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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Musical string instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Autoharp
| image = Autoharp today.jpg
| image_size = 120px
| alt =
| caption = Modern autoharp
| background =
| names =
| classification = [[Musical instrument classification|Board zither]]
| hornbostel_sachs =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
| inventors = Karl August Gütter, Charles F. Zimmermann
| developed =
| timbre =
| volume =
| attack =
| decay =
| range =
| pitch =
| related = [[Zither]], [[marxophone]], [[dolceola]]
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}
An '''autoharp''' or '''chord zither''' is a [[string instrument]] belonging to the [[zither]] family. It uses a series of bars individually configured to mute all strings other than those needed for the intended chord. The term ''autoharp'' was once a [[trademark]] of the [[Oscar Schmidt Inc.|Oscar Schmidt]] company, but has become a [[Generic trademark|generic designation]] for all such instruments, regardless of manufacturer.<ref>
{{cite web
|author = Kelly Williams
|date = May 11, 2003
|title = Background of the Guitar-Zither
|url = http://www.fretlesszithers.net/gz_back.htm
|work = The Guitar-Zither Clearinghouse
}} <br/>terminology on the "Chorded zither" (referred Autoharp without trademark infringement with Oscar Schmidt Inc.), "[[Guitar zither|Guitar-Zither]]" (patented by Fred Menzenhauer in 1894), and "Chord zither" (referred Guitar-Zither, appeared in ''The [[Oxford Companions|Oxford Companion]] to Musical Instruments'', and ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|The New Grove Dictionary]] of Musical Instruments'').
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|author = Gregg Miner and Kelly Williams
|date = July 2011<!-- (originally published in May, 2003) -->
|title = Selecting the Term
|url = http://www.minermusic.com/dolceola/fretless_zithers.htm
|work = Fretless Zithers
}} <br/>terminology and taxonomy of the "Fretless Zither" family instruments.
</ref>
==History==
[[File:MIM PHX 2011-04-26 0186 edited.jpg|thumb|left|Autoharp (center) by C.F. Zimmermann Co. in 1896–99; (left is a [[marxophone]], right is a [[dolceola]])]]
Charles F. Zimmermann, a German immigrant in [[Philadelphia]], was awarded the [[patent]] {{Cite patent|US|257808}} in 1882 for a “Harp” fitted with a mechanism that muted strings selectively during play. He called a zither-sized instrument using this mechanism an “autoharp.”<ref name="true">{{Cite web|title=True_History|url=http://daigleharp.com/True_History_Of_The_Autoharp.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=daigleharp.com}}</ref> Unlike later designs, the instrument shown in the patent was symmetrical, and the damping mechanism engaged with the strings laterally instead of from above. It is not known if Zimmermann ever produced such instruments commercially. Karl August Gütter of [[Markneukirchen]], Germany, built a model that he called a ''Volkszither'', which was more clearly the prototype of the autoharp in its current form. He obtained a British patent for it c. 1883–1884. In 1885, after returning from a visit to Germany, Zimmermann began production of instruments with the Gütter design. He labeled them autoharps and included his own name and patent number. As a result, Zimmermann is widely but incorrectly regarded as the inventor of the instrument in its now familiar form.
===Trademark===
A form of the term ''autoharp'' in stylized lettering was registered as a trademark in 1926.<ref>U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Electronic Search System, September 7, 2006.</ref> The word is currently claimed as a trademark by the [[U.S. Music Corporation]], whose Oscar Schmidt Inc. division manufactures autoharps. The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|USPTO]] registration, however, covers only a “Mark Drawing Code (5) Words, Letters, and/or Numbers in Stylized Form” and has expired.<ref>U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Electronic Search System, May 25, 2009.</ref> In litigation with George Orthey, it was held that Oscar Schmidt could only claim ownership of the stylized graphic representation of ''autoharp'', the word itself having come into generic use.
==Construction==
[[File:Autoharp.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Autoharp photographed in 2003]]
The autoharp body is made of wood, and has a generally rectangular shape, with one corner cut off. The soundboard generally features a guitar-like sound-hole, and the top may be either solid wood or of laminated construction. A pin-block of multiple laminated layers of wood occupies the top and slanted edges, and serves as a bed for the tuning pins, which resemble those used in pianos and concert zithers.
On the edge opposite the top pin-block is either a series of metal pins, or a grooved metal plate, which accepts the lower ends of the strings. Directly above the strings, on the lower half of the top, are the chord bars, which are made of plastic, wood, or metal, and support felt or foam pads on the side facing the strings. These bars are mounted on springs, and pressed down with one hand, via buttons mounted to their topside. The buttons are labeled with the name of the chord produced when that bar is pressed against the strings, and the strings strummed. The back of the instrument usually has three wooden, plastic, or rubber "feet", which support the instrument when it is placed backside down on a table top, for playing in the traditional position.
Strings run parallel to the top, between the mounting plate and the tuning pins, and pass under the chord bar assembly. Modern autoharps most often have 36 strings, with some examples having as many as 47 strings, and rare 48-string models (such as Orthey Autoharps No. 136, tuned to G and D major). They are strung in a [[chromatic scale|semi-chromatic]] manner which, however, is sometimes modified into either [[diatonic]] or fully chromatic scales. Standard models have 12, 15 or 21 chord bars available, providing a selection of [[major chord|major]], [[minor chord|minor]], and [[dominant seventh chord]]s. These are arranged for historical or systemic reasons.<ref name="Orthey">Orthey, Mary Lou (2001). ''Autoharp Owner's Manual'', p.3. {{ISBN|0-7866-5883-5}}.</ref> Various special models have also been produced, such as diatonic one-, two-, or three-key models, models with fewer or additional chords, and a reverse-strung model (the 43-string, 28-chord Chromaharp ''Caroler'').
===Range and tuning===
The range is determined by the number of strings and their tuning. A typical 36-string chromatic autoharp in standard tuning has a 3½ octave range, from F2 to C6. The instrument is not fully chromatic throughout this range, however, as this would require 44 strings. The exact 36-string tuning is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Octave
! colspan="12"|Tuning
|-
| Bass octave
| F2 || || G2 || || || || || C3 || || D3 || || E3
|-
| Tenor octave
| F3 || F♯3 || G3 || || A3 || A♯3 || B3 || C4 || C♯4 || D4 || D♯4 || E4
|-
| Alto octave
| F4 || F♯4 || G4 || G♯4 || A4 || A♯4 || B4 || C5 || C♯5 || D5 || D♯5 || E5
|-
| Soprano octave
| F5 || F♯5 || G5 || G♯5 || A5 || A♯5 || B5 || C6 || || || ||
|}
There are a number of gaps in the lowest octave, which functions primarily to provide bass notes in diatonic contexts; there is also a missing G♯3 in the tenor octave. The fully chromatic part of the instrument's range begins with A3 (the A below [[middle C]]).
Diatonically-strung single-key instruments from modern [[luthier]]s are known for their lush sound. This is achieved by doubling the strings for individual notes. Since the strings for notes not in the diatonic scale need not appear in the string bed, the resulting extra space is used for the doubled strings, resulting in fewer damped strings. Two- and three-key diatonics compromise the number of doubled strings to gain the ability to play in two or three keys, and to permit tunes containing accidentals, which could not otherwise be rendered on a single key harp. A three-key harp in the circle of fifths, such as a GDA, is often called a festival or campfire harp, as the instrument can easily accompany fiddles around a campfire or at a festival.
===Chord bars===
The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 12-chord autoharp, in two rows, is:
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan"
|-
| Gm || || || A7 || || || Dm || || || E7 || || || Am || || || D7
|-
| || || B♭ || || || C7 || || || F || || || G7 || || || C || || || G
|}
The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 15-chord instrument, in two rows, is:
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan"
|-
| || D || || || Gm || || || A7 || || || Dm || || || E7 || || || Am || || || D7
|-
|E♭|| || F7 || || || B♭ || || || C7 || || || F || || || G7 || || || C || || || G
|}
The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 21-chord instrument is in three rows:
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan"
|-
| E♭ || || || B♭ || || || F || || || C || || || G || || || D || || || A
|-
| || F7 || || || C7 || || || G7 || || || D7 || || || A7 || || || E7 || || || B7
|-
| || || A♭ || || || B♭7 || || || C<sup>m</sup> || || || G<sup>m</sup> || || || D<sup>m</sup> || || || A<sup>m</sup> || || || E<sup>m</sup>
|}
A variety of chord bar layouts may be had, both in as-delivered instruments, and after customization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Autoharp How To Corner |url=http://daigleharp.com/howtocorner.html |website=daigleharp.com |date=2016-04-23 |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref>
=== Electric autoharp ===
[[File:autoharp of roger penney.jpg|thumb|150px|Custom electric autoharp of autoharpist [[Roger Penney]]]]
Until the 1960s, no pickups were available to amplify the autoharp other than rudimentary contact microphones, which frequently had a poor-quality, tinny sound. In the early 1960s, a bar [[Pickup (music technology)|magnetic pickup]] was designed for the instrument by [[Harry DeArmond]], and manufactured by Rowe Industries. [[Pinkerton's Assorted Colours]] used the instrument on their 1966 single "Mirror, mirror".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinkerton's Assorted Colours {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/pinkertons-assorted-colours-mn0001897913|access-date=2020-10-11|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref> In the 1970s, Oscar Schmidt came out with their own magnetic pickup. ''The Evil One'', a 1979 hard rock album by [[Roky Erickson|Roky Erickson and the Aliens]] prominently featured the electric autoharp of Bill Miller which granted "an unearthly edge" to the music.<ref>Ben Graham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3arpCAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT328&dq=%22roky%20erickson%22%20autoharp&pg=PT328#v=onepage&q=%22roky%20erickson%22%20autoharp&f=false The Battle for Texas's Psychedelic Music, from The 13th Floor Elevators to The Black Angels and Beyond] (2015, John Hunt Publishing), Ch. 31</ref>
Shown is a 1930 refinished Oscar Schmidt “Model A”. This harp has two [[DeArmond]] magnetic pickups (one under the chord bars), with a d'Aigle fine-tuning mechanism, and d'Aigle chord bar assembly, and was used in a 1968 [[MGM Records]]/[[Heritage Records (United States)|Heritage Records]] recording by [[Euphoria (American band)|Euphoria]].
===Variants===
A [[synthesizer|synthesized]] version of the autoharp, the [[Omnichord]], was introduced in 1981 and is now known as the Q-Chord, described as a "digital songcard [[guitar]]".
==Playing technique==
As initially conceived, the autoharp was played in the position of a [[Zither|concert zither]], that is, with the instrument set flat on a table (there are three "feet" on the back for this purpose), and the flat-edge of the instrument (below the chord bars) placed to the player's right. The left hand worked the chord buttons, and the right hand would strum the strings in the narrow area below the chord bars.<ref>Many instruments had (and still have) a paper or plastic card below the strings in this area, with a picture of a stylized piano-keyboard, as an aid to the player in locating specific notes with the picking hand.</ref> Right hand strums were typically done with a [[plectrum]] similar to a guitar pick, made of shell, plastic, or compressed felt. A strum would usually activate multiple strings, playing the chord held down by the left hand.
Partly because of this playing mode, the autoharp came to be thought of as a rhythm instrument for playing chordal accompaniment, and even today many still think of the instrument in that way. New techniques have been developed, however, and modern players can play melodies on the instrument: diatonic players, for example, are able to play fiddle tunes using open-chording techniques, "pumping" the damper buttons while picking individual strings. Skilled chromatic players can perform a range of melodies, and even solos including melody, chords, and complex rhythmic accompaniments.
In the mid-20th century performers began experimenting with taking the instrument off the table and playing it in an upright position, held in the lap, with the back of the instrument (having the "feet") held against the chest. [[Cecil Null]], of the [[Grand Ole Opry]] is usually credited as the first to adopt this playing style in public performance, in the 1950s. In this position the left hand still works the chord buttons, but from the ''opposite edge'' of the instrument, and the right hand still executes the strums, but now plays in the area ''above'' the chord bars. (See ''[[Joe Butler]]'' illustration, below.) This playing mode makes a wider area of the strings available to the picking hand, increasing the range of tonal possibilities, and it proved very popular. It was soon adopted by other performers, notably by members of the [[Carter Family]].
By the early 1970s some players were experimenting with finger-style techniques, where individual fingers of the right hand would pluck specific strings, rather than simply hold a pick and strum chords. [[Bryan Bowers]] became a master of this mode of playing, and developed a complex technique utilizing all five fingers of his right hand. This allows him to play independent bass notes, chords, melody, and counter melodies as a soloist. Bowers was also one of the early pioneers in adding a strap to the instrument and playing it while standing up.
==Notable performers==
<!--RECOMMEND THIS SECTION ONLY HAVE PEOPLE NOTABLE _FOR_ BEING AUTOHARPISTS, OR EXTREMELY NOTABLE "HOUSEHOLD NAMES". OTHERWISE THIS QUICKLY BECOMES REDUNDANT TO "LIST OF AUTOHARP PLAYERS" -->
{{Main|List of autoharp players}}
{{multiple image
|align= right
|direction = horizontal
|total_width= 300
|header =
|image1 =TMCbus.jpg
|caption1 = Trixie Mattel playing her autoharp
|image2 = JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg
|caption2 = June Carter with her autoharp
|footer =
}}
[[Kilby Snow]] (May 28, 1905 – March 29, 1980) was an American folk musician and virtuoso autoharpist, who won the title of ''Autoharp Champion of North Carolina'' at the age of 5. He developed the "drag note" playing style, a technique that relied on his left-handedness to produce "slurred" notes. Although his recorded output is small (a single album for Folkways Records in the 1960s), he has been enormously influential among autoharpists, and is regarded by many as the first modern autoharp player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kilby Snow {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kilby-snow-mn0000092923|access-date=2020-10-11|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref>
[[Maybelle Carter|Mother Maybelle Carter]] of the original [[Carter Family]] brought the instrument to prominence in the late 1940s by using it as a lead instrument when performing with her daughters; The [[The Carter Sisters|Carter Sisters]]. Other Family members such as [[Sara Carter]], [[Janette Carter]], [[Johnny Cash]], and all of The Carter Sisters played the instrument as well. A vast number of recordings by all members of The Carter Family includes the use of an Autoharp.
Maybelle Carter's granddaughter [[Carlene Carter]] frequently plays the autoharp onstage and on her recordings; her song "[[I Fell in Love (album)|Me and the Wildwood Rose]]", a tribute to her grandmother, makes prominent use of the autoharp.
[[Janis Joplin]] occasionally played the autoharp, which can be heard in her early, unreleased recording "So Sad to Be Alone".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUZUNEznknA "So Sad to Be Alone" audio recording]</ref>
[[File:Joe Butler and the Lovin Spoonful 2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joe Butler]] playing an ''Oscar Schmidt Appalachian'' model autoharp with [[The Lovin Spoonful]]]]
Several Lovin' Spoonful songs feature the autoharp playing of [[John Sebastian]], including "[[Do You Believe in Magic (song)|Do You Believe in Magic]]" and "[[You Didn't Have to Be So Nice]]". He also played in the 1979 [[Randy VanWarmer]] hit song "[[Just When I Needed You Most]]".<ref>Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications), pages 228-9.</ref>
[[Bryan Bowers]] developed a complex finger-picking style of playing the autoharp (as opposed to the more common strumming technique) which he initially brought to bluegrass performances with [[The Dillards]] in the 1970s, and later to several of his own solo albums. Bowers was an early experimenter with customizing the instrument, often stripping it down to 8-10 chords to obtain more room above the chord bars for his right-hand fingers to work in; he also favors diatonic single-key autoharps, which have doubled strings, thus increasing the power and resonance of the tone. He is also a music educator, a strong advocate for the instrument, and was inducted into the Autoharp Hall of Fame in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bryan Bowers {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bryan-bowers-mn0000626643/biography|access-date=2020-10-11|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref>
Comedian [[Billy Connolly]] has used an autoharp in his performances (mostly in earlier concerts during the 1980s).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
British singer songwriter [[Corinne Bailey Rae]] regularly plays the autoharp and composed the title track from her 2010 album ''[[The Sea (Corinne Bailey Rae album)|The Sea]]'' on the autoharp.<ref>Interview with Corrine Bailey Rae on BBC 6 Music about her Mercury nominated album "The Sea", Wednesday, 1 September 2010.</ref>
Norwegian avant-garde artist [[Sturle Dagsland]] frequently performs with an autoharp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tmw.postimees.ee/3641737/indie-electro-cybercore-ja-psuhhedeelne-vibe-tmw |title= Indie electro, cybercore ja psühhedeelne vibe @ TMW | language=et |publisher= www.postimees.ee|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>
Singer/songwriter [[Brittain Ashford]] of the band Prairie Empire is known for using autoharp in her music, including the 2008 release "There, but for You, go I". She also regularly performs on the autoharp as part of her role in [[Ghost Quartet]], a four-person song cycle composed by [[Dave Malloy]].
In 2017, [[drag queen]] and singer-songwriter [[Trixie Mattel]] used the autoharp in her album ''[[Two Birds (album)|Two Birds]]''. Mattel also plays the autoharp as part of her regular drag performances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newnownext.com/trixie-mattel-album-two-birds/04/2017/|title=The Cover Art For Trixie Mattel's Country Album Is Perfection|work=LOGO News|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref>
In 2020, [[KatieJane Garside]] of [[Ruby Throat]] released the album ''[[Geiger Counter (album)|Geiger Counter]]'', in which she is featured on autoharp.
== See also==
* [[Dolceola]]
* [[Guitar zither]] (chord zither, fretless zither)
* [[Guitaro]]
* [[Marxophone]]
* [[Omnichord]] (electronic autoharp)
* [[Zither]]
{{Clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.daigleharp.com/autoharpquarterly.html Autoharp Quarterly]
{{Zithers}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Box zithers]]
[[Category:American musical instruments]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Musical string instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Autoharp
| image = Autoharp today.jpg
| image_size = 120px
| alt =
| caption = Modern autoharp
| background =
| names =
| classification = [[Musical instrument classification|Board zither]]
| hornbostel_sachs =
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =
| inventors = Karl August Gütter, Charles F. Zimmermann
| developed =
| timbre =
| volume =
| attack =
| decay =
| range =
| pitch =
| related = [[Zither]], [[marxophone]], [[dolceola]]
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}
An '''autoharp''' or '''chord zither''' is a [[string instrument]] belonging to the [[zither]] family. It uses a series of bars individually configured to mute all strings other than those needed for the intended chord. The term ''autoharp'' was once a [[trademark]] of the [[Oscar Schmidt Inc.|Oscar Schmidt]] company, but has become a [[Generic trademark|generic designation]] for all such instruments, regardless of manufacturer.<ref>
{{cite web
|author = Kelly Williams
|date = May 11, 2003
|title = Background of the Guitar-Zither
|url = http://www.fretlesszithers.net/gz_back.htm
|work = The Guitar-Zither Clearinghouse
}} <br/>terminology on the "Chorded zither" (referred Autoharp without trademark infringement with Oscar Schmidt Inc.), "[[Guitar zither|Guitar-Zither]]" (patented by Fred Menzenhauer in 1894), and "Chord zither" (referred Guitar-Zither, appeared in ''The [[Oxford Companions|Oxford Companion]] to Musical Instruments'', and ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|The New Grove Dictionary]] of Musical Instruments'').
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|author = Gregg Miner and Kelly Williams
|date = July 2011<!-- (originally published in May, 2003) -->
|title = Selecting the Term
|url = http://www.minermusic.com/dolceola/fretless_zithers.htm
|work = Fretless Zithers
}} <br/>terminology and taxonomy of the "Fretless Zither" family instruments.
</ref>
Piano
Fortepiano
Trangent piano
Orphica
==Construction==
[[File:Autoharp.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Autoharp photographed in 2003]]
The autoharp body is made of wood, and has a generally rectangular shape, with one corner cut off. The soundboard generally features a guitar-like sound-hole, and the top may be either solid wood or of laminated construction. A pin-block of multiple laminated layers of wood occupies the top and slanted edges, and serves as a bed for the tuning pins, which resemble those used in pianos and concert zithers.
On the edge opposite the top pin-block is either a series of metal pins, or a grooved metal plate, which accepts the lower ends of the strings. Directly above the strings, on the lower half of the top, are the chord bars, which are made of plastic, wood, or metal, and support felt or foam pads on the side facing the strings. These bars are mounted on springs, and pressed down with one hand, via buttons mounted to their topside. The buttons are labeled with the name of the chord produced when that bar is pressed against the strings, and the strings strummed. The back of the instrument usually has three wooden, plastic, or rubber "feet", which support the instrument when it is placed backside down on a table top, for playing in the traditional position.
Strings run parallel to the top, between the mounting plate and the tuning pins, and pass under the chord bar assembly. Modern autoharps most often have 36 strings, with some examples having as many as 47 strings, and rare 48-string models (such as Orthey Autoharps No. 136, tuned to G and D major). They are strung in a [[chromatic scale|semi-chromatic]] manner which, however, is sometimes modified into either [[diatonic]] or fully chromatic scales. Standard models have 12, 15 or 21 chord bars available, providing a selection of [[major chord|major]], [[minor chord|minor]], and [[dominant seventh chord]]s. These are arranged for historical or systemic reasons.<ref name="Orthey">Orthey, Mary Lou (2001). ''Autoharp Owner's Manual'', p.3. {{ISBN|0-7866-5883-5}}.</ref> Various special models have also been produced, such as diatonic one-, two-, or three-key models, models with fewer or additional chords, and a reverse-strung model (the 43-string, 28-chord Chromaharp ''Caroler'').
===Range and tuning===
The range is determined by the number of strings and their tuning. A typical 36-string chromatic autoharp in standard tuning has a 3½ octave range, from F2 to C6. The instrument is not fully chromatic throughout this range, however, as this would require 44 strings. The exact 36-string tuning is:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Octave
! colspan="12"|Tuning
|-
| Bass octave
| F2 || || G2 || || || || || C3 || || D3 || || E3
|-
| Tenor octave
| F3 || F♯3 || G3 || || A3 || A♯3 || B3 || C4 || C♯4 || D4 || D♯4 || E4
|-
| Alto octave
| F4 || F♯4 || G4 || G♯4 || A4 || A♯4 || B4 || C5 || C♯5 || D5 || D♯5 || E5
|-
| Soprano octave
| F5 || F♯5 || G5 || G♯5 || A5 || A♯5 || B5 || C6 || || || ||
|}
There are a number of gaps in the lowest octave, which functions primarily to provide bass notes in diatonic contexts; there is also a missing G♯3 in the tenor octave. The fully chromatic part of the instrument's range begins with A3 (the A below [[middle C]]).
Diatonically-strung single-key instruments from modern [[luthier]]s are known for their lush sound. This is achieved by doubling the strings for individual notes. Since the strings for notes not in the diatonic scale need not appear in the string bed, the resulting extra space is used for the doubled strings, resulting in fewer damped strings. Two- and three-key diatonics compromise the number of doubled strings to gain the ability to play in two or three keys, and to permit tunes containing accidentals, which could not otherwise be rendered on a single key harp. A three-key harp in the circle of fifths, such as a GDA, is often called a festival or campfire harp, as the instrument can easily accompany fiddles around a campfire or at a festival.
===Chord bars===
The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 12-chord autoharp, in two rows, is:
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan"
|-
| Gm || || || A7 || || || Dm || || || E7 || || || Am || || || D7
|-
| || || B♭ || || || C7 || || || F || || || G7 || || || C || || || G
|}
The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 15-chord instrument, in two rows, is:
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan"
|-
| || D || || || Gm || || || A7 || || || Dm || || || E7 || || || Am || || || D7
|-
|E♭|| || F7 || || || B♭ || || || C7 || || || F || || || G7 || || || C || || || G
|}
The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 21-chord instrument is in three rows:
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan"
|-
| E♭ || || || B♭ || || || F || || || C || || || G || || || D || || || A
|-
| || F7 || || || C7 || || || G7 || || || D7 || || || A7 || || || E7 || || || B7
|-
| || || A♭ || || || B♭7 || || || C<sup>m</sup> || || || G<sup>m</sup> || || || D<sup>m</sup> || || || A<sup>m</sup> || || || E<sup>m</sup>
|}
A variety of chord bar layouts may be had, both in as-delivered instruments, and after customization.<ref>{{cite web |title=Autoharp How To Corner |url=http://daigleharp.com/howtocorner.html |website=daigleharp.com |date=2016-04-23 |access-date=2017-01-26}}</ref>
=== Electric autoharp ===
[[File:autoharp of roger penney.jpg|thumb|150px|Custom electric autoharp of autoharpist [[Roger Penney]]]]
Until the 1960s, no pickups were available to amplify the autoharp other than rudimentary contact microphones, which frequently had a poor-quality, tinny sound. In the early 1960s, a bar [[Pickup (music technology)|magnetic pickup]] was designed for the instrument by [[Harry DeArmond]], and manufactured by Rowe Industries. [[Pinkerton's Assorted Colours]] used the instrument on their 1966 single "Mirror, mirror".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pinkerton's Assorted Colours {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/pinkertons-assorted-colours-mn0001897913|access-date=2020-10-11|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref> In the 1970s, Oscar Schmidt came out with their own magnetic pickup. ''The Evil One'', a 1979 hard rock album by [[Roky Erickson|Roky Erickson and the Aliens]] prominently featured the electric autoharp of Bill Miller which granted "an unearthly edge" to the music.<ref>Ben Graham, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3arpCAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT328&dq=%22roky%20erickson%22%20autoharp&pg=PT328#v=onepage&q=%22roky%20erickson%22%20autoharp&f=false The Battle for Texas's Psychedelic Music, from The 13th Floor Elevators to The Black Angels and Beyond] (2015, John Hunt Publishing), Ch. 31</ref>
Shown is a 1930 refinished Oscar Schmidt “Model A”. This harp has two [[DeArmond]] magnetic pickups (one under the chord bars), with a d'Aigle fine-tuning mechanism, and d'Aigle chord bar assembly, and was used in a 1968 [[MGM Records]]/[[Heritage Records (United States)|Heritage Records]] recording by [[Euphoria (American band)|Euphoria]].
===Variants===
A [[synthesizer|synthesized]] version of the autoharp, the [[Omnichord]], was introduced in 1981 and is now known as the Q-Chord, described as a "digital songcard [[guitar]]".
==Playing technique==
As initially conceived, the autoharp was played in the position of a [[Zither|concert zither]], that is, with the instrument set flat on a table (there are three "feet" on the back for this purpose), and the flat-edge of the instrument (below the chord bars) placed to the player's right. The left hand worked the chord buttons, and the right hand would strum the strings in the narrow area below the chord bars.<ref>Many instruments had (and still have) a paper or plastic card below the strings in this area, with a picture of a stylized piano-keyboard, as an aid to the player in locating specific notes with the picking hand.</ref> Right hand strums were typically done with a [[plectrum]] similar to a guitar pick, made of shell, plastic, or compressed felt. A strum would usually activate multiple strings, playing the chord held down by the left hand.
Partly because of this playing mode, the autoharp came to be thought of as a rhythm instrument for playing chordal accompaniment, and even today many still think of the instrument in that way. New techniques have been developed, however, and modern players can play melodies on the instrument: diatonic players, for example, are able to play fiddle tunes using open-chording techniques, "pumping" the damper buttons while picking individual strings. Skilled chromatic players can perform a range of melodies, and even solos including melody, chords, and complex rhythmic accompaniments.
In the mid-20th century performers began experimenting with taking the instrument off the table and playing it in an upright position, held in the lap, with the back of the instrument (having the "feet") held against the chest. [[Cecil Null]], of the [[Grand Ole Opry]] is usually credited as the first to adopt this playing style in public performance, in the 1950s. In this position the left hand still works the chord buttons, but from the ''opposite edge'' of the instrument, and the right hand still executes the strums, but now plays in the area ''above'' the chord bars. (See ''[[Joe Butler]]'' illustration, below.) This playing mode makes a wider area of the strings available to the picking hand, increasing the range of tonal possibilities, and it proved very popular. It was soon adopted by other performers, notably by members of the [[Carter Family]].
By the early 1970s some players were experimenting with finger-style techniques, where individual fingers of the right hand would pluck specific strings, rather than simply hold a pick and strum chords. [[Bryan Bowers]] became a master of this mode of playing, and developed a complex technique utilizing all five fingers of his right hand. This allows him to play independent bass notes, chords, melody, and counter melodies as a soloist. Bowers was also one of the early pioneers in adding a strap to the instrument and playing it while standing up.
==Notable performers==
<!--RECOMMEND THIS SECTION ONLY HAVE PEOPLE NOTABLE _FOR_ BEING AUTOHARPISTS, OR EXTREMELY NOTABLE "HOUSEHOLD NAMES". OTHERWISE THIS QUICKLY BECOMES REDUNDANT TO "LIST OF AUTOHARP PLAYERS" -->
{{Main|List of autoharp players}}
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}}
[[Kilby Snow]] (May 28, 1905 – March 29, 1980) was an American folk musician and virtuoso autoharpist, who won the title of ''Autoharp Champion of North Carolina'' at the age of 5. He developed the "drag note" playing style, a technique that relied on his left-handedness to produce "slurred" notes. Although his recorded output is small (a single album for Folkways Records in the 1960s), he has been enormously influential among autoharpists, and is regarded by many as the first modern autoharp player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kilby Snow {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kilby-snow-mn0000092923|access-date=2020-10-11|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref>
[[Maybelle Carter|Mother Maybelle Carter]] of the original [[Carter Family]] brought the instrument to prominence in the late 1940s by using it as a lead instrument when performing with her daughters; The [[The Carter Sisters|Carter Sisters]]. Other Family members such as [[Sara Carter]], [[Janette Carter]], [[Johnny Cash]], and all of The Carter Sisters played the instrument as well. A vast number of recordings by all members of The Carter Family includes the use of an Autoharp.
Maybelle Carter's granddaughter [[Carlene Carter]] frequently plays the autoharp onstage and on her recordings; her song "[[I Fell in Love (album)|Me and the Wildwood Rose]]", a tribute to her grandmother, makes prominent use of the autoharp.
[[Janis Joplin]] occasionally played the autoharp, which can be heard in her early, unreleased recording "So Sad to Be Alone".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUZUNEznknA "So Sad to Be Alone" audio recording]</ref>
[[File:Joe Butler and the Lovin Spoonful 2011.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joe Butler]] playing an ''Oscar Schmidt Appalachian'' model autoharp with [[The Lovin Spoonful]]]]
Several Lovin' Spoonful songs feature the autoharp playing of [[John Sebastian]], including "[[Do You Believe in Magic (song)|Do You Believe in Magic]]" and "[[You Didn't Have to Be So Nice]]". He also played in the 1979 [[Randy VanWarmer]] hit song "[[Just When I Needed You Most]]".<ref>Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications), pages 228-9.</ref>
[[Bryan Bowers]] developed a complex finger-picking style of playing the autoharp (as opposed to the more common strumming technique) which he initially brought to bluegrass performances with [[The Dillards]] in the 1970s, and later to several of his own solo albums. Bowers was an early experimenter with customizing the instrument, often stripping it down to 8-10 chords to obtain more room above the chord bars for his right-hand fingers to work in; he also favors diatonic single-key autoharps, which have doubled strings, thus increasing the power and resonance of the tone. He is also a music educator, a strong advocate for the instrument, and was inducted into the Autoharp Hall of Fame in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bryan Bowers {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bryan-bowers-mn0000626643/biography|access-date=2020-10-11|website=AllMusic|language=en-us}}</ref>
Comedian [[Billy Connolly]] has used an autoharp in his performances (mostly in earlier concerts during the 1980s).{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}
British singer songwriter [[Corinne Bailey Rae]] regularly plays the autoharp and composed the title track from her 2010 album ''[[The Sea (Corinne Bailey Rae album)|The Sea]]'' on the autoharp.<ref>Interview with Corrine Bailey Rae on BBC 6 Music about her Mercury nominated album "The Sea", Wednesday, 1 September 2010.</ref>
Norwegian avant-garde artist [[Sturle Dagsland]] frequently performs with an autoharp.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tmw.postimees.ee/3641737/indie-electro-cybercore-ja-psuhhedeelne-vibe-tmw |title= Indie electro, cybercore ja psühhedeelne vibe @ TMW | language=et |publisher= www.postimees.ee|access-date=2016-09-01}}</ref>
Singer/songwriter [[Brittain Ashford]] of the band Prairie Empire is known for using autoharp in her music, including the 2008 release "There, but for You, go I". She also regularly performs on the autoharp as part of her role in [[Ghost Quartet]], a four-person song cycle composed by [[Dave Malloy]].
In 2017, [[drag queen]] and singer-songwriter [[Trixie Mattel]] used the autoharp in her album ''[[Two Birds (album)|Two Birds]]''. Mattel also plays the autoharp as part of her regular drag performances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newnownext.com/trixie-mattel-album-two-birds/04/2017/|title=The Cover Art For Trixie Mattel's Country Album Is Perfection|work=LOGO News|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref>
In 2020, [[KatieJane Garside]] of [[Ruby Throat]] released the album ''[[Geiger Counter (album)|Geiger Counter]]'', in which she is featured on autoharp.
== See also==
* [[Dolceola]]
* [[Guitar zither]] (chord zither, fretless zither)
* [[Guitaro]]
* [[Marxophone]]
* [[Omnichord]] (electronic autoharp)
* [[Zither]]
{{Clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.daigleharp.com/autoharpquarterly.html Autoharp Quarterly]
{{Zithers}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Box zithers]]
[[Category:American musical instruments]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -44,10 +44,8 @@
</ref>
-==History==
-[[File:MIM PHX 2011-04-26 0186 edited.jpg|thumb|left|Autoharp (center) by C.F. Zimmermann Co. in 1896–99; (left is a [[marxophone]], right is a [[dolceola]])]]
-Charles F. Zimmermann, a German immigrant in [[Philadelphia]], was awarded the [[patent]] {{Cite patent|US|257808}} in 1882 for a “Harp” fitted with a mechanism that muted strings selectively during play. He called a zither-sized instrument using this mechanism an “autoharp.”<ref name="true">{{Cite web|title=True_History|url=http://daigleharp.com/True_History_Of_The_Autoharp.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=daigleharp.com}}</ref> Unlike later designs, the instrument shown in the patent was symmetrical, and the damping mechanism engaged with the strings laterally instead of from above. It is not known if Zimmermann ever produced such instruments commercially. Karl August Gütter of [[Markneukirchen]], Germany, built a model that he called a ''Volkszither'', which was more clearly the prototype of the autoharp in its current form. He obtained a British patent for it c. 1883–1884. In 1885, after returning from a visit to Germany, Zimmermann began production of instruments with the Gütter design. He labeled them autoharps and included his own name and patent number. As a result, Zimmermann is widely but incorrectly regarded as the inventor of the instrument in its now familiar form.
-
-===Trademark===
-A form of the term ''autoharp'' in stylized lettering was registered as a trademark in 1926.<ref>U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Electronic Search System, September 7, 2006.</ref> The word is currently claimed as a trademark by the [[U.S. Music Corporation]], whose Oscar Schmidt Inc. division manufactures autoharps. The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|USPTO]] registration, however, covers only a “Mark Drawing Code (5) Words, Letters, and/or Numbers in Stylized Form” and has expired.<ref>U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Electronic Search System, May 25, 2009.</ref> In litigation with George Orthey, it was held that Oscar Schmidt could only claim ownership of the stylized graphic representation of ''autoharp'', the word itself having come into generic use.
+Piano
+Fortepiano
+Trangent piano
+Orphica
==Construction==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 18158 |
Old page size (old_size) | 20325 |
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1 => '[[File:MIM PHX 2011-04-26 0186 edited.jpg|thumb|left|Autoharp (center) by C.F. Zimmermann Co. in 1896–99; (left is a [[marxophone]], right is a [[dolceola]])]]',
2 => 'Charles F. Zimmermann, a German immigrant in [[Philadelphia]], was awarded the [[patent]] {{Cite patent|US|257808}} in 1882 for a “Harp” fitted with a mechanism that muted strings selectively during play. He called a zither-sized instrument using this mechanism an “autoharp.”<ref name="true">{{Cite web|title=True_History|url=http://daigleharp.com/True_History_Of_The_Autoharp.html|access-date=2020-10-11|website=daigleharp.com}}</ref> Unlike later designs, the instrument shown in the patent was symmetrical, and the damping mechanism engaged with the strings laterally instead of from above. It is not known if Zimmermann ever produced such instruments commercially. Karl August Gütter of [[Markneukirchen]], Germany, built a model that he called a ''Volkszither'', which was more clearly the prototype of the autoharp in its current form. He obtained a British patent for it c. 1883–1884. In 1885, after returning from a visit to Germany, Zimmermann began production of instruments with the Gütter design. He labeled them autoharps and included his own name and patent number. As a result, Zimmermann is widely but incorrectly regarded as the inventor of the instrument in its now familiar form.',
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5 => 'A form of the term ''autoharp'' in stylized lettering was registered as a trademark in 1926.<ref>U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Electronic Search System, September 7, 2006.</ref> The word is currently claimed as a trademark by the [[U.S. Music Corporation]], whose Oscar Schmidt Inc. division manufactures autoharps. The [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|USPTO]] registration, however, covers only a “Mark Drawing Code (5) Words, Letters, and/or Numbers in Stylized Form” and has expired.<ref>U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Trademark Electronic Search System, May 25, 2009.</ref> In litigation with George Orthey, it was held that Oscar Schmidt could only claim ownership of the stylized graphic representation of ''autoharp'', the word itself having come into generic use.'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical string instrument</div>
<table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Autoharp</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Autoharp_today.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Autoharp today.jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Autoharp_today.jpg/120px-Autoharp_today.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="262" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Autoharp_today.jpg/180px-Autoharp_today.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Autoharp_today.jpg/240px-Autoharp_today.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="1819" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Modern autoharp</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Musical instrument classification">Board zither</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Karl August Gütter, Charles F. Zimmermann</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span>
<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxophone" title="Marxophone">marxophone</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolceola" title="Dolceola">dolceola</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>An <b>autoharp</b> or <b>chord zither</b> is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> belonging to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a> family. It uses a series of bars individually configured to mute all strings other than those needed for the intended chord. The term <i>autoharp</i> was once a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt_Inc." title="Oscar Schmidt Inc.">Oscar Schmidt</a> company, but has become a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic designation</a> for all such instruments, regardless of manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>Piano
Fortepiano
Trangent piano
Orphica
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Construction"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Construction</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Range_and_tuning"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Range and tuning</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Chord_bars"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Chord bars</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Electric_autoharp"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Electric autoharp</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Variants"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Variants</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Playing_technique"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Playing technique</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notable_performers"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notable performers</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Construction">Construction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Autoharp.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Autoharp.jpg/150px-Autoharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="277" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Autoharp.jpg/225px-Autoharp.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Autoharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="443" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Autoharp.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Autoharp photographed in 2003</div></div></div>
<p>The autoharp body is made of wood, and has a generally rectangular shape, with one corner cut off. The soundboard generally features a guitar-like sound-hole, and the top may be either solid wood or of laminated construction. A pin-block of multiple laminated layers of wood occupies the top and slanted edges, and serves as a bed for the tuning pins, which resemble those used in pianos and concert zithers.
</p><p>On the edge opposite the top pin-block is either a series of metal pins, or a grooved metal plate, which accepts the lower ends of the strings. Directly above the strings, on the lower half of the top, are the chord bars, which are made of plastic, wood, or metal, and support felt or foam pads on the side facing the strings. These bars are mounted on springs, and pressed down with one hand, via buttons mounted to their topside. The buttons are labeled with the name of the chord produced when that bar is pressed against the strings, and the strings strummed. The back of the instrument usually has three wooden, plastic, or rubber "feet", which support the instrument when it is placed backside down on a table top, for playing in the traditional position.
</p><p>Strings run parallel to the top, between the mounting plate and the tuning pins, and pass under the chord bar assembly. Modern autoharps most often have 36 strings, with some examples having as many as 47 strings, and rare 48-string models (such as Orthey Autoharps No. 136, tuned to G and D major). They are strung in a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">semi-chromatic</a> manner which, however, is sometimes modified into either <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> or fully chromatic scales. Standard models have 12, 15 or 21 chord bars available, providing a selection of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Major_chord" title="Major chord">major</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minor_chord" title="Minor chord">minor</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominant_seventh_chord" title="Dominant seventh chord">dominant seventh chords</a>. These are arranged for historical or systemic reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Orthey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orthey-3">[3]</a></sup> Various special models have also been produced, such as diatonic one-, two-, or three-key models, models with fewer or additional chords, and a reverse-strung model (the 43-string, 28-chord Chromaharp <i>Caroler</i>).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Range_and_tuning">Range and tuning</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Range and tuning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The range is determined by the number of strings and their tuning. A typical 36-string chromatic autoharp in standard tuning has a 3½ octave range, from F2 to C6. The instrument is not fully chromatic throughout this range, however, as this would require 44 strings. The exact 36-string tuning is:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Octave
</th>
<th colspan="12">Tuning
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Bass octave
</td>
<td>F2</td>
<td></td>
<td>G2</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C3</td>
<td></td>
<td>D3</td>
<td></td>
<td>E3
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Tenor octave
</td>
<td>F3</td>
<td>F♯3</td>
<td>G3</td>
<td></td>
<td>A3</td>
<td>A♯3</td>
<td>B3</td>
<td>C4</td>
<td>C♯4</td>
<td>D4</td>
<td>D♯4</td>
<td>E4
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Alto octave
</td>
<td>F4</td>
<td>F♯4</td>
<td>G4</td>
<td>G♯4</td>
<td>A4</td>
<td>A♯4</td>
<td>B4</td>
<td>C5</td>
<td>C♯5</td>
<td>D5</td>
<td>D♯5</td>
<td>E5
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Soprano octave
</td>
<td>F5</td>
<td>F♯5</td>
<td>G5</td>
<td>G♯5</td>
<td>A5</td>
<td>A♯5</td>
<td>B5</td>
<td>C6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>There are a number of gaps in the lowest octave, which functions primarily to provide bass notes in diatonic contexts; there is also a missing G♯3 in the tenor octave. The fully chromatic part of the instrument's range begins with A3 (the A below <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Middle_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle C">middle C</a>).
</p><p>Diatonically-strung single-key instruments from modern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">luthiers</a> are known for their lush sound. This is achieved by doubling the strings for individual notes. Since the strings for notes not in the diatonic scale need not appear in the string bed, the resulting extra space is used for the doubled strings, resulting in fewer damped strings. Two- and three-key diatonics compromise the number of doubled strings to gain the ability to play in two or three keys, and to permit tunes containing accidentals, which could not otherwise be rendered on a single key harp. A three-key harp in the circle of fifths, such as a GDA, is often called a festival or campfire harp, as the instrument can easily accompany fiddles around a campfire or at a festival.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Chord_bars">Chord bars</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chord bars">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 12-chord autoharp, in two rows, is:
</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan">
<tbody><tr>
<td>Gm</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Dm</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>E7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Am</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>B♭</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 15-chord instrument, in two rows, is:
</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan">
<tbody><tr>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Gm</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Dm</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>E7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Am</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>E♭</td>
<td></td>
<td>F7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>B♭</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The standard, factory chord bar layout for a 21-chord instrument is in three rows:
</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" bgcolor="tan">
<tbody><tr>
<td>E♭</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>B♭</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>F</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>F7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>E7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>B7
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A♭</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>B♭7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>C<sup>m</sup></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>G<sup>m</sup></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>D<sup>m</sup></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>A<sup>m</sup></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>E<sup>m</sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>A variety of chord bar layouts may be had, both in as-delivered instruments, and after customization.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Electric_autoharp">Electric autoharp</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electric autoharp">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg/150px-Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="237" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg/225px-Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg/300px-Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1741" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Autoharp_of_roger_penney.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Custom electric autoharp of autoharpist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Penney" title="Roger Penney">Roger Penney</a></div></div></div>
<p>Until the 1960s, no pickups were available to amplify the autoharp other than rudimentary contact microphones, which frequently had a poor-quality, tinny sound. In the early 1960s, a bar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">magnetic pickup</a> was designed for the instrument by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harry_DeArmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry DeArmond">Harry DeArmond</a>, and manufactured by Rowe Industries. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pinkerton%27s_Assorted_Colours" title="Pinkerton's Assorted Colours">Pinkerton's Assorted Colours</a> used the instrument on their 1966 single "Mirror, mirror".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> In the 1970s, Oscar Schmidt came out with their own magnetic pickup. <i>The Evil One</i>, a 1979 hard rock album by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roky_Erickson" title="Roky Erickson">Roky Erickson and the Aliens</a> prominently featured the electric autoharp of Bill Miller which granted "an unearthly edge" to the music.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>Shown is a 1930 refinished Oscar Schmidt “Model A”. This harp has two <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeArmond" class="mw-redirect" title="DeArmond">DeArmond</a> magnetic pickups (one under the chord bars), with a d'Aigle fine-tuning mechanism, and d'Aigle chord bar assembly, and was used in a 1968 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/MGM_Records" title="MGM Records">MGM Records</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heritage_Records_(United_States)" title="Heritage Records (United States)">Heritage Records</a> recording by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Euphoria_(American_band)" title="Euphoria (American band)">Euphoria</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Variants">Variants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesized</a> version of the autoharp, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omnichord" title="Omnichord">Omnichord</a>, was introduced in 1981 and is now known as the Q-Chord, described as a "digital songcard <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>".
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Playing_technique">Playing technique</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Playing technique">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>As initially conceived, the autoharp was played in the position of a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">concert zither</a>, that is, with the instrument set flat on a table (there are three "feet" on the back for this purpose), and the flat-edge of the instrument (below the chord bars) placed to the player's right. The left hand worked the chord buttons, and the right hand would strum the strings in the narrow area below the chord bars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> Right hand strums were typically done with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plectrum" title="Plectrum">plectrum</a> similar to a guitar pick, made of shell, plastic, or compressed felt. A strum would usually activate multiple strings, playing the chord held down by the left hand.
</p><p>Partly because of this playing mode, the autoharp came to be thought of as a rhythm instrument for playing chordal accompaniment, and even today many still think of the instrument in that way. New techniques have been developed, however, and modern players can play melodies on the instrument: diatonic players, for example, are able to play fiddle tunes using open-chording techniques, "pumping" the damper buttons while picking individual strings. Skilled chromatic players can perform a range of melodies, and even solos including melody, chords, and complex rhythmic accompaniments.
</p><p>In the mid-20th century performers began experimenting with taking the instrument off the table and playing it in an upright position, held in the lap, with the back of the instrument (having the "feet") held against the chest. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cecil_Null" title="Cecil Null">Cecil Null</a>, of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry" title="Grand Ole Opry">Grand Ole Opry</a> is usually credited as the first to adopt this playing style in public performance, in the 1950s. In this position the left hand still works the chord buttons, but from the <i>opposite edge</i> of the instrument, and the right hand still executes the strums, but now plays in the area <i>above</i> the chord bars. (See <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Butler" title="Joe Butler">Joe Butler</a></i> illustration, below.) This playing mode makes a wider area of the strings available to the picking hand, increasing the range of tonal possibilities, and it proved very popular. It was soon adopted by other performers, notably by members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a>.
</p><p>By the early 1970s some players were experimenting with finger-style techniques, where individual fingers of the right hand would pluck specific strings, rather than simply hold a pick and strum chords. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan_Bowers" title="Bryan Bowers">Bryan Bowers</a> became a master of this mode of playing, and developed a complex technique utilizing all five fingers of his right hand. This allows him to play independent bass notes, chords, melody, and counter melodies as a soloist. Bowers was also one of the early pioneers in adding a strap to the instrument and playing it while standing up.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notable_performers">Notable performers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable performers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_autoharp_players" title="List of autoharp players">List of autoharp players</a></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r978413945/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:TMCbus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/TMCbus.jpg/137px-TMCbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="183" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/TMCbus.jpg/206px-TMCbus.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/TMCbus.jpg/274px-TMCbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trixie Mattel playing her autoharp</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg/147px-JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="184" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg/221px-JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg/294px-JuneCarterAtGrandOleOpry1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="586" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">June Carter with her autoharp</div></div></div></div></div>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kilby_Snow" title="Kilby Snow">Kilby Snow</a> (May 28, 1905 – March 29, 1980) was an American folk musician and virtuoso autoharpist, who won the title of <i>Autoharp Champion of North Carolina</i> at the age of 5. He developed the "drag note" playing style, a technique that relied on his left-handedness to produce "slurred" notes. Although his recorded output is small (a single album for Folkways Records in the 1960s), he has been enormously influential among autoharpists, and is regarded by many as the first modern autoharp player.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maybelle_Carter" title="Maybelle Carter">Mother Maybelle Carter</a> of the original <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carter_Family" title="Carter Family">Carter Family</a> brought the instrument to prominence in the late 1940s by using it as a lead instrument when performing with her daughters; The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Carter_Sisters" title="The Carter Sisters">Carter Sisters</a>. Other Family members such as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sara_Carter" title="Sara Carter">Sara Carter</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janette_Carter" title="Janette Carter">Janette Carter</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>, and all of The Carter Sisters played the instrument as well. A vast number of recordings by all members of The Carter Family includes the use of an Autoharp.
</p><p>Maybelle Carter's granddaughter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carlene_Carter" title="Carlene Carter">Carlene Carter</a> frequently plays the autoharp onstage and on her recordings; her song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_Fell_in_Love_(album)" title="I Fell in Love (album)">Me and the Wildwood Rose</a>", a tribute to her grandmother, makes prominent use of the autoharp.
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janis_Joplin" title="Janis Joplin">Janis Joplin</a> occasionally played the autoharp, which can be heard in her early, unreleased recording "So Sad to Be Alone".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg/220px-Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg/330px-Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg/440px-Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joe_Butler_and_the_Lovin_Spoonful_2011.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Butler" title="Joe Butler">Joe Butler</a> playing an <i>Oscar Schmidt Appalachian</i> model autoharp with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lovin_Spoonful" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lovin Spoonful">The Lovin Spoonful</a></div></div></div>
<p>Several Lovin' Spoonful songs feature the autoharp playing of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Sebastian" title="John Sebastian">John Sebastian</a>, including "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Do_You_Believe_in_Magic_(song)" title="Do You Believe in Magic (song)">Do You Believe in Magic</a>" and "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/You_Didn%27t_Have_to_Be_So_Nice" title="You Didn't Have to Be So Nice">You Didn't Have to Be So Nice</a>". He also played in the 1979 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Randy_VanWarmer" title="Randy VanWarmer">Randy VanWarmer</a> hit song "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Just_When_I_Needed_You_Most" title="Just When I Needed You Most">Just When I Needed You Most</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryan_Bowers" title="Bryan Bowers">Bryan Bowers</a> developed a complex finger-picking style of playing the autoharp (as opposed to the more common strumming technique) which he initially brought to bluegrass performances with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dillards" title="The Dillards">The Dillards</a> in the 1970s, and later to several of his own solo albums. Bowers was an early experimenter with customizing the instrument, often stripping it down to 8-10 chords to obtain more room above the chord bars for his right-hand fingers to work in; he also favors diatonic single-key autoharps, which have doubled strings, thus increasing the power and resonance of the tone. He is also a music educator, a strong advocate for the instrument, and was inducted into the Autoharp Hall of Fame in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Comedian <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Billy_Connolly" title="Billy Connolly">Billy Connolly</a> has used an autoharp in his performances (mostly in earlier concerts during the 1980s).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p><p>British singer songwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corinne_Bailey_Rae" title="Corinne Bailey Rae">Corinne Bailey Rae</a> regularly plays the autoharp and composed the title track from her 2010 album <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sea_(Corinne_Bailey_Rae_album)" title="The Sea (Corinne Bailey Rae album)">The Sea</a></i> on the autoharp.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>Norwegian avant-garde artist <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sturle_Dagsland" title="Sturle Dagsland">Sturle Dagsland</a> frequently performs with an autoharp.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Singer/songwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brittain_Ashford" title="Brittain Ashford">Brittain Ashford</a> of the band Prairie Empire is known for using autoharp in her music, including the 2008 release "There, but for You, go I". She also regularly performs on the autoharp as part of her role in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ghost_Quartet" title="Ghost Quartet">Ghost Quartet</a>, a four-person song cycle composed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dave_Malloy" title="Dave Malloy">Dave Malloy</a>.
</p><p>In 2017, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">drag queen</a> and singer-songwriter <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trixie_Mattel" title="Trixie Mattel">Trixie Mattel</a> used the autoharp in her album <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Two_Birds_(album)" title="Two Birds (album)">Two Birds</a></i>. Mattel also plays the autoharp as part of her regular drag performances.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2020, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/KatieJane_Garside" title="KatieJane Garside">KatieJane Garside</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruby_Throat" title="Ruby Throat">Ruby Throat</a> released the album <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geiger_Counter_(album)" title="Geiger Counter (album)">Geiger Counter</a></i>, in which she is featured on autoharp.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dolceola" title="Dolceola">Dolceola</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guitar_zither" title="Guitar zither">Guitar zither</a> (chord zither, fretless zither)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guitaro" title="Guitaro">Guitaro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxophone" title="Marxophone">Marxophone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omnichord" title="Omnichord">Omnichord</a> (electronic autoharp)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">Zither</a></li></ul>
<div style="clear:both;"></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKelly_Williams2003" class="citation web cs1">Kelly Williams (May 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fretlesszithers.net/gz_back.htm">"Background of the Guitar-Zither"</a>. <i>The Guitar-Zither Clearinghouse</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guitar-Zither+Clearinghouse&rft.atitle=Background+of+the+Guitar-Zither&rft.date=2003-05-11&rft.au=Kelly+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fretlesszithers.net%2Fgz_back.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span> <br />terminology on the "Chorded zither" (referred Autoharp without trademark infringement with Oscar Schmidt Inc.), "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guitar_zither" title="Guitar zither">Guitar-Zither</a>" (patented by Fred Menzenhauer in 1894), and "Chord zither" (referred Guitar-Zither, appeared in <i>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oxford_Companions" title="Oxford Companions">Oxford Companion</a> to Musical Instruments</i>, and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary</a> of Musical Instruments</i>).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGregg_Miner_and_Kelly_Williams2011" class="citation web cs1">Gregg Miner and Kelly Williams (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minermusic.com/dolceola/fretless_zithers.htm">"Selecting the Term"</a>. <i>Fretless Zithers</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fretless+Zithers&rft.atitle=Selecting+the+Term&rft.date=2011-07&rft.au=Gregg+Miner+and+Kelly+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minermusic.com%2Fdolceola%2Ffretless_zithers.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span> <br />terminology and taxonomy of the "Fretless Zither" family instruments.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Orthey-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orthey_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orthey, Mary Lou (2001). <i>Autoharp Owner's Manual</i>, p.3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7866-5883-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7866-5883-5">0-7866-5883-5</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daigleharp.com/howtocorner.html">"Autoharp How To Corner"</a>. <i>daigleharp.com</i>. 2016-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=daigleharp.com&rft.atitle=Autoharp+How+To+Corner&rft.date=2016-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaigleharp.com%2Fhowtocorner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/pinkertons-assorted-colours-mn0001897913">"Pinkerton's Assorted Colours | Biography & History"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Pinkerton%27s+Assorted+Colours+%7C+Biography+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fpinkertons-assorted-colours-mn0001897913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben Graham, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3arpCAAAQBAJ&lpg=PT328&dq=%22roky%20erickson%22%20autoharp&pg=PT328#v=onepage&q=%22roky%20erickson%22%20autoharp&f=false">The Battle for Texas's Psychedelic Music, from The 13th Floor Elevators to The Black Angels and Beyond</a> (2015, John Hunt Publishing), Ch. 31</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many instruments had (and still have) a paper or plastic card below the strings in this area, with a picture of a stylized piano-keyboard, as an aid to the player in locating specific notes with the picking hand.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kilby-snow-mn0000092923">"Kilby Snow | Biography & History"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Kilby+Snow+%7C+Biography+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fkilby-snow-mn0000092923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUZUNEznknA">"So Sad to Be Alone" audio recording</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyatt, Wesley (1999). The Billboard Book of No. 1 Adult Contemporary Hits (Billboard Publications), pages 228-9.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bryan-bowers-mn0000626643/biography">"Bryan Bowers | Biography & History"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Bryan+Bowers+%7C+Biography+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fbryan-bowers-mn0000626643%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interview with Corrine Bailey Rae on BBC 6 Music about her Mercury nominated album "The Sea", Wednesday, 1 September 2010.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmw.postimees.ee/3641737/indie-electro-cybercore-ja-psuhhedeelne-vibe-tmw">"Indie electro, cybercore ja psühhedeelne vibe @ TMW"</a> (in Estonian). www.postimees.ee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indie+electro%2C+cybercore+ja+ps%C3%BChhedeelne+vibe+%40+TMW&rft.pub=www.postimees.ee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmw.postimees.ee%2F3641737%2Findie-electro-cybercore-ja-psuhhedeelne-vibe-tmw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newnownext.com/trixie-mattel-album-two-birds/04/2017/">"The Cover Art For Trixie Mattel's Country Album Is Perfection"</a>. <i>LOGO News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LOGO+News&rft.atitle=The+Cover+Art+For+Trixie+Mattel%27s+Country+Album+Is+Perfection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newnownext.com%2Ftrixie-mattel-album-two-birds%2F04%2F2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutoharp" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Autoharp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daigleharp.com/autoharpquarterly.html">Autoharp Quarterly</a></li></ul>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0n_tranh" title="Đàn tranh">Đàn tranh</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">Gayageum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geomungo" title="Geomungo">Geomungo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guqin" title="Guqin">Guqin</a></li>
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<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ichigenkin" title="Ichigenkin">Ichigenkin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siter" title="Siter">Indonesian siter</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khim" title="Khim">Khim</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koto_(instrument)" title="Koto (instrument)">Koto</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Se_(instrument)" title="Se (instrument)">Se</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yangqin" title="Yangqin">Yangqin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yanggeum" title="Yanggeum">Yanggeum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yazheng" title="Yazheng">Yazheng</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West and South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">Kanun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nuzhe" title="Nuzhe">Nuzhe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santoor" title="Santoor">Indian santoor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">Persian santur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iraqi_santur" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi santur">Iraqi santur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swarmandal" title="Swarmandal">Swarmandal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autoharp</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bowed_psaltery" title="Bowed psaltery">Bowed psaltery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cimbalom" title="Cimbalom">Cimbalom</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gusli" title="Gusli">Gusli</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">Hammered dulcimer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hummel_(instrument)" title="Hummel (instrument)">Hummel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kantele" title="Kantele">Kantele</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kannel_(instrument)" title="Kannel (instrument)">Kannel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kankl%C4%97s" title="Kanklės">Kanklės</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kokles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokles">Kokles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kusle" title="Kusle">Kusle</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Krez_(instrument)" title="Krez (instrument)">Krez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langeleik" title="Langeleik">Langeleik</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psaltery" title="Psaltery">Psaltery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Psalterium_(instrument)" title="Psalterium (instrument)">Psalterium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Scheitholt" title="Scheitholt">Scheitholt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tsymbaly" title="Tsymbaly">Tsymbaly</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">Appalachian dulcimer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salterio_(Mexico)" title="Salterio (Mexico)">Mexican salterio</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tremoloa" title="Tremoloa">Tremoloa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Factory_of_Riga" title="Musical Instrument Factory of Riga">Musical Instrument Factory of Riga</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oscar_Schmidt_Inc." title="Oscar Schmidt Inc.">Oscar Schmidt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai_Gakki" title="Tōkai Gakki">Tōkai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370915#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370915#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370915#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MBI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBI (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/dc17c2a5-a7be-4b78-a0c1-4aceee0875e1">instrument</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1630217223 |
