the miniature horse world and also is a hot debate between mini aficionados and other horse and pony breed owners. While technically any member of ''[[Horse|Equus ferus caballus]]'' under {{hands|14.2}} is termed a "pony," many breeds, including some miniature breeds, actually retain a horse [[phenotype]] and their [[breed registry]] therefore classifies them as horses.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
Some miniature horse breed standards prefer pony characteristics such as short, stout legs and elongated torsos, while others prefer ordinary horse proportions.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html Mini Horse History] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070121182047/http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html |date=21 January 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref> Even the name is in dispute, terms such as "Midget Pony" and "Pygmy Horse" used in addition to "Miniature horse" and breed-specific names such as [[Falabella (horse)|Falabella]]. The level of controversy is reflected by the presence of over 30 different registries for miniaturized horses or ponies just within the English-speaking world.<ref>[http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html List of Miniature Horse Registries] {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070428092249/http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html |date=28 April 2007}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2014}}</ref>
===Dwarfism===
[[file:ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg|right|thumb|Thumbelina - a Dwarf mare]]
[[Dwarfing|Dwarfism]] is a concern within the miniature horse world. Dwarf horses, while often setting world records for size, are not considered to have desirable traits, generally have incorrect [[horse conformation|conformation]], and may have significant health and soundness issues.<ref name=TheHorseMini>[http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31198/the-miniature-horse-more-than-just-a-smaller-horse "The Miniature Horse: More Than Just a Smaller Horse".] ''The Horse''. January 13, 2013. Accessed April 30, 2014.</ref> Therefore, many miniature horse registries try to avoid accepting minis affected by dwarfism for breeding stock registration.<ref>Ashby, Barbara. [http://ltlamerica.tripod.com/dwarfism.html "Dwarfism in Miniature Horses."] ''Miniature Horse World,'', p. 37–39 June/July issue, publication year unclear, web page accessed September 2, 2007.<!--This is a linkvio, as we are linking to a copyright violation. Needs to have the url replaced with one licensed to MHW, or the url needs to be removed--></ref> In 2014, a commercial DNA test became available for one set of dwarfism mutations. The four mutations of the [[ACAN (gene)|ACAN gene]] are known to cause dwarfism or aborted fetuses in miniature horses. The test does not detect the mutations that cause skeletal [[atavism]] in miniature horses and some ponies, or the [[osteochondrodysplasia]] dwarfism seen in some horse breeds.<ref>[http://www.thehorse.com/articles/33767/testing-available-for-dwarfism-gene-in-miniature-horses "Testing Available for Dwarfism Gene in Miniature Horses"], ''The Horse'', April 24, 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014.</ref>
The oldest living horse on record was a miniature horse affected by dwarfism named Angel who lived with the Horse Protection Society of [[North Carolina]] and lived to be over 50.<ref name="facts"/> The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is also a horse affected by dwarfism, [[Thumbelina (horse)|Thumbelina]], who is fully mature but stands {{convert|17|in|cm}} tall and weighs {{convert|60|lb}}. In 2010 a {{convert|6|lb|adj=on}} miniature horse foal named Einstein challenged Thumbelina for the title of the World's Smallest Horse in part based upon the idea that there should be a separate world record category for the smallest non-dwarf horse.<ref>[https://www.bostonherald.com/2010/04/26/puny-pony-creating-a-buzz-on-nh-farm/ Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm], ''Boston Herald'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
===Assistance animals===
[[File:Guide horse.jpg|thumb|upright|A demonstration image of a miniature horse working as a service animal]]
{{See also|Guide horse}}
There is controversy over whether miniature horses are suitable as [[assistance animal]]s for persons with disabilities. Those who favor their use point out that horses live much longer than dogs and can be trained to perform similar tasks. Another plus is that some individuals, particularly from [[Muslim]] cultures, consider dogs unclean, but accept horses.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30155540 Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman], ''MSNBC'', retrieved February 8, 2012</ref>
Opponents of their use raise concerns that miniature horses are [[prey]] animals, with a fight-or-flight instinct that may limit their usefulness, and for legal reasons.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} In the US, where they are legally classified as [[livestock]] and require outdoor stabling for good health, their use is limited to owners with access to a large yard in communities having tolerant land use regulations.<!--cite to articles explaining same--> In terms of practical considerations, they note that it is difficult for even a miniature horse to do things such as lie down in the seat of a taxicab or to stay in a hotel room for extended periods of time.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
<!--good article to work in as a source in this section, balanced... http://www.thehorse.com/ViewArticle.aspx?ID=10993 -->
==See also==
* [[Miniature cattle]]
* [[Guide horse]]
==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite magazine|title=Miniature Horses|first=R.L.|last=Blakely|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|pp=384–393|volume=167|issue=3|date=March 1985|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}
==External links==
{{commons|Miniature horse|Miniature horse}}
*[http://www.amha.org American Miniature Horse Association]
*[http://www.shetlandminiature.com American Miniature Horse Registry]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120331065945/http://chevalminiature.jimdo.com/ American Miniature Horse in France]
*[http://www.cheval-miniature-afcm.com/ Association Française du Cheval Miniature]
{{Equine|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:Horse breeds]]
[[Category:Types of horse]]' |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox biota"><caption class="infobox-title breed">Miniature Horse</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Miniatuurpaardj.jpg" class="new" title="File:Miniatuurpaardj.jpg">File:Miniatuurpaardj.jpg</a><div class="infobox-caption">Miniature horse at show in Europe</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">hey girl what you doing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">nun at school</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Traits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distinguishing features</th><td class="infobox-data">Small size, with horse phenotype 34–38 inches (86–97 cm) at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DDD;">Breed standards</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[yes girl? ohk you work today]</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#DDD;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><span class="trinominal"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></span></i></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Miniature horses</b> are horses defined by their small height. They can be found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas, and are the result of centuries of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. Depending on the particular <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registry</a> involved, the height of these horses is usually less than 34–38 inches (86–97 cm) tall at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a>. While miniature horses fit a height-based definition to be considered a very small <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a>, many retain the physical appearance of the full sized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> and are thus considered "horses" by their respective registries. They have various colors and coat patterns.
</p><p>Miniature horses are generally bred to be friendly and to interact well with people. For this reason they have been kept as family pets, though they still retain natural <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">horse behavior</a>, including a natural <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight or flight</a> instinct, and must be treated like any full-sized <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine">equine</a>, even if they primarily serve as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">companion animal</a>. They have also been trained as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">service animals</a>, akin to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assistance_dog" title="Assistance dog">assistance dogs</a>. Miniature horses are also trained for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_agility" title="Equine agility">equine agility</a>, and other competitive <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a> events.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Characteristics_and_registration"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics and registration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uses"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Uses</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Controversies"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Controversies</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Horse_or_pony?"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Horse or pony?</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Dwarfism"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dwarfism</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Assistance_animals"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Assistance animals</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics_and_registration">Characteristics and registration</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics and registration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charming.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charming.JPG/220px-Charming.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charming.JPG/330px-Charming.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charming.JPG/440px-Charming.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1485" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Charming.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Miniature horse stallion</div></div></div>
<p>There are two registries in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for miniature horses: the American Miniature Horse Association (AMHA) and the American Miniature Horse Registry (AMHR). The AMHA was founded in 1978 and was dedicated to establishing the miniature horse as a distinct breed of horse.<sup id="cite_ref-AMHA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHA-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutson-2">[2]</a></sup> Many of the international organizations are associated with the AMHA, including clubs throughout Canada and in several European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> The AMHR is a division of the American <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland pony</a> Club and was established as a separate registry in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-shetland_pony_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shetland_pony-4">[4]</a></sup>
Worldwide, there are dozens of miniature horse registries. Some organizations emphasize breeding of miniatures with horse characteristics, others encourage minis to retain pony characteristics. Along with registries for miniature horses in general, there are also breed-specific registries, such as several for the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falabella" title="Falabella">Falabella</a> horse.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the AMHR, Miniatures cannot exceed 38 inches at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a> (which the AMHR defines as located at the last hair of the mane). There are two divisions in AMHR: the "A" division for horses 34 inches (86 cm) and under, and the "B" division for horses 34 to 38 inches (86 to 97 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-AMHR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHR-6">[6]</a></sup> The AMHA requires that horses stand under 34 inches. Horses of any eye or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">coat color</a>, and any form of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_markings" title="Horse markings">white markings</a>, are allowed to be registered. The AMHA standard suggests that if a person were to see a photograph of a miniature horse, without any size reference, it would be identical in characteristics, conformation, and proportion to a full-sized horse.<sup id="cite_ref-AMHA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHA-1">[1]</a></sup> According to the AMHR, a "Miniature should be a small, sound, well-balanced horse and should give the impression of strength, agility and alertness. A Miniature should be eager and friendly but not skittish in disposition."<sup id="cite_ref-shetland_pony_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shetland_pony-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>They are generally quite hardy, often living longer on average than some full-sized horse breeds; the average life span of miniature horses is from 25 to 35 years.<sup id="cite_ref-facts_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-7">[7]</a></sup> However, there are also some health issues that are more frequently found in miniature horses than their full-sized relatives. Overfeeding is a common problem in miniature horses, leading to obesity; this is especially true when owners are used to owning full-sized horses. Dental issues, including crowding, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brachygnathism" title="Brachygnathism">brachygnathism</a> (overbites) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prognathism" title="Prognathism">prognathism</a> (underbites) are frequently seen, due to having the same number of teeth in a much smaller mouth. They can also experience retention of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deciduous_teeth" title="Deciduous teeth">deciduous teeth</a> (baby teeth) and sinus problems from overcrowding. The combination of a propensity for overeating and dental problems can lead to an increased occurrence of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_colic" title="Horse colic">colic</a>. A major metabolic problem seen more frequently in miniature horses is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperlipemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperlipemia">hyperlipemia</a>, where an appetite-reducing stressor can cause the body to break down significant amounts of fat, overwhelming the liver and potentially leading to liver failure. Reproduction is also more difficult in miniature horses, with a higher incidence of difficult births and a greater potential for <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">eclampsia</a>. The majority of the health problems seen more frequently in miniature horses are easily rectified with proper feeding and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHorseMini_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHorseMini-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mini-ponei(REFON).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mini-ponei%28REFON%29.jpg/220px-Mini-ponei%28REFON%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mini-ponei%28REFON%29.jpg/330px-Mini-ponei%28REFON%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mini-ponei%28REFON%29.jpg/440px-Mini-ponei%28REFON%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="751" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Mini-ponei(REFON).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Miniature stallion with mares and foals</div></div></div>
<p>Miniature horses were first developed in Europe in the 1600s, and by 1765 they were seen frequently as the pets of nobility. Others were used in coal mines in England and continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-IMH_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMH-9">[9]</a></sup> The English began using small ponies in their mines after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mines_and_Collieries_Act_1842" title="Mines and Collieries Act 1842">Mines and Collieries Act 1842</a> prohibited the use of young children as mine workers. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland ponies</a> were most frequently seen, although any small, strong ponies that would fit in the small mine shafts were used as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pit_pony" title="Pit pony">pit ponies</a>. The first small horses in the United States date to 1861, when John Rarey imported four Shetland ponies, one of which was 24 inches (61 cm) tall.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutson-2">[2]</a></sup> Additional small British horses, as well as small Dutch mine horses, were brought to the US throughout the late 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-AMHAHistory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHAHistory-10">[10]</a></sup> These small horses continued the work of their British relatives, being employed in the coal mines of the eastern and central US until the mid-1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutson-2">[2]</a></sup> In the 1960s, public appreciation for miniature horses began to grow, and they were increasingly used in a number of equestrian disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-AMHAHistory_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMHAHistory-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falabella" title="Falabella">Falabella</a> was originally developed in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> in the mid-1800s by Patrick Newtall. When Newtall died, the herd and breeding methods were passed to Newtall's son-in-law, Juan Falabella. Juan added additional bloodlines including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Welsh_Pony" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Pony">Welsh Pony</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shetland_pony" title="Shetland pony">Shetland pony</a>, and small <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thoroughbreds" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbreds">Thoroughbreds</a>. With considerable inbreeding he was able to gain consistently small size within the herd.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The South African Miniature Horse was developed in South Africa and has a wide range of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">conformations</a> represented in its population. Some resemble miniature <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabians</a>, while others appear to be scaled-down versions of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">draft horses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Wynand de Wet was the first breeder of miniature horses in South Africa, beginning his program in 1945 in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lindley,_Free_State" title="Lindley, Free State">Lindley, South Africa</a>. Other breeders soon followed, with many using Arabian horses in their breeding programs. In 1984, a breed registry was begun, and the national livestock association recognized the South African Miniature Horse as an independent breed in 1989. There are approximately 700 miniature horses registered in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg/170px-Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg/255px-Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg/340px-Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="2584" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Miniature_Horse_Show.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Miniature horses at a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a>.</div></div></div>
<p>There are many <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse show</a> opportunities offered by registries and show sanctioning organizations worldwide. Many classes are offered, including <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Halter_(horse_show)" title="Halter (horse show)">halter</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_conformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse conformation">horse conformation</a>), in-hand hunter and jumper, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">driving</a>, liberty, costume, obstacle or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trail_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail class">trail classes</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_showmanship" title="Horse showmanship">showmanship</a>. Miniature horses are also used as companion animals and pets for children, elderly people, and people who are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">blind</a> or have <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Service_animal" title="Service animal">other disabilities</a>, as they are generally less intimidating than full-sized horses.<sup id="cite_ref-IMH_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMH-9">[9]</a></sup> While miniature horses can be trained to work indoors, they are still real horses and are healthier when allowed to live outdoors (with proper shelter and room to run) when not working with humans.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span id="Horse_or_pony.3F"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Horse_or_pony?">Horse or pony?</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Horse or pony?">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>There is an ongoing debate over whether a miniature horse should possess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a> characteristics. This is a common controversy within the miniature horse world and also is a hot debate between mini aficionados and other horse and pony breed owners. While technically any member of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Equus ferus caballus</a></i> under 14.2 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hand_(unit)" title="Hand (unit)">hands</a> (58 inches, 147 cm) is termed a "pony," many breeds, including some miniature breeds, actually retain a horse <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a> and their <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Breed_registry" title="Breed registry">breed registry</a> therefore classifies them as horses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>Some miniature horse breed standards prefer pony characteristics such as short, stout legs and elongated torsos, while others prefer ordinary horse proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Even the name is in dispute, terms such as "Midget Pony" and "Pygmy Horse" used in addition to "Miniature horse" and breed-specific names such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Falabella_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falabella (horse)">Falabella</a>. The level of controversy is reflected by the presence of over 30 different registries for miniaturized horses or ponies just within the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dwarfism">Dwarfism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dwarfism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg/220px-ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg/330px-ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg/440px-ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:ThumbelinaByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Thumbelina - a Dwarf mare</div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dwarfing" title="Dwarfing">Dwarfism</a> is a concern within the miniature horse world. Dwarf horses, while often setting world records for size, are not considered to have desirable traits, generally have incorrect <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_conformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse conformation">conformation</a>, and may have significant health and soundness issues.<sup id="cite_ref-TheHorseMini_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheHorseMini-8">[8]</a></sup> Therefore, many miniature horse registries try to avoid accepting minis affected by dwarfism for breeding stock registration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> In 2014, a commercial DNA test became available for one set of dwarfism mutations. The four mutations of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACAN_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="ACAN (gene)">ACAN gene</a> are known to cause dwarfism or aborted fetuses in miniature horses. The test does not detect the mutations that cause skeletal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atavism" title="Atavism">atavism</a> in miniature horses and some ponies, or the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Osteochondrodysplasia" title="Osteochondrodysplasia">osteochondrodysplasia</a> dwarfism seen in some horse breeds.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup>
</p><p>The oldest living horse on record was a miniature horse affected by dwarfism named Angel who lived with the Horse Protection Society of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and lived to be over 50.<sup id="cite_ref-facts_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-7">[7]</a></sup> The current record holder for the world's smallest horse is also a horse affected by dwarfism, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thumbelina_(horse)" title="Thumbelina (horse)">Thumbelina</a>, who is fully mature but stands 17 inches (43 cm) tall and weighs 60 pounds (27 kg). In 2010 a 6-pound (2.7 kg) miniature horse foal named Einstein challenged Thumbelina for the title of the World's Smallest Horse in part based upon the idea that there should be a separate world record category for the smallest non-dwarf horse.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Assistance_animals">Assistance animals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assistance animals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Guide_horse.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Guide_horse.jpg/170px-Guide_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Guide_horse.jpg/255px-Guide_horse.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Guide_horse.jpg/340px-Guide_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Guide_horse.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A demonstration image of a miniature horse working as a service animal</div></div></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">Guide horse</a></div>
<p>There is controversy over whether miniature horses are suitable as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assistance_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistance animal">assistance animals</a> for persons with disabilities. Those who favor their use point out that horses live much longer than dogs and can be trained to perform similar tasks. Another plus is that some individuals, particularly from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> cultures, consider dogs unclean, but accept horses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>Opponents of their use raise concerns that miniature horses are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a> animals, with a fight-or-flight instinct that may limit their usefulness, and for legal reasons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the US, where they are legally classified as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> and require outdoor stabling for good health, their use is limited to owners with access to a large yard in communities having tolerant land use regulations. In terms of practical considerations, they note that it is difficult for even a miniature horse to do things such as lie down in the seat of a taxicab or to stay in a hotel room for extended periods of time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miniature_cattle" title="Miniature cattle">Miniature cattle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guide_horse" title="Guide horse">Guide horse</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-AMHA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMHA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMHA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amha.org/docs/default-source/Rule-Book/2014_amha_rulebook_web.pdf?sfvrsn=0">"2014 American Miniature Horse Association Rule Book"</a>, <i>American Miniature Horse Association</i>, page 3. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Dutson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFDutson,_Judith2005" class="citation book cs1">Dutson, Judith (2005). <i>Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America</i>. Storey Publishing. pp. 168–170. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1580176135" title="Special:BookSources/1580176135"><bdi>1580176135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storey%27s+Illustrated+Guide+to+96+Horse+Breeds+of+North+America&rft.pages=168-170&rft.pub=Storey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1580176135&rft.au=Dutson%2C+Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+horse" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amha.org/member-services/approved-clubs">"Approved Clubs".</a>, <i>American Miniature Horse Association</i>. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-shetland_pony-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shetland_pony_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shetland_pony_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm">"Unique -- Interesting -- A Class All of lts Own,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214052642/http://www.horseshoes.com/magazine/shetland/amstpncl.htm">Archived</a> December 14, 2006, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Journal of The American Shetland Pony Club</i> Accessed January 17, 2007</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidehorse.com/registry.htm">"The Top 20 Miniature Horse Registries".</a> <i>The Guide Horse Foundation</i>. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AMHR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMHR_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html">"American Miniature Horse"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429051100/http://www.shetlandminiature.com/our-breedsaspc-amhr-aspr-nsppr/amhr.html">Archived</a> April 29, 2014, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>American Shetland Pony Club/American Miniature Horse Registry</i>. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-facts-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facts_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidehorse.com/faq_horses.htm">"Miniature Horse Facts"</a>, <i>Guide Horse Foundation</i>. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-TheHorseMini-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheHorseMini_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheHorseMini_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31198/the-miniature-horse-more-than-just-a-smaller-horse">"The Miniature Horse: More Than Just a Smaller Horse".</a> <i>The Horse</i>. January 13, 2013. Accessed April 30, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-IMH-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMH_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imh.org/exhibits/online/american-miniature-horse">"American Miniature Horse".</a> <i>International Museum of the Horse</i>. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AMHAHistory-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMHAHistory_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMHAHistory_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121">"About the Breed".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401072245/http://amha.org/index.asp?KeyName=121">Archived</a> April 1, 2013, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>American Miniature Horse Association</i>. Accessed April 30, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHendricks,_Bonnie2007" class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). <i>International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 183–184. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806138848" title="Special:BookSources/9780806138848"><bdi>9780806138848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Horse+Breeds&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780806138848&rft.au=Hendricks%2C+Bonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+horse" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHendricks,_Bonnie2007" class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). <i>International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 385. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806138848" title="Special:BookSources/9780806138848"><bdi>9780806138848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Horse+Breeds&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780806138848&rft.au=Hendricks%2C+Bonnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+horse" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2">"History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814042428/http://www.saminiaturehorse.co.za/index.php?p=2">Archived</a> August 14, 2011, at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Miniature Horse Breeders' Society of South Africa</i>. Accessed April 28, 2014</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidehorse.com/horses_house.htm">"Horses in the house"</a>. Guide Horse Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horses+in+the+house&rft.pub=Guide+Horse+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guidehorse.com%2Fhorses_house.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+horse" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html">Mini Horse History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121182047/http://www.mini-horse.org/mini_horse_history.html">Archived</a> 21 January 2007 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html">List of Miniature Horse Registries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428092249/http://www.mini-horse.org/registries.html">Archived</a> 28 April 2007 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (April 2014)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashby, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ltlamerica.tripod.com/dwarfism.html">"Dwarfism in Miniature Horses."</a> <i>Miniature Horse World,</i>, p. 37–39 June/July issue, publication year unclear, web page accessed September 2, 2007.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehorse.com/articles/33767/testing-available-for-dwarfism-gene-in-miniature-horses">"Testing Available for Dwarfism Gene in Miniature Horses"</a>, <i>The Horse</i>, April 24, 2014. Accessed April 28, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonherald.com/2010/04/26/puny-pony-creating-a-buzz-on-nh-farm/">Puny pony creating a buzz on N.H. farm</a>, <i>Boston Herald</i>, retrieved February 8, 2012</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30155540">Seeing-eye horse guides blind Muslim woman</a>, <i>MSNBC</i>, retrieved February 8, 2012</span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBlakely1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Blakely, R.L. (March 1985). "Miniature Horses". <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i>. Vol. 167 no. 3. pp. 384–393. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-9358">0027-9358</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/643483454">643483454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Miniature+Horses&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=384-393&rft.date=1985-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643483454&rft.issn=0027-9358&rft.aulast=Blakely&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniature+horse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miniature_horse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Miniature_horse" class="extiw" title="commons:Miniature horse"><b><i>Miniature horse</i></b></a>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amha.org">American Miniature Horse Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shetlandminiature.com">American Miniature Horse Registry</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331065945/http://chevalminiature.jimdo.com/">American Miniature Horse in France</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheval-miniature-afcm.com/">Association Française du Cheval Miniature</a></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Equus_(genus)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Equus_(genus)" title="Template:Equus (genus)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Equus_(genus)" title="Template talk:Equus (genus)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Equus_(genus)&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Equus_(genus)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)"><i>Equus</i> (genus)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equine science and<br />management</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_anatomy" title="Equine anatomy">Anatomy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_nutrition" title="Equine nutrition">Nutrition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_behavior" title="Horse behavior">Behavior</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">Breeding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse care">Care</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_conformation" title="Equine conformation">Conformation</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equine_coat_color" title="Equine coat color">Coat color</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_genome" title="Horse genome">Genome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_gait" title="Horse gait">Gait</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_valuation" title="Horse valuation">Valuation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrianism</a><br />and sport</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_equestrian_terms" title="Glossary of equestrian terms">Glossary of equestrian terms</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horse industry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_equestrian_sports" title="List of equestrian sports">List of equestrian sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_tack" title="Horse tack">Horse tack</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bit_(horse)" title="Bit (horse)">Bit</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bridle" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saddle" title="Saddle">Saddle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/English_riding" title="English riding">English riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_riding" title="Western riding">Western riding</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_training" title="Horse training">Horse training</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Equestrian at the Summer Olympics">Equestrian at the Summer Olympics</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_equestrian" title="List of Olympic medalists in equestrian">medalists</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Olympic_venues_in_equestrian" title="List of Olympic venues in equestrian">venues</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">Horse show</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equitation" title="Equitation">Equitation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">Evolution</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Horses in the Middle Ages</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_the_United_States" title="Horses in the United States">Horses in the United States</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the horse in South Asia">History of the horse in South Asia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Horses in the Napoleonic Wars">Horses in the Napoleonic Wars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses in World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_II" title="Horses in World War II">Horses in World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_Britain" title="History of the horse in Britain">History of the horse in Britain</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">Horse worship</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">Horse burial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse_breed" title="Horse breed">Horse breeds</a>, types<br />and other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equidae" title="Equidae">Equidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_horse_breeds" title="List of horse breeds">List of horse breeds</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feral_horse" title="Feral horse">Feral horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gaited_horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaited horse">Gaited horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mountain_and_moorland_pony_breeds" title="Mountain and moorland pony breeds">Mountain and moorland pony breeds</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sport_horse" title="Sport horse">Sport horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stock_horse" title="Stock horse">Stock horse</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Warmblood" title="Warmblood">Warmblood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other <i>Equus</i></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_donkey_breeds" title="List of donkey breeds">List of donkey breeds</a></b></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">Zebra</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Onager</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Hybrids</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hinny" title="Hinny">Hinny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">Mule</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zebroid" title="Zebroid">Zebroid</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="image" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Equus_(genus)" title="Category:Equus (genus)">Category</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Finnhorse stallion.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/16px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/24px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Finnhorse_stallion.jpg/32px-Finnhorse_stallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="363" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Horses" title="Portal:Horses">Horses portal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1628534233 |
