Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{short description|45th president of the United States}}
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<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this hatnote without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 17. -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Donald Trump official portrait.jpg<!-- DO NOT CHANGE the picture without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 1. -->
| alt = Official White House presidential portrait. Head shot of Trump smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a dark blue suit jacket with American flag lapel pin, white shirt, and light blue necktie.
| caption = Official portrait, 2017
| order = 45th<!-- DO NOT ADD A LINK. Please discuss any proposal on the talk page first. Most recent discussion at [[Talk:Donald Trump/Archive 65#Link-ifying "45th" in the Infobox?]] had a weak consensus to keep the status-quo of no link. -->
| office = President of the United States
| vicepresident = [[Mike Pence]]
| term_start = January 20, 2017
| term_end = January 20, 2021
| predecessor = [[Barack Obama]]
| successor = [[Joe Biden]]
| birth_name = Donald John Trump
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[Queens]], New York City, U.S.<!-- DO NOT CHANGE (or add to) this location without prior consensus; please see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 2. -->
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
| otherparty = {{plainlist|
* [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]] (1999–2001)
* [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (2001–2009)
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2011–2012)
}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]|April 7, 1977|March 22, 1992|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]|December 20, 1993|June 8, 1999|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]|January 22, 2005}}
}}
| children = {{flatlist|
* [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]
* [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]
* [[Eric Trump|Eric]]
* [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]
* [[Barron Trump|Barron]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this link without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 10. -->
}}
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Fred Trump]]
* [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
}}
| relatives = [[Family of Donald Trump]]
| awards = [[List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump|List of honors and awards]]
| residence = [[Mar-a-Lago]]
| alma_mater = [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]] [[Economics|Econ.]])<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this college or diploma without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 18. -->
| net_worth = <!-- Keep empty, per [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 47. -->
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessman|television presenter}}
| signature = Donald J. Trump signature.svg
| signature_alt = Donald J. Trump stylized autograph, in ink
| website = {{unbulleted list|{{URL|https://www.45office.com/|Official website}}|{{URL|https://www.trumplibrary.gov/|Presidential Library}}|{{URL|https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/|White House Archives}}}}
}}
{{Donald Trump series}}
<!-- NOTE: Changes to the lead are regularly discussed on the talk page. PLEASE DO NOT EDIT WAR. If you make a change that is reverted, please open a discussion or contribute to an existing one, per [[WP:BRD]]. Consensus items marked "DO NOT CHANGE" require prior discussion. -->
'''Donald John Trump''' (born June 14, 1946) is an American [[Political career of Donald Trump|politician]], [[Media career of Donald Trump|media personality]], and [[Business career of Donald Trump|businessman]]
who served as the 45th [[president of the United States]] from 2017 to 2021. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Trump was the first U.S. president without [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|prior military or government service]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 50. -->
Born and raised in [[Queens]], New York City, Trump graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in 1968. He became the president of his father [[Fred Trump]]'s real estate business in 1971 and renamed it [[The Trump Organization]]. Trump expanded the company's operations to building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He later started [[The Trump Organization#Other ventures and investments|various side ventures]], mostly by licensing his name. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal [[Legal affairs of Donald Trump|legal actions]], including six bankruptcies. He owned the [[Miss Universe]] brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]''.
[[Trump's political positions]] have been described as [[populist]], [[protectionist]], [[isolationist]], and [[nationalist]]. He entered the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential race]] as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and was elected in an [[upset victory]] over [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee [[Hillary Clinton]] while [[List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|losing the popular vote]],{{efn|name=electoral-college|Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in [[United States Congress|Congress]] and (in most states) all delegates vote for the winner of the local state vote.}} becoming the first U.S. president without [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|prior military or government service]]. His election and policies sparked [[Protests against Donald Trump|numerous protests]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 20. --> Trump made [[Veracity of statements by Donald Trump|many false and misleading statements]] during his campaigns and [[Presidency of Donald Trump|presidency]], to a degree unprecedented in [[American politics]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 49. --> Many of his comments and actions have been [[Racial views of Donald Trump|characterized as racially charged or racist]],<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 30. --> and many as [[Misogyny|misogynistic]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 51. -->
Trump ordered [[Trump travel ban|a travel ban]] on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted funding towards building [[Trump wall|a wall]] on the [[United States–Mexico border|U.S.–Mexico border]], and implemented a [[Trump administration family separation policy|policy of family separations]] for apprehended migrants.<!-- This sentence must contain a summary of Trump's actions on immigration, including the Muslim travel ban, the wall, and the family separation policy; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 52. --> He signed the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]] which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the [[individual shared responsibility provision|individual health insurance mandate]] penalty of the [[Affordable Care Act]]. He appointed more than [[List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump|200 federal judges]], including three to the Supreme Court: [[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Brett Kavanaugh]] and [[Amy Coney Barrett]]. In foreign policy, Trump pursued an [[America First (policy)#Presidency of Donald Trump|America First]] agenda: he renegotiated the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] as the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement]] and withdrew the U.S. from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] trade negotiations, the [[Paris Agreement]] on [[climate change]] and the [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran nuclear deal]]. He [[Trump tariffs|imposed import tariffs]] that triggered [[China–United States trade war|a trade war with China]]. Trump [[2018–19 Korean peace process|met three times]] with North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-un]] but made no progress on [[denuclearization]]. He reacted slowly to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]], ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in [[Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic|his messaging]], and [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic by the United States|promoted misinformation]] about unproven treatments and the availability of testing.
[[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|Russia interfered in the 2016 election]] to help Trump's election, but the [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|special counsel investigation]] of that interference led by [[Robert Mueller]] did not find sufficient evidence to establish [[criminal conspiracy]] or coordination with the [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|Trump campaign]].{{efn|name=coordination|[[Mueller, Robert]] (March 2019). [https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf "Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election"]. '''I'''. p. 2. "In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]'—a term that appears in the appointment order—with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion, 'coordination' does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement—tacit or express—between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the investigation did not establish that the Trump campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."}} Mueller also investigated Trump for [[obstruction of justice]] and neither indicted nor exonerated him. After Trump [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|pressured Ukraine to investigate]] his political rival [[Joe Biden]], the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] [[First impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached him]] for [[abuse of power]] and [[Contempt of Congress|obstruction]] of [[United States Congress|Congress]] on December 18, 2019. The Senate [[First impeachment trial of Donald Trump|acquitted him]] of both charges on February 5, 2020. <!-- PLEASE DISCUSS BEFORE CHANGING THIS LANGUAGE. -->
Trump lost the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] to Biden but refused to [[Concession (politics)|concede]]. [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|Attempting to overturn the results]], he falsely claimed [[electoral fraud]], pressured government officials, mounted scores of [[List of lawsuits relating to the 2020 United States presidential election|unsuccessful legal challenges]] and obstructed the [[Presidential transition of Joe Biden|presidential transition]]. On January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], which [[2021 United States Capitol attack|hundreds stormed]], interrupting the [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|electoral vote count]]. The House [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached Trump]] for [[incitement of insurrection]] on January 13, making him the only federal officeholder in American history to be impeached twice. The Senate [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|acquitted Trump]] for the second time on February 13, after he had already left office.
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== Personal life ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling, wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder|Trump at the [[New York Military Academy]] in 1964]]
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center|Jamaica Hospital]] in the borough of [[Queens]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|title=Certificate of Birth|publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|Department of Health]] – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168|archive-date=May 12, 2016|via=[[ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf|title=Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump|publisher=[[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]]|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> the fourth child of [[Fred Trump]], a [[The Bronx|Bronx]]-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]], an immigrant from Scotland. Trump grew up with older siblings [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]], [[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]], and Elizabeth, and younger brother [[Robert Trump|Robert]] in the [[Jamaica Estates, Queens|Jamaica Estates]] neighborhood of Queens and attended the private [[Kew-Forest School]] from kindergarten through seventh grade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45731931|title=Trump's parents and siblings: What do we know of them?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=October 3, 2018|access-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html|title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It|first=Jason|last=Horowitz|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref> At age 13, he was enrolled in the [[New York Military Academy]], a private boarding school,{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 38]}} and in 1964, he enrolled at [[Fordham University]]. Two years later he transferred to the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], graduating in May 1968 with a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf|pages=19–21|title=Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=May 20, 1968|archive-date=July 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719213709/https://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Matt|last=Viser|title=Even in college, Donald Trump was brash|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/08/28/donald-trump-was-bombastic-even-wharton-business-school/3FO0j1uS5X6S8156yH3YhL/story.html|date=August 28, 2015|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> In 2015, Trump's lawyer [[Michael Cohen (lawyer)|Michael Cohen]] threatened Trump's colleges, high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released Trump's academic records.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ashford|first=Grace|title=Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/us/politics/trump-school-grades.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 9, 2019|date=February 27, 2019}}</ref> While in college, Trump obtained four student [[Conscription in the United States|draft]] deferments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show|title=Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show|date=April 29, 2011|work=[[CBS News]]|first=Brian|last=Montopoli|access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/foia/donald-trump-selective-service-draft-card.html|title=Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger|date=August 15, 2016|website=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=September 23, 2019}} – via Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)</ref> In October 1968, he was classified {{nowrap|1-Y}}, a conditional medical deferment,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-linger-about-trumps-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-war/2015/07/21/257677bc-2fdd-11e5-8353-1215475949f4_story.html|title=Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|author-link=Craig Whitlock|date=July 21, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> and in 1972, he was reclassified {{nowrap|4-F}} due to [[exostosis|bone spurs]], permanently disqualifying him from service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html|title=Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet|last1=Eder|first1=Steve|last2=Philipps|first2=Dave|author-link2=David Philipps|date=August 1, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Emery|first=David|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2016/08/02/donald-trumps-draft-deferments/|title=Donald Trump's Draft Deferments|work=[[Snopes.com]]|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>
=== Family ===
{{Main|Family of Donald Trump}}
{{Further|Trump family}}
In 1977, Trump married Czech model [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]].{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=300}} They have three children, [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] (born 1977), [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] (born 1981), and [[Eric Trump|Eric]] (born 1984).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/lara-and-eric-trump-welcome-second-child|title=Lara and Eric Trump welcome second child|work=[[NBC Montana]]|date=August 20, 2019|access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Lewiston Journal]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|via=Google News|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1899&dat=19880527&id=LiEgAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053,3823442|title=Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen|date=May 27, 1988|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress [[Marla Maples]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/ivana-trump-write-memoir-about-raising-us-presidents-donald-children|title=Ivana Trump to write memoir about raising US president's children|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 16, 2017|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> He and Maples have one daughter, [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]] (born 1993).<ref>{{cite news|last=Graham|first=Ruth|date=July 20, 2016|title=Tiffany Trump's Sad, Vague Tribute to Her Distant Father|url=https://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/07/20/tiffany_trump_s_sad_vague_rnc_speech.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> They married in 1993,<ref>{{cite news|last=Capuzzo|first=Mike|title=Marla Finally Becomes Mrs. Trump It Was 'Paparazzi' Aplenty And Glitz Galore As The Couple Pledged Their Troth.|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=December 21, 1993|access-date=June 20, 2019|url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-21/news/25940050_1_donald-trump-ivana-storybook-wedding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119050108/http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-21/news/25940050_1_donald-trump-ivana-storybook-wedding|archive-date=January 19, 2016}}</ref> separated in 1997, and divorced in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maull |first=Samuel |url=https://apnews.com/article/145e1dcc5633e34b3f45485004e9dcec |title=Trump, Maples Officially Divorced |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 9, 1999 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/fashion/tiffany-the-other-trump.html|title=The Other Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Alessandra|last=Stanley|author-link=Alessandra Stanley|date=October 1, 2016|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40186-2005Jan26.html|title=Donald Trump, Settling Down|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Tina|last=Brown|author-link=Tina Brown|date=January 27, 2005|access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> They have one son, Barron (born 2006).<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump Fast Facts|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/|access-date=March 10, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gunter|first=Joel|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43256318|title=What is the Einstein visa? And how did Melania Trump get one?|date=March 2, 2018|access-date=August 2, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
Trump went to [[Sunday school]] and was [[Confirmation|confirmed]] in 1959 at the [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica]], Queens.<ref name="BarronNYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/nyregion/donald-trump-marble-collegiate-church-norman-vincent-peale.html|title=Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=James|last=Barron|author-link=James Barron (journalist)|date=September 5, 2016|access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name=inactive>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=Eugene|title=Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/28/politics/donald-trump-church-member/index.html|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=August 28, 2015}}</ref> In the 1970s, his parents joined the [[Marble Collegiate Church]] in Manhattan, which belongs to the [[Reformed Church in America|Reformed Church]].<ref name="BarronNYT"/><ref name="WaPo.March.18.17">{{cite news|last=Schwartzman|first=Paul|title=How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The pastor at Marble, [[Norman Vincent Peale]],<ref name="BarronNYT"/> ministered to the family until his death in 1993.<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17"/> Trump has described him as a mentor.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 81]}} In 2015, the church stated Trump "is not an active member".<ref name=inactive/> In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist [[Paula White]], to the White House [[Office of Public Liaison]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 31, 2019|first1=Jeremy W.|last1=Peters|author-link1=Jeremy W. Peters|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|title=Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/paula-white-trump.html}}</ref> In 2020, he said he identified as a [[non-denominational Christian]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'|url=https://religionnews.com/2020/10/23/exclusive-trump-confirmed-a-presbyterian-now-identifies-as-non-denominational-christian/|agency=[[Religion News Service]]|date=October 23, 2020|first1=Jack|last1=Jenkins|first2=Maina|last2=Mwaura}}</ref>
=== Health ===
[[File:President Trump Returns to the White House (50437509906).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Trump discharged on October 5, 2020, from [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center|Walter Reed]]]]
Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/trump-biden-alcohol.html|title=In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|date=October 30, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaugh-likes-beer--but-trump-is-a-teetotaler-he-doesnt-like-drinkers/2018/10/02/783f585c-c674-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html|title=Kavanaugh likes beer – but Trump is a teetotaler: 'He doesn't like drinkers.'|last1=Parker|first1=Ashley|last2=Rucker|first2=Philip|date=October 2, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> He says that he sleeps about four or five hours a night.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3970379/donald-trump-sleep-hours-night/|title=Donald Trump sleeps 4-5 hours each night; he's not the only famous 'short sleeper'|last=Dangerfield|first=Katie|date=January 17, 2018|work=[[Global News]]|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Douglas |last1=Almond |first2=Xinming |last2=Du |journal=Economics Letters|title=Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance|volume=197|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590|date=December 2020|page=109590|pmid=33012904|pmc=7518119}}</ref> Trump has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thegolfnewsnet.com/golfnewsnetteam/2018/07/14/donald-trump-exercise-golf-cart-turnberry-110166/ |title=Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry |work=Golf News Net |date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref> He considers exercise a waste of energy, because he believes the body is "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy" which is depleted by exercise.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-thinks-that-exercising-too-much-uses-up-the-bodys-finite-energy/2017/05/12/bb0b9bda-365d-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html |first=Rachael |last=Rettner |title=Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 14, 2017}}</ref>
In 2015, [[Harold Bornstein]], who had been Trump's personal physician since 1980, wrote that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency" in a letter released by the Trump campaign.<ref name="dictation">{{cite news|first1=Alex|last1=Marquardt|first2=Lawrence III|last2=Crook|title=Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/01/politics/harold-bornstein-trump-letter/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 1, 2018|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three agents of Trump had removed his medical records in February 2017 without authorization.<ref name="dictation"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-doc-says-trump-bodyguard-lawyer-raided-his-office-took-n870351|title=Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files|last=Schecter|first=Anna|date=May 1, 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=June 6, 2019}}</ref>
Trump was hospitalized at [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center]] for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] treatment on October 2, 2020, reportedly with a fever and difficulty breathing. It was revealed in 2021 that his condition had been much more serious. He had extremely low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case of the disease.<ref name="sicker">{{Cite news |last1=Weiland |first1=Noah |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |last3=Mazzetti |first3=Mark |last4=Karni |first4=Annie |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Trump Was Sicker Than Acknowledged With Covid-19 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html |access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> He was treated with the antiviral drug [[remdesevir]], the steroid [[dexamethasone]], and the unapproved experimental antibody [[REGN-COV2]].<ref name="drug">{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Katie|last2=Kolata|first2=Gina|author-link2=Gina Kolata|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/health/trump-antibody-treatment.html|title=President Trump Received Experimental Antibody Treatment|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 5, 2020|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> Trump returned to the [[White House]] on October 5, still struggling with the disease.<ref name="sicker"/>
=== Wealth ===
{{Main|Wealth of Donald Trump}}
{{See also|Tax returns of Donald Trump}}
In 1982, Trump was listed on the initial ''[[Forbes]]'' list of wealthy individuals as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His financial losses in the 1980s caused him to be dropped from the list between 1990 and 1995.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html|title=What's He Really Worth?|first=Timothy L.|last=O'Brien|author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=October 23, 2005|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In its 2021 billionaires ranking, ''Forbes'' estimated Trump's net worth at $2.4 billion<!-- Updated annually per [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. Otherwise, DO NOT CHANGE this value without prior consensus. --> (1,299th in the world),<ref name="forbes-billionaires">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires|title=#1001 Donald Trump|magazine=[[Forbes]]|year=2020|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> making him one of the [[List of richest American politicians|wealthiest officeholders in American history]].<ref name="forbes-billionaires"/> Forbes estimated that his net worth declined 31 percent and his ranking fell 138 spots between 2015 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-forbes-wealthiest-people-in-the-us-list-2018-10|title=Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=October 3, 2018|first=John|last=Walsh|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> After he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC) in July 2015, Trump publicly announced a net worth of about $10 billion while the records released by the FEC showed "at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities".<ref name="disclosure">{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |last2=Frates |first2=Chris |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/donald-trump-personal-financial-disclosure/index.html |title=Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released |work= [[CNN]] |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Ivana Trump shakes hands with Fahd of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Trump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]] in 1985, with U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]]]]
Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "[[John Barron (pseudonym)|John Barron]]" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, to secure a higher ranking on the [[Forbes 400]] list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that ''Forbes'' had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 20, 2018|first=Jonathan|last=Greenberg|title=Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html}}</ref>
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html|title=Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started|work=[[CNBC]]|first=Scott|last=Stump|date=October 26, 2015|access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref> In October 2018, ''The New York Times'' reported that Trump "was a millionaire by age 8," borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's business empire over his lifetime.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barstow|first1=David|author-link1=David Barstow|last2=Craig|first2=Susanne|author-link2=Susanne Craig|last3=Buettner|first3=Russ|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-wealth-fred-trump.html|title=11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Tax_Schemes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html|title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Barstow|first1=David|author-link1=David Barstow|last2=Craig|first2=Susanne|author-link2=Susanne Craig|last3=Buettner|first3=Russ|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> According to the report, Trump and his family committed tax fraud, which a lawyer for Trump denied. The tax department of New York said it is investigating.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[USA Today]]|first1=Jon|last1=Campbell|first2=Joseph|last2=Spector|title=New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/|date=October 3, 2018|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref><ref name="AP2018-12-16">{{cite news|last1=Woodward|first1=Calvin|last2=Pace|first2=Julie|title=Scope of investigations into Trump has shaped his presidency|url=https://apnews.com/article/6d6361fdf19846cb9eb020d9c6fbfa5a|access-date=December 19, 2018|work=[[AP News]]|date=December 16, 2018}}</ref> In September 2021 Donald Trump started a lawsuit against Mary Trump and the New York Times, accusing Mary of breaching a settlement agreement by disclosing tax records she received in a dispute over Donald's estate. Mary Trump stated "I think he is a loser ... It's desperation. The walls are closing in". Trump's investments underperformed the stock market and the New York property market.<ref>{{cite news|title=From the Tower to the White House|work=[[The Economist]]|date=February 20, 2016|access-date=February 29, 2016|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white|quote=Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ana|last=Swanson|title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire|date=February 29, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/}}</ref> Forbes estimated in October 2018 that the value of Trump's personal brand licensing business had declined by 88 percent since 2015, to $3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/trump-forbes-400-spot-tumbles-as-net-worth-declines.html|title=Trump tumbles down the Forbes 400 as his net worth takes major hit|first=Kevin|last=Breuninger|date=October 2, 2018|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=January 4, 2019}}</ref>
Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion over the ten-year period, in contrast to his claims about his financial health and business abilities. ''The New York Times'' reported that "year after year, Mr. Trump appears to have lost more money than nearly any other individual American taxpayer" and that Trump's "core business losses in 1990 and 1991—more than $250 million each year—were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers in the I.R.S. information for those years." In 1995 his reported losses were $915.7 million.<ref name=Buettner-190508>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/07/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 8, 2019|access-date=May 8, 2019|first1=Russ|last1=Buettner|first2=Susanne|last2=Craig|author-link2=Susanne Craig}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/trump-taxes/588967/|title=The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=May 8, 2019|access-date=May 8, 2019|first=Conor|last=Friedersdorf|author-link=Conor Friedersdorf}}</ref>
According to a September 2020 analysis by ''[[The New York Times]]'' of twenty years of data from Trump's [[tax returns]], Trump had accumulated hundreds of millions in losses and deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27">{{cite news|last1=Buettner|first1=Russ|last2=Craig|first2=Susanne|author-link2=Susanne Craig|last3=McIntire|first3=Mike|date=September 27, 2020|title=Trump's Taxes Show Chronic Losses and Years of Income Tax Avoidance|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/27/us/donald-trump-taxes.html|access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> According to the analysis, Trump's main sources of income were his share of revenue from ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' and income from businesses in which he was a minority partner, while his majority-owned businesses were largely running at losses.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27"/> A significant portion of Trump's income was in [[tax credit]]s due to his losses, which enables him to avoid paying income tax, or paying as little as $750, for several years.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27"/> Over the past decade, Trump has been balancing his businesses' losses by selling and taking out loans against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on [[Trump Tower]] (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27"/> Trump has personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due to be repaid by 2024. The tax records also showed Trump had unsuccessfully pursued business deals in China, including by developing a partnership with a major government-controlled company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tax-records-china-f086bba3b691acdc51535412f77f2c8e|title=Report: Tax records show Trump tried to land China projects|date=October 21, 2020|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref>
Trump has a total of over $1 billion in debts, secured by his assets, according to a ''Forbes'' report in October 2020. $640 million or more was owed to various banks and trust organizations. Lenders include [[Deutsche Bank]], [[UBS]], and [[Bank of China]]. Approximately $450 million was owed to unknown creditors. The current value of Trump's assets exceeds his indebtedness, according to the report.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Dan|title=Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2020/10/16/donald-trump-has-at-least-1-billion-in-debt-more-than-twice-the-amount-he-suggested/|access-date=October 17, 2020|work=[[Forbes]]|date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>
== Business career ==
{{Main|Business career of Donald Trump}}
{{Further|Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia}}
=== Real estate ===
[[File:Trump Tower - lower part.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Trump Tower]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]]]
While a student at Wharton and after graduating in 1968, Trump worked at his father Fred's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/09/03/if-donald-trump-followed-this-really-basic-advice-hed-be-a-lot-richer|title=The real reason Donald Trump is so rich|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 3, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2016|first=Max|last=Ehrenfreund}}</ref><ref name=Mahler>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/28/us/politics/donald-trump-housing-race.html|title='No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 27, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2018|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|last2=Eder|first2=Steve}}</ref>{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=89}} In 1971, he became president of the company and began using [[The Trump Organization]] as an [[umbrella brand]].{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}} It was registered as a corporation in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump Organization Inc/The|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3603126Z:US|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref>
==== Manhattan developments ====
Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict [[Grand Hyatt New York|Commodore Hotel]], adjacent to [[Grand Central Terminal]]. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,<ref>{{cite news|first=Frank|last=Rich|author-link=Frank Rich|title=The Original Donald Trump|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=April 29, 2018|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> who also joined Hyatt in guaranteeing $70 million in bank construction financing.<ref>{{cite news|first=Glenn|last=Kessler|author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist)|title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father|date=March 3, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}} The hotel reopened in 1980 as the [[Grand Hyatt New York|Grand Hyatt Hotel]],{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=32–35}} and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump|date=April 8, 1984|first=William|last=Geist|author-link=Bill Geist|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html}}</ref> The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Organization and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/nyregion/donald-trump-new-york-protests.html|title=Donald Trump Loves New York. But It Doesn't Love Him Back.|first=Alexander|last=Burns|author-link=Alex Burns (journalist)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 9, 2016|access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=moved>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html|title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|date=October 31, 2019|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>
In 1988, Trump acquired the [[Plaza Hotel]] in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's Plaza Hotel bankruptcy plan approved|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 12, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref> In 1995, Trump lost the hotel to Citibank and investors from Singapore and Saudi Arabia, who assumed $300 million of the debt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html|title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=David|last1=Stout|author-link1=David Stout|first2=Kenneth|last2=Gilpin|date=April 12, 1995|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Satow|first=Julie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-05-23/that-time-trump-sold-the-plaza-hotel-at-an-83-million-loss|title=That Time Trump Sold the Plaza Hotel at an $83 Million Loss|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=May 23, 2019|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref>
In 1996, Trump acquired the vacant 71-story skyscraper at [[40 Wall Street]]. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=81–82}} In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a {{convert|70|acre|ha|adj=on}} tract in the [[Lincoln Square, Manhattan|Lincoln Square]] neighborhood near the [[Hudson River]]. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who were able to finance completion of the project, [[Riverside South, Manhattan|Riverside South]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/01/nyregion/trump-group-selling-west-side-parcel-for-18-billion.html|title=Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 1, 2005|access-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref>
==== Palm Beach estate ====
{{Main|Mar-a-Lago}}
In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Peterson-Withorn|first=Chase|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/|title=Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 23, 2018|access-date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> Trump converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues and used a wing of the house as a private residence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/home-decor/a7144/mar-a-lago-history/|title=A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle|last=Dangremond|first=Sam|date=December 22, 2017|work=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.<ref name=moved/>
==== Atlantic City casinos ====
[[File:Trump Taj Mahal, 2007.jpg|thumb|alt=The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India.|Entrance of the [[Trump Taj Mahal]] in [[Atlantic City]]]]
In 1984, Trump opened [[Harrah's at Trump Plaza]], a hotel and casino in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]. The project received financing from the [[Holiday Corporation]], which also managed the operation. Gambling had been legalized there in 1977 to revitalize the once-popular seaside destination.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=57–58}} The property's poor financial results worsened tensions between Holiday and Trump, who paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control of the property.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 128]}} Earlier, Trump had also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the [[Hilton Worldwide|Hilton Corporation]] for $320 million. Upon its completion in 1985, that hotel and casino were called [[Golden Nugget Atlantic City|Trump Castle]]. Trump's then-wife Ivana managed it until 1988.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=59–60}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}
Trump acquired a third casino in Atlantic City, the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City|Trump Taj Mahal]], in 1988 in a highly leveraged transaction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seven Acquisitive Executives Who Made Business News in 1988: Donald Trump–Trump Organization; The Artist of the Deal Turns Sour into Sweet|last=Cuff|first=Daniel|date=December 18, 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/27/business/seven-acquisitive-executives-who-made-business-1988-donald-trump-trump.html|access-date=May 27, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> It was financed with $675 million in [[junk bonds]] and completed at a cost of $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html|title=Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite|date=April 8, 1990|last=Glynn|first=Lenny|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name=UPI9April>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/09/Trump-reaches-agreement-with-bondholders-on-Taj-Mahal/7261671169600/|title=Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal|work=[[United Press International]]|date=April 9, 1991|access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 135]}} The project went bankrupt the following year,<ref name=UPI9April/> and the reorganization left Trump with only half his initial ownership stake and required him to pledge personal guarantees of future performance.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html|title=Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy|access-date=May 22, 2008|date=October 5, 1991}}</ref> Facing "enormous debt," he gave up control of his money-losing airline, [[Trump Shuttle]], and sold his [[megayacht]], the ''[[Trump Princess]]'', which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/11/business/trump-is-reportedly-selling-yacht.html|title=Trump Is Reportedly Selling Yacht|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 11, 1990|access-date=July 3, 2018|last=Hylton|first=Richard}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132–133]}}
In 1995, Trump founded [[Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts]] (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the [[Majestic Star II|Trump Casino]] in [[Gary, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Floyd|last=Norris|author-link=Floyd Norris|date=June 7, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/07/business/trump-plaza-casino-stock-trades-today-on-big-board.html|access-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent successive bankruptcies in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with only ten percent ownership.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/|title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire|work=[[Philadelphia (magazine)|Philadelphia]]|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|first=Dan|last=McQuade}}</ref> He remained chairman of THCR until 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/|title=How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure|last=Tully|first=Shawn|date=March 10, 2016|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref>
==== Golf courses ====
{{Main|Donald Trump and golf}}
The Trump Organization began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Ahiza|title=Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/index.html|access-date=January 21, 2018|work=[[CNN Money]]|date=December 29, 2016}}</ref> It owned 11 golf courses and resorts worldwide and managed another four {{as of|lc=y|July 2020}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/take-a-look-at-the-golf-courses-owned-by-donald-trump/|title=Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump |work=[[Golfweek]]|date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>
From his inauguration until the end of 2019, Trump spent around one of every five days at one of his golf clubs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Betsy|last=Klein|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/31/politics/trump-golfing-vacation/index.html|title=Trump spent 1 of every 5 days in 2019 at a golf club|work=[[CNN]]|date=December 31, 2019|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>
=== Branding and licensing ===
{{See also|List of things named after Donald Trump}}
[[File:Chicago September 2016-2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]] in Chicago]]
The Trump name has been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Michelle Ye Hee|title=How many Trump products were made overseas? Here's the complete list.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/08/26/how-many-trump-products-were-made-overseas-heres-the-complete-list/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 26, 2016|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref><ref name="neckties">{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 13, 2018|first1=Zane|last1=Anthony|first2=Kathryn|last2=Sanders|first3=David A.|last3=Fahrenthold|author-link3=David Fahrenthold|title=Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whatever-happened-to-trump-ties-theyre-over-so-is-most-of-trumps-merchandising-empire/2018/04/13/2c32378a-369c-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html}}</ref> According to an analysis by ''The Washington Post'', there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly revenue for his companies.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Aaron|last1=Williams|first2=Anu|last2=Narayanswamy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/trump-worldwide-licensing/|title=How Trump has made millions by selling his name|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.<ref name="neckties"/>
=== Legal affairs and bankruptcies ===
{{Main|Legal affairs of Donald Trump|List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump}}
[[Fixer (person)|Fixer]] [[Roy Cohn]] served as Trump's lawyer and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hornaday|first=Ann|title=A portrait of an infamous fixer – and his most famous pupil – in 'Where's My Roy Cohn?'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/a-portrait-of-an-infamous-fixer--and-his-most-famous-pupil--in-wheres-my-roy-cohn/2019/09/24/73013ed0-dca5-11e9-bfb1-849887369476_story.html|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|last2=Flegenheimer|first2=Matt|title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 20, 2016}}</ref> According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.<ref name=Mahler/> In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the United States government for $100 million over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump and Cohn lost that case when the countersuit was dismissed and the government's case went forward.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 23, 2016|first1=Michael|last1=Kranish|author-link1=Michael Kranish|first2=Robert Jr.|last2=O'Harrow|title=Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it|access-date=January 7, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html}}</ref> In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David|title=1973|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump/|access-date=May 26, 2020|date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> Cohn introduced political consultant [[Roger Stone]] to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brenner|first=Julie|title=How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>
{{As of|April 2018}}, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits|url=https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/|access-date=April 17, 2018|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
While Trump has not filed for [[personal bankruptcy]], his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] protection six times between 1991 and 2009.<ref name="CO">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/|first=Clare|last=O'Connor|title=Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 29, 2011|access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="TW">{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Tom|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376|title=4Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.<ref name="CO"/><ref name="TW"/>
During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 17, 2016|first=Emily|last=Flitter|title=Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback|access-date=October 14, 2018|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-bankruptcies-insig/art-of-the-spin-trump-bankers-question-his-portrayal-of-financial-comeback-idUSKCN0ZX0GP}}</ref> but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=December 8, 2017|first=Allan|last=Smith|title=Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation|access-date=October 14, 2018|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported days after the storming of the United States Capitol that the bank had decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/business/trump-brand-capitol-mob.html|title=An Urgent Reckoning for the Trump Brand|first1=Eric|last1=Lipton|first2=Ben|last2=Protess|first3=Steve|last3=Eder|date=January 12, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
In April 2019, the [[House Oversight Committee]] issued [[subpoena]]s seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and [[Capital One]], and his accounting firm, [[Mazars USA]]. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman [[Elijah Cummings]] to prevent the disclosures.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sues Deutsche Bank and Capital One over Democrat subpoenas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48102647|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=April 22, 2019|last1=Fahrenthold|first1=David|author-link1=David Fahrenthold|last2=Bade|first2=Rachael|last3=Wagner|first3=John|title=Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-sues-in-bid-to-block-congressional-subpoena-of-financial-records/2019/04/22/a98de3d0-6500-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref> In May, [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|DC District Court]] judge [[Amit Mehta]] ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/us/politics/trump-financial-records.html|title=Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules|first=Charlie|last=Savage|author-link=Charlie Savage|date=May 20, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and judge [[Edgardo Ramos]] of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District Court of New York]] ruled that the banks must also comply.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-rejects-trumps-request-to-halt-congressional-subpoenas-for-his-banking-records/2019/05/22/28f9b93a-7ccd-11e9-8bb7-0fc796cf2ec0_story.html|title=Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 22, 2019|first1=Renae|last1=Merle|first2=Michael|last2=Kranish|author-link2=Michael Kranish|first3=Felicia|last3=Sonmez}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/business/deutsche-bank-trump-subpoena.html|title=Deutsche Bank Can Release Trump Records to Congress, Judge Rules|first=Emily|last=Flitter|date=May 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-subpoena-appeal-merrick-garland-court-1431543|title=Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court|date=May 21, 2019|accessdate=August 24, 2021|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Alexandra|last=Hutzler}}</ref> arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Lawfare (blog)|Lawfare]]|date=June 10, 2019|first=Mikhaila|last=Vogel|title=Trump Legal Team Files Brief in Mazars Appeal|access-date=June 12, 2019|url=https://www.lawfareblog.com/trump-legal-team-files-brief-mazars-appeal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 28, 2019|first=Renae|last=Merle|title=House subpoenas for Trump's bank records put on hold while President appeals|access-date=May 28, 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/29/house-subpoenas-trumps-bank-records-put-hold-while-president-appeals/}}</ref>
=== Side ventures ===
[[File:Donald trump at the game (3728975319).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Trump at a [[New York Mets]] baseball game in 2009]]
In September 1983, Trump purchased the [[New Jersey Generals]], a team in the [[United States Football League]]. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (where they competed with the [[NFL]] for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an [[United States antitrust law|antitrust suit]] against the organization.<ref>{{cite news|first=Arash|last=Markazi|author-link=Arash Markazi|title=5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL|date=July 14, 2015|work=[[ESPN]]|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2017/09/24/donald-trump-nfl-usfl/|title=Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=September 24, 2017|access-date=June 22, 2018|last=Morris|first=David}}</ref>
Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the [[Boardwalk Hall|Atlantic City Convention Hall]] adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/25/sports/trump-gets-tyson-fight.html|title=Trump Gets Tyson Fight|access-date=February 11, 2011|date=February 25, 1988|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|O'Donnell|Rutherford|1991|p=137}} In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the [[Tour de Trump]] cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the [[Tour de France]] or the [[Giro d'Italia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801|title=The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza|first=Kevin|last=Hogan|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 10, 2016|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>
In the late 1980s, Trump mimicked the actions of Wall Street's so-called [[corporate raider]]s. Trump began to purchase significant blocks of shares in various public companies, leading some observers to think he was engaged in the practice called [[greenmail]], or feigning the intent to acquire the companies and then pressuring management to repurchase the buyer's stake at a premium. ''The New York Times'' found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously."<ref name=Buettner-190508/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/06/business/american-air-gets-trump-bid-of-7.5-billion.html|title=American Air Gets Trump Bid Of $7.5 Billion|first=Agis|last=Salpukas|date=October 6, 1989|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/23/nyregion/trump-ends-his-struggle-to-gain-control-of-bally.html|title=Trump Ends His Struggle to Gain Control of Bally|first=Donald|last=Janson|date=February 23, 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
In 1988, Trump purchased the defunct [[Eastern Air Lines]] shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C. He financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to [[USAir]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kessler|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/08/11/too-good-to-check-sean-hannitys-tale-of-a-trump-rescue/|title=Too good to check: Sean Hannity's tale of a Trump rescue|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 11, 2016|access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump star Hollywood Walk of Fame.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|Trump's star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]]]
In 1992, Trump, his siblings [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]], Elizabeth, and [[Robert Trump|Robert]], and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units and then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The proceeds generated by the markups were shared by the owners.<ref name="Tax_Schemes"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/07/trump-new-york-times-tax-evasion-221082|title=Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?|work=[[Politico]]|date=October 17, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> The increased costs were used as justification to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.<ref name="Tax_Schemes"/>
From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the [[Miss Universe]] pageants, including [[Miss USA]] and [[Miss Teen USA]].<ref name="pageantsaleWME">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html|title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency|date=September 14, 2015|first=John|last=Koblin|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9|title=Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization|date=September 14, 2015|first=Jethro|last=Nededog|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> Due to disagreements with [[CBS]] about scheduling, he took both pageants to [[NBC]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html|title=Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC|date=June 22, 2002|first=Jim|last=Rutenberg|author-link=Jim Rutenberg|access-date=August 14, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/|title=There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC|date=June 22, 2002|first=Lisa|last=de Moraes|author-link=Lisa de Moraes|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> In 2007, Trump received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] for his work as producer of Miss Universe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zara|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Zara|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think|title=Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think|work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|date=October 29, 2016|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> After NBC and [[Univision]] dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/06/29/nbc-dumps-trump/29471971/|title=NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired|work=[[USA Today]]|first=Maria|last=Puente|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and sold the entire company to [[Endeavor (company)|the William Morris talent agency]].<ref name="pageantsaleWME"/>
==== Trump University ====
{{Main|Trump University}}
In 2004, Trump co-founded [[Trump University]], a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gitell|first=Seth|date=March 8, 2016|title=I Survived Trump University|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/i-survived-trump-university-213710|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal|title=Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?|last=Cohan|first=William D.|author-link=William D. Cohan|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Barbaro|author-link=Michael Barbaro|title=New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School|date=May 19, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html}}</ref>
In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Halperin|title=NY Court Refuses to Dismiss Trump University Case, Describes Fraud Allegations|date=March 1, 2016|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/ny-court-refuses-to-dismi_b_9358360.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/|first=Michelle Ye Hee|last=Lee|title=Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 27, 2016|access-date=February 27, 2016}}</ref> In addition, two [[class action]]s were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/|title=Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'|work=[[USA Today]]|first=Kevin|last=McCoy|date=August 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/us/politics/donald-trump-university.html|title=Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony|last1=Barbaro|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barbaro|last2=Eder|first2=Steve|date=May 31, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/01/480279246/hard-sell-the-potential-political-consequences-of-the-trump-university-documents|title=Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents|last=Montenaro|first=Domenico|date=June 1, 2016|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after he won the presidency, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/trump-university.html|title=Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement|last=Eder|first=Steve|date=November 18, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref>
=== Foundation ===
{{Main|Donald J. Trump Foundation}}
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773|title=Nonprofit Explorer|work=[[ProPublica]]|first1=Mike|last1=Tigas|first2=Sisi|last2=Wei|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|author-link=David Fahrenthold|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/|title=Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-portrait-of-trump-the-donor-free-rounds-of-golf-but-no-personal-cash/2016/04/10/373b9b92-fb40-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html|title=Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash|date=April 10, 2016|first1=David A.|last1=Fahrenthold|author-link1=David Fahrenthold|last2=Helderman|first2=Rosalind S.|author-link2=Rosalind Helderman|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Long Island Business News]]|date=September 15, 2016|first=Claude|last=Solnik|title=Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns|url=https://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/}}</ref>
In 2016, ''The Washington Post'' reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Chris |last1=Cillizza |author-link1=Chris Cillizza |first2=David A. |last2=Fahrenthold |author-link2=David Fahrenthold |title=Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 15, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> Also in 2016, the New York State attorney general's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/|title=NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices|date=September 14, 2016|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=September 25, 2016|last1=Bradner|first1=Eric|last2=Frehse|first2=Rob}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 3, 2016|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|author-link=David Fahrenthold|title=Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html}}</ref> Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest|title=Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints|last=Jacobs|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Jacobs (journalist)|date=December 24, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref>
In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/14/politics/new-york-lawsuit-trump-foundation/index.html|title=New York attorney general sues Trump Foundation|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Chris|last1=Isidore|first2=Melanie|last2=Schuman|date=June 14, 2018|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/392392-five-things-to-know-about-the-lawsuit-against-the-trump-foundation|title=Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|date=June 14, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/nyregion/ny-ag-underwood-trump-foundation.html|title=Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 18, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2019|first=Shane|last=Goldmacher}}</ref> In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-foundation-ordered-pay-2m-collection-nonprofits-part/story?id=66827235|title=President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit|work=[[ABC News]]|date=November 7, 2019|access-date=November 7, 2019|first=Aaron|last=Katersky}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50338231|title=Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds|date=November 8, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref>
== Media career ==
{{Main|Media career of Donald Trump}}
=== Books ===
{{Main|Bibliography of Donald Trump}}
Trump has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics, though he has used ghostwriters to do this.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html|title=Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Andrew|last=Buncombe|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref> Trump's first book, ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' (1987), was a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' Best Seller]]. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]].<ref name=MayerGhost>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all|title=Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Jane|last=Mayer|author-link=Jane Mayer|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[The New Yorker]]'', "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon."<ref name=MayerGhost/> Trump has called the book his second favorite, after the Bible.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Neil|first=Luke|date=June 2, 2020|title=What do we know about Trump's love for the Bible?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/02/what-do-we-know-about-trumps-love-for-the-bible|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
=== Film and television ===
{{Main|Donald Trump filmography}}
Trump made [[cameo appearances]] in eight films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adrienne|last=LaFrance|title=Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos|date=December 21, 2015|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lockett|first=Dee|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/06/donald-trump-was-in-the-little-rascals.html|title=Yes, Donald Trump Did Actually Play a Spoiled Rich Kid's Dad in The Little Rascals|work=[[Vulture.com]]|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=July 14, 2018}}</ref>
Trump had a sporadic relationship with the [[professional wrestling]] promotion [[WWE]] since the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lelinwalla|first=Mark|date=March 4, 2016|title=Looking Back at Donald Trump's WWE Career|work=Tech Times|url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/138117/20160304/donald-trumps-history-wwe.htm|access-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> He appeared at [[WrestleMania 23]] in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the [[WWE Hall of Fame (2013)|WWE Hall of Fame in 2013]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Chris|last2=Wetherbee|first2=Brandon|date=December 9, 2016|title=Heel in Chief|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=https://slate.com/culture/2016/12/donald-trump-learned-his-political-moves-from-wwe.html|access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated ''[[Howard Stern Show]]''.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166]}} He also had his own short-form talk radio program called ''[[Trumped!]]'' (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.people.com/people/article/0,,632500,00.html|title=The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=April 29, 2004|access-date=November 19, 2013|first=Stephen M.|last=Silverman|author-link=Stephen M. Silverman}}</ref><!-- Only sources I find are from 2004 like this: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040607005748/en/Trumped!-Donald-Trump-Biggest-Launch-Radio-History --><ref>{{cite news|first=Bob|last=Tedeschi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/technology/now-for-sale-online-the-art-of-the-vacation.html|title=Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 6, 2006|access-date=October 21, 2018}}</ref> From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on ''[[Fox & Friends]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Montopoli|first=Brian|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gets-regular-fox-news-spot/|title=Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot|work=[[CBS News]]|date=April 1, 2011|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Grossman|first1=Matt|last2=Hopkins|first2=David A.|title=How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-the-conservative-media-is-taking-over-the-republican-party/|access-date=October 19, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 9, 2016}}</ref>
From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows ''The Apprentice'' and ''[[The Celebrity Apprentice]]''. On ''The Apprentice'', Trump played the role of a chief executive, and contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. On ''The Celebrity Apprentice'', celebrities competed to win money for charities. On both shows, Trump eliminated contestants with the [[catchphrase]] "You're fired."<ref name="born_7-17-16">{{cite news|last1=Grynbaum|first1=Michael M.|last2=Parker|first2=Ashley|author-link2=Ashley Parker|date=July 16, 2016|title=Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html|access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref>
Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from the [[SAG-AFTRA|Screen Actors Guild]] in February 2021 rather than face a disciplinary committee hearing for inciting the January 6, 2021 mob attack on the U.S. Capitol and for his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists."<ref>{{cite web |last=Rao |first=Sonya |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/ |title=Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harmata |first=Claudia |url=https://people.com/tv/sag-aftra-bans-donald-trump-future-readmission/ |title=Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'|work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref>
== Pre-presidential political career ==
{{Main|Political career of Donald Trump}}
[[File:Donald Trump and Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|left|Trump and President [[Bill Clinton]] in June 2000]]
Trump's political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in 1987, a member of the [[Independence Party of New York|Independence Party]], the New York state affiliate of the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]], in 1999,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/10/25/trump.cnn/index.html|title=Trump Officially Joins Reform Party|work=[[CNN]]|date=October 25, 1999|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, unaffiliated in 2011, and a Republican in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gillin|first=Joshua|title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'|url=https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref>
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,<ref name="hint">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html|title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Oreskes|author-link=Michael Oreskes|date=September 2, 1987|access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> advocating peace in Central America, accelerated nuclear disarmament talks with the Soviet Union, and reduction of the federal budget deficit by making American allies pay "their fair share" for military defense.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html|title=Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 18, 1987|first=Fox|last=Butterfield}}</ref> He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.<ref name="hint"/>
=== 2000 presidential campaign and 2011 hints at presidential run ===
[[File:Donald Trump speaking at CPAC 2011 by Mark Taylor.jpg|thumb|right|Trump speaking at CPAC 2011]]
In 2000, Trump [[Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign|ran in the California and Michigan primaries]] for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the [[2000 United States presidential election]] but withdrew from the race in February 2000.<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Winger|author-link=Richard Winger|title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries|date=December 25, 2011|website=[[Ballot Access News]]|url=https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clift|first=Eleanor|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party|title=The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=April 13, 2017|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html|title=Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 14, 2000|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee [[George W. Bush]] and likely Democratic nominee [[Al Gore]] showed Trump with seven percent support.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump eyeing a run at the White House|last=Johnson|first=Glen|work=Standard-Speaker|location=Hazleton, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
In 2011, Trump [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories#Donald Trump|speculated about running]] against President Barack Obama in [[2012 United States presidential election|the 2012 election]], making his first speaking appearance at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.<ref name="McA">{{cite news|last=MacAskill|first=Ewen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race|title=Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 16, 2011|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bobic|first1=Igor|last2=Stein|first2=Sam|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac_n_58adc0f4e4b03d80af7141cf|title=How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=February 22, 2017|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> In May 2011, he announced he would not run,<ref name="McA"/> and he endorsed [[Mitt Romney]] in February 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump endorses Romney|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/02/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=February 3, 2012|first1=Mark|last1=Preston|first2=Alan|last2=Silverleib|access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923.html|title=Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=April 21, 2011|first=Jason|last=Linkins|date=February 11, 2011}}</ref>
=== 2016 presidential campaign ===
{{Main|Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign}}
==== Republican primaries ====
{{See also|2016 Republican Party presidential primaries}}
[[File:Donald Trump by Gage Skidmore 5.jpg|thumb|alt=Trump speaking in front of an American flag behind a podium, wearing a black suit and red hat. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign.|Trump campaigning in [[Fountain Hills, Arizona]], March 2016. The cap he is wearing advertises the campaign slogan [[Make America Great Again]] (MAGA). Such caps were ubiquitous during the campaign.]]
On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066|first=Adam B.|last=Lerner|title=The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech|work=[[Politico]]|date=June 16, 2015|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/|title=The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign|work=[[The Atlantic]]|first=David A.|last=Graham|date=May 13, 2016|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref> His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/123228/how-donald-trump-evolved-joke-almost-serious-candidate|date=October 27, 2015|first=Elspeth|last=Reeve|title=How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate|work=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>
On [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016#March 1, 2016: Super Tuesday|Super Tuesday]], Trump received the most votes, and he remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/23/why-donald-trump-is-poised-to-win-the-nomination-and-lose-the-general-election-in-one-poll/|title=Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=March 23, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> After a landslide win in [[Indiana Republican primary, 2016|Indiana]] on May 3, 2016—which prompted the remaining candidates [[Ted Cruz]] and [[John Kasich]] to suspend their presidential campaigns—[[Republican National Committee|RNC]] chairman [[Reince Priebus]] declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/reince-priebus-donald-trump-is-nominee-222767|title=RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee|last=Nussbaum|first=Matthew|date=May 3, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2016|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
==== General election campaign ====
{{Main|2016 United States presidential election#General election campaign}}
[[Hillary Clinton]] had a significant lead over Trump in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016|national polls]] throughout most of 2016. In early July, her lead narrowed in national polling averages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/data-points/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936|title=Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off|last1=Hartig|first1=Hannah|last2=Lapinski|first2=John|last3=Psyllos|first3=Stephanie|date=July 19, 2016|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton|title=2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton|access-date=October 3, 2016|work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump and Mike Pence RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Donald Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence. They appear to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American flag displayed on it. Trump is at the left, facing toward the viewer and making "thumbs-up" gestures. Pence is at right, facing Trump and clapping.|Candidate Trump and running mate [[Mike Pence]] at the [[Republican National Convention]], July 2016]]
On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor [[Mike Pence]] as his vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/15/donald-trump-officially-names-mike-pence-as-his-vp.html|title=Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP|last=Levingston|first=Ivan|date=July 15, 2016|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Four days later, the two were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/19/republicans-start-process-to-nominate-trump-for-president.html|title=Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president|date=July 19, 2016|work=[[Fox News Channel]]}}</ref>
Trump and Clinton faced off in [[2016 United States presidential debates|three presidential debates]] in September and October 2016. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election drew attention, with some saying it undermined democracy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37706499|title=US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=October 27, 2016|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-20/how-the-us-media-viewed-the-third-presidential-debate/7950418|title=How US media reacted to the third presidential debate|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=October 27, 2016|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>
==== Political positions ====
{{Main|Political positions of Donald Trump}}
Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating [[China–United States relations|U.S.–China relations]] and free trade agreements such as [[NAFTA]] and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building [[Trump wall|a new wall]] along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing [[energy independence]] while opposing climate change regulations such as the [[Clean Power Plan]] and the [[Paris Agreement]], modernizing and expediting [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs#Veterans Benefits Administration|services for veterans]], repealing and replacing the [[Affordable Care Act]], abolishing [[Common Core]] education standards, [[Infrastructure-based development|investing in infrastructure]], simplifying the [[Internal Revenue Code|tax code]] while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing [[tariff]]s on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he advocated a largely [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37982000|title=Trump's promises before and after election|date=September 19, 2017|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]. He described [[NATO]] as "obsolete".<ref>{{cite news|first=Jenna|last=Johnson|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/04/12/trump-on-nato-i-said-it-was-obsolete-its-no-longer-obsolete/|title=Trump on NATO: 'I said it was obsolete. It's no longer obsolete.'|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|issn=0146-3373|year=2018|doi=10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485|title=Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World|quote=On the campaign trail, Trump repeatedly called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 'obsolete'.|journal=[[Communication Quarterly]]|volume=66|issue=2<!--|pages=176–195 -->|page=176|first=Jason A.|last=Edwards|s2cid=149040989 }}</ref>
Trump's political positions and rhetoric were [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=What Is Populism?|last=Muller|first=Jan-Werner|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8122-9378-4|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Todd|last1=Donovan|first2=David|last2=Redlawsk|title=Donald Trump and right-wing populists in comparative perspective|volume=28|issue=2|year=2018|journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457289.2018.1441844|pages=190–207|doi=10.1080/17457289.2018.1441844|s2cid=148746487 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Thomas|last1=Ferguson|first2=Benjamin I.|last2=Page|first3=Jacob|last3=Rothschild|first4=Arturo|last4=Chang|first5=Jie|last5=Chen|title=The Roots of Right-Wing Populism: Donald Trump in 2016|volume=49|issue=2|year=2020|journal=International Journal of Political Economy|pages=102–123|doi=10.1080/08911916.2020.1778861|s2cid=221061555 }}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory,"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/will-the-real-donald-trump-please-stand-up-120607|title=Will the real Donald Trump please stand up?|last=Noah|first=Timothy|author-link=Timothy Noah|date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/full-list-donald-trump-s-rapidly-changing-policy-positions-n547801|title=A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions|last=Timm|first=Jane C.|access-date=July 12, 2016|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>
==== Campaign rhetoric ====
Trump said he disdained [[political correctness]] and frequently made claims of [[media bias]].<ref name=Walsh-160724>{{cite news|first=Kenneth T.|last=Walsh|author-link=Kenneth T. Walsh|title=Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'|date=August 15, 2016|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ted|last=Koppel|author-link=Ted Koppel|title=Trump: "I feel I'm an honest person"|date=July 24, 2016|work=[[CBS News]]|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-i-feel-im-an-honest-person/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/|title=Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing.|first=Aaron|last=Blake|date=July 6, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> His fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of [[earned media|free media coverage]], elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.<ref name=Cillizza-160614>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/|title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise|first=Chris|last=Cillizza|author-link=Chris Cillizza|date=June 14, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
Trump made a record number of false statements compared to other candidates;<ref name="whoppers">{{cite news|title=The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/|work=[[FactCheck.org]]|access-date=March 4, 2019|quote=In the 12 years of FactCheck.org's existence, we've never seen his match.|date=December 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/|title=2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=December 21, 2015|first1=Angie Drobnic|last1=Holan|author-link1=Angie Drobnic Holan|first2=Linda|last2=Qiu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Farhi|title=Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.)|date=February 26, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html}}</ref> the press reported on his campaign lies and falsehoods, with the ''Los Angeles Times'' saying, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/09/25/media/newspapers-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-lies/index.html|title=The weekend America's newspapers called Donald Trump a liar|first=Brian|last=Stelter|author-link=Brian Stelter|date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> His campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCammon|first=Sarah|title=Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line|work=[[NPR]]|date=August 10, 2016|quote=Many of Trump's opaque statements seem to rely on suggestion and innuendo.}}</ref>
Trump adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole," coined by his ghostwriter [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]], to describe his public speaking style.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Emily|last1=Flitter|first2=James|last2=Oliphant|title=Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire|date=August 28, 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828}}</ref><ref name=Konnikova>{{cite news|last=Konnikova|first=Maria|author-link=Maria Konnikova|title=Trump's Lies vs. Your Brain|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 20, 2017|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref>
==== Support from the far-right ====
According to [[Michael Barkun]], the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barkun|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barkun|year=2017<!--|issn=0954-6553 (print) -->|title=President Trump and the ''Fringe''|journal=[[Terrorism and Political Violence]]|volume=29<!--|pages=437–443 -->|issue=3|page=437|doi=10.1080/09546553.2017.1313649|s2cid=152199771|issn=1556-1836}}</ref> During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lopez|first=German|title=We need to stop acting like Trump isn't pandering to white supremacists|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/13/16140504/trump-charlottesville-white-supremacists|access-date=January 2, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> He retweeted racist Twitter accounts,<ref>{{cite news|last=White|first=Daniel|title=Trump Criticized for Retweeting Racist Account|url=https://time.com/4190482/donald-trump-twitter-racist-retweet/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> and repeatedly refused to condemn [[David Duke]], the [[Ku Klux Klan]] or white supremacists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump Refuses to Condemn KKK, Disavow David Duke Endorsement|url=https://time.com/4240268/donald-trump-kkk-david-duke/|access-date=January 20, 2018|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 28, 2016|first=Melissa|last=Chan}}</ref> Duke enthusiastically supported Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2017/8/12/16138358/charlottesville-protests-david-duke-kkk|title="Why we voted for Donald Trump": David Duke explains the white supremacist Charlottesville protests|last=Nelson|first=Libby|date=August 12, 2017|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/08/15/david-duke-reaction-trump-news-conference/570517001/|title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises Trump for his 'courage'|last=Cummings|first=William|date=August 15, 2017|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said he disavowed Duke and the Klan.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 3, 2016|first=Eugene|last=Scott|title=Trump denounces David Duke, KKK|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-disavows-david-duke-kkk/index.html}}</ref>
The [[alt-right]] movement coalesced around and enthusiastically supported Trump's candidacy,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|title=Anti-Semitic Trump supporters made a giant list of people to target with a racist meme|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/03/anti-semitic-trump-supporters-made-a-giant-list-of-people-to-target-with-a-racist-meme/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hawley|first=George|title=Making Sense of the Alt-Right|year= 2017|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-54600-3|doi=10.7312/hawl18512|page=126|quote=Although it would be a stretch to say that the Alt-Right played a role in Trump's victory … the Alt-Right was perhaps Trump's most enthusiastic base of support.}}</ref> due in part to its [[opposition to multiculturalism]] and [[Opposition to immigration|immigration]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Weigel|first=David|author-link=David Weigel|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/racial-realists-are-cheered-by-trumps-latest-strategy/2016/08/20/cd71e858-6636-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.html|title='Racialists' are cheered by Trump's latest strategy|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 20, 2016|access-date=June 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/25/politics/alt-right-explained-hillary-clinton-donald-trump/|title=Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?|first=Gregory|last=Krieg|access-date=August 25, 2016|date=August 25, 2016|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e148d930-6cdb-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.html|title='Alt-right' movement makes mark on US presidential election|first=Demetri|last=Sevastopulo|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>
In August 2016, he appointed [[Steve Bannon]], the executive chairman of [[Breitbart News]]—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/15/breitbart-news-alt-right-stephen-bannon-trump-administration|access-date=November 18, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 15, 2016|first=Jason|last=Wilson}}</ref> After the election, Trump condemned supporters who celebrated his victory with [[Nazi salute]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump disavows 'alt-right' supporters|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069469|work=[[BBC]]|date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 23, 2016|title=Donald Trump's New York Times Interview: Full Transcript|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/politics/trump-new-york-times-interview-transcript.html}}</ref>
==== Financial disclosures ====
Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.<ref name="disclosure"/><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Office of Government Ethics]]|via=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=July 15, 2015|title=Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (U.S. OGE Form 278e)|url=https://images.businessweek.com/cms/2015-07-22/7-22-15-Report.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723053945/https://images.businessweek.com/cms/2015-07-22/7-22-15-Report.pdf}}</ref>
Trump did not release [[Donald Trump's tax returns|his tax returns]], contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/|title=Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Rappeport|date=May 11, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Qiu|first=Linda|title=Pence's False claim that Trump 'hasn't broken' tax return promise|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/oct/05/mike-pence/pences-false-claim-trump-hasnt-broken-tax-return-p/|work=[[PolitiFact]]|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> He said his tax returns were being [[Income tax audit|audited]], and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/26/pf/taxes/trump-tax-returns-audit/|title=Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits|last1=Isidore|first1=Chris|last2=Sahadi|first2=Jeanne|date=February 26, 2016|access-date=February 26, 2016|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan district attorney]] for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the [[United States Supreme Court]], in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/supreme-court-trump-taxes-vance/index.html|title=Supreme Court allows release of Trump tax returns to NY prosecutor|first=Ariane|last=de Vogue|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-donald-trump-tax-rercords-3aee14146906351ee9dd34aa7b6f4386|title=Supreme Court won't halt turnover of Trump's tax records|date=February 22, 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from ''The New York Times''. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years|last1=Eder|first1=Steve|last2=Twohey|first2=Megan|author-link2=Megan Twohey|date=October 10, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In March 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to [[MSNBC]]. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Trump Wrote Off $100 Million in Business Losses in 2005|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Drucker|first2=Jesse|last3=Craig|first3=Susanne|author-link3=Susanne Craig|last4=Barstow|first4=David|author-link4=David Barstow|date=March 15, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/324016-wh-releases-trump-tax-info-ahead-of-msnbc-report-made-150m-in-2005|title=WH releases Trump tax info ahead of MSNBC report: He paid $38M in federal taxes in '05|last=Jagoda|first=Naomi|access-date=March 15, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref>
==== Election to the presidency ====
{{Main|2016 United States presidential election}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|2016 electoral vote results. Trump won 304–227]]
On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after [[Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016|defections on both sides]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Kiersten|last1=Schmidt|first2=Wilson|last2=Andrews|title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton|date=December 19, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html}}</ref> Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|while losing the popular vote]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Desilver|first=Drew|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/|title=Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=December 20, 2017}}</ref>
Trump's victory was a political upset.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070|title=Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history|work=[[Politico]]|date=November 9, 2016|first=Maxwell|last=Tani|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a [[Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election|nationwide]]—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the [[Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election|competitive states]]. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html|title=Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 9, 2016|first=Nate|last=Cohn|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>
Trump won 30 states; included were [[Michigan]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Wisconsin]], which had been part of what was considered a [[Blue wall (politics)|blue wall]] of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the [[District of Columbia]]. Trump's victory marked the return of an [[Divided government in the United States|undivided]] Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of [[United States Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 9, 2016|first=Amber|last=Phillips|title=Republicans are poised to grasp the holy grail of governance|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/republicans-are-about-to-reach-the-holy-grail-of-governance/}}</ref>
Trump was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|oldest person to take office]] as president at the time of his inauguration.<ref>{{cite news |last=Diaz |first=Johnny |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/joe-biden-age-oldest-presidents.html |title=Biden Will Be the Oldest President to Take the Oath. Who Were the Youngest and Oldest? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref> He is also [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|the first president]] who did not serve in the military or hold any government office prior to becoming president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience|title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience|last=Crockett|first=Zachary|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>
==== Protests ====
{{Main|Protests against Donald Trump}}
[[File:Women's March on Washington (32593123745).jpg|thumb|[[2017 Women's March|Women's March]] in Washington on January 21, 2017]]
Trump's election victory sparked numerous protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/10/trump-tweet-professional-protesters-media/93624612/|title=Trump calls protests 'unfair' in first controversial tweet as president-elect|last=Cummings|first=William|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.businessinsider.com/trump-tweets-that-protesters-have-passion-for-our-great-country-2016-11|title=Trump says protesters have 'passion for our great country' after calling demonstrations 'very unfair'|last=Colson|first=Thomas|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the [[2017 Women's March|Women's Marches]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/|title=At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations|last1=Przybyla|first1=Heidi M.|last2=Schouten|first2=Fredreka|date=January 22, 2017|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> Marches against his [[Executive Order 13769|travel ban]] began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref>
== Presidency (2017–2021) ==
{{Main|Presidency of Donald Trump}}
{{for timeline|Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency}}
=== Early actions ===
{{See also|Presidential transition of Donald Trump|First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency}}
[[File:Trump Family Hand Up.jpg|thumb|Trump is [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|sworn in]] as president by Chief Justice [[John Roberts]]]]
[[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump was inaugurated]] as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed [[List of executive actions by Donald Trump#Executive orders|six executive orders]]: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the [[Mexico City Policy]], authorizing the [[Keystone XL]] and [[Dakota Access Pipeline]] construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.<ref>{{cite news|last=Quigley|first=Aidan|title=All of Trump's executive actions so far|url=https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2017/01/all-trump-executive-actions-000288|access-date=January 28, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law [[Jared Kushner]] became his [[Assistant to the President|assistant]] and [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|senior advisor]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/03/family-affair|author=V.v.B|title=Ivanka Trump's new job|date=March 31, 2017|access-date=April 3, 2017|work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael S.|last1=Schmidt|author-link1=Michael S. Schmidt|first2=Eric|last2=Lipton|author-link2=Eric Lipton|first3=Charlie|last3=Savage|author-link3=Charlie Savage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jared-kushner-justice-department.html|title=Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 21, 2017|access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref>
=== Conflicts of interest ===
Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a [[revocable trust]] run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr, and a business associate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Marilyn|last=Geewax|title=Trump Has Revealed Assumptions About Handling Presidential Wealth, Businesses|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/20/576871315/trump-has-revealed-assumptions-about-handling-presidential-wealth-businesses|work=[[NPR]]|date=January 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name="BBC041817">{{cite news|title=A list of Trump's potential conflicts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069298|work=[[BBC]]|date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> However Trump continued to profit from his businesses<ref name="Venook">{{cite news|last=Venook|first=Jeremy|title=Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=August 9, 2017}}</ref> and continued to have knowledge of how his administration's policies affected his businesses.<ref name="BBC041817"/> Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals," the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name="Venook"/>
Trump was sued for violating the [[Domestic Emoluments Clause|Domestic]] and [[Foreign Emoluments Clause]]s of the [[U.S. Constitution]],<ref name=CRSRpt>{{cite report|title=In Focus: The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF11086.pdf|date=August 19, 2020|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.<ref name=CRSRpt/><ref name="Polantz"/> The plaintiffs said that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence him.<ref name=CRSRpt/><ref name="Venook"/><ref>{{cite news|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon LaFraniere|title=Lawsuit on Trump Emoluments Violations Gains Traction in Court|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/politics/trump-emoluments-lawsuit.html|date=January 25, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Polantz">{{cite news|title=Appeals court lets emoluments lawsuit against Trump proceed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/14/politics/appeals-court-emoluments-trump-hotel/index.html|date=May 14, 2020|first1=Katelyn|last1=Polantz|first2=Devan|last2=Cole|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Trump called the clause "phony".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/10/21/donald-trump-mocks-constitution-emoluments-clause-phony/4055162002/|title='Phony'. Donald Trump mocks 'emoluments' clause of U.S. Constitution that bans foreign gifts|last1=Subramanian|first1=Courtney|last2=Collins|first2=Michael|last3=Jackson|first3=David|date=October 21, 2019|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=December 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Venook"/> After Trump's term had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the cases as moot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/emoluments-supreme-court-donald-trump-case/index.html|title=Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump|first1=Ariane|last1=de Vogue|first2=Devan|last2=Cole|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>
=== Domestic policy ===
==== Economy and trade ====
{{Main|Economic policy of Donald Trump}}
{{See also|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017|Trump tariffs}}
Trump took office at the height of the longest [[economic expansion]] in American history,<ref name=VanDam>{{cite news|author=Andrew Van Dam|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic.|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the [[COVID-19 recession]] began.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smialek|first=Jeanna|date=June 8, 2020|title=The U.S. Entered a Recession in February|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/business/economy/us-economy-recession-2020.html|access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>
In December 2017, Trump signed the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]]. The bill had been passed by both Republican-controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025, and eliminated the [[Affordable Care Act]]'s individual requirement to obtain health insurance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Long |first=Heather |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/15/the-final-gop-tax-bill-is-complete-heres-what-is-in-it/ |title=The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here’s what is in it. |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/15/us/politics/final-republican-tax-bill-cuts.html|title=What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Wilson|last1=Andrews|first2=Alicia|last2=Parlapiano|date=December 15, 2017|access-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6% lower than projected.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gale |first=William G. |url=https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/votervital/did-the-2017-tax-cut-the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-pay-for-itself/ |title=Did the 2017 tax cut—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—pay for itself? |work=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump in Ypsilanti (33998674940) (cropped2).jpg|thumb|Trump speaks to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017]]
Trump is a skeptic of trade liberalization, adopting these views in the 1980s, and sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tankersly |first=Jim |last2=Landler |first2=Mark |title=Trump’s Love for Tariffs Began in Japan’s ’80s Boom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/us/politics/china-trade-donald-trump.html |date=May 15, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516122306/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/us/politics/china-trade-donald-trump.html |archive-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-calls-nafta-a-disaster/|title=Trump calls NAFTA a "disaster"|date=September 25, 2015|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/politics/trump-tpp-things-to-know/index.html|title=Trump's TPP withdrawal: 5 things to know|last=Bradner|first=Eric|date=January 23, 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/mar/10/war-over-steel-trump-tips-global-trade-turmoil-tariffs|title=The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=March 10, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2018|last=Inman|first=Phillip}}</ref> and launched a [[China–United States trade war|trade war]] with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/|title=Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|date=January 7, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-ministry/trump-sets-tariffs-on-50-billion-in-chinese-goods-beijing-strikes-back-idUSKBN1JB0KC|title=Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes|date=June 16, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|first1=David|last1=Lawder|first2=Ben|last2=Blanchard}}</ref> On several occasions, Trump said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the [[U.S. Treasury]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/12/kudlow-says-us-will-pay-for-china-tariffs-contradicting-trump.html|title=Kudlow acknowledges US will pay for China tariffs, contradicting Trump|work=[[CNBC]]|date=May 12, 2019|access-date=May 20, 2019|first=Emma|last=Newburger}}</ref> Although Trump pledged during his 2016 campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large [[trade deficits]], the U.S. trade deficit reached its highest level in 12 years under his administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/dd93ecd3cafc5df88a8f9f4a61693b07|work=[[AP News]]|title=US trade deficit surges in July to highest in 12 years|date=September 2, 2020|first=Martin|last=Crutsinger}}</ref> Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, Trump signed the [[United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement]] (USMCA) as the successor to NAFTA on January 29, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/trump-signs-usmca-trade-deal-replace-nightmare-nafta-n1125526|title=Trump signs USMCA trade deal to replace 'nightmare NAFTA'|date=January 29, 2020|first=Martha C.|last=White|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> The revised trade deal became effective on July 1, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-usmca/new-north-american-trade-pact-to-take-effect-july-1-ustr-idUSKCN2263H0|title=New North American trade pact to take effect July 1: USTR|date=April 24, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump as president approved large increases in government spending, as well as the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1{{nbsp}}trillion in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Heather|last2=Stein|first2=Jeff|title=The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/25/us-deficit-hit-billion-marking-nearly-percent-increase-during-trump-era/|access-date=June 10, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> Under Trump, the [[U.S. national debt]] increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75{{nbsp}}trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] also hit a post-World War II high.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Allan|last1=Sloan|first2=Cezary|last2=Podkul|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/national-debt-trump|work=[[ProPublica]]|title=Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years |date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
Trump left office with 3 million fewer jobs in the U.S. than when he took office, making Trump the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce.<ref name=VanDam/>
An analysis published by ''The Wall Street Journal'' in October 2020 found the trade war Trump initiated in early 2018 neither revived American manufacturing nor resulted in the [[reshoring]] of factory production.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zumbrun|first=Josh|title=China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-trade-war-didnt-boost-u-s-manufacturing-might-11603618203|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>
==== Energy and climate ====
{{Main|Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration|Climate change in the United States}}
Trump rejects the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Ashley|last1=Parker|author-link1=Ashley Parker|first2=Coral|last2=Davenport|title=Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules|date=May 26, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jason|last=Samenow|author-link=Jason Samenow|title=Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate|date=March 22, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/03/22/donald-trumps-unsettling-nonsense-on-weather-and-climate}}</ref> He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40% and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump proposes cuts to climate and clean-energy programs|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/how-trump-is-changing-science-environment|date=February 12, 2018|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=May 27, 2018|first1=Michael|last1=Greshko|first2=Laura|last2=Parker|first3=Brian Clark|last3=Howard|first4=Daniel|last4=Stone|first5=Alejandra|last5=Borunda|first6=Sarah|last6=Gibbens}}</ref> In June 2017, Trump announced the [[withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement]], making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dennis|first=Brandy|title=As Syria embraces Paris climate deal, it's the United States against the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/11/07/as-syria-embraces-paris-climate-deal-its-the-united-states-against-the-world|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref>
Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed [[greenhouse gas emissions]], air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing [[Arctic Refuge drilling controversy|drilling in the Arctic Refuge]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Popovich|first1=Nadja|last2=Albeck-Ripka|first2=Livia|last3=Pierre-Louis|first3=Kendra|title=The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/climate/trump-environment-rollbacks-list.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of [[fossil fuel]]s;<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardner|first=Timothy|title=Senate confirms Brouillette, former Ford lobbyist, as energy secretary|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-energy-brouillette/senate-confirms-brouillette-former-ford-lobbyist-as-energy-secretary-idUSKBN1Y62E6|access-date=December 15, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|date=December 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/mt-state-wire-climate-ap-top-news-climate-change-ca-state-wire-2b44ced0e892d7e988e40a486d875b5d|work=[[Associated Press]]|title=Trump's fossil fuel agenda gets pushback from federal judges|first=Matthew|last=Brown|date=September 15, 2020}}</ref> under Trump, natural gas expanded, but coal continued to decline.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/us/politics/trump-coal-industry.html|title='The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 5, 2020|first=Eric|last=Lipton}}</ref><ref name=Subramaniam>{{cite news|first=Tara|last=Subramaniam|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/30/politics/trump-broken-promises/index.html|title=From building the wall to bringing back coal: Some of Trump's more notable broken promises|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
==== Deregulation ====
During his presidency, Trump [[deregulation|dismantled many federal regulations]] on health, labor, and the environment, among other topics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/tracking-deregulation-in-the-trump-era/|date=November 2, 2020|title=Tracking deregulation in the Trump era|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref> Trump signed 15 [[Congressional Review Act]] resolutions repealing federal regulations, becoming the second president to sign a CRA resolution, and the first president to sign more than one CRA resolution.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Adriance|first=Sam|title=President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-first-congressional-review-act-disapproval-resolution-16-years|date=February 16, 2017|magazine=[[The National Law Review]]|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farand|first=Chloe|title=Donald Trump Disassembles 90 Federal State Regulations in Just Over a Month in White House|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html|date=March 6, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284|work=[[The New York Times]]|via=[[DocumentCloud]]|access-date=March 7, 2017|date=March 5, 2017|quote=More than 90 Obama-era federal regulations have been revoked or delayed or enforcement has been suspended, in many cases based on requests from the industries the rules target.}}</ref>
On January 30, 2017, Trump signed [[Executive Order 13771]], which directed that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination."<ref>{{cite news|last=Plumer|first=Brad|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations|title=Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=January 30, 2017|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.<ref>{{cite news|last=Calabresi|first=Massimo|title=Inside Donald Trump's War against the State|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=March 9, 2017|url=https://time.com/4696428/donald-trump-war-state-government/|quote=Staffed by experts who oversee an open governmental process, they say, the federal bureaucracy exists to protect those who would otherwise be at the mercy of better-organized, better-funded interests.}}</ref>
==== Health care ====
During his campaign, Trump vowed to [[Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|repeal]] and replace the Affordable Care Act,<ref>{{cite news|last=Kodjak|first=Alison|author-link=Alison Kodjak|title=Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/09/501203831/trump-can-kill-obamacare-with-or-without-help-from-congress|access-date=January 12, 2017|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> and urged Congress to do so. In May 2017, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives passed a [[American Health Care Act of 2017|bill to repeal the ACA]] in a party-line vote,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/331937-house-passes-obamacare-repeal|title=House passes Obamacare repeal|last=Sullivan|first=Peter|date=May 4, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref> but repeal proposals were narrowly voted down in the Senate after three Republicans joined all Democrats in opposing it.<ref>{{cite news|first=Leigh Ann|last=Caldwell|title=Obamacare Repeal Fails: Three GOP Senators Rebel in 49–51 Vote|work=[[NBC News]]|url= https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-gop-effort-repeal-obamacare-fails-n787311|date=July 28, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref>
Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through [[Executive Order 13765|Executive Orders 13765]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/us/politics/trump-executive-order-obamacare.html|title=Trump Issues Executive Order Scaling Back Parts of Obamacare|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|last2=Pear|first2=Robert|author-link2=Robert Pear|date=January 20, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> and [[Executive Order 13813|13813]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/12/news/economy/trump-health-care-executive-order/|title=What's in Trump's health care executive order?|first=Tami|last=Luhby|work=[[CNN]]|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref> Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA [[Annual enrollment|enrollment period]] in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/18/trump-tweet-obamacare-repeal-failure-240664|title=Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'|last=Nelson|first=Louis|date=July 18, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/trump-obamacare-sabotage-enrollment-cuts_us_59a87bffe4b0b5e530fd5751|title=Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs|last=Young|first=Jeffrey|date=August 31, 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref> The [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017|2017 tax bill]] signed by Trump effectively repealed the ACA's [[Individual shared responsibility provision|individual health insurance mandate]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Pear|author-link1=Robert Pear|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/us/politics/tax-cut-obamacare-individual-mandate-repeal.html|title=Without the Insurance Mandate, Health Care's Future May Be in Doubt|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 18, 2017|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the [[Cadillac insurance plan|Cadillac plan tax]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrdive.com/news/trump-signs-bill-repealing-aca-cadillac-tax-granting-relief-for-employer/569551/|work=HR Dive|first=Ryan|last=Golden|date=December 23, 2019|access-date=December 24, 2019|title=Trump signs bill repealing ACA Cadillac tax, granting 'relief' for employers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Maurer|first=Mark|date=December 23, 2019|title=Finance Chiefs Relieved After Repeal of Cadillac Tax|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/finance-chiefs-relieved-after-repeal-of-cadillac-tax-11577137387|access-date=July 13, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/health-check/statements/2020/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-claim-he-saved-pre-ex-conditions-part-fanta/|title=Trump's claim that he 'saved' pre-ex conditions 'part fantasy, part delusion'|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 14, 2020|first=Shefali|last=Luthra|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> in fact, the Trump administration [[California v. Texas|joined a lawsuit]] seeking to strike down the entire ACA, including protections for those with pre-existing conditions.<ref name=StolbergACA>{{cite news|first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|title=Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/politics/obamacare-trump-administration-supreme-court.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883819835/obamacare-must-fall-trump-administration-tells-supreme-court|work=[[NPR]]|first=Mark|last=Katkov|date=June 23, 2020}}</ref> If the lawsuit had succeeded, it would have eliminated [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|health insurance coverage]] for up to 23 million Americans.<ref name=StolbergACA/> During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/politics/medicare-trump.html|title=Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs|first1=Alan|last1=Rappeport|author-link1=Alan Rappeport|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 24, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Trump's policies in response to the [[Opioid epidemic in the United States|opioid epidemic]] were widely criticized as ineffectual and harmful. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a new record of 50,052 deaths in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mann|first=Brian|date=October 29, 2020|title=Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/29/927859091/opioid-crisis-critics-say-trump-fumbled-response-to-another-deadly-epidemic|access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref>
==== Social issues ====
{{Main|Social policy of Donald Trump}}
Trump favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to allow for exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/|title=Trump: I would change GOP platform on abortion|last=Wright|first=David|date=April 21, 2016|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He said he was committed to appointing "[[pro-life]]" justices, pledging in 2016 to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Meridith|last1=McGraw|first2=Nancy|last2=Cook|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/25/trump-supreme-court-abortion-421443|title=Trump walks abortion tightrope on SCOTUS pick|work=[[Politico]]|date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> He says he personally supports "traditional marriage" but considers the [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|nationwide legality]] of [[same-sex marriage]] a "settled" issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/|title=Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed|work=[[CNN]]|first=Ariane|last=De Vogue|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> In March 2017, the Trump administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-advocates-say-trump-s-news-executive-order-makes-them-n740301|title=LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination|work=[[NBC News]]|first=Mary Emily|last=O'Hara|access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref>
Trump says he is [[Gun politics in the United States|opposed]] to [[gun control]] in general, although his views have shifted over time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/|title=The times Trump changed his positions on guns|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 20, 2016|first=Gregory|last=Krieg}}</ref> After several [[mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]] during his term, Trump initially said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but this was abandoned in November 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-quietly-abandons-proposing-ideas-to-curb-gun-violence-after-saying-he-would-following-mass-shootings/2019/10/31/8bca030c-fa6e-11e9-9534-e0dbcc9f5683_story.html|title=Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Josh|last=Dawsey|author-link=Josh Dawsey|date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> The Trump administration took an [[Cannabis policy of the Donald Trump administration|anti-marijuana position]], revoking [[Cole Memorandum|Obama-era policies]] that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bures|first=Brendan|date=February 21, 2020|title=Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/marijuana/sns-tft-trump-anti-marijuana-stance-20200221-jfdx4urbb5bhrf6ldtfpxleopi-story.html}}</ref>
Long favoring [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/politics/donald-trump-police-officers-death-penalty/|title=Trump: Death penalty for cop killers|date=December 11, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|last=Diamond|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Diamond|access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> Trump approved the first [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal execution]]s in 17 years;<ref>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Gerstein|title=Trump administration carries out first federal execution in 17 years|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2020|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/14/supreme-court-federal-execution-injunction-360490}}</ref> under Trump, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Tarm|first2=Michael|last2=Kunzelman|title=Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-wildlife-coronavirus-pandemic-crime-terre-haute-28e44cc5c026dc16472751bbde0ead50|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as [[waterboarding]]<ref>{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Tom|title=Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410|work=[[ABC News]]|date=February 6, 2016|access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref> but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary [[James Mattis]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ron E.|last=Hassner|title=What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?|journal=[[International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence]]|volume=33|issue=1|year=2020|pages=4–42|doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951|s2cid=213244706|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951?journalCode=ujic20}}</ref>
=== Pardons and commutations ===
{{Main|List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump}}
Most of Trump's pardons were granted to people with personal or political connections to him.<ref name=Ballhaus>{{cite news|last=Ballhaus|first=Rebecca|title=Trump Issues 26 More Pardons, Including to Paul Manafort, Roger Stone|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-issues-26-more-pardons-including-to-paul-manafort-roger-stone-11608769926|access-date=December 24, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pardon-power-russia-probe-mueller/2020/12/24/c55000c8-45fd-11eb-b0e4-0f182923a025_story.html|date=December 24, 2020|title=Trump wields pardon power as political weapon, rewarding loyalists and undermining prosecutors|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Toluse|last1=Olorunnipa|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey}}</ref> In his term, Trump sidestepped [[Office of the Pardon Attorney|regular Department of Justice procedures for considering pardons]]; instead he often entertained pardon requests from his associates or from celebrities.<ref name=Ballhaus/>
In 2017, Trump pardoned former Arizona sheriff [[Joe Arpaio]] who was convicted of [[contempt of court]] for disobeying a court order to halt the [[racial profiling]] of Latinos.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-grants-pardon-former-sheriff-joe-arpaio-n796191|title=President Trump Grants Pardon for Former Sheriff Joe Arpaio|first1=Vaughn|last1=Hillyard|first2=Phil|last2=Helsel|work=[[NBC News]]|date=August 26, 2017|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> In 2018, Trump pardoned former Navy sailor [[Kristian Saucier]], who was convicted of taking classified photographs of a submarine;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/09/592440282/trump-pardons-ex-navy-sailor-sentenced-for-photos-of-submarine|title=Trump Pardons Ex-Navy Sailor Sentenced For Photos of Submarine|first=Ryan|last=Lucas|work=[[NPR]]|date=March 9, 2018|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> [[Scooter Libby]], a political aide to former vice president [[Dick Cheney]], who was convicted of obstruction of justice, [[perjury]], and [[making false statements]] to the FBI;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/13/president-trump-plans-to-pardon-former-cheney-chief-of-staff-scooter-libby.html|title=President Trump pardons former Cheney chief of staff Scooter Libby|first1=Mike|last1=Calia|first2=Jacob|last2=Pramuk|date=April 13, 2018|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> conservative commentator [[Dinesh D'Souza]], who had made illegal political campaign contributions;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-pardon-to-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-for-campaign-finance-violations/2018/05/31/b4939a08-64d5-11e8-a768-ed043e33f1dc_story.html|title=Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Philip|last1=Rucker|author-link1=Philip Rucker|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|first3=John|last3=Wagner|date=June 1, 2018|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> and he commuted the life sentence of [[Alice Marie Johnson]], who had been convicted of drug trafficking, following a request by celebrity [[Kim Kardashian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-has-commuted-the-life-sentence-of-alice-marie-johnson-a-woman-whose-case-was-championed-by-kim-kardashian/2018/06/06/ce5bbf20-69a7-11e8-9e38-24e693b38637_story.html|title=Trump has commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a woman whose case was championed by Kim Kardashian|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=John|last1=Wagner|first2=Sari|last2=Horwitz|date=June 6, 2018|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Trump pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American soldiers convicted or accused of [[war crimes]] in Afghanistan or Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|last=Philipps|first=Dave|title=Trump's Pardons for Servicemen Raise Fears That Laws of War Are History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/us/trump-pardon-military.html|access-date=December 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> In 2020, he pardoned four [[Academi|Blackwater]] mercenaries convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 [[Nisour Square massacre]].<ref name=Blackwater>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael|title=Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|access-date=December 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 22, 2020}}</ref> He also pardoned white-collar criminals [[Michael Milken]], [[Bernard Kerik]], and [[Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.]] and [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] former Illinois governor [[Rod Blagojevich]]'s 14-year corruption sentence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|last3=Shear|first3=Michael D.|author-link3=Michael D. Shear|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/us/politics/trump-pardon-debartolo.html|title=Trump Commutes Corruption Sentence of Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois|date=February 18, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Seidel|first1=Jon|last2=Sneed|first2=Michael|last3=Sweet|first3=Lynn|author-link3=Lynn Sweet|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2020/2/18/20792391/rod-blagojevich-trump-clemency-illinois-governor-patti|title=President frees imprisoned ex-Gov. Rod Blagojevioch-now a grateful 'Trumpocrat'|date=February 19, 2020|access-date=February 20, 2020|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> In December 2020, he pardoned [[Charles Kushner]], Ivanka Trump's father-in-law, who had served two years in federal prison for witness tampering, tax evasion, and illegal campaign donations.<ref name=Ballhaus/>
Trump pardoned or commuted the sentences for five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections.<ref name=Ballhaus/><ref name=Blackwater/> In November 2020, Trump pardoned his former National Security Advisor [[Michael Flynn]] and, in December, his 2016 campaign adviser [[George Papadopoulos]] and lawyer [[Alex van der Zwaan]]; all three had pleaded guilty of [[Making false statements|lying to federal officials]] during the investigations.<ref name=Blackwater/> Also in December 2020, Trump pardoned his friend and advisor Roger Stone whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July; and his 2016 campaign manager Paul Manafort who had been sentenced to more than seven years in prison for bank and tax fraud and other crimes.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Kelly |first1=Amita |last2=Lucas |first2=Ryan |last3=Romo |first3=Vanessa |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/23/949820820/trump-pardons-roger-stone-paul-manafort-and-charles-kushner |title=Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=March 21, 2021 }}</ref>
In his last full day in office, Trump granted 143 pardons and commutations. He pardoned his former chief strategist Steve Bannon; Trump fundraiser [[Elliott Broidy]]; and former Republican congressmen [[Rick Renzi]], [[Robin Hayes|Robert Hayes]], and [[Duke Cunningham|Randall "Duke" Cunningham]], and commuted the sentences of dozens of people including former Detroit mayor [[Kwame Kilpatrick]] and sports gambler [[Billy Walters (gambler)|Billy Walters]]; the latter had paid tens of thousands of dollars to former Trump attorney [[John M. Dowd]] to plead his case with Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|title=With Hours Left in Office, Trump Grants Clemency to Bannon and Other Allies|date=January 20, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 20, 2021}}</ref>
=== Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op ===
{{Main|Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church}}
On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, [[pepper spray]] projectiles, [[stun grenade]]s, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from [[Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.|Lafayette Square]], outside the White House.<ref name="wb">{{cite news|last1=Leonnig|first1=Carol D.|author-link1=Carol D. Leonnig|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|last3=Dawsey|first3=Josh|author-link3=Josh Dawsey|last4=Tan|first4=Rebecca|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html|title=Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 2, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="bumpline">{{Cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=June 6, 2020|title=Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/timeline-clearing-lafayette-square/|access-date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> Trump then walked to [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square|St. John's Episcopal Church]], where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos.<ref name="wb"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gittleson |first1=Ben |last2=Phelps |first2=Jordyn |title=Police use munitions to forcibly push back peaceful protesters for Trump church visit |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/national-guard-troops-deployed-white-house-trump-calls/story?id=71004151 |access-date=June 29, 2021 |work=[[ABC News]] |date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt".<ref name="Shear">{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |title=Trump and Aides Try to Change the Narrative of the White House Protests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/politics/trump-protests.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 3, 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2021 }}</ref>
Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stableford|first1=Dylan|last2=Wilson|first2=Christopher|title=Religious leaders condemn teargassing protesters to clear street for Trump|url=https://news.yahoo.com/religious-leaders-condemn-gassing-protesters-to-clear-street-for-trump-192800782.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police brutality protesters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scores of retired military leaders publicly denounce Trump|url=https://apnews.com/article/252914f8a989a740544be6d4992d044c|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> The chairman of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], General [[Mark A. Milley]], later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/11/pentagons-top-general-apologizes-appearing-alongside-trump-lafayette-square/|title=Pentagon's top general apologizes for appearing alongside Trump in Lafayette Square/|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
=== Immigration ===
{{Main|Immigration policy of Donald Trump}}
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build [[Mexico–United States barrier|a wall]] on the [[Mexico–United States border]] to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269|title=Who pays for Donald Trump's wall?|date=February 6, 2017|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref> He pledged to deport millions of [[Illegal immigrant population of the United States|illegal immigrants residing in the United States]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=September 29, 2015|date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> and criticized [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright citizenship]] for incentivizing "[[anchor babies]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution|title=Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=November 22, 2015|first=Inae|last=Oh}}</ref> As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang [[MS-13]], though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/08/08/trump-immigrants-rhetoric-criticized-el-paso-dayton-shootings/1936742001/|title=A USA TODAY analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017|last=Fritze|first=John|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=August 9, 2019|date=August 8, 2019}}</ref>
Trump has attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Kevin|title=Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order|journal=[[Santa Clara Law Review]]|year=2017|volume=57|issue=3|pages=611–665|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/saclr57&div=21&id=&page=|access-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Kevin|last2=Cuison-Villazor|first2=Rose|title=The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity|journal=[[Wake Forest Law Review]]|date=May 2, 2019|url=https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wflr54§ion=21|access-date=June 1, 2020| pages=575–616|volume=54|issue=2}}</ref>
From 2018 onwards, Trump [[Operation Faithful Patriot|deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Ellen|title=Pentagon to send a 'few thousand' more troops to southern border|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/427519-pentagon-to-send-a-few-thousand-more-troops-to-southern-border|access-date=June 4, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=January 29, 2019}}</ref> to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum, and from 2020 used the [[public charge rule]] to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via [[green card]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Snow|first=Anita|title=Crackdown on immigrants who use public benefits takes effect|url=https://apnews.com/article/e069e5a84057752a8535b1abe5d2ba6d|access-date=June 4, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=February 25, 2020}}</ref> Trump has reduced the number of [[United States Refugee Admissions Program|refugees admitted]] into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/04/donald-trump-has-cut-refugee-admissions-to-america-to-a-record-low|access-date=June 25, 2020|work=[[The Economist]]|date=November 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/politics/trump-refugees.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 1, 2020|first1=Zolan|last1=Kanno-Youngs|author-link1=Zolan Kanno-Youngs|first2=Michael D.|last2=Shear|author-link2=Michael D. Shear}}</ref> Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hesson|first=Ted|title=Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/11/trump-refugee-decrease-immigration-044186|access-date=June 25, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|date=October 11, 2019}}</ref>
==== Travel ban ====
{{Main|Executive Order 13769|Executive Order 13780}}
Following the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]], Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting|title=Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 8, 2015|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 25, 2016|first=Jenna|last=Johnson|title=Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/25/trump-now-says-muslim-ban-only-applies-to-those-from-terrorism-heavy-countries/|quote=[A] reporter asked Trump if [he] would be OK with a Muslim from Scotland coming into the United States and he said it 'wouldn't bother me'. Afterward, [spokeswoman] Hicks said in an email that Trump's ban would now just apply to Muslims in terror states ...}}</ref>
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed [[Executive Order 13769]], which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump signs new travel ban directive|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump|title=US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests|date=January 28, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|first1=Joanna|last1=Walters|first2=Edward|last2=Helmore|first3=Saeed Kamali|last3=Dehghan|access-date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> [[Legal challenges to Executive Orders 13769 and 13780|Multiple legal challenges]] were filed against the order, and a federal judge [[National injunctions|blocked its implementation nationwide]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=February 4, 2017|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=Dan|last2=Frosch|title=Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/legal-feud-over-trump-immigration-order-turns-to-visa-revocations-1486153216}}</ref> On March 6, Trump issued [[Executive Order 13780|a revised order]], which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, but was again blocked by federal judges in three states.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|date=March 15, 2017|first1=Dan|last1=Levine|first2=Mica|last2=Rosenberg|title=Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-court-idUSKBN16M17N}}</ref> In a [[Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump|decision in June 2017]], the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a ''bona fide'' relationship with a person or entity in the United States."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-travel-ban-supreme-court-20170626-story.html|title=Trump says Supreme Court decision on travel ban a 'clear victory for our national security'|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|first=Mark|last=Sherman|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=June 26, 2017|access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref>
The temporary order was replaced by [[Presidential Proclamation 9645]] on September 24, 2017, which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Laughland|first=Oliver|date=September 25, 2017|title=Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/25/trump-travel-ban-extended-to-blocks-on-north-korea-and-venezuela|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=October 13, 2017}}</ref> After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-immigration/supreme-court-lets-trumps-latest-travel-ban-go-into-full-effect-idUSKBN1DY2NY|first=Lawrence|last=Hurley|date=December 4, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-travel-ban/index.html|title=Supreme Court upholds Trump's travel ban|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 26, 2018|access-date=June 26, 2018|last1=Wagner|first1=Meg|last2=Ries|first2=Brian}}</ref>
==== Family separation at border ====
{{Main|Trump administration family separation policy}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Ursula (detention center) 1.png
| alt1 = Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment
| image2 = Ursula (detention center) 2.jpg
| alt2 = Children and juveniles in a wire mesh compartment, showing sleeping mats and thermal blankets on floor
| footer = Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the [[Ursula (detention center)|Ursula detention facility]] in [[McAllen, Texas]], June 2018
}}
The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border while attempting to enter the U.S, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pearle|first=Lauren|title=Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-administration-unsure-thousands-migrant-families-separated-originally/story?id=60797633|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[ABC News]]|date=February 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Spagat">{{cite news|last=Spagat|first=Elliot|date=October 25, 2019|title=Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/c654e652a4674cf19304a4a4ff599feb|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "[[Trump administration family separation policy|zero tolerance]]" policy whereby every adult suspected of [[illegal entry]] would be criminally prosecuted.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|last2=Shear|first2=Michael D.|author-link2=Michael D. Shear|title=How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/16/us/politics/family-separation-trump.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 30, 2020|date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were separated as unaccompanied alien minors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|author-link=Charlie Savage|title=Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/family-separation-executive-order.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 30, 2020|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.<ref name="Domonoske">{{cite news|last1=Domonoske|first1=Camila|last2=Gonzales|first2=Richard|date=June 19, 2018|title=What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/19/621065383/what-we-know-family-separation-and-zero-tolerance-at-the-border|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref>
The policy of family separations was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.<ref name="Domonoske"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Epstein|first=Jennifer|title=Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/donald-trump-s-family-separations-bedevil-gop-as-public-outrage-grows-20180618-p4zm9h.html|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/us/politics/trump-immigration-separation-border.html|title=Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 15, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018|last=Davis|first=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link=Julie Hirschfeld Davis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/despite-claims-gop-immigration-bill-would-not-end-family-separation-n883701|title=Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 15, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018|last=Sarlin|first=Benjy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|last2=Nixon|first2=Ron|author-link2=Ron Nixon|date=May 29, 2018|title=Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/us/politics/trump-democrats-immigrant-families.html|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>
Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he proceeded to sign an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beckwith|first=Ryan|title=Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does|url=https://time.com/5317703/trump-family-separation-policy-executive-order/|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 20, 2018|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Abby|last2=Goodnough|first3=Maggie|last3=Haberman|author-link3=Maggie Haberman|title=Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart|access-date=June 20, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/trump-immigration-children-executive-order.html}}</ref> On June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;<ref>{{cite news|last=Hansler|first=Jennifer|title=Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/politics/family-separation-federal-judge-personal-property-comment/index.html|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations stopped, except in the cases where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if there is parental approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/27/us-immigration-must-reunite-families-separated-at-border-federal-judge-rules|title=Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days|last=Walters|first=Joanna|date=June 27, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> Despite the federal court order, the Trump administration continued to practice family separations, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.<ref name="Spagat"/>
==== Trump wall and government shutdown ====
{{Main|Trump wall|2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown}}
In the [[List of United States federal funding gaps|longest U.S. government shutdown in history]], the federal government was partially shut down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019.<ref name=Gambino>{{cite news|last1=Gambino|first1=Lauren|last2=Walters|first2=Joanna|title=Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 26, 2019|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|title=Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|date=January 25, 2019}}</ref> The shutdown occurred because Trump refused to extend government funding unless Congress allocated $5.6 billion in funds for his promised border wall.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|last1=Davis|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|first2=Michael|last2=Tackett|author-link2=Michael Tackett|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html|title=Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 2, 2019|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bacon|first=Perry|title=Why Trump Blinked|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/government-shutdown-ends/|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=January 25, 2019}}</ref> Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided no funds for the wall but provided delayed paychecks to government workers.<ref name=Gambino/>
The shutdown resulted in around 800,000 government employees either being [[furlough]]ed or working without pay, estimated congressional aides.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fritze|first=John|title=By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-has-wide-impact-numbers/2666872002/|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|date=January 27, 2020}}</ref> The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the CBO.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html|title=Government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion: CBO|last=Mui|first=Ylan|date=January 28, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=May 31, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump visits San Diego border wall prototypes.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Trump examines border wall prototypes in [[Otay Mesa, California]].]]
To prevent another imminent shutdown, Congress and Trump in February 2019 approved a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles of border fencing, in lieu of Trump's intended wall.<ref name=Wilkie>{{cite news|last1=Pramuk|first1=Jacob|last2=Wilkie|first2=Christina|title=Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Wanting even more funds for the wall, Trump simultaneously declared a [[National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States]] in hopes of getting another $6.7 billion without congressional approval.<ref name=Wilkie/> In doing so, Trump acknowledged that he "didn't need to" declare a national emergency to "do the wall", but he "would rather do it much faster".<ref name=Wilkie/> Both the House and the Senate attempted to block Trump's national emergency declaration, but there were not enough votes in Congress for a [[veto override]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Carney|first=Jordain|title=Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/466313-senate-fails-to-override-trumps-emergency-declaration-veto|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> Legal challenges against Trump's fund diversions resulted in $2.5 billion of wall funding originally meant for anti-drug programs being approved, but $3.6 billion of wall funding originally meant for military construction was blocked.<ref name=MQuinn>{{cite news|last=Quinn|first=Melissa|title=Federal judge blocks Trump administration from using Pentagon funds for wall|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-judge-blocks-trump-administration-from-using-pentagon-funds-for-wall/|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]|date=December 11, 2019}}</ref>
The "Trump wall" that was constructed was an expansion of the Mexico–United States barrier; most of this "wall" was [[bollard]] fencing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649 |title=Trump wall – all you need to know about US border in seven charts |first1=Lucy |last1=Rodgers |first2=Dominic |last2=Bailey |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515110129/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649 |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump's target, from 2015 to 2017, was 1,000 miles of wall.<ref name=wallisawall>{{cite news|last=Cummings|first=William|title='A WALL is a WALL!' Trump declares. But his definition has shifted a lot over time|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2019/01/08/trump-wall-concept-timeline/2503855002/|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|date=January 31, 2019}}</ref> During his term, the U.S. government built 49 miles of new barriers and around 406 miles of replacement barriers.<ref name="Lardieri">{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-01-21/defense-department-pauses-border-wall-construction-to-review-bidens-executive-order|first=Alexa|last=Lardieri|title=DOD Pauses Border Wall Construction to Review Biden's Executive Order|date=January 21, 2021|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>
=== Foreign policy ===
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration}}
[[File:-G7Biarritz (48616362963).jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.1|left|Trump with the other [[Group of Seven|G7]] leaders at the [[45th G7 summit|45th summit]] in France, 2019]]
Trump described himself as a "nationalist"<ref>{{cite news|first=William|last=Cummings|title='I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/|work=[[USA Today]]|date=October 24, 2018|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and his foreign policy as "[[America First (policy)|America First]]."<ref>{{cite news|first=Christiane|last=Amanpour|author-link=Christiane Amanpour|title=Donald Trump's speech: 'America first', but an America absent from the world|date=July 22, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2021|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/opinions/donald-trump-speech-amanpour/}}</ref><ref name=Bennhold>{{cite news|first=Katrin|last=Bennhold|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/world/europe/germany-troop-withdrawal-america.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder|date=June 6, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> He espoused isolationist, [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]], and protectionist views.<ref name="rucker">{{cite news|last1=Rucker|first1=Philip|author-link1=Philip Rucker|last2=Costa|first2=Robert|author-link2=Robert Costa (journalist)|date=March 21, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2021|title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kagan|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Kagan|date=September 23, 2018|title='America First' Has Won|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/opinion/trump-foreign-policy-america-first.html|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> His foreign policy was marked by praise and support of [[Populism|populist]], [[Neo-nationalism|neo-nationalist]] and authoritarian governments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/01/can-u.s.-democracy-policy-survive-trump-pub-77381|title=Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?|last1=Carothers|first1=Thomas|last2=Brown|first2=Frances Z.|date=October 1, 2019|website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability and uncertainty,<ref name=Bennhold/> a lack of a consistent foreign policy,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy|title=The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else|first=Brett|last=McGurk|author-link=Brett McGurk|work=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with the U.S.'s European allies.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ana|last=Swanson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/business/economy/trump-european-union-trade.html|title=Trump Administration Escalates Tensions With Europe as Crisis Looms|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
[[File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, Melania Trump, and Donald Trump, May 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Trump, King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]], and Egyptian president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] at the [[2017 Riyadh summit]] in Saudi Arabia]]
Trump questioned the need for NATO,<ref name="rucker"/> criticized the U.S.'s NATO allies, and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (journalist) |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Trump Says NATO Allies Don't Pay Their Share. Is That True? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/world/europe/nato-trump-spending.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Julian E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/nato-president-trump.html |title=Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 14, 2019 |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref>
Trump actively supported the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] against the [[Houthis]] and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phelps|first1=Jordyn|last2=Struyk|first2=Ryan|date=May 20, 2017|title=Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'|work=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-signs-110-billion-arms-deal-saudi-arabia/story?id=47531180|access-date=July 6, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, the USA provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Bayoumy |first2=Yara |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-idUSKBN1GW2CA |title=Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-whitehouse-idUSKBN1GX1PP |title=Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 21, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref> Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the [[United Arab Emirates]] following a [[2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack|2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities]] which the United States blamed on Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nissenbaum|first1=Dion|last2=Said|first2=Summer|last3=Malsin|first3=Jared|date=September 17, 2019|title=U.S. Tells Saudi Arabia Oil Attacks Were Launched From Iran|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-tells-saudi-arabia-oil-attacks-were-launched-from-iran-11568644126}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 20, 2019|title=US to deploy more troops to Saudi Arabia after attack on oil industry|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/20/us-troops-saudia-arabia-iran-oil-industry-attack}}</ref>
Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sommer|first=Allison Kaplan|date=July 25, 2019|title=How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon|work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-how-trump-and-netanyahu-became-each-other-s-most-effective-political-weapon-1.7569757|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> Under Trump, the U.S. [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Louis |last2=Nussbaum |first2=Matthew |date=December 6, 2017 |title=Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation |work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973|access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> and [[United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel|Israeli sovereignty]] over the [[Golan Heights]],
<ref>{{cite news |last=Romo |first=Vanessa |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/25/706588932/trump-formally-recognizes-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights?t=1617622343037 |title=Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights |work=[[NPR]] |date=March 25, 2019 |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> leading to international condemnation including from the [[United Nations General Assembly]], the [[European Union]] and the [[Arab League]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gladstone|first=Rick|date=December 21, 2017|title=Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html|access-date=December 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Huet|first=Natalie|date=March 22, 2019|title=Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights|work=[[Euronews]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/22/outcry-as-trump-backs-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights}}</ref>
==== Afghanistan ====
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With the Taliban Delegation (50333305012).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] meeting with Taliban delegation in [[Qatar]] in September 2020]]
U.S. troop numbers in [[Afghanistan]] increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jaffe|first1=Greg|last2=Ryan|first2=Missy|date=January 21, 2018|title=Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html|author-link2=Missy Ryan}}</ref> reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|last3=Haberman|first3=Maggie|date=August 20, 2017|title=Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/20/world/asia/trump-afghanistan-strategy-mattis.html|author-link1=Michael R. Gordon|author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt|author-link3=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional [[Afghan peace process|peace agreement with the Taliban]], which calls for the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2021)|withdrawal of foreign troops]] in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies."<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Susannah|date=February 29, 2020|title=U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghanistan-us-taliban-peace-deal-signing/2020/02/29/b952fb04-5a67-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mashal|first=Mujib|date=February 29, 2020|title=Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/world/asia/us-taliban-deal.html|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref> By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating [[Al-Qaeda]] members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kiely |first1=Eugene |last2=Farley |first2=Robert |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/ |title=Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref>
==== Syria ====
Trump ordered [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|missile strikes in April 2017]] and [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|in April 2018]] against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack|Khan Shaykhun]] and [[Douma chemical attack]]s, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605|access-date=April 8, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-strikes-syria-after-suspected-chemical-attack-by-assad-regime|first=Kathleen|last=Joyce|title=US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime|date=April 14, 2018|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|access-date=April 14, 2018}}</ref>
In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/politics/trump-syria-turkey-troop-withdrawal.html|title=Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'|first1=Mark|last1=Landler|author-link1=Mark Landler|first2=Helene|last2=Cooper|author-link2=Helene Cooper|first3=Eric|last3=Schmitt|author-link3=Eric P. Schmitt|date=December 19, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|author-link1=Julian Borger|last2=Chulov|first2=Martin|title=Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/19/us-troops-syria-withdrawal-trump|access-date=December 20, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s [[Rojava|Kurdish allies]] who played a key role in fighting ISIS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Helene|author-link=Helene Cooper|title=Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/jim-mattis-defense-secretary-trump.html|access-date=December 21, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 6, 2019|first=Karoun|last=Demirjian|author-link=Karoun Demirjian|title=Contradicting Trump, Bolton says no withdrawal from Syria until ISIS destroyed, Kurds' safety guaranteed|access-date=January 6, 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bolton-promises-no-troop-withdrawal-from-syria-until-isis-contained-kurds-safety-guaranteed/2019/01/06/ee219bba-11c5-11e9-b6ad-9cfd62dbb0a8_story.html}}</ref>
In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], the White House acknowledged Turkey would carry out a [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|military offensive into northern Syria]], and [[American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War|U.S. troops in northern Syria]] were withdrawn from the area, and said that ISIS fighters captured by the U.S. in the area would be Turkey's responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chappell|first1=Bill|last2=Neuman|first2=Scott|title=In Major Policy Shift, U.S. Will Stand Aside As Turkish Forces Extend Reach in Syria|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767777899/in-major-policy-shift-u-s-will-stand-aside-as-turkish-forces-extend-reach-in-syr|access-date=October 11, 2019|work=[[NPR]]|date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> As a result, Turkey launched an invasion, attacking and [[Forced displacement|displacing]] American-allied [[Kurds in Syria|Kurds]] in the area. Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/house-condemns-trumps-syria-pull-out-000286|title=House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal|last=O'Brien|first=Connor|date=October 16, 2019|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/us/politics/house-vote-trump-syria.html|title=In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal|last=Edmondson|first=Catie|date=October 16, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>
==== Iran ====
{{See also|Iran–United States relations#2017–present: Trump administration| United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action}}
In May 2018, Trump announced [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|the United States' unilateral departure]] from the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] (JCPOA), a nuclear deal negotiated with the U.S., Iran, and five other world powers in 2015.<ref name="AP180508">{{cite news|last=Lederman|first=Josh|date=May 8, 2018|title=Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/cead755353a1455bbef08ef289448994/Trump-decides-to-exit-nuclear-accord-with-Iran|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> After withdrawing from the agreement, the Trump administration applied a policy of "maximum pressure" on Iran via economic sanctions, without support of other parties to the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html|title=Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned|first=Mark|last=Landler|author-link=Mark Landler|date=May 8, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/despite-us-pressure-europeans-remain-united-russia-china-preserve-iran-nuclear-deal-1529024|title=Despite U.S. pressure, Europeans remain "united" with Russia and China to "preserve" Iran nuclear deal, diplomats say|first=Jason|last=Lemon|date=September 1, 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref>
Following [[Iranian missile tests]] in January 2017, the Trump administration sanctioned 25 Iranian individuals and entities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|author-link1=Julian Borger|last2=Smith|first2=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/iran-trump-michael-flynn-on-notice|title=Trump administration 'officially putting Iran on notice', says Michael Flynn|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 2, 2017|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump administration tightens Iran sanctions, Tehran hits back|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSKBN15H253|work=[[Reuters]]|date=February 3, 2016|last=Torbati|first=Yeganeh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|author-link1=Julian Borger|last2=Smith|first2=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/trump-administration-iran-sanctions|title=Trump administration imposes new sanctions on Iran|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> In August 2017, Trump signed [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|legislation imposing additional sanctions]] [[United States sanctions against Iran|against Iran]], Russia, and North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1AI2N0|title=Iran says new U.S. sanctions violate nuclear deal, vows 'proportional reaction'|work=[[Reuters]]|date=August 2, 2017}}</ref>
In January 2020, Trump ordered [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike|a U.S. airstrike]] that killed Iranian general and [[Quds Force]] commander [[Qasem Soleimani]], Iraqi [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] commander [[Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis]], and eight other people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html|title=U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces|last1=Crowley|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Crowley (journalist)|last2=Hassan|first2=Falih|last3=Schmitt|first3=Eric|author-link3=Eric P. Schmitt|date=January 2, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref> Trump publicly threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites, or react "in a disproportionate manner" if Iran retaliated.<ref>{{cite news|last=Swart|first=Mia|title=Trump, his tweets and international law|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/trump-tweets-international-law-200107064935688.html|access-date=June 14, 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> Several days later, Iran retaliated with airstrikes against US airbases in Iraq, accidentally shooting down [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |title=Iran Says It Unintentionally Shot Down Ukrainian Airliner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/middleeast/missile-iran-plane-crash.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 11, 2020}}</ref>
==== China ====
{{See also|China–United States relations#Trump administration (2017–2021)|China–United States trade war}}
[[File:Donald Trump and Xi Jinping meets at 2018 G20 Summit.jpg|thumb|Donald Trump met with [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Xi Jinping]] at 2018 G20 Summit.]]
Before and during his presidency, Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1UX1WO|title=Trump says China is 'killing us with unfair trade deals'|date=August 7, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|first1=Nandita|last1=Bose|first2=Andrea|last2=Shalal}}</ref> During his presidency, Trump [[China–United States trade war|launched a trade war against China]], which was widely characterized as a failure;<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy|title=New data show the failures of Donald Trump's China trade strategy|date=February 10, 2021|newspaper=The Economist}}
* {{cite web |title=How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/how-china-won-trump-s-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war |work=Bloomberg News |date=January 11, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America|last1=Hass |first1=Ryan |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/ |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=August 7, 2020}}
* {{Cite web |title=China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-trade-war-didnt-boost-u-s-manufacturing-might-11603618203|first1=Josh|last1=Zumbrun|first2=Bob|last2=Davis|date=October 25, 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal}}
* {{cite web |title=Why Did Donald Trump's Trade War on China Fail? |last1=Lester |first1=Simon |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-did-donald-trumps-trade-war-china-fail |publisher=Cato Institute |date=January 25, 2021}}
* {{Cite web |title=Analysis: Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/24/economy/us-china-trade-war-intl-hnk/index.html|first=Jill|last=Disis|website=CNN}}
* {{Cite web |title=The centerpiece of Trump's trade deal with China 'failed spectacularly'|url=https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/trump-china-trade-deal-exports-failed-spectacularly/|work=Fortune|first=Naomi|last=Elegant|date=February 8, 2021 }}
* {{cite web |title=Trump's economic legacy: Trade wars, tariffs and tax breaks|last1=White |first1=Martha |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-s-economic-legacy-trade-wars-tariffs-tax-breaks-n1254716 |publisher=NBC News |date=January 20, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump Promised a 'Good and Easy To Win' Trade War, Then Lost It|last1=Boehm |first1=Eric |url=https://reason.com/2021/01/19/trump-promised-a-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war-then-lost-it/ |work=Reason |date=January 19, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump's Protectionist Failure |last1=Gramm |first1=Phil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-protectionist-failure-11614709570 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> sanctioned [[Huawei]] for its alleged ties to Iran;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2019/05/21/huawei-why-facing-sanctions-and-who-get-hurt-most/3750738002/|title=Huawei sanctions: Who gets hurt in dispute?|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|first1=Frank|last1=Bajak|first2=Michael|last2=Liedtke}}</ref> significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5600299/donald-trump-china-trade-war-students/|title=Trump's Trade War Targets Chinese Students at Elite U.S. Schools|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 3, 2019|access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> and classified China as a [[currency manipulator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/trade-war-china-responds-to-us-after-claim-of-being-a-currency-manipulator.html|title=China responds to US after Treasury designates Beijing a 'currency manipulator'|last=Meredith|first=Sam|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of [[Chinese Communist Party]] [[Leader of the Chinese Communist Party|leader]] [[Xi Jinping]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Sink|first=Justin|date=April 11, 2018|title=Trump Praises China's Xi's Trade Speech, Easing Tariff Tensions|work=[[IndustryWeek]]|url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/22025453/trump-praises-chinas-xis-trade-speech-easing-tariff-tensions}}</ref> which was attributed to trade war negotiations with the leader.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nakamura|first=David|author-link=David Nakamura|date=August 23, 2019|title=Amid trade war, Trump drops pretense of friendship with China's Xi Jinping, calls him an 'enemy'|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/amid-trade-war-trump-drops-pretense-of-friendship-with-chinas-xi-jinping-calls-him-an-enemy/2019/08/23/2063e80e-c5bb-11e9-b5e4-54aa56d5b7ce_story.html|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=August 2020|title=China hawks latch on to Trump's campaign against Beijing|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a4529344-6808-4f33-902e-4fc47218df56|access-date=October 25, 2020|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> After initially praising China for its handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ward|first=Myah|date=April 15, 2020|title=15 times Trump praised China as coronavirus was spreading across the globe|work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/trump-china-coronavirus-188736}}</ref> he began a campaign of criticism over its response starting in March.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Jeff|last1=Mason|first2=Matt|last2=Spetalnick|first3=Alexandra|last3=Alper|date=March 18, 2020|title=Trump ratchets up criticism of China over coronavirus|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-china-idUSKBN2153N5|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>
Trump said he resisted punishing China for its [[Human rights in China|human rights abuses]] against ethnic minorities in the northwestern [[Xinjiang]] region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump held off sanctioning Chinese over Uighurs to pursue trade deal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53138833|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, [[United States sanctions|the Trump administration imposed sanctions]] and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass [[Xinjiang re-education camps|detention camps]] holding more than a million of the country's [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[Islam in China|Muslim]] ethnic minority.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials Over Mass Detention of Muslims|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/world/asia/trump-china-sanctions-uighurs.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 9, 2020|first1=Pranshu|last1=Verma|first2=Edward|last2=Wong|author-link2=Edward Wong}}</ref>
==== North Korea ====
{{See also|North Korea–United States relations#Trump presidency|2017–2018 North Korea crisis|2018–19 Korean peace process}}
[[File:Kim and Trump shaking hands at the red carpet during the DPRK–USA Singapore Summit.jpg|thumb|left|Trump meets [[Kim Jong-un]] at [[2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit|the Singapore summit]], June 2018]]
In 2017, when [[North Korea's nuclear weapons]] were increasingly seen as a serious threat,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|last2=Meko|first2=Tim|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/12/21/what-made-north-koreas-weapons-programs-so-much-scarier-in-2017/|title=What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 21, 2017|access-date=July 5, 2019}}</ref> Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen."<ref name=Windrem>{{cite news|last1=Windrem|first1=Robert|last2=Siemaszko|first2=Corky|last3=Arkin|first3=Daniel|date=November 30, 2017|title=North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-crisis-how-events-have-unfolded-under-trump-n753996|access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Borger|first=Julian|author-link=Julian Borger|title=Donald Trump threatens to 'totally destroy' North Korea in UN speech|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/19/donald-trump-threatens-totally-destroy-north-korea-un-speech|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization," and engaged in [[name-calling]] with leader [[Kim Jong-un]].<ref name=Windrem/><ref>{{cite news|last=McCausland|first=Phil|title=Kim Jong Un Calls President Trump 'Dotard' and 'Frightened Dog'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-s-kim-jong-un-calls-president-trump-frightened-n803631|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/transcripts-kim-jong-un-letters-trump/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=September 9, 2020|title=Transcript: Kim Jong Un's letters to President Trump}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'|date=September 9, 2020|first1=Jamie|last1=Gangel|author-link1=Jamie Gangel|first2=Jeremy|last2=Herb|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/kim-jong-un-trump-letters-rage-book/index.html}}</ref>
Trump met Kim three times: [[2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit|in Singapore]] in 2018, [[2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit|in Hanoi]] in 2019, and [[2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit|in the Korean Demilitarized Zone]] in 2019.<ref name=StepsInto>{{cite news|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|first2=Michael|last2=Crowley|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/world/asia/trump-north-korea-dmz.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 30, 2019|title=Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks}}</ref> Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader or to set foot in North Korea.<ref name=StepsInto/> Trump also lifted some U.S. [[sanctions against North Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/world/asia/north-korea-sanctions.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 22, 2019|title=Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea|first=Alan|last=Rappeport}}</ref> However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/asia/korea-nuclear-trump-kim.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 2020|title=Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy|first1=David E.|last1=Sanger|first2=Choe|last2=Sang-Hun}}</ref> and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-north-korea-vietnam-c66474b67b3e41cdad6d21ba3385ddc2 |title=North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good' |first1=Jari |last1=Tanner |first2=Matthew |last2=Lee |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 5, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump|first=Jon|last=Herskovitz|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|date=December 28, 2020|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-28/four-ways-kim-jong-un-got-more-dangerous-under-trump-sanctions}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-kim-north-korea-nuclear/2020/09/30/2b7305c8-032b-11eb-b7ed-141dd88560ea_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 30, 2020|title=As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows|last1=Warrick|first1=Joby|last2=Denyer|first2=Simon}}</ref>
==== Russia ====
{{See also|Russia–United States relations#During the Trump administration (January 20, 2017–January 20, 2021)|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration#Russia}}
[[File:President Trump at the G20 (48144047611).jpg|thumb|Putin and Trump shaking hands at the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|G20 Osaka summit]], June 2019]]
Trump has repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Baker|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|date=August 10, 2017|title=Trump Praises Putin Instead of Critiquing Cuts to U.S. Embassy Staff|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/world/europe/putin-trump-embassy-russia.html|access-date=June 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nussbaum|first=Matthew|date=April 8, 2018|title=Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'|work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223}}</ref> but has opposed some actions of the Russian government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935|work=[[BBC News]]|date=December 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Jeremy|last1=Diamond|author-link1=Jeremy Diamond|first2=Allie|last2=Malloy|first3=Angela|last3=Dewan|date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> The Trump administration lifted U.S. sanctions imposed on Russia after its [[2014 annexation of Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Patricia|last=Zengerle|title=Bid to keep U.S. sanctions on Russia's Rusal fails in Senate|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions/bid-to-keep-u-s-sanctions-on-russias-rusal-fails-in-senate-idUSKCN1PA2JB|work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jeanne|last=Whalen|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/16/rare-rebuke-trump-administration-some-gop-lawmakers-advance-measure-oppose-lifting-russian-sanctions/|title=In rare rebuke of Trump administration, some GOP lawmakers advance measure to oppose lifting Russian sanctions|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> Trump also supported a potential return of Russia to the [[G7]],<ref name="G8">{{cite news|last=Panetta|first=Grace|date=June 14, 2018|title=Trump reportedly claimed to leaders at the G7 that Crimea is part of Russia because everyone there speaks Russian|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-claims-crimea-is-part-of-russia-since-people-speak-russian-g7-summit-2018-6|access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> and did not confront Putin over its alleged [[Russian bounty program|bounties against American soldiers in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Colvin|first1=Jill|last2=Lee|first2=Matthew|title=Trump downplays Russia in first comments on hacking campaign|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-mark-levin-coronavirus-pandemic-hacking-6080f156125a4a46edef2a6dcf826611|access-date=December 21, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=December 20, 2020}}</ref>
Trump withdrew the U.S. from the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]], citing alleged Russian non-compliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/20/trump-us-nuclear-arms-treaty-russia|title=Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=October 20, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Completes INF Treaty Withdrawal|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-09/news/us-completes-inf-treaty-withdrawal|website=Arms Control Association}}</ref> After he met Putin at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Helsinki Summit]] in July 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of [[Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election]], rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zurcher|first=Anthony|title=Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012|access-date=July 18, 2018|work=[[BBC]]|date=July 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/|title=Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government|last=Calamur|first=Krishnadev|date=July 16, 2018|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/congress-reaction-trump-putin-comments/index.html|title=Top Republicans in Congress break with Trump over Putin comments|last=Fox|first=Lauren|date=July 16, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
=== Personnel ===
{{Main|Political appointments by Donald Trump|Cabinet of Donald Trump}}
{{See also|Speculation about Donald Trump's Cabinet}}Trump's Cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama [[Jeff Sessions]] as [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Lichtblau|date=November 18, 2016|title=Jeff Sessions, as Attorney General, Could Overhaul Department He's Skewered|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/jeff-sessions-donald-trump-attorney-general.html|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> banker [[Steve Mnuchin]] as [[Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury Secretary]],<ref>{{cite news|date=November 30, 2016|title=Former US banker Steve Mnuchin confirms he will be US treasury secretary|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38141686|access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> retired Marine Corps general [[James Mattis]] as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Defense Secretary]],<ref>{{cite news|date=December 1, 2016|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|title=Trump has chosen retired Marine Gen. James Mattis for secretary of defense|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-has-chosen-retired-marine-gen-james-mattis-for-secretary-of-defense/2016/12/01/6c6b3b74-aff9-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> and [[ExxonMobil]] CEO [[Rex Tillerson]] as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|date=December 12, 2016|title=Rex Tillerson, Exxon C.E.O., chosen as Secretary of State|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/us/politics/rex-tillerson-secretary-of-state-trump.html|access-date=December 26, 2016}}</ref> Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon [[Ben Carson]] as [[Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Gabriel|first=Trip|author-link=Trip Gabriel|date=December 5, 2016|title=Trump Chooses Ben Carson to Lead HUD|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/ben-carson-housing-urban-development-trump.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> and South Carolina governor [[Nikki Haley]] as [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Costa|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Costa (journalist)|date=November 23, 2016|title=Gov. Nikki Haley tapped to be Trump's U.N. ambassador|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sc-gov-nikki-haley-tapped-to-be-trumps-un-ambassador/2016/11/23/c1395cb6-b144-11e6-8616-52b15787add0_story.html|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref>[[File:Donald Trump Cabinet meeting 2017-03-13 04.jpg|thumb|Cabinet meeting, March 2017]]
The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-12-28/trumps-white-house-has-highest-turnover-rate-in-40-years|title=Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years|last=Trimble|first=Megan|date=December 28, 2017|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> {{As of|2018|7|pre=early}}, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/395222-ap-trump-admin-sets-record-for-white-house-turnover|title=AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=July 2, 2018|access-date=July 3, 2018|last=Wise|first=Justin}}</ref> and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-white-house-sets-turnover-records-analysis-shows-n888396|title=Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows|work=[[NBC News]]|date=July 2, 2018|access-date=July 3, 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.<ref name="Keith">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591372397/white-house-staff-turnover-was-already-record-setting-then-more-advisers-left|title=White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left|last=Keith|first=Tamara|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary [[Sean Spicer]].<ref name="Keith"/> Close personal aides to Trump including Steve Bannon, [[Hope Hicks]], [[John McEntee (political aide)|John McEntee]], and [[Keith Schiller]] quit or were forced out.<ref name=Brookings>{{cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/tracking-turnover-in-the-trump-administration/|title=Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration|date=March 16, 2018|website=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> Some, like Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rogers|first1=Katie|last2=Karni|first2=Annie|author-link2=Annie Karni|title=Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump.html|access-date=May 5, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 23, 2020}}</ref> Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|title=Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/trump-mulvaney-bolton-hiring/index.html|access-date=June 24, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
Trump had four [[White House chiefs of staff]], marginalizing or pushing out several.<ref name=Keither>{{cite news|last=Keith|first=Tamara|date=March 6, 2020|title=Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/06/766025774/mick-mulvaney-out-as-white-house-chief-of-staff}}</ref> [[Reince Priebus]] was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general [[John F. Kelly]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html|title=Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fritze|first1=John|last2=Subramanian|first2=Courtney|last3=Collins|first3=Michael|date=September 4, 2020|title=Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/09/04/trump-gen-john-kelly-couldnt-handle-pressure-chief-staff/5720974002/}}</ref> Kelly was succeeded by [[Mick Mulvaney]] as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by [[Mark Meadows (North Carolina politician)|Mark Meadows]].<ref name=Keither/>
On May 9, 2017, Trump [[Dismissal of James Comey|dismissed FBI director James Comey]]. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about [[Hillary Clinton email controversy#October 2016 – Additional investigation|Hillary Clinton's emails]], Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's roles in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stanek|first=Becca|date=May 11, 2017|title=President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing|work=[[The Week]]|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/698368/president-trump-just-completely-contradicted-official-white-house-account-comey-firing|access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> According to a [[Comey memo]] of a private conversation in February, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilber|first1=Del Quentin|author-link1=Del Quentin Wilber|last2=Viswanatha|first2=Aruna|date=May 16, 2017|title=Trump Asked Comey to Drop Flynn Investigation, According to Memo Written by Former FBI Director|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] {{subscription required}}|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-asked-comey-to-drop-flynn-investigation-according-to-memo-written-by-former-fbi-director-1494974774|access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref>
In March and April, Trump told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,<ref>{{cite web|last=Comey|first=James|date=June 8, 2017|title=Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf|access-date=June 7, 2017|website=United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|publisher=United States Government|page=7}}</ref> and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|author-link1=Michael S. Schmidt|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|author-link2=Adam Goldman|date=June 7, 2017|title=Comey to Testify Trump Pressured Him to Say He Wasn't Under Investigation|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref>
Two of Trump's 15 original Cabinet members were gone within 15 months: [[Health and Human Services Secretary]] [[Tom Price (American politician)|Tom Price]] was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State with [[Mike Pompeo]] in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-incredibly-and-historically-unstable-first-year-of-trumps-cabinet/|title=The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet|last=Jones-Rooy|first=Andrea|date=November 29, 2017|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Brookings/> In 2018, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Interior Secretary [[Ryan Zinke]] resigned amid multiple investigations into their conduct.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/05/594078923/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa|title=Scott Pruitt Out at EPA|work=[[NPR]]|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018|first1=Rebecca|last1=Hersher|first2=Brett|last2=Neelyin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-ryan-zinke-resigns-interior-secretary-20181215-story.html|title=Ryan Zinke resigns as interior secretary amid multiple investigations|first1=Juliet|last1=Eilperin|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>
Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/10/12/557122200/trump-leaves-top-administration-positions-unfilled-says-hollow-government-by-des|title=Trump Leaves Top Administration Positions Unfilled, Says Hollow Government By Design|last=Keith|first=Tamara|date=October 12, 2017|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 8, 2019|title=Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/}}</ref>
=== Judiciary ===
{{Main|List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump|Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies|Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates}}
After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018."<ref>{{cite news |last=Boghani |first=Priyanka |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/how-mcconnell-and-the-senate-helped-trump-set-records-in-appointing-judges/ |title=How McConnell's Bid to Reshape the Federal Judiciary Extends Beyond the Supreme Court |work=[[PBS]] |date=October 16, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> At the end of the Obama presidency, 105 judgeships were vacant.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenberg |first=Jon |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/oct/02/donald-trump/fact-check-why-barack-obama-failed-fill-over-100-j/ |title=Fact-check: Why Barack Obama failed to fill over 100 judgeships |work=[[Politifact]] |date=October 2, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Nominates Judge Amy Coney Barrett for Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (50397882607).jpg|thumb|Trump and his third Supreme Court nominee, [[Amy Coney Barrett]].]]
Trump appointed 226 [[United States federal judge|Article III federal judges]], including 54 federal appellate judges.<ref>{{cite web|first=Russell|last=Wheeler|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/26/trumps-200th-judicial-appointment-less-than-meets-the-eye/|work=FixGov|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|title=Trump's 200th judicial appointment: Less than meets the eye|date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Hulse>{{cite news|first=Carl|last=Hulse|author-link=Carl Hulse|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/trump-senate-judges-wilson.html|title=With Wilson Confirmation, Trump and Senate Republicans Achieve a Milestone|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gramlich |first=John |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/|title=How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref> Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]], rapidly confirmed Trump's judicial appointees, [[Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts|shifting the federal judiciary to the right]].<ref name=Hulse/><ref name=Ruiz>{{cite news|first1=Rebecca R. |last1=Ruiz |first2=Robert|last2=Gebeloff|first3=Steve|last3=Eder|first4=Ben|last4=Protess|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/us/trump-appeals-court-judges.html|title=A Conservative Agenda Unleashed on the Federal Courts|date=March 14, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The appointees were overwhelmingly white men and younger on average than the appointees of Trump's predecessors.<ref name=Ruiz/> Many were affiliated with the [[Federalist Society]].<ref name=Ruiz/><ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew|last=Cohen|date=July 1, 2020|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/trump-and-mcconnells-overwhelmingly-white-male-judicial-appointments|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|title=Trump and McConnell's Overwhelmingly White Male Judicial Appointments}}</ref>
Trump appointed three judges [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]: [[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Brett Kavanaugh]], and [[Amy Coney Barrett]]. In 2016, Senate Republicans had taken the unprecedented step of refusing to consider [[Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination|Obama's nomination]] of [[Merrick Garland]] to fill the vacancy left by the death of [[Antonin Scalia]] in February 2016, arguing that the seat should not be filled in an election year. [[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|Gorsuch was confirmed]] to the seat in 2017 in a mostly [[party-line vote]] of 54–45, after Republicans invoked the "[[nuclear option]]" (a historic change to Senate rules removing the 60-vote threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations) to defeat a Democratic [[filibuster]].<ref name=Caldwell>{{cite news|first=Leigh Ann|last=Caldwell|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/neil-gorsuch-confirmed-supreme-court-after-senate-uses-nuclear-option-n743766|work=[[NBC News]]|title=Neil Gorsuch Confirmed to Supreme Court After Senate Uses 'Nuclear Option'|date=April 7, 2020}}</ref> [[Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination|Trump nominated Kavanaugh]] in 2018 to replace retiring Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]]; the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48, after a bitter confirmation battle centered on [[Christine Blasey Ford]]'s allegation that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape her when they were teenagers, which Kavanaugh denied.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html|date=October 6, 2018|title=Kavanaugh Is Sworn in After Close Confirmation Vote in Senate|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Five weeks before the November 2020 election, [[Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination|Trump nominated]] Amy Coney Barrett to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. Eight days before the election, after 60 million Americans had already voted, Senate Republicans confirmed Barrett to the Supreme Court without any Democratic votes. The confirmation was strongly criticized by many observers who argued that it was a gross violation of the precedent Republicans set in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |title=Senate Confirms Barrett, Delivering for Trump and Reshaping the Court |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/us/politics/senate-confirms-barrett.html?searchResultPosition=1 |date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
As president, Trump disparaged courts and judges whom he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. Trump's attacks on the courts have drawn rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, who are concerned about the effect of Trump's statements on the [[judicial independence]] and public confidence in the judiciary.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Abby|last1=Phillip|first2=Robert|last2=Barnes|first3=Ed|last3=O'Keefe|title=Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-nominee-gorsuch-says-trumps-attacks-on-judiciary-are-demoralizing/2017/02/08/64e03fe2-ee3f-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/his-own-words-presidents-attacks-courts|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|date=February 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Katie|last=Shepherd|title=Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/08/judge-says-trump-violates-democratic-norms-judiciary-speech/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 8, 2019}}</ref>
=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
[[File:President Trump Signs the Congressional Funding Bill for Coronavirus Response (49627907646).jpg|thumb|Trump signs the [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020|Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law on March 6, 2020.]]
In December 2019, [[coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] erupted in [[Wuhan]], China; the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2 virus]] spread worldwide within weeks.<ref name="WHOpandemic2">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020|date=March 11, 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus disease 2019|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> The first confirmed case in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holshue|first=Michelle L.|display-authors=etal|date=March 5, 2020|title=First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=382|issue=10|pages=929–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001191|pmid=32004427|pmc=7092802 }}</ref> The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services Secretary]] [[Alex Azar]] on January 31, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hein|first=Alexandria|date=January 31, 2020|title=Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US|url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-declared-public-health-emergency-in-us|access-date=October 2, 2020|work=[[Fox News Channel]]}}</ref>
Trump's public statements on COVID-19 were at odds with his private statements. In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control," and would soon be over.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/|title=A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus|last=Watson|first=Kathryn|date=April 3, 2020|work=CBS News|access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref> At the same time he acknowledged the opposite in a private conversation with [[Bob Woodward]]. In March 2020, Trump privately told Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down" in public so as not to create panic.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 10, 2020|title=Trump deliberately downplayed virus, book says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54094559|access-date=September 18, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Mike|last1=Hayes|first2=Meg|last2=Wagner|first3=Veronica|last3=Rocha|date=September 9, 2020|title=Tapes of Trump's conversations released|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-woodward-book-09-09-2020/h_5bb44945ec0cf0eba9cdd92ab28fde3c|access-date=September 18, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
U.S. unemployment went from a 50-year low (3.5 percent) in February 2020 to a 90-year high (14.7 percent) in April, matching [[Great Depression]] levels. By December, it stood at 6.7 percent.<ref name=VanDam/><ref>{{cite news |last=Rugaber |first=Christopher |title=US unemployment surges to a Depression-era level of 14.7% |url=https://apnews.com/article/908d7a004c316baceb916112c0a35ed0|access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=[[AP News]] |date=May 9, 2020}}</ref>
==== Initial response ====
Trump was slow to address the spread of the disease, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-19/coronavirus-outbreak-president-trump-slow-response|title=How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 19, 2020|access-date=April 21, 2020|first1=David|last1=Cloud|first2=Paul|last2=Pringle|author-link2=Paul Pringle|first3=Eli|last3=Stokols|author-link3=Eli Stokols}}</ref><ref name="NYT 4 11 20">{{cite news|first1=Eric|last1=Lipton|author1link=Eric Lipton|first2=David E.|last2=Sanger|author-link2=David E. Sanger|first3=Maggie|last3=Haberman|author-link3=Maggie Haberman|first4=Michael D.|last4=Shear|author-link4=Michael D. Shear|first5=Mark|last5=Mazzetti|author-link5=Mark Mazzetti|first6=Julian E.|last6=Barnes|title=He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html|access-date=April 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 11, 2020}}</ref> Instead, throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Caroline|date=March 21, 2020|title=Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/us-intelligence-reports-trump-coronavirus/index.html|access-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref> By mid-March, most global financial markets had [[2020 stock market crash|severely contracted]] in response to the emerging pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Partington|first1=Richard|last2=Wearden|first2=Graeme|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/09/global-stock-markets-post-biggest-falls-since-2008-financial-crisis|title=Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis|date=March 9, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> Trump continued to claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) officials had repeatedly told him that [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine development]] would take 12–18 months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/coronavirus-trump-vaccine-rhetoric-121796|title=Trump gets a fact check on coronavirus vaccines – from his own officials|work=[[Politico]]|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=April 12, 2020|first1=Arthur|last1=Allen|author-link1=Arthur Allen (author)|first2=Meredith|last2=McGraw}}</ref> Trump also falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the availability of tests being severely limited.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://khn.org/news/donald-trumps-wrong-claim-that-anybody-can-get-tested-for-coronavirus/|title=Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus|last=Valverde|first=Miriam|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[Kaiser Health News]]|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref>
On March 6, Trump signed the [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/trump-signs-billion-emergency-funding-package-fight-coronavirus-legislation-covid19-020-3-1028972206|work=[[Business Insider]]|first=Gina|last=Heeb|date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> On March 11, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a [[pandemic]],<ref name="WHOpandemic2"/> and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban|url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20200312/trump-imposes-travel-ban-from-europe-over-coronavirus-outbreak|work=[[The Local]]|date=March 12, 2020}}</ref> That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-address.html|title=In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes|last1=Karni|first1=Annie|author-link1=Annie Karni|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> On March 13, he declared a [[state of emergency|national emergency]], freeing up federal resources.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html|title=Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=March 13, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref>
In September 2019, the Trump administration terminated [[United States Agency for International Development]]'s [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] program, a $200 million [[epidemiological]] research program initiated in 2009 to provide early warning of pandemics abroad.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zachary|last=Cohen|date=April 10, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020|title=Trump administration shuttered pandemic monitoring program, then scrambled to extend it|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/politics/trump-usaid-prevent-program-coronavirus/index.html|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/health/predict-usaid-viruses.html|title=Scientists Were Hunting for the Next Ebola. Now the U.S. Has Cut Off Their Funding.|date=October 25, 2019|access-date=July 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The program trained scientists in sixty foreign laboratories to detect and respond to viruses that have the potential to cause pandemics. One such laboratory was the Wuhan lab that first identified the virus that causes COVID-19. After revival in April 2020, the program was given two 6-month extensions to help fight COVID-19 in the U.S. and other countries.<ref name="LATimes_PREDICT">{{cite news|last1=Baumgaertner|first1=Emily|last2=Rainey|first2=James|date=April 2, 2020|title=Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Will Revive Global Virus-Hunting Effort Ended Last Year|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/health/predict-pandemic-usaid.html|last1=McNeil|first1=Donald G. Jr.|author-link1=Donald McNeil Jr.|last2=Kaplan|first2=Thomas|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 2, 2020|access-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref>
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of [[immigration to the United States]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-immigration-executive-order-200423185402661.html|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=April 23, 2020}}</ref> In late spring and early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states for the growing pandemic, rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the course of the pandemic were overly-optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Noah|last2=Weiland|first3=Eric|last3=Lipton|author-link3=Eric Lipton|first4=Maggie|last4=Haberman|author-link4=Maggie Haberman|first5=David E.|last5=Sanger|author-link5=David E. Sanger|title=Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-response-failure-leadership.html|access-date=July 19, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 19, 2020}}</ref>
==== White House Coronavirus Task Force ====
[[File:White House Press Briefing (49666120807).jpg|thumb|right|Trump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]] on March 15, 2020]]
Trump established the [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]] on January 29, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/|title=Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response|work=[[CBS News]]|date=January 30, 2020|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,<ref name=Karni>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-briefing.html|title=In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself|last=Karni|first=Annie|author-link=Annie Karni|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html|title=Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|first2=Katie|last2=Rogers|first3=David|last3=Enrich|author-link3=David Enrich|first4=Maggie|last4=Haberman|author-link4=Maggie Haberman|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]], and denounced the press.<ref name=Karni/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5812588/donald-trump-coronavirus-briefings-message-campaign/|title='He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus|last=Berenson|first=Tessa|date=March 30, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dale|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Dale|title=Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/index.html|access-date=March 19, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus|title=Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous|last=Scott|first=Dylan|access-date=March 19, 2020|date=March 18, 2020|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-langauge-stigmatizing-coronavirus-trump-chinese-1493172|title=WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the "Chinese virus"|date=March 19, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020|last=Georgiou|first=Aristos|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/488311-us-china-relationship-worsens-over-coronavirus|title=US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus|last=Beavers|first=Olivia|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=March 19, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lemire|first=Jonathan|title=As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame|url=https://apnews.com/article/58f1b869354970689d55ccae37c540f3|access-date=May 5, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=April 10, 2020}}</ref> By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage of his daily press briefings, with ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reporting that "[[propaganda|propagandistic]] and false statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of his White House Coronavirus Task Force, particularly coronavirus response coordinator [[Deborah Birx]] and [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] Director [[Anthony S. Fauci]]."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 16, 2020|first=Erik|last=Wemple|author-link=Erik Wemple|title=More news outlets are bailing on Trump's coronavirus briefings|access-date=April 16, 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/16/more-news-outlets-are-bailing-trumps-coronavirus-briefings/}}</ref> The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52407177|access-date=August 11, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 24, 2020}}</ref> the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aratani|first=Lauren|title=Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/05/white-house-coronavirus-taskforce-winding-down-why|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52563577|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=May 6, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Visits with the President of Poland (50044008817).jpg|thumb|[[Poland]]'s president [[Andrzej Duda]] visited the [[White House]] on June 24, 2020, the first foreign leader to do so since the start of the pandemic.]]
In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|title=In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/06/politics/trump-task-force-vaccine/index.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Acosta|first1=Jim|author-link1=Jim Acosta|last2=Liptak|first2=Kevin|last3=Westwood|first3=Sarah|title=As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-task-force/index.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 29, 2020}}</ref>
==== World Health Organization ====
Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.<ref name="Politico_WHO">{{cite news|last=Ollstein|first=Alice Miranda|title=Trump halts funding to World Health Organization|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786|access-date=September 7, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/> In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus" and alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the origins of the pandemic.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/><ref name="CNN_WHO">{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Zachary|last2=Hansler|first2=Jennifer|last3=Atwood|first3=Kylie|last4=Salama|first4=Vivian|last5=Murray|first5=Sara|author-link5=Sara Murray (journalist)|title=Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/07/politics/us-withdrawing-world-health-organization/index.html|access-date=July 19, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BBC_WHO">{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906|access-date=August 11, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> He then announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/> Trump's criticisms and actions regarding the WHO were seen as attempts to distract attention from his own mishandling of the pandemic.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Graeme|author-link=Graeme Wood (journalist)|title=The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-threatens-defund-world-health-organization/610030/|access-date=September 7, 2020|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=April 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Amber|title=Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/08/why-exactly-is-president-trump-lashing-out-world-health-organization/|access-date=September 8, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO effective July 2021.<ref name="CNN_WHO"/><ref name="BBC_WHO"/> The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted," "senseless," and "dangerous."<ref name="CNN_WHO"/><ref name="BBC_WHO"/>
==== Testing ====
In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/14/trump-says-us-would-have-half-the-number-of-coronavirus-cases-if-it-did-half-the-testing.html|title=Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing|last=Higgins-Dunn|first=Noah|date=July 14, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/23/trumps-right-that-with-less-testing-we-record-fewer-cases-fact-thats-already-happening/|title=Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening.|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=July 23, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/26/cdc-quietly-revises-coronavirus-guidance-to-downplay-importance-of-testing-for-asymptomatic-people.html|title=CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people|last=Feuer|first=Will|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html|title=The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms.|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, however, the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test." The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.<ref name="CNN-testing-pressure">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/26/politics/cdc-coronavirus-testing-guidance/index.html|title=CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Nick|last1=Valencia|first2=Sara|last2=Murray|author-link2=Sara Murray (journalist)|first3=Kristen|last3=Holmes|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html#link-3392d8f0|title=The C.D.C. was pressured to change guidance on testing asymptomatic people exposed to the virus.|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Gumbrecht>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/18/health/covid-19-testing-guidance-cdc-hhs/index.html|title=Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say|date=September 18, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Jamie|last1=Gumbrecht|first2=Sanjay|last2=Gupta|author-link2=Sanjay Gupta|first3=Nick|last3=Valencia|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> The day after this [[Trump administration political interference with science agencies|political interference]] was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation, stressing that anyone who has been in contact with an infected person should be tested.<ref name=Gumbrecht/>
==== Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures ====
In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized [[Protests in the United States over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|anti-lockdown protests]] against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jason|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions|title=The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Andone|first=Dakin|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/us/protests-coronavirus-stay-home-orders/index.html|title=Protests Are Popping Up Across the US over Stay-at-Home Restrictions|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|last2=Mervosh|first2=Sarah|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html|title=Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref> even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's own guidelines for reopening.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493701-trump-support-for-protests-threatens-to-undermine-social-distancing|title=Trump support for protests threatens to undermine social distancing rules|last1=Chalfant|first1=Morgan|last2=Samuels|first2=Brett|date=April 20, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor [[Brian Kemp]]'s plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump approved of Georgia's plan to reopen before bashing it|url=https://apnews.com/article/a031d395d414ffa655fdc65e6760d6a0|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=April 28, 2020|date=April 24, 2020|first1=Jonathan|last1=Lemire|first2=Ben|last2=Nadler}}</ref> Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to reverse the damage to the country's economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/18/trump-reopening-economy-193885|title=Trump's unspoken factor on reopening the economy: Politics|last=Kumar|first=Anita|date=April 18, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref>
Trump often refused to [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|wear a face mask]] at public events, contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in public<ref name=99days>{{cite news|last=Danner|first=Chas|title=99 Days Later, Trump Finally Wears a Face Mask in Public|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/trump-finally-wears-a-face-mask-in-public-covid-19.html|access-date=July 12, 2020|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=July 11, 2020}}</ref> and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing the spread of the virus.<ref name="WAPost_Mask">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/25/trumps-dumbfounding-refusal-encourage-wearing-masks/|title=Trump's dumbfounding refusal to encourage wearing masks|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=June 25, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.<ref name="WAPost_Mask"/> Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.<ref name=99days/><ref name="WAPost_Mask"/>
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless."<ref>{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|title=President Trump, coronavirus truther|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/06/trump-throws-caution-wind-coronavirus/|access-date=July 11, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html|title=Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 7, 2020|first1=Roni Caryn|last1=Rabin|first2=Chris|last2=Cameron}}</ref> He also began insisting that all states should open schools to in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/07/888157257/white-house-pushes-to-reopen-schools-despite-a-surge-in-coronavirus-cases|title=Trump Pledges To 'Pressure' Governors To Reopen Schools Despite Health Concerns|last=Sprunt|first=Barbara|date=July 7, 2020|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref>
==== Political pressure on health agencies ====
{{Main|Trump administration political interference with science agencies}}
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,<ref name="CNN-testing-pressure"/> such as approving unproven treatments<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/15/hydroxychloroquine-authorization-revoked-coronavirus/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 15, 2020|title=FDA pulls emergency approval for antimalarial drugs touted by Trump as covid-19 treatment|first1=Laurie|last1=McGinley|first2=Carolyn Y.|last2=Johnson}}</ref><ref name=pressed>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-treatment-vaccine.html|title=Trump Pressed for Plasma Therapy. Officials Worry, Is an Unvetted Vaccine Next?|date=September 12, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Sharon|last1=LaFraniere|author-link1=Sharon LaFraniere|first2=Noah|last2=Weiland|first3=Michael D.|last3=Shear|author-link3=Michael D. Shear|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref> or speeding up the approval of vaccines.<ref name=pressed/> Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809|title=Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19|last=Diamond|first=Dan|date=September 11, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/12/trump-control-over-cdc-reports/|title=Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus|last=Sun|first=Lena H.|date=September 12, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "[[deep state]]" opposing him, and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Laurie|last1=McGinley|first2=Carolyn Y.|last2=Johnson|first3=Josh|last3=Dawsey|author-link3=Josh Dawsey|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/22/trump-without-evidence-accuses-deep-state-fda-slow-walking-coronavirus-vaccines-treatments/|title=Trump without evidence accuses 'deep state' at FDA of slow-walking coronavirus vaccines and treatments|date=August 22, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
====Outbreak at the White House====
[[File:President Trump Boards Marine One (50436803733).jpg|thumb|Trump boards helicopter for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020]]
{{Main|White House COVID-19 outbreak}}
{{Further|Donald Trump#Health}}
On October 2, 2020, Trump announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Klein|first2=Betsy|date=October 5, 2020|title=A timeline of Trump and those in his orbit during a week of coronavirus developments|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/02/politics/timeline-trump-coronavirus/index.html|access-date=October 3, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballhaus |first1=Rebecca |last2=Bender |first2=Michael C. |title=Trump Didn't Disclose First Positive Covid-19 Test While Awaiting a Second Test on Thursday |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 4, 2020 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004210646/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was treated at [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center]] for a severe case of the disease while continuing to downplay the virus. His wife, their son Barron, and numerous staff members and visitors also became infected.
<ref name="downplay">{{cite news|last1=Olorunnipa|first1=Toluse|author-link1=Toluse Olorunnipa|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|title=Trump returns to White House downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-walter-reed-discharge-mask/2020/10/05/91edbe9a-071a-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html|access-date=October 5, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="drug"/>
==== Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign ====
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue for the 2020 presidential election.<ref name="Election_NBCNews">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/warning-signs-flash-trump-wisconsin-pandemic-response-fuels-disapproval-n1232646|title=Warning signs flash for Trump in Wisconsin as pandemic response fuels disapproval|date=July 5, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|first=Adam|last=Edelman|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Democratic challenger Joe Biden sought to make the election a referendum on Trump's performance on the COVID-19 pandemic and the economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-biden-enter-a-contentious-stage-in-the-presidential-race-11599485222|title=Trump, Biden Enter a Contentious Stage in the Presidential Race|date=September 7, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first1=Catherine|last1=Lucey|first2=Ken|last2=Thomas|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response<ref name="Election_NBCNews"/> and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an [[Ipsos]]/[[ABC News]] poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/deep-skepticism-trumps-coronavirus-response-endures-poll/story?id=72974847|title=Deep skepticism for Trump's coronavirus response endures: POLL|date=September 13, 2020|work=[[ABC News]]|first=Kendall|last=Karson|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing numbers of reported cases and deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-us-rounding-turn-covid-trump-claims-1542145|title=Fact Check: Is U.S. 'Rounding the Turn' On COVID, as Trump Claims?|date=October 26, 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Matthew|last=Impelli|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> A few days before the November 3 election, the United States reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-record/u-s-reports-world-record-of-more-than-100000-covid-19-cases-in-single-day-idUSKBN27G07S|title=U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day|date=October 31, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|first=Anurag|last=Maan|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref>
=== Investigations ===
{{Further2
|Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (<!--
-->[[Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|transition]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)|January–June 2017]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)|July–December 2017]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)|January–June 2018]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)|July–December 2018]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)|2019]], and <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2020–2021)|2020–2021]]<!--
-->)}}
The [[Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)|Crossfire Hurricane]] FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the campaign season. After he assumed the presidency, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his [[The Trump Organization|private businesses]], personal taxes, and [[Donald J. Trump Foundation|charitable foundation]].<ref name="AP2018-12-16"/> There were 30 investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve Congressional investigations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Yourish|first2=Karen|title=Tracking 30 Investigations Related to Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html|access-date=October 4, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 25, 2020}}</ref>
==== Hush money payments ====
{{Main|Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal}}
{{See also|Legal affairs of Donald Trump#Payments related to alleged affairs|Karen McDougal#Alleged affair with Donald Trump}}
During the 2016 presidential election campaign, [[American Media, Inc.]] (AMI), the parent company of the ''[[National Enquirer]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellison|first1=Sarah|last2=Farhi|first2=Paul|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/publisher-of-the-national-enquirer-admits-to-hush-money-payments-made-on-trumps-behalf/2018/12/12/ebf24b76-fe49-11e8-83c0-b06139e540e5_story.html|title=Publisher of the National Enquirer admits to hush-money payments made on Trump's behalf|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 13, 2018|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> and a company set up by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid ''[[Playboy]]'' model [[Karen McDougal]] and [[Pornographic film actor|adult film actress]] [[Stormy Daniels]] for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump|title=How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Philip|last=Bump|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump to influence the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/74aaf72511d64fceb1d64529207bde64|title=Cohen pleads guilty, implicates Trump in hush-money scheme|last1=Neumeister|first1=Larry|last2=Hays|first2=Tom|date=August 22, 2018|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Trump denied the affairs and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/trump-stormy-daniels-payment-444133|title=White House on Stormy Daniels: Trump 'denied all these allegations'|last=Nelson|first=Louis|date=March 7, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/22/trump-insists-learned-michael-cohen-payments-later-on-in-fox-friends-exclusive.html|title=Trump insists he learned of Michael Cohen payments 'later on', in 'Fox & Friends' exclusive|last=Singman|first=Brooke|access-date=August 23, 2018|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-prosecutors-recommend-substantial-prison-term-for-former-trump-lawyer-michael-cohen/2018/12/07/e144f248-f7f3-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html|title=Court filings directly implicate Trump in efforts to buy women's silence, reveal new contact between inner circle and Russian|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|date=December 7, 2018|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cohen/documents-detail-trump-teams-efforts-to-arrange-payment-to-porn-star-idUSKCN1UD18D|title=FBI documents point to Trump role in hush money for porn star Daniels|last1=Allen|first1=Jonathan|last2=Stempel|first2=Jonathan|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/2d4138abfd0b4e71a63c94d3203e435a|title=Records detail frenetic effort to bury stories about Trump|last=Mustian|first=Jim|work=[[AP News]]|date=July 19, 2019|access-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[AP News]]|date=July 19, 2019|first=Jim|last=Mustian|title=Why no hush-money charges against Trump? Feds are silent|url=https://apnews.com/article/0543a381b39a42d09c27567274477983}}</ref> but the [[Manhattan District Attorney]] subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/nyregion/trump-cohen-stormy-daniels-vance.html|title=Manhattan D.A. Subpoenas Trump Organization Over Stormy Daniels Hush Money|first1=Ben|last1=Protess|first2=William K.|last2=Rashbaum|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 16, 2019|first1=William K.|last1=Rashbaum|first2=Ben|last2=Protess|title=8 Years of Trump Tax Returns Are Subpoenaed by Manhattan D.A.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/nyregion/trump-tax-returns-cy-vance.html}}</ref>
==== Russian election interference ====
{{Main|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
{{See also|Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election|Links between Trump associates and Russian officials|Steele dossier|Trump-Ukraine scandal}}
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the [[CIA]], the [[FBI]], and the [[NSA]], represented by the [[Director of National Intelligence]]—jointly stated with "[[Analytic confidence#Levels of analytic confidence in national security reports|high confidence]]" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/us/politics/trump-russia-intelligence-agencies-cia-fbi-nsa.html|title=Trump Misleads on Russian Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree|last=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|author-link=Matthew Rosenberg|date=July 6, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/06/us/politics/document-russia-hacking-report-intelligence-agencies.html|title=Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking|date=January 6, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 8, 2017|page=ii|quote=We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the U.S. presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary [[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]], and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.}}</ref> In March 2017, FBI Director [[James Comey]] told Congress "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/|title=It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia|last=Berman|first=Russell|date=March 20, 2017|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref>
The connections between Trump associates and Russia were widely reported by the press.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack|title=Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next|last=McCarthy|first=Tom|date=December 13, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/|title=The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> One of Trump's campaign managers, [[Paul Manafort]], worked from December 2004 to February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Yanukovych]] win the Ukrainian presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/|title=Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained|last=Phillips|first=Amber|date=August 19, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref> Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, were connected to Russian officials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Risen|first=James|title=Roger Stone Made His Name as a Dirty Trickster, but the Trump-Russia Cover-Up May Finally Bring Him Down|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/01/26/roger-stone-made-his-name-as-a-dirty-trickster-but-the-trump-russia-coverup-may-finally-bring-him-down/|work=[[The Intercept]]|date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/|title=Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia|last=Nesbit|first=Jeff|date=August 15, 2016|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/335035-nyt-russians-discussed-using-manafort-flynn-to-influence-trump|title=NYT: Russians discussed using Manafort, Flynn to influence Trump|last=Williams|first=Katie Bo|date=May 24, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.<ref>{{cite news|title=We Still Don't Know What Happened Between Trump and Russia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/we-still-dont-know-what-happened-between-trump-and-russia/602116/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 15, 2019|first=David A.|last=Graham}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106|title=Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources|last1=Parker|first1=Ned|last2=Landay|first2=Jonathan|last3=Strobel|first3=Warren|date=May 18, 2017|access-date=May 19, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]] about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/|title=Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts|last1=Murray|first1=Sara|author-link1=Sara Murray (journalist)|last2=Borger|first2=Gloria|author-link2=Gloria Borger|last3=Diamond|first3=Jeremy|author-link3=Jeremy Diamond (journalist)|date=February 14, 2017|access-date=March 2, 2017|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Trump told Kislyak and [[Sergei Lavrov]] in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html|title=Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 26, 2019|first1=Shane|last1=Harris|author-link1=Shane Harris|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|first3=Ellen|last3=Nakashima|author-link3=Ellen Nakashima}}</ref>
Trump and his allies promoted [[Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal|a conspiracy theory]] that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to [[Frameup|frame]] Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/us/politics/ukraine-russia-interference.html|title=Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says|first1=Julian E.|last1=Barnes|first2=Matthew|last2=Rosenberg|author-link2=Matthew Rosenberg|date=November 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> After the [[Democratic National Committee]] was hacked, Trump first claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); second that [[CrowdStrike]], the company which investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and third that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration spoke out against the conspiracy theories.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pelley|first=Scott|author-link=Scott Pelley|title=Why President Trump asked Ukraine to look into a DNC "server" and CrowdStrike|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-crowdstrike-ukraine-server-conspiracy-theory-60-minutes-2020-02-16/|access-date=February 18, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]|date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>
==== 2017 FBI counterintelligence inquiry ====
After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and [[Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia|business dealings with Russia]]. It was discontinued after deputy attorney general [[Rod Rosenstein]] gave the bureau the false impression that the incipient Special Counsel investigation would pursue it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html|title=Justice Dept. Never Fully Examined Trump's Ties to Russia, Ex-Officials Say|first=Michael S.|last=Schmidt|author-link=Michael S. Schmidt|date=August 30, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
==== Special counsel investigation ====
{{Main|Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|Mueller report}}
[[File:Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election.pdf|thumb|upright|The [[Sanitization (classified information)|redacted]] version of the ''[[:File:Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election.pdf|Mueller report]]'' released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] on April 18, 2019]]
On May 17, 2017, [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]] Rod Rosenstein appointed [[Robert Mueller]], a former [[director of the FBI]], to serve as [[special counsel]] for the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ) investigating "links and/or coordination" between the Russian government and Trump's campaign and any matters directly arising from the investigation, taking over the existing "Crossfire Hurricane" FBI investigation.<ref name="appoint">{{cite news|last1=Ruiz |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Landler |first2=Mark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/us/politics/robert-mueller-special-counsel-russia-investigation.html|title=Robert Mueller, Former F.B.I. Director, Is Named Special Counsel for Russia Investigation|date=May 17, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's [[dismissal of James Comey]] as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/|title=Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here?|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Vitkovskaya|first=Julie|date=June 16, 2017|access-date=June 16, 2017 }}</ref> and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, [[Turkey]], [[Qatar]], Israel, and China.<ref>{{cite news|first=Joshua|last=Keating|author-link=Joshua Keating|title=It's Not Just a "Russia" Investigation Anymore|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/03/mueller-investigation-spreads-to-qatar-israel-uae-china-turkey.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=March 8, 2018}}</ref>
Trump denied [[collusion]] between his campaign and the Russian government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|title=Analysis {{!}} Trump and the White House have denied Russian collusion more than 140 times|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/01/11/trump-and-the-white-house-have-denied-russian-collusion-more-than-140-times/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> He sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael S.|author-link2=Michael S. Schmidt|title=Trump Sought to Fire Mueller in December|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/trump-sought-to-fire-mueller-in-december.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> He bemoaned the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-sessions-twitter-stop-rigged-witch-hunt/story?id=56962100|title=Trump to Sessions: Shut down Russia probe|last1=Keneally|first1=Meghan|last2=Mallin|first2=Alexander|date=August 1, 2018|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>
On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave [[Mueller report|his report]] to Attorney General William Barr.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/robert-mueller-submits-special-counsels-russia-probe-report-to-attorney-general-william-barr.html|title=Mueller probe ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr|last=Breuninger|first=Kevin|date=March 22, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=March 22, 2019}}</ref> Two days later, [[Barr letter|Barr sent a letter to Congress]] purporting to summarize the report's main conclusions. A federal court, as well as Mueller himself, said Barr had mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions, confusing the public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/mueller-complained-that-barrs-letter-did-not-capture-context-of-trump-probe/2019/04/30/d3c8fdb6-6b7b-11e9-a66d-a82d3f3d96d5_story.html|title=Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=Matt|last2=Zapotosky|date=April 30, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/mueller-report-attorney-general-william-barr/2020/03/05/3fa7afce-5f2c-11ea-b29b-9db42f7803a7_story.html|title=Judge cites Barr's 'misleading' statements in ordering review of Mueller report redactions|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Spencer S.|last1=Hsu|first2=Devlin|last2=Barrett|date=March 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/us/politics/mueller-report-barr-judge-walton.html|title=Judge Calls Barr's Handling of Mueller Report 'Distorted' and 'Misleading'|first=Charlie|last=Savage|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 5, 2020}}</ref> Trump repeatedly and falsely claimed that the investigation "exonerated" him; in fact, the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not exonerate Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=AP FACT CHECK: Mueller probe doesn't totally exonerate Trump|url=https://apnews.com/article/6d63e85b34dd44789ee27de4c3d61752|date=March 24, 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]|first=Hope|last=Yen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Hope|last1=Yen|first2=Calvin|last2=Woodward|title=AP FACT CHECK: Trump falsely claims Mueller exonerated him|url=https://apnews.com/article/130932b573664ea5a4d186f752bb8d50|date=July 24, 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
A redacted version of the report was publicly released on April 18, 2019. The first volume found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.<ref>{{cite news|title=Main points of Mueller report|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|access-date=April 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143436/https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1|archive-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/us/politics/russia-hack-report.html|title=Putin Ordered 'Influence Campaign' Aimed at U.S. Election, Report Says|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=January 6, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign," the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ostriker|first1=Rebecca|last2=Puzzanghera|first2=Jim|last3=Finucane|first3=Martin|last4=Datar|first4=Saurabh|last5=Uraizee|first5=Irfan|last6=Garvin|first6=Patrick|title=What the Mueller report says about Trump and more|url=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/graphics/2019/03/mueller-report/|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref><ref name="takeaways">{{cite news|last=Law|first=Tara|title=Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report|date=April 18, 2019|url=http://time.com/5567077/mueller-report-release/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> The report revealed sweeping Russian interference<ref name="takeaways"/> and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing they would politically benefit.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 24, 2019|first=Mark|last=Mazzetti|author-link=Mark Mazzetti|title=Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims|access-date=March 4, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/politics/trump-mueller-testimony.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[ABC News]]|date=April 19, 2019|first=Lucien|last=Bruggeman|title=What did the Mueller report reveal about Trump's overtures to the Russians?|access-date=March 4, 2020|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/mueller-report-reveal-trumps-overtures-russians/story?id=62511529}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 30, 2019|last=Bump|first=Philip|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/30/trump-briefly-acknowledges-that-russia-aided-his-election-falsely-says-he-didnt-help-effort/|access-date=March 5, 2020|title=Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort|quote=Mueller's investigation bolstered those findings and demonstrated ways in which Trump and his campaign aided or encouraged those interference efforts, even if unwittingly.}}</ref>
The Mueller report's second volume set forth ten "episodes" of potential obstruction of justice by Trump, but opted not to make any "traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether Trump broke the law, suggesting that Congress should make such a determination.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|title=Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/attorney-general-to-provide-overview-of-mueller-report-at-news-conference-before-its-release/2019/04/17/8dcc9440-54b9-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 17, 2019|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2019/04/what-the-mueller-report-says-about-obstruction/|title=What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction|last1=Farley|first1=Robert|last2=Robertson|first2=Lori|last3=Gore|first3=D'Angelo|last4=Spencer|first4=Saranac Hale|last5=Fichera|first5=Angelo|last6=McDonald|first6=Jessica|date=April 19, 2019|work=[[FactCheck.org]]|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an [[Office of Legal Counsel]] opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted, and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/|title=Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, "we would have said so"|last=Segers|first=Grace|date=May 29, 2019|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=June 2, 2019}}</ref> The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mascaro|first=Lisa|title=Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress|url=https://apnews.com/article/35829a2b010248f193d1efd00c4de7e5|work=[[AP News]]|date=April 18, 2019|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref> The House of Representatives subsequently launched an [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump|impeachment inquiry]] following the [[Trump–Ukraine scandal]], but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Democrats sidelined Mueller in impeachment articles|first1=Kyle|last1=Cheney|first2=Heather|last2=Caygle|first3=John|last3=Bresnahan|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/10/democrats-sidelined-mueller-trump-impeachment-080910|work=Politico|date=December 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/10/democrats-ditch-bribery-mueller-trump-impeachment-articles-is-that-smart-play/|title=Democrats ditch 'bribery' and Mueller in Trump impeachment articles. But is that the smart play?|first=Aaron|last=Blake|date=December 10, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
==== Associates ====
{{See also|Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)}}
In August 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was [[Trials of Paul Manafort|convicted on eight felony counts]] of false tax filing and bank fraud.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/manafort-jury-suggests-it-cannot-come-to-a-consensus-on-a-single-count/2018/08/21/a2478ac0-a559-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html|title=Manafort convicted on eight counts; mistrial declared on ten others|last1=Zapotosky|first1=Matt|last2=Bui|first2=Lynh|last3=Jackman|first3=Tom|last4=Barrett|first4=Devlin|date=August 21, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort and praised him for resisting the pressure to cooperate with prosecutors. According to [[Rudy Giuliani]], Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leonnig|first1=Carol D.|author-link1=Carol D. Leonnig|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|date=August 23, 2018|title=Trump sought his lawyers' advice weeks ago on possibility of pardoning Manafort, Giuliani says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-sought-his-lawyers-advice-weeks-ago-on-possibility-of-pardoning-manafort-but-they-counseled-against-it-giuliani-says/2018/08/23/17dce5c6-a70a-11e8-8fac-12e98c13528d_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref>
In November 2018, Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build [[Trump Tower Moscow|a Trump Tower in Moscow]]. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/michael-cohen-trumps-former-lawyer-pleads-guilty-to-lying-to-congress/2018/11/29/5fac986a-f3e0-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html|title=Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to Congress about Moscow project|date=November 29, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=Matt|last2=Zapotosky|first3=Rosalind S.|last3=Helderman|author-link3=Rosalind Helderman|access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref>
Five Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases: Manafort, Cohen, deputy campaign manager [[Rick Gates (political consultant)|Rick Gates]], foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mangan|first=Dan|title=Trump and Giuliani are right that 'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's probe|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/30/giuliani-is-right-collusion-isnt-a-crime-but-that-wont-help-trump.html|work=[[CNBC]]|date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=<!-- staff writers; no byline -->|title=Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser Michael Flynn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46449950|work=[[BBC]]|date=December 5, 2018}}</ref>
In February 2020, Trump campaign adviser Roger Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Rachel|last1=Weiner|first2=Matt|last2=Zapotosky|first3=Tom|last3=Jackman|first4=Devlin|last4=Barrett|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/roger-stone-sentence-due-thursday-in-federal-court/2020/02/19/2e01bfc8-4c38-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html|title=Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 20, 2020|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>
=== First impeachment (2019–2020) ===
{{Main|First impeachment of Donald Trump}}
[[File:House of Representatives Votes to Adopt the Articles of Impeachment Against Donald Trump.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Members of House of Representatives vote on two [[articles of impeachment]] {{Nowrap|({{USBill|116|H. Res.|755}})}}, December 18, 2019]]
In August 2019, a [[Whistleblower protection in the United States|whistleblower]] filed a complaint with the [[Inspector General of the Intelligence Community]] about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky]], during which Trump had pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]], adding that the White House had attempted to cover-up the incident.<ref name="undermine">{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|title=Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> The whistleblower stated that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani, which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/whistleblower-complaint-released/index.html|title=Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power|work=[[CNN]]|date=September 26, 2019|access-date=September 26, 2019|first1=Marshall|last1=Cohen|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=David|last3=Shortell}}</ref> Trump later confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.<ref>{{cite news|last=Forgey|first=Quint|title=Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/24/donald-trump-ukraine-military-aid-1509070|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[Politico]]|date=September 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=David A.|last1=Graham|accessdate=July 7, 2021|title=Trump’s Incriminating Conversation With the Ukrainian President|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/what-the-transcript-of-trumps-insane-call-with-the-ukrainian-president-showed/598780/|date=September 25, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>
House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] initiated [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump|a formal impeachment inquiry]] on September 24, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 24, 2019|first=Nicholas|last=Fandos|author-link=Nicholas Fandos|title=Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html}}</ref> The Trump administration subsequently released a memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky to investigate and to discuss these matters with Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr.<ref name="undermine"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Santucci|first1=John|last2=Mallin|first2=Alexander|last3=Thomas|first3=Pierre|author-link3=Pierre Thomas (journalist)|last4=Faulders|first4=Katherine|title=Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-trump-call-ukraine-includes-talk-giuliani-barr/story?id=65848768|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[ABC News]]|date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2019/09/24/whistleblower-complaint/assets/amp.html|title=Newsgraphics: Read The Whistleblower Complaint|date=September 24, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, [[William B. Taylor Jr.]], the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine|chargé d'affaires for Ukraine]], testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/trump-impeachment-ukraine.html|title=Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|last2=Fandos|first2=Nicholas|author-link2=Nicholas Fandos|date=October 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 22, 2019}}</ref> He said it was made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelensky to the White House.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/politics/william-taylor-testimony.html|title=6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon LaFraniere|date=October 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>
On December 13, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-judiciary-committee-set-vote-trump-impeachment-articles/story?id=67706093|last1=Siegel|first1=Benjamin|last2=Faulders|first2=Katherine|title=House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump|date=December 13, 2019|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref> After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gregorian|first=Dareh|title=Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196|access-date=December 18, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|date=December 18, 2019}}</ref>
==== Impeachment trial in the Senate ====
{{Main|First impeachment trial of Donald Trump}}
The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herb|first=Jeremy|title=Senate impeachment trial of Donald Trump officially begins|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/16/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-starts/index.html|access-date=January 18, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings was entered into the Senate record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/senate-passes-mcconnell-impeachment-rules-after-nearly-13-hours-debate-n1119861|title=Senate passes McConnell impeachment rules after nearly 13 hours of debate|work=[[NBC News]]|first=Dareh|last=Gregorian|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>
For three days, January 22–24, the House impeachment managers presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the Constitution's impeachment process.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/democrats-detail-abuse-of-power-charge-against-trump-as-republicans-complain-of-repetitive-arguments/2020/01/23/3fb149b4-3e05-11ea-8872-5df698785a4e_story.html|title=Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments|date=January 23, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 27, 2020|first1=Seung Min|last1=Kim|author-link1=Seung Min Kim|first2=John|last2=Wagner|first3=Karoun|last3=Demirjian|author-link3=Karoun Demirjian}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks (49498772251).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=|Trump displaying the front page of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reporting his acquittal by the Senate]]<!-- wp:caption "Not every image ..." -->
Responding over the next three days, Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.<ref name="brazen">{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 22, 2020|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Nicholas|last2=Fandos|author-link2=Nicholas Fandos|title=Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/politics/house-trump-impeachment.html|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.<ref name="brazen"/> On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herb|first1=Jeremy|last2=Mattingly|first2=Phil|last3=Raju|first3=Manu|author-link3=Manu Raju|last4=Fox|first4=Lauren|title=Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/31/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-last-day/index.html|access-date=February 2, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bookbinder|first=Noah|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/09/senate-has-conducted-15-impeachment-trials-it-heard-witnesses-every-one/|title=The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one.|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 9, 2020|access-date=February 8, 2020}}</ref>
Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican Senate majority, 52–48 on abuse of power and 53–47 on obstruction of Congress. Senator [[Mitt Romney]] was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one of the charges, the abuse of power.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[CNBC]]|date=February 6, 2020|title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial|last1=Wilkie|first1=Christina|last2=Breuninger|first2=Kevin|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html|access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 22, 2020|first=Peter|last=Baker|author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|title=Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration|access-date=February 22, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/us/politics/trump-disloyalty-turnover.html}}</ref>
=== 2020 presidential election ===
{{Main|Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|2020 United States presidential election}}
{{See also|2020 United States Postal Service crisis}}
Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election|title=Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day|work=[[KTVK]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona|first=Lee|last=Morehouse|date=January 31, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210255/http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election|archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref> Trump held his first re-election rally less than a month after taking office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/|title=Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday|last=Graham|first=David A.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=February 15, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Julie Hirschfeld|last=Davis|author-link=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/us/politics/campaign-over-president-trump-will-hold-a-what-else-campaign-rally.html|date=February 16, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Campaign Over, President Trump Will Hold a (What Else?) Campaign Rally}}</ref> In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million, allowing him to begin 2019 with $19.3 million cash on hand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://publicintegrity.org/politics/donald-trump-money-campaign-2020/|publisher=[[Center for Public Integrity]]|date=February 1, 2019|first1=Ashley|last1=Balcerzak|first2=Dave|last2=Levinthal|first3=Carrier|last3=Levine|first4=Sarah|last4=Kleiner|first5=Lateshia|last5=Beachum|title=Donald Trump's campaign cash machine: big, brawny and burning money}}</ref> From the beginning of 2019 through July 2020, the Trump campaign and Republican Party raised $1.1 billion but spent $800 million of that amount, losing their cash advantage over the Democratic nominee, former vice president Joe Biden.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/us/politics/trump-election-campaign-fundraising.html|title=How Trump's Billion-Dollar Campaign Lost Its Cash Advantage|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 7, 2020|first1=Shane|last1=Goldmacher|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale-back advertising spending.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Misyrlena|last1=Egkolfopoulou|first2=Bill|last2=Allison|first3=Gregory|last3=Korte|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-14/trump-campaign-slashes-ad-spending-in-key-states-in-cash-crunch|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=September 14, 2020|title=Trump Campaign Slashes Ad Spending in Key States in Cash Crunch}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump (50548265318).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Trump at a 2020 campaign rally in [[Arizona]]]]
Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, repeatedly claiming without evidence that the election would be "rigged"<ref name="Politico-Rigged">{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/25/donald-trump-rigged-election-talk-fears-274477|title=Trump sees a 'rigged election' ahead. Democrats see a constitutional crisis in the making.|last=Siders|first=David|date=May 25, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce "massive election fraud."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/08/trump-wants-to-cut-mail-in-voting-the-republican-machine-is-helping-him-392428|title=Trump aides exploring executive actions to curb voting by mail|last=Kumar|first=Anita|date=August 8, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/mail-in-voting-explained.html|title=Trump Is Pushing a False Argument on Vote-by-Mail Fraud. Here Are the Facts.|first1=Stephanie|last1=Saul|author-link1=Stephanie Saul|first2=Reid J.|last2=Epstein|date=August 31, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On July 30, Trump raised the idea of delaying the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/us/elections/biden-vs-trump.html|title=2020 Election Live Updates: Republicans Rebuke Trump for Floating Delaying Election, Something He Cannot Do|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 30, 2020|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> When in August the House of Representatives voted for a US$25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/08/12/postal-service-ballots-dejoy/|title=Trump says Postal Service needs money for mail-in voting, but he'll keep blocking funding|last=Bogage|first=Jacob|date=August 12, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> Trump became the [[2020 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican nominee]] on August 24, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Martin|first1=Jonathan|author-link1=Jonathan Martin (journalist)|last2=Burns|first2=Alexander|author-link2=Alex Burns (journalist)|last3=Karni|first3=Annie|author-link3=Annie Karni|title=Nominating Trump, Republicans Rewrite His Record|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/24/us/politics/republican-convention-recap.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 25, 2020|access-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref> He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a [[peaceful transition of power]] if he lost.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-declines-to-say-whether-he-will-accept-november-election-results/2020/07/19/40009804-c9c7-11ea-91f1-28aca4d833a0_story.html|title=Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results|last=Sonmez|first=Felicia|date=July 19, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Ryan|last1=Browne|first2=Barbara|last2=Starr|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/25/politics/pentagon-election-insurrection-act/index.html|title=As Trump refuses to commit to a peaceful transition, Pentagon stresses it will play no role in the election|work=[[CNN]]|date=September 25, 2020}}</ref>
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if his opponent, Biden, won the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-portland-federal-agents.html|title=As Trump Pushes into Portland, His Campaign Ads Turn Darker|date=July 21, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Maggie|last1=Haberman|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|first2=Nick|last2=Corasaniti|first3=Annie|last3=Karni|author-link3=Annie Karni|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions during the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gregory|last=Korte|title=Trump's Speech Misrepresents Biden's Positions, Economic Facts|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-28/trump-s-speech-misrepresents-biden-s-positions-economic-facts|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=August 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Bump|title=Nearly every claim Trump made about Biden's positions was false|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/28/nearly-every-claim-trump-made-about-bidens-positions-was-false/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Daniel|last1=Dale|author-link1=Daniel Dale|first2=Tara|last2=Subramaniam|first3=Holmes|last3=Lybrand|title=Fact check: Trump makes more false claims about Biden and protests|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/politics/trump-kenosha-briefing-fact-check/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> Trump's campaign message shifted to appeals to racism in an attempt to reclaim voters lost from his base.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hopkins |first=Dan |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-trumps-racist-appeals-might-be-less-effective-in-2020-than-they-were-in-2016 |work=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |title=Why Trump's Racist Appeals Might Be Less Effective In 2020 Than They Were In 2016 |date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)<ref name="vote1">{{cite news|title=Presidential Election Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 11, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref><ref name="vote2">{{cite news|title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map|work=[[ABC News]]|date=December 10, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref> and winning [[United States Electoral College|the Electoral College]] by 306 to 232.<ref name=FormalizeBidenVictory>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 14, 2020|first1=Josh|last1=Holder|first2=Trip|last2=Gabriel|author-link2=Trip Gabriel|first3=Isabella Grullón|last3=Paz|title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html}}</ref><ref name="vote2"/><ref name="vote1"/>
==== Election aftermath ====
{{See also|Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|2020–21 United States election protests|2021 United States Capitol attack}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|2020 Electoral College results, Trump lost 232–306]]
At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-statement/with-results-from-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-idUKKBN27K0U3|access-date=November 10, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump said, "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/07/joe-biden-victory-president-trump-claims-election-far-over/6202892002/|title=Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race|last=King|first=Ledyard|date=November 7, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=November 7, 2020}}</ref> Trump and his allies filed many [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election|legal challenges to the results]], which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the [[State court (United States)|state]] and [[United States federal courts|federal courts]], including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html|date=December 12, 2020|title='The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election|first1=Rosalind S.|last1=Helderman|author-link1=Rosalind Helderman|first2=Elise|last2=Viebeck|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Aaron|last=Blake|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html|title=The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked|date=December 12, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Trump's unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Woodward|first=Calvin|title=AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence|url=https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64|access-date=November 17, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> After [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] (CISA) director [[Chris Krebs]] contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.<ref name="BBC_election">{{cite news|date=November 18, 2020|title=Trump fires election security official who contradicted him|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54982360|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear [[Texas v. Pennsylvania|a case from the Texas attorney general]] which asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/us/politics/supreme-court-election-texas.html|title=Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election|first=Adam|last=Liptak|author-link=Adam Liptak|date=December 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 21, 2020|first=David|last=Smith|title=Trump's monumental sulk: president retreats from public eye as Covid ravages US|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/21/trump-monumental-sulk-president-retreats-from-public-eye-covid-ravages-us}}</ref> He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in [[presidential transition of Joe Biden|Biden's presidential transition]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamire|first=Jonathan|title=Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-2d39186996f69de245e59c966d4d140f|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=November 10, 2020|date=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Timm|first1=Jane C.|last2=Smith|first2=Allan|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-stonewalling-biden-s-transition-here-s-why-it-matters-n1247768|title=Trump is stonewalling Biden's transition. Here's why it matters.|work=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2020|access-date=November 26, 2020}}</ref> After three weeks, the administrator of the [[General Services Administration]] ascertained Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rein|first=Lisa|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gsa-emily-murphy-transition-biden/2020/11/23/c0f43e84-2de0-11eb-96c2-aac3f162215d_story.html|title=Under pressure, Trump appointee Emily Murphy approves transition in unusually personal letter to Biden|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 24, 2020|access-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naylor|first1=Brian|last2=Wise|first2=Alana|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/23/937956178/trump-administration-to-begin-biden-transition-protocols|title=Trump Is in No Mood To Concede, But Says Will Leave White House|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 23, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref>
The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.<ref name=FormalizeBidenVictory/> From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturn the results of the election]], personally pressuring various Republican local and state office-holders, Republican state and federal legislators, and Vice President Pence, urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gardner|first=Amy|title='I just want to find 11,780 votes': In extraordinary hour-long call, Trump pressures Georgia secretary of state to recalculate the vote in his favor|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-raffensperger-call-georgia-vote/2021/01/03/d45acb92-4dc4-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|access-date=January 20, 2021|issn=0190-8286|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anita |last2=Orr |first2=Gabby |last3=McGraw |first3=Meridith |title=Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-pressure-campaign-overturn-election-449486 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=December 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Karni |first2=Annie |title=Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/us/politics/pence-trump-election-results.html |access-date=January 7, 2021 |date=January 6, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausset |first1=Richard |last2=Hakim |first2=Danny |title=Georgia Prosecutors Open Criminal Inquiry Into Trump's Efforts to Subvert Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/us/politics/trump-georgia-investigation.html |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=February 11, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, leaving Washington for Florida hours before.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-presidency.html|title=Trump Departs Vowing, 'We Will Be Back in Some Form'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 20, 2021|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>
===Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action===
In December 2020, ''[[Newsweek]]'' reported [[the Pentagon]] was on "red alert," and ranking officers had discussed what they would do if the president decided to declare martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role to play in the outcome of the election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arkin |first=William M. |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-donald-trumps-martial-law-talk-has-military-red-alert-1557056 |title=Exclusive: Donald Trump's martial-law talk has military on red alert |date=December 24, 2020 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |work=Newsweek}}</ref>
When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Milley and CIA director [[Gina Haspel]] became concerned about the threat of a possible [[Self-coup|coup]] attempt or military action against China or Iran.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gangel |first1=Jamie |last2=Herb |first2=Jeremy |last3=Cohen |first3=Marshall |last4=Stuart |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Starr |first5=Barbara |title='They're not going to f**king succeed': Top generals feared Trump would attempt a coup after election, according to new book |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/14/politics/donald-trump-election-coup-new-book-excerpt/index.html |date=July 14, 2021 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=July 15, 2021 |title=Top U.S. Gen. Mark Milley feared Trump would attempt a coup after his loss to Biden, new book says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/15/mark-milley-feared-coup-after-trump-lost-to-biden-book.html |access-date=September 15, 2021 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> He insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from the president, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director [[Paul Nakasone]] to monitor developments closely.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gangel |first1=Jamie |last2=Herb |first2=Jeremy |last3=Stuart |first3=Elizabeth |title=Woodward/Costa book: Worried Trump could 'go rogue,' Milley took top-secret action to protect nuclear weapons |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/14/politics/woodward-book-trump-nuclear/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=September 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Michael S. |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Fears That Trump Might Launch a Strike Prompted General to Reassure China, Book Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/14/us/politics/peril-woodward-book-trump.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref>
=== 2021 Capitol attack ===
{{main|2021 United States Capitol attack}}
On January 6, 2021, while [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|congressional certification of the presidential election results]] was taking place in the United States Capitol, Trump held a rally at [[the Ellipse]], where he called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "show strength" and "fight like hell."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html|title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol|first=Charlie|last=Savage|date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021| work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Donald Trump Speech "Save America" Rally Transcript January 6|url=https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[Rev (company)|Rev]]}}</ref> Trump's speech started at noon. By 12:30{{Nbsp}}p.m., rally attendees had gathered outside the Capitol, and at 1{{Nbsp}}p.m, his supporters pushed past police barriers onto Capitol grounds. Trump's speech ended at 1:10{{Nbsp}}p.m., and many supporters marched to the Capitol as he had urged, joining the crowd there. Around 2:15{{Nbsp}}p.m. the mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Shelley |last2=Shin |first2=Youjin |last3=Rindler |first3=Danielle |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2021}}</ref> During the violence, Trump posted mixed messages on Twitter and Facebook, eventually tweeting to the rioters at 6{{Nbsp}}p.m, "go home with love & in peace", but describing them as "great patriots" and "very special", while still complaining that the election was stolen.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/twitter-pledges-action-on-any-calls-for-violence-in-capitol-riot.html|title=Facebook, Twitter lock Trump's account following video addressing Washington rioters|first=Salvador|last=Rodriguez|date=January 6, 2021|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2021/01/06/washington-dc-protest-twitter-facebook-silence-donald-trump/6569864002/|title=Calls grow for social media platforms to silence Trump as rioters storm US Capitol|first1=Morgan|last1=Hines|first2=Mike|last2=Snider|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> After the mob was removed from the Capitol, Congress reconvened and confirmed the Biden election win in the early hours of the following morning.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/congress-begin-electoral-vote-count-amid-protests-inside-outside-capitol-n1253013 |title=Congress confirms Biden's win after pro-Trump mob's assault on Capitol|first1=Dareh|last1=Gregorian |first2=Ginger |last2=Gibson |first3=Sahil |last3=Kapur |first4=Phil |last4=Helsel |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> There were many injuries, and five people, including a Capitol Police officer, died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/who-died-in-capitol-building-attack.html|first=Patrick|last=Healy|title=These Are the 5 People Who Died in the Capitol Riot |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Evan |last2=Ray |first2=Arielle |last3=Kozlowsky |first3=Dahlia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/us/rosanne-boyland-capitol-riot-death.html |title=Videos Show How Rioter Was Trampled in Stampede at Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Terruso |first=Julia |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/washington-protest-trump-capitol-pennsylvania-ben-philips-20210107.html |title=He organized a bus of Trump supporters from Pa. for 'the first day of the rest of our lives.' He died in Washington.|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref>
=== Second impeachment (2021) ===
{{Main|Second impeachment of Donald Trump|Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump}}
[[File:Pelosi Signing Second Trump Impeachment.png|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi seated at a table and surrounded by public officials. She is signing the second impeachment of Trump.|Speaker of the House [[Nancy Pelosi]] signing the second impeachment of Trump]]
On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with [[incitement of insurrection]] against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/11/955631105/impeachment-resolution-cites-trumps-incitement-of-capitol-insurrection|title=Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' of Capitol Insurrection|first=Brian|last=Naylor|work=[[NPR]]|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. officeholder to be impeached twice.<ref name=SecondImpeachment>{{cite news|last=Fandos|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Fandos|title=Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html|access-date=January 14, 2021|date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> The impeachment, which was the most rapid in history, followed an unsuccessful bipartisan effort to strip Trump of his powers and duties via Section 4 of the [[25th Amendment]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=House calls on Pence to invoke 25th Amendment, but he's already dismissed the idea|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-25th-amendment-house-pence/|date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Ten Republicans voted for impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/13/trumps-second-impeachment-is-most-bipartisan-one-history/|title=Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=January 13, 2021|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>
Senate Democrats asked to begin the trial immediately, while Trump was still in office, but then-[[Senate majority leader|Senate Majority Leader]] Mitch McConnell blocked the plan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=McConnell Won't Convene Senate Early to Accept Impeachment Article|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-impeachment-house-biden|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> On February 13, following a [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|five-day Senate trial]], Trump was acquitted when the Senate voted 57–43 for conviction, falling ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levine|first1=Sam|last2=Gambino|first2=Lauren|date=February 13, 2021|title=Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fandos|first=Nicholas|date=February 13, 2021|title=Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/us/politics/trump-impeachment.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 14, 2021}}</ref> Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, though some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 the trial was constitutional<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Kathryn|last2=Quinn|first2=Melissa|last3=Segers|first3=Grace|last4=Becket|first4=Stefan|date=February 10, 2021|title=Senate finds Trump impeachment trial constitutional on first day of proceedings|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-impeachment-trial-senate-constitutional-day-1/|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=February 18, 2021}}</ref>). Included in the latter group was McConnell, who said Trump was "practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of the day" but "constitutionally not eligible for conviction".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Segers|first1=Grace|last2=McDonald|first2=Cassidy|date=February 14, 2021|title=McConnell says Trump was "practically and morally responsible" for riot after voting not guilty|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mitch-mcconnell-trump-impeachment-vote-senate-speech/|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref>
== Post-presidency ==
After his term ended, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spencer |first=Terry |title=Palm Beach considers options as Trump remains at Mar-a-Lago |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/article248842049.html |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/29/politics/legal-review-trump-mar-a-lago/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=January 29, 2021|title=Florida town conducting legal review of Trump's residency at Mar-a-Lago|first1=Randi|last1=Kaye|first2=Devon M.|last2=Sayers|first3=Caroline|last3=Kelly}}</ref> As provided for by the [[Former Presidents Act#Staff and office|Former Presidents Act]],<ref name="safe">{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Jan |title=Explainer: Why Trump's post-presidency perks, like a pension and office, are safe for the rest of his life |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-benefits-explai-idUSKBN29W238 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> he established an office there to handle his post-presidential activities.<ref name="safe"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |title=Trump opens "Office of the Former President" in Florida |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-office-former-president-florida/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
Since leaving the presidency, Trump has been the subject of several probes into both his business dealings and his actions during the presidency. In February 2021, the District Attorney for [[Fulton County, Georgia]], announced a criminal probe into Trump's [[Trump–Raffensperger phone call|phone calls]] to [[Brad Raffensperger]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mangan |first=Dan |title=Georgia DA opens criminal probe of Trump call urging secretary of state to find votes |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/10/georgia-da-opens-criminal-probe-of-trump-call-to-secretary-of-state.html |access-date=May 19, 2021 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=February 10, 2021}}</ref> Separately, the [[Attorney General of New York|New York State Attorney General's Office]] is conducting a civil and criminal investigation into Trump's business activities. The criminal investigation is in conjunction with the [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan District Attorney's Office]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/19/new-york-investigation-into-trump-organization-now-criminal-says-attorney-general |title=New York attorney general opens criminal investigation into Trump Organization |access-date=May 19, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> By May 2021, a special [[Grand jury#United States|grand jury]] was considering indictments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobs |first1=Shayna |last2=Fahrenthold |first2=David A. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-investigation-grand-jury/2021/05/25/5f47911c-bcca-11eb-83e3-0ca705a96ba4_story.html |title=Prosecutor in Trump criminal probe convenes grand jury to hear evidence, weigh potential charges |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-trump-investigations-business-government-and-politics-80592eae7ba9ca508a3161e085a0fec6|title=New grand jury seated for next stage of Trump investigation|date=May 25, 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> On July 1, 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, [[Allen Weisselberg]], was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Protess |first1=Ben |last2=Rashbaum |first2=William K. |last3=Bromwich |first3=Jonah E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/nyregion/allen-weisselberg-charged-trump-organization.html |title=Trump Organization Is Charged in 15-Year Tax Scheme |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 1, 2021 |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobs|first1=Shayna |last2=Fahrenthold |first2=David A. |last3=Dawsey |first3=Josh |last4=O'Connell |first34=Jonathan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-business-weisselberg-indictments/2021/07/01/e2b774a0-da15-11eb-bb9e-70fda8c37057_story.html |title=Trump Organization and CFO Allen Weisselberg arraigned on multiple criminal charges as prosecutors alleged a 15-year tax fraud scheme |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 1, 2021 |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref>
Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "[[Big Lie|big lie]]" by his critics and in reporting. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using "lie" to refer to the election itself, in similar fashion to how they co-opted the term "[[fake news]]" to characterize negative press coverage of Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/25/how-trumps-fake-news-gave-authoritarian-leaders-a-new-weapon|title=How Trump's 'fake news' gave authoritarian leaders a new weapon|date=January 25, 2018|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/02/18/how-the-right-co-opted-fake-news|title=How The Right Co-Opted ‘Fake News’|first=Jake|last=Whitney|date=February 18, 2017|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-new-york-times-fake-news-234644|title=Trump criticizes 'fake news' New York Times|first=Rebecca|last=Morin|website=POLITICO}}</ref> The Republican party used Trump's false election narrative as justification to [[Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election|impose new voting restrictions]] in its favor,<ref>{{cite news |last=Solender |first=Andrew |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/03/trump-says-hell-appropriate-the-big-lie-to-refer-to-his-election-loss/ |title=Trump Says He’ll Appropriate ‘The Big Lie’ To Refer To His Election Loss |work=[[Forbes]] |date=May 3, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wolf |first=Zachary B. |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/donald-trump-big-lie-explainer/index.html |title=The 5 key elements of Trump's Big Lie and how it came to be |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balz |first=Dan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-big-lie-elections-impact/2021/05/29/d7992fa2-c07d-11eb-b26e-53663e6be6ff_story.html |title=The GOP push to revisit 2020 has worrisome implications for future elections |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 29, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> and Trump endorsed candidates like [[Mark Finchem]] and [[Jody Hice]], who tried to overturn the 2020 election results and are running for secretary of state positions which would put them in charge of the 2024 elections.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dale |first=Daniel |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/politics/trump-secretary-of-state-big-lie/index.html |title='Incredibly dangerous': Trump is trying to get Big Lie promoters chosen to run the 2024 election |work=[[CNN]] |date=September 16, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2021}}</ref>
In June 2021, multiple national publications reported that Trump had told several people he could be reinstated as president in August.<ref name="akmh">{{Cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=June 5, 2021 |title=At Once Diminished and Dominating, Trump Begins His Next Act |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/us/politics/donald-trump-republican-convention-speech.html |access-date=June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/06/donald-trump-reportedly-thinks-hell-be-reinstated-as-president.html |title=Donald Trump reportedly thinks he'll be reinstated as president |date=June 3, 2021 |work=[[Associated Press]] |via=AL.com |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> On June 6, 2021, Trump resumed his campaign-style rallies with an 85-minute speech at the annual [[North Carolina Republican Party]] convention.<ref name="akmh"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Gabby |last2=Orren |first2=Michael |date=June 6, 2021 |title=Trump dwells on 2020 during North Carolina event aimed at helping Republicans in 2022 |work=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/05/politics/donald-trump-north-carolina-speech/index.html |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> On June 26, he held his first public rally since his January 6 rally before the riot at the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy |title=Trump, Seeking to Maintain G.O.P. Sway, Holds First Rally Since Jan 6. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/26/us/politics/trump-rally-ohio.html |access-date=June 27, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 26, 2021}}</ref>
== Public profile ==
{{Main|Public image of Donald Trump}}
=== Approval ratings ===
{{Further|Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration}}
For much of his term through September 2020, Trump's approval and disapproval ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/presidential-approval-poll-tracker-n1102776|title=Trump's approval rating steady despite impeachment: NBC News/Wall Street Journal polls|date=December 17, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ezra|last=Klein|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/9/2/21409364/trump-approval-rating-2020-election-voters-coronavirus-convention-polls|title=Can anything change Americans' minds about Donald Trump? The eerie stability of Trump's approval rating, explained.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> He completed his term with a record-low approval rating of between 29 percent and 34 percent (the lowest of any president since modern [[scientific polling]] began); his average approval rating throughout his term was a record-low 41 percent.<ref>{{cite news|first=Harry|last=Enten|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/16/politics/trump-approval-analysis/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 16, 2021|title=Trump finishes with worst first term approval rating ever}}</ref><ref name=JonesGallup>{{cite web|first=Jeffrey M.|last=Jones|title=Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx|publisher=Gallup|date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> Trump's approval ratings showed a record partisan gap: over the course of his presidency, Trump's approval rating among Republicans was 88 percent and his approval rating among Democrats was 7 percent.<ref name=JonesGallup/>
In [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|Gallup's annual poll]] asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019, and was named most admired in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1678/most-admired-man-woman.aspx|title=Most Admired Man and Woman|website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/531906-trump-ends-obamas-12-year-run-as-most-admired-man-gallup|title=Trump ends Obama's 12-year run as most admired man: Gallup|last=Budryk|first=Zack|date=December 29, 2020|work=The Hill|access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Since [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] started conducting the poll in 1948,<ref name="tie">{{cite news|last=Panetta|first=Grace|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-barack-obama-tie-2019-most-admired-man-gallup-2019-12|title=Donald Trump and Barack Obama are tied for 2019's most admired man in the US|date=December 30, 2019|access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.<ref name="tie"/>
A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29, most of them non-democracies,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Monti|title=3 countries where Trump is popular|url=http://theconversation.com/3-countries-where-trump-is-popular-120317|access-date=October 15, 2020|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> with approval of US leadership plummeting among US allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush presidency]].<ref>{{Cite news|year=2018|title=Rating World Leaders: 2016–2017 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia (page 9)|url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001|work=[[Politico]]|publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] }}</ref> By mid-2020, only 16% of international respondents expressed confidence in Trump according to a 13-nation [[Pew Research]] poll, a confidence score lower than those historically accorded to Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Fetterolf|first2=Janell|last3=Mordecai|first3=Mara|access-date=December 24, 2020|title=U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly|work=[[Pew Research]]|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/|date=September 15, 2020}}</ref>
[[C-SPAN]], which conducted surveys of presidential leadership each time the administration changed since 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.c-span.org/assets/documents/presidentSurvey/2021+Press+Release.pdf |title=C-SPAN Releases Fourth Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership |work=[[C-SPAN]] |date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> ranked Trump fourth–lowest overall in their [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#2021 C-SPAN Presidential Historians Survey|2021 President Historians Survey]], with Trump rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brockell |first=Gillian |title=Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn’t last. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ |title=Presidential Historians Survey 2021 |work=[[C-SPAN]] |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref>
=== Social media ===
{{Main|Social media use by Donald Trump}}
Trump's social media presence attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and as president, until his ban in the final days of his term.<ref name=CongerIsaac>{{cite web|first1=Kate|last1=Conger|first2=Mike|last2=Isaac|title=Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 16, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/technology/twitter-donald-trump-jack-dorsey.html}}</ref> Over twelve years, Trump posted around 57,000 tweets.<ref name=MadhaniColvin>{{cite web|first1=Aamer|last1=Madhani|first2=Jill|last2=Colvin|title=A farewell to @realDonaldTrump, gone after 57,000 tweets|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/twitter-donald-trump-ban-cea450b1f12f4ceb8984972a120018d5|quote=@realDonaldTrump frequently spread misleading, false and malicious assertions...For the most part, @realDonaldTrump and its 280-character posts effectively allowed Trump to work around the Washington media establishment and amplify the message of allies.}}</ref> Trump frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public, sidelining the press.<ref name=MadhaniColvin/> A White House press secretary said early in his presidency that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements, used for announcing policies and personnel changes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landers|first=Elizabeth|date=June 6, 2017|title=Spicer: Tweets are Trump's official statements|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/06/politics/trump-tweets-official-statements/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singletary|first=Michelle|title=Trump dumped Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in a tweet. What's the worst way you've been fired?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/get-there/wp/2018/03/15/trump-dumped-secretary-of-state-rex-tillerson-in-a-tweet-whats-the-worst-way-youve-been-fired/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=March 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gaouette|first1=Nicole|last2=Starr|first2=Barbara|last3=Browne|first3=Ryan|last4=Klein|first4=Betsy|title=Trump fires Secretary of Defense Mark Esper|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/trump-fires-esper/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=November 9, 2020|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>
Trump's tweets often contained falsehoods, eventually causing Twitter to tag some of them with fact-checking warnings beginning in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/26/trump-twitter-label-fact-check/|title=Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time|date=May 27, 2020|access-date=July 7, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Trump responded by threatening to "strongly regulate" or "close down" social media platforms.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/27/trump-twitter-label/|title=Trump lashes out at social media companies after Twitter labels tweets with fact checks|date=June 14, 2020|access-date=May 28, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2021 |title=All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far |last1=Fisher |first1=Sara |last2=Gold |first2=Ashley |url=https://www.axios.com/platforms-social-media-ban-restrict-trump-d9e44f3c-8366-4ba9-a8a1-7f3114f920f1.html |access-date=January 16, 2021 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> Twitter blocked attempts by Trump and his staff to [[Sock puppet account#Block evasion|circumvent the ban]] through the use of others' accounts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter is deleting Trump's attempts to circumvent ban|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/8/22221683/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=The Verge|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> The loss of Trump's social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/donald-trump-loses-social-media-megaphone/a-56158414 |title=Donald Trump loses social media megaphone |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/14/trump-twitter-megaphone/ |title=Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}.</ref> and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwoskin |first1=Elizabeth|last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/ |title=Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of Trump and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/technology/facebook-trump-ban-upheld.html|title=Facebook Oversight Board Upholds Social Network's Ban of Trump|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=May 5, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ortutay |first=Barbara |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-government-and-politics-technology-business-f7d165898d2b79e86c9fe15f36384b18 |title=Facebook suspends Trump for 2 years, then will reassess |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 4, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref> On June 26, Trump joined the video platform [[Rumble (website)|Rumble]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Culliford |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-joins-video-platform-rumble-ahead-ohio-rally-2021-06-26/ |title=Trump joins video platform Rumble ahead of Ohio rally |work=[[Reuters]] |date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=July 2, 2021}}</ref>
=== False statements ===
{{Main|Veracity of statements by Donald Trump}}
[[File:2017- Donald Trump veracity - composite graph.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Fact-checkers]] from ''The Washington Post'',<ref name="database">{{cite news|author=Fact Checker|title=In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> the ''Toronto Star'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Dale|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Dale|title=Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=June 5, 2019}}</ref> and CNN<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ddale8|first=Daniel|last=Dale|author-link=Daniel Dale|number=1237083913496989702|date=March 9, 2020|title=Trump is averaging about 59 false claims per week since ... July 8, 2019.}} ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ESsA5nTXYAA562e?format=png direct link to chart image])</ref> compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively.]]
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks<ref>{{cite news|last=Finnegan|first=Michael|title=Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 4, 2019|quote=Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has.}}</ref><ref name="whoppers"/> to an extent unprecedented in American politics.<ref>* {{cite web|last=Skjeseth|first=Heidi Taksdal|year=2017|title=All the president's lies: Media coverage of lies in the US and France|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Taksdal%20Skjeseth%2C%20All%20the%20President%27s%20Lies%20-%20Media%20Coverage%20of%20lies%20in%20the%20US%20and%20France.pdf|publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|quote=...{{nbsp}}a president who is delivering untruths on an unprecedented scale. Mr Trump did this both while running for president, and he has continued to do so in office. There is no precedent for this amount of untruths in the U.S.}}</ref><ref name=Glasser-180803>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-escalating-war-on-the-truth-is-on-purpose|title=It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=August 3, 2018|access-date=January 10, 2019|first=Susan|last=Glasser|author-link=Susan Glasser}}</ref><ref name=Konnikova/> His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.<ref name=Glasser-180803/>
Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by [[fact-checker]]s, including at the ''Washington Post'', which tallied a total of 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.<ref name="database"/> Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about 6 false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 16 per day in his second year to 22 per day in his third year to 39 per day in his final year.<ref name=TermUntruth>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/timeline-trump-claims-as-president/|title=A term of untruths: The longer Trump was president, the more frequently he made false or misleading claims|date=January 23, 2021|first1=Glenn|last1=Kessler|first2=Meg|last2=Kelly|first3=Salvador|last3=Rizzo|first4=Leslie|last4=Shapiro|first5=Leo|last5=Dominguez|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> He reached 10,000 false or misleading claims 27 months into his term; 20,000 false or misleading claims 14 months later, and 30,000 false or misleading claims five months later.<ref name=TermUntruth/>
Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during his inauguration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 21, 2017|first=Linda|last=Qiu|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/21/sean-spicer/trump-had-biggest-inaugural-crowd-ever-metrics-don/|access-date=March 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rein|first=Lisa|title=Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 6, 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/03/06/here-are-the-photos-that-show-obamas-inauguration-crowd-was-bigger-than-trumps/|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> Others had more far-reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID‑19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Julia Carrie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/hydroxychloroquine-trump-coronavirus-drug |title=Hydroxychloroquine: how an unproven drug became Trump’s coronavirus 'miracle cure' |date=April 7, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=June 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Spring |first=Marianna |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-52731624 |title=Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation |date=May 27, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States and [[panic-buying]] in Africa and South Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rowland|first=Christopher|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/20/hospitals-doctors-are-wiping-out-supplies-an-unproven-coronavirus-treatment/|title=As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Parkinson|first1=Joe|last2=Gauthier-Villars|first2=David|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-claim-that-malaria-drugs-treat-coronavirus-sparks-warnings-shortages-11584981897|title=Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=March 26, 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in [[England and Wales]] to the "spread of radical Islamic terror," served Trump's domestic political purposes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zurcher|first=Anthony|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42171550|title=Trump's anti-Muslim retweet fits a pattern|date=November 29, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/does-being-president-trump-still-mean-never-having-say-you-n952841|title=Does being President Trump still mean never having to say you're sorry?|date=December 31, 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=June 14, 2020}}</ref>
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as lies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=David|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/the-perils-of-calling-trump-a-liar-214704|title=The Perils of Calling Trump a Liar|date=January 28, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DBouder">{{cite news|last=Bouder|first=David|url=https://apnews.com/article/88675d3fdd674c7c9ec70f170f6e4a1a/News-media-hesitate-to-use-'lie'-for-Trump's-misstatements|title=News media hesitate to use 'lie' for Trump's misstatements|date=August 29, 2018|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> Nevertheless, in August 2018, ''The Washington Post'' declared for the first time that some of Trump's misstatements (statements concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and ''Playboy'' model Karen McDougal) were lies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kessler|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/08/23/not-just-misleading-not-merely-false-lie/|title=Not just misleading. Not merely false. A lie.|date=August 23, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DBouder"/>
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on national voting practices and the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="USAT-Disinfo">{{cite news|last=Guynn|first=Jessica|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/10/05/trump-covid-19-coronavirus-disinformation-facebook-twitter-election/3632194001/|title=From COVID-19 to voting: Trump is nation's single largest spreader of disinformation, studies say|date=October 5, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> Trump's attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,<ref name="Politico-Rigged"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Riccardi|first=Nicholas|url=https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-election-2020-ap-fact-check-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-8c5db90960815f91f39fe115579570b4|title=AP Fact Check: Trump's big distortions on mail-in voting|date=September 17, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.<ref name="USAT-Disinfo"/><ref name="NYT 4 11 20"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bergengruen|first1=Vera|last2=Hennigan|first2=W.J.|url=https://time.com/5896709/trump-covid-campaign/|title='You're Gonna Beat It.' How Donald Trump's COVID-19 Battle Has Only Fueled Misinformation|date=October 6, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref>
Some view the nature and frequency of Trump's falsehoods as having profound and corrosive consequences on democracy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tomasky|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Tomasky|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/opinion/trump-lies.html|title=Why Does Trump Lie?|date=June 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes [[liberal democracy]], wrote Pfiffner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfiffner|first=James P.|editor-last1=Lamb|editor-first1=Charles M.|editor-last2=Neiheisel|editor-first2=Jacob R.|title=Presidential Leadership and the Trump Presidency: Executive Power and Democratic Government|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2019|pages=17–40|chapter=The Lies of Donald Trump: A Taxonomy|url=https://pfiffner.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pfiffner-The-Lies-of-Donald-Trump-A-Taxonomy.pdf|isbn=978-3-030-18979-2}}</ref>
=== Promotion of conspiracy theories ===
{{Main|List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump}}
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump has promoted numerous [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], including [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|Obama birtherism]], the [[Clinton Body Count]] theory, [[QAnon]], the [[Global warming conspiracy theory|Global warming hoax]] theory, [[Trump Tower wiretapping allegations]], a [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory]] involving [[Rafael Cruz]], linking talk show host [[Joe Scarborough]] to the death of a staffer,<ref name="history">{{cite web |last1=Fichera |first1=Angelo |last2=Spencer |first2=Saranec Hale |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/10/trumps-long-history-with-conspiracy-theories/ |title=Trump’s Long History With Conspiracy Theories |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> alleged foul-play in the death of [[Antonin Scalia]], [[Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal|alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections]], and that [[Osama bin Laden]] was alive and Obama and Biden had members of [[Navy SEAL Team 6]] killed.<ref name="history"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/15/politics/donald-trump-osama-bin-laden-conspiracy-theory-fact-check/index.html |title=Fact-checking the dangerous bin Laden conspiracy theory that Trump touted |first1=Tara |last1=Subramaniam |first2=Holmes |last2=Lybrand |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">Multiple sources:
*{{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|date=February 29, 2016|title=Even as He Rises, Donald Trump Entertains Conspiracy Theories|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/politics/donald-trump-conspiracy-theories.html}}
*{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=November 26, 2019|title=President Trump loves conspiracy theories. Has he ever been right?|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/26/president-trump-loves-conspiracy-theories-has-he-ever-been-right/}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-conspiracy-theorists-qanon/index.html|title=The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream|first=Maeve|last=Reston|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 2, 2020}}
*{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Astor|first2=Maggie|date=May 26, 2020|title=Trump Pushes a Conspiracy Theory That Falsely Accuses a TV Host of Murder|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/us/politics/klausutis-letter-jack-dorsey.html}}
</ref> In at least two instances Trump clarified to press that he also believed the conspiracy theory in question.<ref name=":0" />
During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump has promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,<ref>{{cite news|title=The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/18/dead-voter-conspiracy-theory-debunked|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Tom|last=Perkins|date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Timm |first=Jane C. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/presidential-election-2020-conspiracy-theories-debunked/ |title=6 conspiracy theories about the 2020 election – debunked |work=[[CBS News]] |date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Li |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/12/17/these-are-the-voter-fraud-claims-trump-tried-and-failed-to-overturn-the-election-with/ |title=These Are The Voter Fraud Claims Trump Tried (And Failed) To Overturn The Election With |work=[[Forbes]] |date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref>
=== Relationship with the press ===
{{Further|Presidency of Donald Trump#Relationship with the news media}}
[[File:President Trump's First 100 Days- 45 (33573172373).jpg|thumb|Trump talking to the press, March 2017]]
Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention, with a "love–hate" relationship with the press.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/385245-trumps-love-hate-relationship-with-the-press|title=Trump's love-hate relationship with the press|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=April 28, 2018|access-date=July 4, 2018|last=Parnes|first=Amy}}</ref> Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite interview|title=Who is Donald Trump?|date=July 10, 2016|access-date=July 4, 2018|last=D'Antonio|first=Michael|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/10/opinions/donald-trump-biography-michael-dantonio/index.html}}</ref> Fox News anchor [[Bret Baier]] and former House speaker [[Paul Ryan]] have characterized Trump as a "[[internet troll|troll]]" who makes controversial statements to see people's "heads explode."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/bret-baier-trump-likes-trolling-the-left-to-watch-heads-explode-even-if-he-contradicts-himself/|title=Bret Baier: Trump Likes Trolling the Left to Watch 'Heads Explode', Even If He Contradicts Himself|work=[[Mediaite]]|date=July 24, 2018|first=Josh|last=Feldman}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/07/magazine/paul-ryan-speakership-end-trump.html|title=This Is the Way Paul Ryan's Speakership Ends|first=Mark|last=Leibovich|author-link=Mark Leibovich|date=August 7, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.<ref name=Cillizza-160614/> ''New York Times'' writer [[Amy Chozick]] wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance, which enthralls the public and creates "can't miss" reality television-type coverage, was politically beneficial for him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/29/sunday-review/trump-2020-reality-tv.html|title=Why Trump Will Win a Second Term|last=Chozick|first=Amy|author-link=Amy Chozick|date=September 29, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref>
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the [[enemy of the people]]."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Marc|last1=Hetherington|author-link1=Marc Hetherington |first2=Jonathan M.|last2=Ladd|title=Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster|date=May 1, 2020|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/05/01/destroying-trust-in-the-media-science-and-government-has-left-america-vulnerable-to-disaster/|publisher=Brookings Institution}}</ref> In 2018, journalist [[Lesley Stahl]] recounted Trump's saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|title='60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/388855-60-minutes-correspondent-trump-said-he-attacks-the-press-so-no-one|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref>
As president, Trump privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/index.html|title=Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'|first1=Brian|last1=Stelter|author-link1=Brian Stelter|first2=Kaitlan|last2=Collins|author-link2=Kaitlan Collins|work=[[CNN Money]]|access-date=May 9, 2018}}</ref> His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/media/trump-media-2019.html|title=After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press|first=Michael M.|last=Grynbaum|date=December 30, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/20/as-a-foreign-reporter-visiting-the-us-i-was-stunned-by-trumps-press-conference|title=As a foreign reporter visiting the US I was stunned by Trump's press conference|last=Taylor|first=Lenore|author-link=Lenore Taylor|date=September 20, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref> The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.<ref name="auto2"/>
As president, Trump deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.<ref name="Atlantic_Press">{{cite news|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=March 11, 2020|first1=Joshua A.|last1=Geltzer|first2=Neal K.|last2=Katyal|title=The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/true-danger-trump-campaigns-libel-lawsuits/607753/|access-date=October 1, 2020}}</ref> In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'', and CNN for alleged defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[NPR]]|date=March 3, 2020|first=David|last=Folkenflik|author-link=David Folkenflik|title=Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/03/811735554/trump-2020-sues-washington-post-days-after-ny-times-defamation-suit}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=March 6, 2020|first1=Brian|last1=Flood|first2=Brooke|last2=Singman|title=Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-campaign-sues-cnn-false-defamatory-statements-millions-damages.amp}}</ref> Legal experts said that the lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed.<ref name="Atlantic_Press"/><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=March 8, 2020|first=Justin|last=Wise|title=Trump escalates fight against press with libel lawsuits|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/486273-trump-escalates-fight-against-press-with-libel-lawsuits|access-date=October 1, 2020}}</ref> By March 2021, the lawsuits against ''The New York Times'' and CNN had been dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/12/media/trump-campaign-cnn-lawsuit-dismissed/index.html |title=Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN |work=[[CNN]] |date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/new-york-times-beats-the-trump-campaigns-defamation-suit-over-russia-editorial/|title=Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against Mew York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed |date=March 10, 2021}}</ref>
=== Racial views ===
{{Main|Racial views of Donald Trump}}
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|last=Lopez|first=German|title=Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump-racist-racism-history|access-date=June 15, 2019|date=February 14, 2019}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/every-moment-donald-trumps-long-complicated-history-race|title=Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race|date=January 12, 2018|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|access-date=January 13, 2018}}
* {{cite news|title=A history of Donald Trump's racially charged statements|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/a-history-of-donald-trump-s-racially-charged-statements|access-date=October 3, 2019|work=[[SBS News]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=July 16, 2019}}
* {{cite news|last=Dawsey|first=Josh|author-link=Josh Dawsey|title=Trump's history of making offensive comments about nonwhite immigrants|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 11, 2018|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-attacks-protections-for-immigrants-from-shithole-countries-in-oval-office-meeting/2018/01/11/bfc0725c-f711-11e7-91af-31ac729add94_story.html|access-date=January 11, 2018}}
* {{cite news|title=Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 12, 2018|first=Aubree Eliza|last=Weaver}}
* {{cite news|last1=Stoddard|first1=Ed|last2=Mfula|first2=Chris|title=Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-reaction/africa-calls-trump-racist-after-shithole-remark-idUSKBN1F11VC|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 12, 2018|quote=African politicians and diplomats labeled U.S. President Donald Trump a racist on Friday.}}</ref> He has repeatedly denied this, asserting: "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/trump-denies-racism-most-americans-dont-believe-him|title=As Trump denies racism, most Americans don't believe him|last=Benen|first=Steve|date=August 1, 2019|work=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> In national polling, about half of respondents say that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believe that he has emboldened racists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-racist-44-percent-white-americans-poll-survey-new-1007434|title=44 Percent Of White Americans Think Donald Trump Is Racist, New Poll Finds|last=Marcin|first=Tim|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2554|title=Harsh Words For U.S. Family Separation Policy, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Have Dim View Of Trump, Dems On Immigration|publisher=[[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute]]|date=July 3, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=William|last=Cummins|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/07/31/donald-trump-racist-majority-say-quinnipiac-university-poll/1877168001/|title=A majority of voters say President Donald Trump is a racist, Quinnipiac University poll finds|work=[[USA Today]]|date=July 31, 2019}}</ref> Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Anxiety Didn't Make People Vote Trump, Racism Did|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/economic-anxiety-didnt-make-people-vote-trump-racism-did/|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[The Nation]]|date=May 8, 2017|first1=Sean|last1=McElwee|first2=Jason|last2=McDaniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The past year of research has made it very clear: Trump won because of racial resentment|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/15/16781222/trump-racism-economic-anxiety-study|access-date=January 14, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=December 15, 2017|first=German|last=Lopez}}</ref> Racist and [[Islamophobic]] attitudes are a strong indicator of support for Trump.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lajevardi|first1=Nazita|last2=Oskooii|first2=Kassra A. R.|year=2018|title=Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump|journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics|volume=3|issue=1|pages=112–152|doi=10.1017/rep.2017.37|s2cid=158559765}}</ref>
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.<ref name=Mahler/> He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 [[Central Park jogger case]], even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ransom|first=Jan|title=Trump Will Not Apologize for Calling for Death Penalty Over Central Park Five|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/nyregion/central-park-five-trump.html|access-date=June 29, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>
Trump relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|"birther" conspiracy theories]] alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farley|first=Robert|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/feb/14/donald-trump/donald-trump-says-people-who-went-school-obama-nev/|title=Donald Trump says people who went to school with Obama never saw him|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=February 14, 2011|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Moody|first=Chris|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-first-speech-to-cpac/index.html|title=Gay conservatives who helped kickstart Trump's GOP career have serious regrets|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 3, 2016|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref> In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-takes-credit-for-obama-birth-certificate-release-but-wonders-is-it-real/|title=Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'|last=Madison|first=Lucy|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=May 9, 2011|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-history-raising-birther-questions-president-obama/story?id=33861832|title=Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama|work=[[ABC News]]|last=Keneally|first=Meghan|date=September 18, 2015|access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|her 2008 presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It|first1=Maggie|last1=Haberman|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|first2=Alan|last2=Rappeport|author-link2=Alan Rappeport|date=September 16, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html}}</ref> In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan|author-link2=Jonathan Martin (journalist)|date=November 28, 2017|title=Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/us/politics/trump-access-hollywood-tape.html|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
According to an analysis in ''[[Political Science Quarterly]]'', Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schaffner|first1=Brian F.|author-link1=Brian Schaffner|last2=Macwilliams|first2=Matthew|last3=Nteta|first3=Tatishe|title=Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism|journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]]|date=March 2018|volume=133|issue=1|pages=9–34|doi=10.1002/polq.12737|doi-access=free }}</ref> In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists."<ref>{{cite news|first=Katie|last=Reilly|title=Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico|url=https://time.com/4473972/donald-trump-mexico-meeting-insult/|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=August 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Five Insults Donald Trump Has Fired at Mexicans in the Presidential Race|url=https://news.sky.com/story/five-insults-donald-trump-has-fired-at-mexicans-in-the-presidential-race-10559438|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Sky News]]|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding [[Trump University]] were also criticized as racist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/08/us/politics/paul-ryan-donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel.html|title=Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him|date=June 7, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Jennifer|last1=Steinhauer|author-link1=Jennifer Steinhauer|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|author-link2=Jonathan Martin (journalist)|first3=David M.|last3=Herszenhorn|access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Gives a Statement on the Infrastructure Discussion.webm|thumb|start=13:11|Trump answers questions from reporters about the [[Unite the Right rally]] in Charlottesville.]]
Trump's comment on the [[Unite the Right rally|2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia]]—that there were "very fine people on both sides"—was widely criticized as implying a [[moral equivalence]] between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters at the rally.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/trump-charlottesville-delay/index.html|title=Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville|last=Merica|first=Dan|date=August 26, 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of American Jews|first=Herbert F.|last=Weisberg|date=2019|page=223|publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote=His creating a moral equivalence between neo-Nazi marchers and those protesting the Charlottesville march further distressed Jews}}</ref><ref name=KruzelCharlottesville>{{Cite web|first=John|last=Kruzel|title=Trump says Lindsey Graham 'lied' about Trump's Charlottesville comments. Did he?|quote=Trump's words drew an implicit moral equivalence between the groups that fell short of a literally saying they were morally equivalent|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2017/aug/18/trump-says-lindsey-graham-lied-about-trumps-charlo/|date=August 18, 2017|work=PolitiFact}}</ref>
In a January 2018 [[Oval Office]] meeting to discuss immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/1/11/16880804/trump-shithole-countries-racism|title=Trump's "shithole countries" comment exposes the core of Trumpism|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=January 11, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> His remarks were condemned as racist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 12, 2018|first=Aubree Eliza|last=Weaver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/12/unkind-divisive-elitist-international-outcry-over-trumps-shithole-countries-remark|title='There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark|date=January 13, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|first1=Patrick|last1=Wintour|author-link1=Patrick Wintour|first2=Jason|last2=Burke|author-link2=Jason Burke|first3=Anna|last3=Livsey|access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref>
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "[[Go back where you came from|go back]]" to the countries they "came from".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 14, 2019|first1=Katie|last1=Rogers|first2=Nicholas|last2=Fandos|author-link2=Nicholas Fandos|title=Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html}}</ref> Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742236610/condemnation-of-president-delayed-by-debate-can-lawmakers-call-trump-tweets-raci|title=House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'|last=Mak|first=Tim|date=July 16, 2019|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> [[White nationalist]] publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/white-supremacists-cheer-trump-racist-tweets-soh/index.html|title=Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do.|last1=Simon|first1=Mallory|last2=Sidner|first2=Sara|author-link2=Sara Sidner|date=July 16, 2019|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/22/trump-attacks-ilhan-omar-420267|work=[[Politico]]|title='She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots|date=September 22, 2020|first=Matthew|last=Choi}}</ref>
=== Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct ===
{{Main|Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations}}
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and on social media. He made lewd comments, demeaned women's looks, and called them names like 'dog', 'crazed, 'crying lowlife', 'face of a pig', or 'horseface'.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Eileen|last2=Sullivan|author-link2=Eileen Sullivan|title='Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women|date=October 16, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/politics/trump-women-insults.html|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ritu|last=Prasad|title=How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?|date=November 29, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50563106|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fieldstadt|first=Elisha|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-consistently-made-lewd-comments-howard-stern-show-n662581|title=Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'|work=[[NBC News]]|date=October 9, 2016|access-date=November 27, 2020}}</ref>
In October 2016, two days before the [[2016 United States presidential debates#Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)|second presidential debate]], a 2005 "[[hot mic]]" [[Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape|recording]] surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything... grab 'em by the [[Pussy#Female genitalia|pussy]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Timm|first=Jane C.|title=Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-hot-mic-when-you-re-star-you-can-do-n662116|work=[[NBC News]]|date=October 7, 2016|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref> The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html|title=Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape|date=October 7, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 8, 2016|last1=Burns|first1=Alexander|author-link1=Alex Burns (journalist)|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|last3=Martin|first3=Jonathan|author-link3=Jonathan Martin (journalist)}}</ref> and caused outrage across the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/299895-kaine-on-lewd-trump-tapes-makes-me-sick-to-my-stomach|title=Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'|last=Hagen|first=Lisa|date=October 7, 2016|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref>
At least twenty-six women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct {{as of|2020|09|lc=y}}, including his then-wife Ivana. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked women.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Libby|last2=McGann|first2=Laura|title=E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/21/18701098/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-rape-e-jean-carroll|access-date=June 25, 2019|date=June 21, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rupar|first=Aaron|title=Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/9/20906567/trump-karen-johnson-sexual-assault-mar-a-lago-barry-levine-monique-el-faizy-book|access-date=April 27, 2020|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=October 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Osborne|first=Lucy|date=September 17, 2020|title='It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/amy-dorris-donald-trump-women-who-accuse-sexual-misconduct|access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears," and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/14/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html|title=Donald Trump Calls Allegations by Women 'False Smears'|last1=Healy|first1=Patrick|last2=Rappeport|first2=Alan|author-link2=Alan Rappeport|date=October 13, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref>
=== Allegations of inciting violence ===
Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/7d0949974b1648a2bb592cab1f85aa16|title=Trump words linked to more hate crime? Some experts think so|last1=Kunzelman|first1=Michael|last2=Galvan|first2=Astrid|date=August 7, 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/22/trumps-rhetoric-does-inspire-more-hate-crimes/|title=Analysis | Counties that hosted a 2016 Trump rally saw a 226 percent increase in hate crimes|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Ayal|last1=Feinberg|first2=Regina|last2=Branton|first3=Valerie|last3=Martinez-Ebers}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Social Science Research Network]]|last1=Rushin|first1=Stephen|last2=Edwards|first2=Griffin Sims|date=January 14, 2018|title=The Effect of President Trump's Election on Hate Crimes|ssrn=3102652}}</ref> During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/4203094/donald-trump-hecklers/|title=Donald Trump Tells Crowd To "Knock the Crap Out Of" Hecklers|last=White|first=Daniel|date=February 1, 2016|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoerner/trump-gianforte-congressman-assault-journalist-montana|title=Trump Thinks It's Totally Cool That A Congressman Assaulted A Journalist For Asking A Question|last=Koerner|first=Claudia|date=October 18, 2018|work=[[BuzzFeed News]]|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref> Since then, some defendants prosecuted for hate crimes or violent acts cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/08/donald-trump-domestic-terrorism-el-paso|title="The President of the United States Says It's Okay": The Rise of the Trump Defense|last=Tracy|first=Abigail|date=August 8, 2019|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> In May 2020, a nationwide review by ABC News identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence by mostly white men against mostly members of minority groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/blame-abc-news-finds-17-cases-invoking-trump/story?id=58912889|title='No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults.|date=May 30, 2020|first=Mike|last=Levine|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> On January 13, 2021, the House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection for his actions prior to the storming of the U.S. Capitol by a violent mob of his supporters<ref name=SecondImpeachment/> who acted in his name.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-testimony/2021/01/16/01b3d5c6-575b-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html|title='Trump said to do so': Accounts of rioters who say the president spurred them to rush the Capitol could be pivotal testimony|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 16, 2021|first1=Rosalind S.|last1=Helderman|first2=Spencer S.|last2=Hsu|first3=Rachel|last3=Weine}}</ref>
=== Popular culture ===
{{Main|Donald Trump in popular culture|Donald Trump in music}}
Trump has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature. He has been parodied regularly on [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump|''Saturday Night Live'']] by [[Phil Hartman]], [[Darrell Hammond]], and [[Alec Baldwin]], and on ''[[South Park]]'' via [[Mr. Garrison]]'s presidency. Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] lyrics since the 1980s; he was named in hundreds of songs, most often with a positive tone.<ref name=538-hiphop>{{cite news|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/clinton-trump-hip-hop-lyrics|title=Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=July 14, 2016|first=Allison|last=McCann}}</ref> Mentions of Trump in hip-hop largely turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.<ref name=538-hiphop/>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
<!-- This section is ONLY for books that are cited in footnotes of this Wikipedia article. -->
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015b|orig-year=2001|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00mitc|url-access=registration|title=Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon|last=Pacelle|first=Mitchell|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-471-23865-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Kranish|last2=Fisher|first2=Marc|author-link2=Marc Fisher|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2017|orig-year=2016|isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6|title-link=Trump Revealed}}
* {{cite book|title=Trumped!|last1=O'Donnell|first1=John R.|last2=Rutherford|first2=James|publisher=Crossroad Press Trade Edition|year=1991|isbn=978-1-946025-26-5|title-link=Trumped! (book)}}
* {{cite book|title=Too Much and Never Enough|last=Trump|first=Mary L.|author-link=Mary L. Trump|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-982141-46-2|title-link=Too Much and Never Enough}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIPOonZnkDEC|title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV|last=Wooten|first=Sara|publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes}}
<!-- Please be cautious about adding external links.
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* [https://www.thetrumparchive.com/ Archive of Donald Trump's Tweets] <!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 9. --> <!-- Link of his suspended Twitter account: [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump Donald Trump] on Twitter (personal account, permanently suspended as of January 8, 2021) -->
* [https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news Trump's news blog]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607230 Donald Trump] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/donald-trump Donald Trump collected news and commentary] from ''[[The New York Times]]''
* {{C-SPAN|20967}}
* [https://archive.org/details/trumparchive Donald Trump] on the [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/people/donald-j-trump Talking About Donald Trump] at [[The Interviews: An Oral History of Television]]
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/donald-j-trump/ Donald Trump's page on WhiteHouse.gov]
{{Donald Trump|state=expanded}}
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New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|45th president of the United States}}
{{other uses}}
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<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this hatnote without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 17. -->
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Donald Trump official portrait.jpg<!-- DO NOT CHANGE the picture without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 1. -->
| alt = Official White House presidential portrait. Head shot of Trump smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a dark blue suit jacket with American flag lapel pin, white shirt, and light blue necktie.
| caption = Official portrait, 2017
| order = 45th<!-- DO NOT ADD A LINK. Please discuss any proposal on the talk page first. Most recent discussion at [[Talk:Donald Trump/Archive 65#Link-ifying "45th" in the Infobox?]] had a weak consensus to keep the status-quo of no link. -->
| office = President of the United States
| vicepresident = [[Mike Pence]]
| term_start = January 20, 2017
| term_end = January 20, 2021
| predecessor = [[Barack Obama]]
| successor = [[Joe Biden]]
| birth_name = Donald John Trump
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|6|14}}
| birth_place = [[Queens]], New York City, U.S.<!-- DO NOT CHANGE (or add to) this location without prior consensus; please see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 2. -->
| party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (1987–1999, 2009–2011, 2012–present)
| otherparty = {{plainlist|
* [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform]] (1999–2001)
* [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (2001–2009)
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] (2011–2012)
}}
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]]|April 7, 1977|March 22, 1992|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Marla Maples]]|December 20, 1993|June 8, 1999|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]]|January 22, 2005}}
}}
| children = {{flatlist|
* [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]
* [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]
* [[Eric Trump|Eric]]
* [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]
* [[Barron Trump|Barron]]<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this link without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 10. -->
}}
| parents = {{plainlist|
* [[Fred Trump]]
* [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]
}}
| relatives = [[Family of Donald Trump]]
| awards = [[List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump|List of honors and awards]]
| residence = [[Mar-a-Lago]]
| alma_mater = [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania|Wharton School]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]] [[Economics|Econ.]])<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this college or diploma without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 18. -->
| net_worth = <!-- Keep empty, per [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 47. -->
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessman|television presenter}}
| signature = Donald J. Trump signature.svg
| signature_alt = Donald J. Trump stylized autograph, in ink
| website = {{unbulleted list|{{URL|https://www.45office.com/|Official website}}|{{URL|https://www.trumplibrary.gov/|Presidential Library}}|{{URL|https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/|White House Archives}}}}
}}
{{Donald Trump series}}
<!-- NOTE: Changes to the lead are regularly discussed on the talk page. PLEASE DO NOT EDIT WAR. If you make a change that is reverted, please open a discussion or contribute to an existing one, per [[WP:BRD]]. Consensus items marked "DO NOT CHANGE" require prior discussion. -->
'''Donald John Trump''' (born June 14, 1946) is an American [[Political career of Donald Trump|politician]], [[Media career of Donald Trump|media personality]], and [[Business career of Donald Trump|businessman]]
who served as the 45th [[president of the United States]] from 2017 to 2021. A member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Trump was the first U.S. president without [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|prior military or government service]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 50. -->
Born and raised in [[Queens]], New York City, Trump graduated from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in 1968. He became the president of his father [[Fred Trump]]'s real estate business in 1971 and renamed it [[The Trump Organization]]. Trump expanded the company's operations to building and renovating skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. He later started [[The Trump Organization#Other ventures and investments|various side ventures]], mostly by licensing his name. Trump and his businesses have been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal [[Legal affairs of Donald Trump|legal actions]], including six bankruptcies. He owned the [[Miss Universe]]<nowiki/>brand of beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015. From 2004 to 2015, he co-produced and hosted the reality television series ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]''.
Trump first ran for president as a member of the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]] in the [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential race]], but ended his campaign in February 2000. He entered the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 presidential race]] as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] and was elected in an [[upset victory]] over [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee [[Hillary Clinton]] while [[List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|losing the popular vote]].{{efn|name=electoral-college|Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]]. Each state names a number of electors equal to its representation in [[United States Congress|Congress]] and (in most states) all delegates vote for the winner of the local state vote.}} During his [[Presidency of Donald Trump|presidency]], Trump ordered [[Trump travel ban|a travel ban]] on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, diverted funding towards building [[Trump wall|a wall]] on the [[United States–Mexico border|U.S.–Mexico border]], and implemented a [[Trump administration family separation policy|policy of family separations]] for apprehended migrants.<!--This sentence must contain a summary of Trump's actions on immigration, including the Muslim travel ban, the wall, and the family separation policy; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 52.--> He signed the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]] which cut taxes for individuals and businesses and rescinded the [[Individual shared responsibility provision|individual health insurance mandate]]<nowiki/>penalty of the [[Affordable Care Act]]. He appointed more than [[List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump|200 federal judges]], including three to the Supreme Court: [[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Brett Kavanaugh]] and [[Amy Coney Barrett]]. In foreign policy, Trump pursued an [[America First (policy)#Presidency of Donald Trump|America First]] agenda: he renegotiated the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] as the [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement]] and withdrew the U.S. from the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] trade negotiations, the [[Paris Agreement]] on [[climate change]] and the [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|Iran nuclear deal]]. He [[Trump tariffs|imposed import tariffs]] that triggered [[China–United States trade war|a trade war with China]]. Trump [[2018–19 Korean peace process|met three times]] with North Korean leader [[Kim Jong-un]] but made no progress on [[denuclearization]].
[[Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|Russia interfered in the 2016 election]] to help Trump's election, but the [[Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|special counsel investigation]] of that interference led by [[Robert Mueller]] did not find sufficient evidence to establish [[criminal conspiracy]] or coordination with the [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|Trump campaign]].{{efn|name=coordination|[[Mueller, Robert]] (March 2019). [https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf "Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election"]. '''I'''. p. 2. "In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]'—a term that appears in the appointment order—with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion, 'coordination' does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement—tacit or express—between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the investigation did not establish that the Trump campaign coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."}} Mueller also investigated Trump for [[obstruction of justice]] and neither indicted nor exonerated him. After Trump [[Trump–Ukraine scandal|pressured Ukraine to investigate]] his Democratic rival [[Joe Biden]], the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]][[First impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached him]] for [[abuse of power]] and [[Contempt of Congress|obstruction]] of [[United States Congress|Congress]] on December 18, 2019. The Senate [[First impeachment trial of Donald Trump|acquitted him]] of both charges on February 5, 2020.<!--PLEASE DISCUSS BEFORE CHANGING THIS LANGUAGE.--> Trump reacted slowly to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|COVID-19 pandemic]], ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in [[Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic|his messaging]], and [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic by the United States|promoted misinformation]] about unproven treatments and the availability of [[COVID-19 testing|testing]].
Trump lost the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]] to Biden but refused to [[Concession (politics)|concede]]. [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|Attempting to overturn the results]], Trump falsely claimed [[electoral fraud]], pressured government officials, mounted scores of [[List of lawsuits relating to the 2020 United States presidential election|unsuccessful legal challenges]] and obstructed the [[Presidential transition of Joe Biden|presidential transition]]. On January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], which [[2021 United States Capitol attack|hundreds stormed]], interrupting the [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|electoral vote count]]. The House [[Second impeachment of Donald Trump|impeached Trump]] for [[incitement of insurrection]] on January 13, making him the only federal officeholder in American history to be impeached twice. The Senate [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|acquitted Trump]] for the second time on February 13, after he had already left office.
[[Trump's political positions]] have been described as [[populist]], [[protectionist]], [[isolationist]], and [[nationalist]]. His election and policies sparked [[Protests against Donald Trump|numerous protests]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 20. --> Trump made [[Veracity of statements by Donald Trump|many false and misleading statements]] during his campaigns and [[Presidency of Donald Trump|presidency]], to a degree unprecedented in [[American politics]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 49. --> Many of his comments and actions have been [[Racial views of Donald Trump|characterized as racially charged or racist]],<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 30. --> and many as [[Misogyny|misogynistic]].<!-- DO NOT CHANGE this sentence without prior consensus, see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 51. -->{{toclimit|4}}
== Personal life ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|upright=0.7|thumb|alt=A black-and-white photograph of Donald Trump as a teenager, smiling, wearing a dark pseudo-military uniform with various badges and a light-colored stripe crossing his right shoulder|Trump at the [[New York Military Academy]] in 1964]]
Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center|Jamaica Hospital]] in the borough of [[Queens]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|title=Certificate of Birth|publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|Department of Health]] – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168|access-date=October 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168|archive-date=May 12, 2016|via=[[ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf|title=Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump|publisher=[[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]]|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> the fourth child of [[Fred Trump]], a [[The Bronx|Bronx]]-born real estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]], an immigrant from Scotland. Trump grew up with older siblings [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]], [[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]], and Elizabeth, and younger brother [[Robert Trump|Robert]] in the [[Jamaica Estates, Queens|Jamaica Estates]] neighborhood of Queens and attended the private [[Kew-Forest School]] from kindergarten through seventh grade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45731931|title=Trump's parents and siblings: What do we know of them?|work=[[BBC News]]|date=October 3, 2018|access-date=February 15, 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html|title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It|first=Jason|last=Horowitz|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref> At age 13, he was enrolled in the [[New York Military Academy]], a private boarding school,{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38 38]}} and in 1964, he enrolled at [[Fordham University]]. Two years later he transferred to the [[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], graduating in May 1968 with a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in economics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf|pages=19–21|title=Two Hundred and Twelfth Commencement for the Conferring of Degrees|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|date=May 20, 1968|archive-date=July 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719213709/https://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/upg/upg7/upg7_1968.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Matt|last=Viser|title=Even in college, Donald Trump was brash|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2015/08/28/donald-trump-was-bombastic-even-wharton-business-school/3FO0j1uS5X6S8156yH3YhL/story.html|date=August 28, 2015|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> In 2015, Trump's lawyer [[Michael Cohen (lawyer)|Michael Cohen]] threatened Trump's colleges, high school, and the College Board with legal action if they released Trump's academic records.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ashford|first=Grace|title=Michael Cohen Says Trump Told Him to Threaten Schools Not to Release Grades|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/27/us/politics/trump-school-grades.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 9, 2019|date=February 27, 2019}}</ref> While in college, Trump obtained four student [[Conscription in the United States|draft]] deferments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show|title=Donald Trump avoided Vietnam with deferments, records show|date=April 29, 2011|work=[[CBS News]]|first=Brian|last=Montopoli|access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref> In 1966, he was deemed fit for military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board classified him as eligible to serve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/foia/donald-trump-selective-service-draft-card.html|title=Donald John Trump's Selective Service Draft Card and Selective Service Classification Ledger|date=August 15, 2016|website=[[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]]|access-date=September 23, 2019}} – via Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)</ref> In October 1968, he was classified {{nowrap|1-Y}}, a conditional medical deferment,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/questions-linger-about-trumps-draft-deferments-during-vietnam-war/2015/07/21/257677bc-2fdd-11e5-8353-1215475949f4_story.html|title=Questions linger about Trump's draft deferments during Vietnam War|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|author-link=Craig Whitlock|date=July 21, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 2, 2017}}</ref> and in 1972, he was reclassified {{nowrap|4-F}} due to [[exostosis|bone spurs]], permanently disqualifying him from service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/us/politics/donald-trump-draft-record.html|title=Donald Trump's Draft Deferments: Four for College, One for Bad Feet|last1=Eder|first1=Steve|last2=Philipps|first2=Dave|author-link2=David Philipps|date=August 1, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Emery|first=David|url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2016/08/02/donald-trumps-draft-deferments/|title=Donald Trump's Draft Deferments|work=[[Snopes.com]]|date=August 2, 2016|access-date=October 16, 2018}}</ref>
=== Family ===
{{Main|Family of Donald Trump}}
{{Further|Trump family}}
In 1977, Trump married Czech model [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]].{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=300}} They have three children, [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]] (born 1977), [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]] (born 1981), and [[Eric Trump|Eric]] (born 1984).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/lara-and-eric-trump-welcome-second-child|title=Lara and Eric Trump welcome second child|work=[[NBC Montana]]|date=August 20, 2019|access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Lewiston Journal]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|via=Google News|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1899&dat=19880527&id=LiEgAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053,3823442|title=Ivana Trump becomes U.S. citizen|date=May 27, 1988|access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's affair with actress [[Marla Maples]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/ivana-trump-write-memoir-about-raising-us-presidents-donald-children|title=Ivana Trump to write memoir about raising US president's children|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 16, 2017|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> He and Maples have one daughter, [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]] (born 1993).<ref>{{cite news|last=Graham|first=Ruth|date=July 20, 2016|title=Tiffany Trump's Sad, Vague Tribute to Her Distant Father|url=https://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/07/20/tiffany_trump_s_sad_vague_rnc_speech.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=July 24, 2016}}</ref> They married in 1993,<ref>{{cite news|last=Capuzzo|first=Mike|title=Marla Finally Becomes Mrs. Trump It Was 'Paparazzi' Aplenty And Glitz Galore As The Couple Pledged Their Troth.|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=December 21, 1993|access-date=June 20, 2019|url=http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-21/news/25940050_1_donald-trump-ivana-storybook-wedding|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119050108/http://articles.philly.com/1993-12-21/news/25940050_1_donald-trump-ivana-storybook-wedding|archive-date=January 19, 2016}}</ref> separated in 1997, and divorced in 1999.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maull |first=Samuel |url=https://apnews.com/article/145e1dcc5633e34b3f45485004e9dcec |title=Trump, Maples Officially Divorced |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 9, 1999 |access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> Tiffany was raised by Marla in California.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/02/fashion/tiffany-the-other-trump.html|title=The Other Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Alessandra|last=Stanley|author-link=Alessandra Stanley|date=October 1, 2016|access-date=May 6, 2017}}</ref> In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40186-2005Jan26.html|title=Donald Trump, Settling Down|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Tina|last=Brown|author-link=Tina Brown|date=January 27, 2005|access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref> They have one son, Barron (born 2006).<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump Fast Facts|url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/|access-date=March 10, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 7, 2014}}</ref> Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gunter|first=Joel|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43256318|title=What is the Einstein visa? And how did Melania Trump get one?|date=March 2, 2018|access-date=August 2, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>
=== Religion ===
Trump went to [[Sunday school]] and was [[Confirmation|confirmed]] in 1959 at the [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica]], Queens.<ref name="BarronNYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/nyregion/donald-trump-marble-collegiate-church-norman-vincent-peale.html|title=Overlooked Influences on Donald Trump: A Famous Minister and His Church|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=James|last=Barron|author-link=James Barron (journalist)|date=September 5, 2016|access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name=inactive>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=Eugene|title=Church says Donald Trump is not an 'active member'|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/28/politics/donald-trump-church-member/index.html|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=August 28, 2015}}</ref> In the 1970s, his parents joined the [[Marble Collegiate Church]] in Manhattan, which belongs to the [[Reformed Church in America|Reformed Church]].<ref name="BarronNYT"/><ref name="WaPo.March.18.17">{{cite news|last=Schwartzman|first=Paul|title=How Trump got religion – and why his legendary minister's son now rejects him|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 21, 2016}}</ref> The pastor at Marble, [[Norman Vincent Peale]],<ref name="BarronNYT"/> ministered to the family until his death in 1993.<ref name="WaPo.March.18.17"/> Trump has described him as a mentor.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81 81]}} In 2015, the church stated Trump "is not an active member".<ref name=inactive/> In 2019, he appointed his personal pastor, televangelist [[Paula White]], to the White House [[Office of Public Liaison]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 31, 2019|first1=Jeremy W.|last1=Peters|author-link1=Jeremy W. Peters|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|title=Paula White, Trump's Personal Pastor, Joins the White House|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/paula-white-trump.html}}</ref> In 2020, he said he identified as a [[non-denominational Christian]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian'|url=https://religionnews.com/2020/10/23/exclusive-trump-confirmed-a-presbyterian-now-identifies-as-non-denominational-christian/|agency=[[Religion News Service]]|date=October 23, 2020|first1=Jack|last1=Jenkins|first2=Maina|last2=Mwaura}}</ref>
=== Health ===
[[File:President Trump Returns to the White House (50437509906).jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Trump discharged on October 5, 2020, from [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center|Walter Reed]]]]
Trump says he has never drunk alcohol, smoked cigarettes, or used drugs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/trump-biden-alcohol.html|title=In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|date=October 30, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/kavanaugh-likes-beer--but-trump-is-a-teetotaler-he-doesnt-like-drinkers/2018/10/02/783f585c-c674-11e8-b1ed-1d2d65b86d0c_story.html|title=Kavanaugh likes beer – but Trump is a teetotaler: 'He doesn't like drinkers.'|last1=Parker|first1=Ashley|last2=Rucker|first2=Philip|date=October 2, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> He says that he sleeps about four or five hours a night.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3970379/donald-trump-sleep-hours-night/|title=Donald Trump sleeps 4-5 hours each night; he's not the only famous 'short sleeper'|last=Dangerfield|first=Katie|date=January 17, 2018|work=[[Global News]]|access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Douglas |last1=Almond |first2=Xinming |last2=Du |journal=Economics Letters|title=Later bedtimes predict President Trump's performance|volume=197|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109590|date=December 2020|page=109590|pmid=33012904|pmc=7518119}}</ref> Trump has called golfing his "primary form of exercise" but usually does not walk the course.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thegolfnewsnet.com/golfnewsnetteam/2018/07/14/donald-trump-exercise-golf-cart-turnberry-110166/ |title=Donald Trump says he gets most of his exercise from golf, then uses cart at Turnberry |work=Golf News Net |date=July 14, 2018 |access-date=July 4, 2019}}</ref> He considers exercise a waste of energy, because he believes the body is "like a battery, with a finite amount of energy" which is depleted by exercise.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/trump-thinks-that-exercising-too-much-uses-up-the-bodys-finite-energy/2017/05/12/bb0b9bda-365d-11e7-b4ee-434b6d506b37_story.html |first=Rachael |last=Rettner |title=Trump thinks that exercising too much uses up the body's 'finite' energy |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 14, 2017}}</ref>
In 2015, [[Harold Bornstein]], who had been Trump's personal physician since 1980, wrote that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency" in a letter released by the Trump campaign.<ref name="dictation">{{cite news|first1=Alex|last1=Marquardt|first2=Lawrence III|last2=Crook|title=Bornstein claims Trump dictated the glowing health letter|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/01/politics/harold-bornstein-trump-letter/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 1, 2018|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three agents of Trump had removed his medical records in February 2017 without authorization.<ref name="dictation"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-doc-says-trump-bodyguard-lawyer-raided-his-office-took-n870351|title=Trump doctor Harold Bornstein says bodyguard, lawyer 'raided' his office, took medical files|last=Schecter|first=Anna|date=May 1, 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=June 6, 2019}}</ref>
Trump was hospitalized at [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center]] for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] treatment on October 2, 2020, reportedly with a fever and difficulty breathing. It was revealed in 2021 that his condition had been much more serious. He had extremely low blood oxygen levels, a high fever, and lung infiltrates, indicating a severe case of the disease.<ref name="sicker">{{Cite news |last1=Weiland |first1=Noah |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |last3=Mazzetti |first3=Mark |last4=Karni |first4=Annie |date=February 11, 2021 |title=Trump Was Sicker Than Acknowledged With Covid-19 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/11/us/politics/trump-coronavirus.html |access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> He was treated with the antiviral drug [[remdesevir]], the steroid [[dexamethasone]], and the unapproved experimental antibody [[REGN-COV2]].<ref name="drug">{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Katie|last2=Kolata|first2=Gina|author-link2=Gina Kolata|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/health/trump-antibody-treatment.html|title=President Trump Received Experimental Antibody Treatment|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 5, 2020|access-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> Trump returned to the [[White House]] on October 5, still struggling with the disease.<ref name="sicker"/>
=== Wealth ===
{{Main|Wealth of Donald Trump}}
{{See also|Tax returns of Donald Trump}}
In 1982, Trump was listed on the initial ''[[Forbes]]'' list of wealthy individuals as having a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His financial losses in the 1980s caused him to be dropped from the list between 1990 and 1995.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html|title=What's He Really Worth?|first=Timothy L.|last=O'Brien|author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien|access-date=February 25, 2016|date=October 23, 2005|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In its 2021 billionaires ranking, ''Forbes'' estimated Trump's net worth at $2.4 billion<!-- Updated annually per [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 5. Otherwise, DO NOT CHANGE this value without prior consensus. --> (1,299th in the world),<ref name="forbes-billionaires">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires|title=#1001 Donald Trump|magazine=[[Forbes]]|year=2020|access-date=April 13, 2020}}</ref> making him one of the [[List of richest American politicians|wealthiest officeholders in American history]].<ref name="forbes-billionaires"/> Forbes estimated that his net worth declined 31 percent and his ranking fell 138 spots between 2015 and 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-forbes-wealthiest-people-in-the-us-list-2018-10|title=Trump has fallen 138 spots on Forbes' wealthiest-Americans list, his net worth down over $1 billion, since he announced his presidential bid in 2015|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=October 3, 2018|first=John|last=Walsh|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> After he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the [[Federal Election Commission]] (FEC) in July 2015, Trump publicly announced a net worth of about $10 billion while the records released by the FEC showed "at least $1.4 billion in assets and $265 million in liabilities".<ref name="disclosure">{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Jeremy |last2=Frates |first2=Chris |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/22/politics/donald-trump-personal-financial-disclosure/index.html |title=Donald Trump's 92-page financial disclosure released |work= [[CNN]] |date=July 22, 2015 |access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Ivana Trump shakes hands with Fahd of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Trump (far right) and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia]] in 1985, with U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]] and First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]]]]
Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "[[John Barron (pseudonym)|John Barron]]" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, to secure a higher ranking on the [[Forbes 400]] list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote that ''Forbes'' had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes 400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 20, 2018|first=Jonathan|last=Greenberg|title=Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html}}</ref>
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html|title=Donald Trump: My dad gave me 'a small loan' of $1 million to get started|work=[[CNBC]]|first=Scott|last=Stump|date=October 26, 2015|access-date=November 13, 2016}}</ref> In October 2018, ''The New York Times'' reported that Trump "was a millionaire by age 8," borrowed at least $60 million from his father, largely failed to repay those loans, and had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation) from his father's business empire over his lifetime.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barstow|first1=David|author-link1=David Barstow|last2=Craig|first2=Susanne|author-link2=Susanne Craig|last3=Buettner|first3=Russ|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-wealth-fred-trump.html|title=11 Takeaways From The Times's Investigation into Trump's Wealth|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Tax_Schemes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html|title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Barstow|first1=David|author-link1=David Barstow|last2=Craig|first2=Susanne|author-link2=Susanne Craig|last3=Buettner|first3=Russ|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> According to the report, Trump and his family committed tax fraud, which a lawyer for Trump denied. The tax department of New York said it is investigating.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[USA Today]]|first1=Jon|last1=Campbell|first2=Joseph|last2=Spector|title=New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/|date=October 3, 2018|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref><ref name="AP2018-12-16">{{cite news|last1=Woodward|first1=Calvin|last2=Pace|first2=Julie|title=Scope of investigations into Trump has shaped his presidency|url=https://apnews.com/article/6d6361fdf19846cb9eb020d9c6fbfa5a|access-date=December 19, 2018|work=[[AP News]]|date=December 16, 2018}}</ref> In September 2021 Donald Trump started a lawsuit against Mary Trump and the New York Times, accusing Mary of breaching a settlement agreement by disclosing tax records she received in a dispute over Donald's estate. Mary Trump stated "I think he is a loser ... It's desperation. The walls are closing in". Trump's investments underperformed the stock market and the New York property market.<ref>{{cite news|title=From the Tower to the White House|work=[[The Economist]]|date=February 20, 2016|access-date=February 29, 2016|url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white|quote=Mr Trump's performance has been mediocre compared with the stockmarket and property in New York.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ana|last=Swanson|title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire|date=February 29, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/}}</ref> Forbes estimated in October 2018 that the value of Trump's personal brand licensing business had declined by 88 percent since 2015, to $3 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/trump-forbes-400-spot-tumbles-as-net-worth-declines.html|title=Trump tumbles down the Forbes 400 as his net worth takes major hit|first=Kevin|last=Breuninger|date=October 2, 2018|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=January 4, 2019}}</ref>
Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion over the ten-year period, in contrast to his claims about his financial health and business abilities. ''The New York Times'' reported that "year after year, Mr. Trump appears to have lost more money than nearly any other individual American taxpayer" and that Trump's "core business losses in 1990 and 1991—more than $250 million each year—were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers in the I.R.S. information for those years." In 1995 his reported losses were $915.7 million.<ref name=Buettner-190508>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/07/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Decade in the Red: Trump Tax Figures Show Over $1 Billion in Business Losses|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 8, 2019|access-date=May 8, 2019|first1=Russ|last1=Buettner|first2=Susanne|last2=Craig|author-link2=Susanne Craig}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/trump-taxes/588967/|title=The Secret That Was Hiding in Trump's Taxes|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=May 8, 2019|access-date=May 8, 2019|first=Conor|last=Friedersdorf|author-link=Conor Friedersdorf}}</ref>
According to a September 2020 analysis by ''[[The New York Times]]'' of twenty years of data from Trump's [[tax returns]], Trump had accumulated hundreds of millions in losses and deferred declaring $287 million in forgiven debt as taxable income.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27">{{cite news|last1=Buettner|first1=Russ|last2=Craig|first2=Susanne|author-link2=Susanne Craig|last3=McIntire|first3=Mike|date=September 27, 2020|title=Trump's Taxes Show Chronic Losses and Years of Income Tax Avoidance|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/27/us/donald-trump-taxes.html|access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> According to the analysis, Trump's main sources of income were his share of revenue from ''[[The Apprentice (American TV series)|The Apprentice]]'' and income from businesses in which he was a minority partner, while his majority-owned businesses were largely running at losses.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27"/> A significant portion of Trump's income was in [[tax credit]]s due to his losses, which enables him to avoid paying income tax, or paying as little as $750, for several years.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27"/> Over the past decade, Trump has been balancing his businesses' losses by selling and taking out loans against assets, including a $100 million mortgage on [[Trump Tower]] (due in 2022) and the liquidation of over $200 million in stocks and bonds.<ref name="Buettner 2020-09-27"/> Trump has personally guaranteed $421 million in debt, most of which is due to be repaid by 2024. The tax records also showed Trump had unsuccessfully pursued business deals in China, including by developing a partnership with a major government-controlled company.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-tax-records-china-f086bba3b691acdc51535412f77f2c8e|title=Report: Tax records show Trump tried to land China projects|date=October 21, 2020|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref>
Trump has a total of over $1 billion in debts, secured by his assets, according to a ''Forbes'' report in October 2020. $640 million or more was owed to various banks and trust organizations. Lenders include [[Deutsche Bank]], [[UBS]], and [[Bank of China]]. Approximately $450 million was owed to unknown creditors. The current value of Trump's assets exceeds his indebtedness, according to the report.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Dan|title=Donald Trump Has at Least $1 Billion in Debt, More Than Twice The Amount He Suggested|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2020/10/16/donald-trump-has-at-least-1-billion-in-debt-more-than-twice-the-amount-he-suggested/|access-date=October 17, 2020|work=[[Forbes]]|date=October 16, 2020}}</ref>
== Business career ==
{{Main|Business career of Donald Trump}}
{{Further|Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia}}
=== Real estate ===
[[File:Trump Tower - lower part.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Trump Tower]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]]]
While a student at Wharton and after graduating in 1968, Trump worked at his father Fred's real estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/09/03/if-donald-trump-followed-this-really-basic-advice-hed-be-a-lot-richer|title=The real reason Donald Trump is so rich|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 3, 2015|access-date=January 17, 2016|first=Max|last=Ehrenfreund}}</ref><ref name=Mahler>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/28/us/politics/donald-trump-housing-race.html|title='No Vacancies' for Blacks: How Donald Trump Got His Start, and Was First Accused of Bias|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 27, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2018|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|last2=Eder|first2=Steve}}</ref>{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=89}} In 1971, he became president of the company and began using [[The Trump Organization]] as an [[umbrella brand]].{{sfn|Blair|2015b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 250]}} It was registered as a corporation in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump Organization Inc/The|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/3603126Z:US|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref>
==== Manhattan developments ====
Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture, the renovation of the derelict [[Grand Hyatt New York|Commodore Hotel]], adjacent to [[Grand Central Terminal]]. The financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,<ref>{{cite news|first=Frank|last=Rich|author-link=Frank Rich|title=The Original Donald Trump|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=April 29, 2018|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> who also joined Hyatt in guaranteeing $70 million in bank construction financing.<ref>{{cite news|first=Glenn|last=Kessler|author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist)|title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father|date=March 3, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}} The hotel reopened in 1980 as the [[Grand Hyatt New York|Grand Hyatt Hotel]],{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=32–35}} and that same year, Trump obtained rights to develop Trump Tower, a [[Mixed-use development|mixed-use]] skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump|date=April 8, 1984|first=William|last=Geist|author-link=Bill Geist|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html}}</ref> The building houses the headquarters of the Trump Organization and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/nyregion/donald-trump-new-york-protests.html|title=Donald Trump Loves New York. But It Doesn't Love Him Back.|first=Alexander|last=Burns|author-link=Alex Burns (journalist)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 9, 2016|access-date=December 9, 2016}}</ref><ref name=moved>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html|title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida|work=[[The New York Times]]|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|date=October 31, 2019|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>
In 1988, Trump acquired the [[Plaza Hotel]] in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a reorganization plan was approved in 1992.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's Plaza Hotel bankruptcy plan approved|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 12, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref> In 1995, Trump lost the hotel to Citibank and investors from Singapore and Saudi Arabia, who assumed $300 million of the debt.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html|title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=David|last1=Stout|author-link1=David Stout|first2=Kenneth|last2=Gilpin|date=April 12, 1995|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Satow|first=Julie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-05-23/that-time-trump-sold-the-plaza-hotel-at-an-83-million-loss|title=That Time Trump Sold the Plaza Hotel at an $83 Million Loss|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=May 23, 2019|access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref>
In 1996, Trump acquired the vacant 71-story skyscraper at [[40 Wall Street]]. After an extensive renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=81–82}} In the early 1990s, Trump won the right to develop a {{convert|70|acre|ha|adj=on}} tract in the [[Lincoln Square, Manhattan|Lincoln Square]] neighborhood near the [[Hudson River]]. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the project to Asian investors, who were able to finance completion of the project, [[Riverside South, Manhattan|Riverside South]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/01/nyregion/trump-group-selling-west-side-parcel-for-18-billion.html|title=Trump Group Selling West Side Parcel for $1.8 billion|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 1, 2005|access-date=May 17, 2016}}</ref>
==== Palm Beach estate ====
{{Main|Mar-a-Lago}}
In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in [[Palm Beach, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Peterson-Withorn|first=Chase|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/|title=Donald Trump Has Gained More Than $100 Million On Mar-a-Lago|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 23, 2018|access-date=July 4, 2018}}</ref> Trump converted the estate into a private club with an initiation fee and annual dues and used a wing of the house as a private residence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/home-decor/a7144/mar-a-lago-history/|title=A History of Mar-a-Lago, Donald Trump's American Castle|last=Dangremond|first=Sam|date=December 22, 2017|work=[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]|access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.<ref name=moved/>
==== Atlantic City casinos ====
[[File:Trump Taj Mahal, 2007.jpg|thumb|alt=The entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal, a casino in Atlantic City. It has motifs evocative of the Taj Mahal in India.|Entrance of the [[Trump Taj Mahal]] in [[Atlantic City]]]]
In 1984, Trump opened [[Harrah's at Trump Plaza]], a hotel and casino in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]. The project received financing from the [[Holiday Corporation]], which also managed the operation. Gambling had been legalized there in 1977 to revitalize the once-popular seaside destination.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=57–58}} The property's poor financial results worsened tensions between Holiday and Trump, who paid Holiday $70 million in May 1986 to take sole control of the property.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 128]}} Earlier, Trump had also acquired a partially completed building in Atlantic City from the [[Hilton Worldwide|Hilton Corporation]] for $320 million. Upon its completion in 1985, that hotel and casino were called [[Golden Nugget Atlantic City|Trump Castle]]. Trump's then-wife Ivana managed it until 1988.{{sfn|Wooten|2009|pp=59–60}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 137]}}
Trump acquired a third casino in Atlantic City, the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City|Trump Taj Mahal]], in 1988 in a highly leveraged transaction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seven Acquisitive Executives Who Made Business News in 1988: Donald Trump–Trump Organization; The Artist of the Deal Turns Sour into Sweet|last=Cuff|first=Daniel|date=December 18, 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/27/business/seven-acquisitive-executives-who-made-business-1988-donald-trump-trump.html|access-date=May 27, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> It was financed with $675 million in [[junk bonds]] and completed at a cost of $1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/08/business/trump-s-taj-open-at-last-with-a-scary-appetite.html|title=Trump's Taj – Open at Last, With a Scary Appetite|date=April 8, 1990|last=Glynn|first=Lenny|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref><ref name=UPI9April>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/09/Trump-reaches-agreement-with-bondholders-on-Taj-Mahal/7261671169600/|title=Trump reaches agreement with bondholders on Taj Mahal|work=[[United Press International]]|date=April 9, 1991|access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 135]}} The project went bankrupt the following year,<ref name=UPI9April/> and the reorganization left Trump with only half his initial ownership stake and required him to pledge personal guarantees of future performance.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/05/business/company-news-taj-mahal-is-out-of-bankruptcy.html|title=Taj Mahal is out of Bankruptcy|access-date=May 22, 2008|date=October 5, 1991}}</ref> Facing "enormous debt," he gave up control of his money-losing airline, [[Trump Shuttle]], and sold his [[megayacht]], the ''[[Trump Princess]]'', which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use by wealthy gamblers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/11/business/trump-is-reportedly-selling-yacht.html|title=Trump Is Reportedly Selling Yacht|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 11, 1990|access-date=July 3, 2018|last=Hylton|first=Richard}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132–133]}}
In 1995, Trump founded [[Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts]] (THCR), which assumed ownership of Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the [[Majestic Star II|Trump Casino]] in [[Gary, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Plaza casino stock trades today on Big Board|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Floyd|last=Norris|author-link=Floyd Norris|date=June 7, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/07/business/trump-plaza-casino-stock-trades-today-on-big-board.html|access-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> THCR purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996 and underwent successive bankruptcies in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump with only ten percent ownership.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.phillymag.com/news/2015/08/16/donald-trump-atlantic-city-empire/|title=The Truth About the Rise and Fall of Donald Trump's Atlantic City Empire|work=[[Philadelphia (magazine)|Philadelphia]]|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2016|first=Dan|last=McQuade}}</ref> He remained chairman of THCR until 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/|title=How Donald Trump Made Millions Off His Biggest Business Failure|last=Tully|first=Shawn|date=March 10, 2016|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref>
==== Golf courses ====
{{Main|Donald Trump and golf}}
The Trump Organization began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|last=Garcia|first=Ahiza|title=Trump's 17 golf courses teed up: Everything you need to know|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/12/29/news/donald-trump-golf-courses/index.html|access-date=January 21, 2018|work=[[CNN Money]]|date=December 29, 2016}}</ref> It owned 11 golf courses and resorts worldwide and managed another four {{as of|lc=y|July 2020}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://golfweek.usatoday.com/lists/take-a-look-at-the-golf-courses-owned-by-donald-trump/|title=Take a look at the golf courses owned by Donald Trump |work=[[Golfweek]]|date=July 24, 2020 |access-date=July 7, 2021}}</ref>
From his inauguration until the end of 2019, Trump spent around one of every five days at one of his golf clubs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Betsy|last=Klein|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/31/politics/trump-golfing-vacation/index.html|title=Trump spent 1 of every 5 days in 2019 at a golf club|work=[[CNN]]|date=December 31, 2019|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>
=== Branding and licensing ===
{{See also|List of things named after Donald Trump}}
[[File:Chicago September 2016-2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]] in Chicago]]
The Trump name has been licensed for various consumer products and services, including foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Michelle Ye Hee|title=How many Trump products were made overseas? Here's the complete list.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/08/26/how-many-trump-products-were-made-overseas-heres-the-complete-list/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 26, 2016|access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref><ref name="neckties">{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 13, 2018|first1=Zane|last1=Anthony|first2=Kathryn|last2=Sanders|first3=David A.|last3=Fahrenthold|author-link3=David Fahrenthold|title=Whatever happened to Trump neckties? They're over. So is most of Trump's merchandising empire.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/whatever-happened-to-trump-ties-theyre-over-so-is-most-of-trumps-merchandising-empire/2018/04/13/2c32378a-369c-11e8-acd5-35eac230e514_story.html}}</ref> According to an analysis by ''The Washington Post'', there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly revenue for his companies.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Aaron|last1=Williams|first2=Anu|last2=Narayanswamy|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/trump-worldwide-licensing/|title=How Trump has made millions by selling his name|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=December 12, 2017}}</ref> By 2018, only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.<ref name="neckties"/>
=== Legal affairs and bankruptcies ===
{{Main|Legal affairs of Donald Trump|List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump}}
[[Fixer (person)|Fixer]] [[Roy Cohn]] served as Trump's lawyer and mentor for 13 years in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hornaday|first=Ann|title=A portrait of an infamous fixer – and his most famous pupil – in 'Where's My Roy Cohn?'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/a-portrait-of-an-infamous-fixer--and-his-most-famous-pupil--in-wheres-my-roy-cohn/2019/09/24/73013ed0-dca5-11e9-bfb1-849887369476_story.html|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahler|first1=Jonathan|last2=Flegenheimer|first2=Matt|title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 20, 2016}}</ref> According to Trump, Cohn sometimes waived fees due to their friendship.<ref name=Mahler/> In 1973, Cohn helped Trump countersue the United States government for $100 million over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices. Trump and Cohn lost that case when the countersuit was dismissed and the government's case went forward.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 23, 2016|first1=Michael|last1=Kranish|author-link1=Michael Kranish|first2=Robert Jr.|last2=O'Harrow|title=Inside the government's racial bias case against Donald Trump's company, and how he fought it|access-date=January 7, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html}}</ref> In 1975, an agreement was struck requiring Trump's properties to furnish the New York Urban League with a list of all apartment vacancies, every week for two years, among other things.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dunlap|first=David|title=1973|url=https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2015/07/30/1973-meet-donald-trump/|access-date=May 26, 2020|date=July 30, 2015}}</ref> Cohn introduced political consultant [[Roger Stone]] to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with the federal government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brenner|first=Julie|title=How Donald Trump and Roy Cohn's Ruthless Symbiosis Changed America|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship|access-date=May 26, 2020|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=June 28, 2017}}</ref>
{{As of|April 2018}}, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, according to a running tally by ''[[USA Today]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump: Three decades, 4,095 lawsuits|url=https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/|access-date=April 17, 2018|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref>
While Trump has not filed for [[personal bankruptcy]], his over-leveraged hotel and casino businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for [[Chapter 11 bankruptcy]] protection six times between 1991 and 2009.<ref name="CO">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/|first=Clare|last=O'Connor|title=Fourth Time's A Charm: How Donald Trump Made Bankruptcy Work For Him|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 29, 2011|access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="TW">{{cite news|last=Winter|first=Tom|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376|title=4Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=February 26, 2020}}</ref> They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and reduced Trump's shares in the properties.<ref name="CO"/><ref name="TW"/>
During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 17, 2016|first=Emily|last=Flitter|title=Art of the spin: Trump bankers question his portrayal of financial comeback|access-date=October 14, 2018|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-bankruptcies-insig/art-of-the-spin-trump-bankers-question-his-portrayal-of-financial-comeback-idUSKCN0ZX0GP}}</ref> but in the aftermath of his corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=December 8, 2017|first=Allan|last=Smith|title=Trump's long and winding history with Deutsche Bank could now be at the center of Robert Mueller's investigation|access-date=October 14, 2018|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' reported days after the storming of the United States Capitol that the bank had decided not to do business with Trump or his company in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/business/trump-brand-capitol-mob.html|title=An Urgent Reckoning for the Trump Brand|first1=Eric|last1=Lipton|first2=Ben|last2=Protess|first3=Steve|last3=Eder|date=January 12, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
In April 2019, the [[House Oversight Committee]] issued [[subpoena]]s seeking financial details from Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and [[Capital One]], and his accounting firm, [[Mazars USA]]. In response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman [[Elijah Cummings]] to prevent the disclosures.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sues Deutsche Bank and Capital One over Democrat subpoenas|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-48102647|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=April 22, 2019|last1=Fahrenthold|first1=David|author-link1=David Fahrenthold|last2=Bade|first2=Rachael|last3=Wagner|first3=John|title=Trump sues in bid to block congressional subpoena of financial records|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-sues-in-bid-to-block-congressional-subpoena-of-financial-records/2019/04/22/a98de3d0-6500-11e9-82ba-fcfeff232e8f_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref> In May, [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|DC District Court]] judge [[Amit Mehta]] ruled that Mazars must comply with the subpoena,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/20/us/politics/trump-financial-records.html|title=Accountants Must Turn Over Trump's Financial Records, Lower-Court Judge Rules|first=Charlie|last=Savage|author-link=Charlie Savage|date=May 20, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and judge [[Edgardo Ramos]] of the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District Court of New York]] ruled that the banks must also comply.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judge-rejects-trumps-request-to-halt-congressional-subpoenas-for-his-banking-records/2019/05/22/28f9b93a-7ccd-11e9-8bb7-0fc796cf2ec0_story.html|title=Judge rejects Trump's request to halt congressional subpoenas for his banking records|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 22, 2019|first1=Renae|last1=Merle|first2=Michael|last2=Kranish|author-link2=Michael Kranish|first3=Felicia|last3=Sonmez}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/business/deutsche-bank-trump-subpoena.html|title=Deutsche Bank Can Release Trump Records to Congress, Judge Rules|first=Emily|last=Flitter|date=May 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/trump-subpoena-appeal-merrick-garland-court-1431543|title=Donald Trump's Subpoena Appeals Now Head to Merrick Garland's Court|date=May 21, 2019|accessdate=August 24, 2021|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Alexandra|last=Hutzler}}</ref> arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that the Constitution reserves to the executive branch."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Lawfare (blog)|Lawfare]]|date=June 10, 2019|first=Mikhaila|last=Vogel|title=Trump Legal Team Files Brief in Mazars Appeal|access-date=June 12, 2019|url=https://www.lawfareblog.com/trump-legal-team-files-brief-mazars-appeal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 28, 2019|first=Renae|last=Merle|title=House subpoenas for Trump's bank records put on hold while President appeals|access-date=May 28, 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/29/house-subpoenas-trumps-bank-records-put-hold-while-president-appeals/}}</ref>
=== Side ventures ===
[[File:Donald trump at the game (3728975319).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|left|Trump at a [[New York Mets]] baseball game in 2009]]
In September 1983, Trump purchased the [[New Jersey Generals]], a team in the [[United States Football League]]. After the 1985 season, the league folded, largely due to Trump's strategy of moving games to a fall schedule (where they competed with the [[NFL]] for audience) and trying to force a merger with the NFL by bringing an [[United States antitrust law|antitrust suit]] against the organization.<ref>{{cite news|first=Arash|last=Markazi|author-link=Arash Markazi|title=5 things to know about Donald Trump's foray into doomed USFL|date=July 14, 2015|work=[[ESPN]]|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://fortune.com/2017/09/24/donald-trump-nfl-usfl/|title=Donald Trump Fought the NFL Once Before. He Got Crushed|work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|date=September 24, 2017|access-date=June 22, 2018|last=Morris|first=David}}</ref>
Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the [[Boardwalk Hall|Atlantic City Convention Hall]] adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/25/sports/trump-gets-tyson-fight.html|title=Trump Gets Tyson Fight|access-date=February 11, 2011|date=February 25, 1988|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|O'Donnell|Rutherford|1991|p=137}} In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the [[Tour de Trump]] cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the [[Tour de France]] or the [[Giro d'Italia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801|title=The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza|first=Kevin|last=Hogan|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 10, 2016|access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref>
In the late 1980s, Trump mimicked the actions of Wall Street's so-called [[corporate raider]]s. Trump began to purchase significant blocks of shares in various public companies, leading some observers to think he was engaged in the practice called [[greenmail]], or feigning the intent to acquire the companies and then pressuring management to repurchase the buyer's stake at a premium. ''The New York Times'' found that Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all, of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously."<ref name=Buettner-190508/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/06/business/american-air-gets-trump-bid-of-7.5-billion.html|title=American Air Gets Trump Bid Of $7.5 Billion|first=Agis|last=Salpukas|date=October 6, 1989|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/23/nyregion/trump-ends-his-struggle-to-gain-control-of-bally.html|title=Trump Ends His Struggle to Gain Control of Bally|first=Donald|last=Janson|date=February 23, 1987|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
In 1988, Trump purchased the defunct [[Eastern Air Lines]] shuttle, with 21 planes and landing rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C. He financed the purchase with $380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until 1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to [[USAir]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kessler|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/08/11/too-good-to-check-sean-hannitys-tale-of-a-trump-rescue/|title=Too good to check: Sean Hannity's tale of a Trump rescue|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 11, 2016|access-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump star Hollywood Walk of Fame.JPG|thumb|upright=0.6|Trump's star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]]]
In 1992, Trump, his siblings [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]], Elizabeth, and [[Robert Trump|Robert]], and his cousin John W. Walter, each with a 20 percent share, formed All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp. The company had no offices and is alleged to have been a shell company for paying the vendors providing services and supplies for Trump's rental units and then billing those services and supplies to Trump Management with markups of 20–50 percent and more. The proceeds generated by the markups were shared by the owners.<ref name="Tax_Schemes"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/10/07/trump-new-york-times-tax-evasion-221082|title=Did the Trump Family Historian Drop a Dime to the New York Times?|work=[[Politico]]|date=October 17, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> The increased costs were used as justification to get state approval for increasing the rents of Trump's rent-stabilized units.<ref name="Tax_Schemes"/>
From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the [[Miss Universe]] pageants, including [[Miss USA]] and [[Miss Teen USA]].<ref name="pageantsaleWME">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/15/business/media/trump-sells-miss-universe-organization-to-wme-img-talent-agency.html|title=Trump Sells Miss Universe Organization to WME-IMG Talent Agency|date=September 14, 2015|first=John|last=Koblin|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9|title=Donald Trump just sold off the entire Miss Universe Organization|date=September 14, 2015|first=Jethro|last=Nededog|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref> Due to disagreements with [[CBS]] about scheduling, he took both pageants to [[NBC]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/22/business/three-beauty-pageants-leaving-cbs-for-nbc.html|title=Three Beauty Pageants Leaving CBS for NBC|date=June 22, 2002|first=Jim|last=Rutenberg|author-link=Jim Rutenberg|access-date=August 14, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/|title=There She Goes: Pageants Move to NBC|date=June 22, 2002|first=Lisa|last=de Moraes|author-link=Lisa de Moraes|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 14, 2016}}</ref> In 2007, Trump received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] for his work as producer of Miss Universe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zara|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Zara|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think|title=Why the heck does Donald Trump have a Walk of Fame star, anyway? It's not the reason you think|work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|date=October 29, 2016|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> After NBC and [[Univision]] dropped the pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/06/29/nbc-dumps-trump/29471971/|title=NBC to Donald Trump: You're fired|work=[[USA Today]]|first=Maria|last=Puente|date=July 1, 2015|access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss Universe Organization and sold the entire company to [[Endeavor (company)|the William Morris talent agency]].<ref name="pageantsaleWME"/>
==== Trump University ====
{{Main|Trump University}}
In 2004, Trump co-founded [[Trump University]], a company that sold real estate training courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gitell|first=Seth|date=March 8, 2016|title=I Survived Trump University|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/03/i-survived-trump-university-213710|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=March 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal|title=Big Hair on Campus: Did Donald Trump Defraud Thousands of Real Estate Students?|last=Cohan|first=William D.|author-link=William D. Cohan|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref> After New York State authorities notified the company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Barbaro|author-link=Michael Barbaro|title=New York Attorney General Is Investigating Trump's For-Profit School|date=May 19, 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/nyregion/trumps-for-profit-school-said-to-be-under-investigation.html}}</ref>
In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University, alleging that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Halperin|title=NY Court Refuses to Dismiss Trump University Case, Describes Fraud Allegations|date=March 1, 2016|work=[[HuffPost]]|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/ny-court-refuses-to-dismi_b_9358360.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/02/27/donald-trumps-misleading-claim-that-hes-won-most-of-lawsuits-over-trump-university/|first=Michelle Ye Hee|last=Lee|title=Donald Trump's misleading claim that he's 'won most of' lawsuits over Trump University|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 27, 2016|access-date=February 27, 2016}}</ref> In addition, two [[class action]]s were filed in federal court against Trump and his companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell approach, and former employees testified that Trump University had defrauded or lied to its students.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/|title=Trump faces two-front legal fight over 'university'|work=[[USA Today]]|first=Kevin|last=McCoy|date=August 26, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/01/us/politics/donald-trump-university.html|title=Former Trump University Workers Call the School a 'Lie' and a 'Scheme' in Testimony|last1=Barbaro|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Barbaro|last2=Eder|first2=Steve|date=May 31, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/01/480279246/hard-sell-the-potential-political-consequences-of-the-trump-university-documents|title=Hard Sell: The Potential Political Consequences of the Trump University Documents|last=Montenaro|first=Domenico|date=June 1, 2016|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after he won the presidency, Trump agreed to pay a total of $25 million to settle the three cases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/trump-university.html|title=Donald Trump Agrees to Pay $25 Million in Trump University Settlement|last=Eder|first=Steve|date=November 18, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 18, 2016}}</ref>
=== Foundation ===
{{Main|Donald J. Trump Foundation}}
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a private foundation established in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133404773|title=Nonprofit Explorer|work=[[ProPublica]]|first1=Mike|last1=Tigas|first2=Sisi|last2=Wei|access-date=September 9, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|author-link=David Fahrenthold|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/01/trump-pays-irs-a-penalty-for-his-foundation-violating-rules-with-gift-to-florida-attorney-general/|title=Trump pays IRS a penalty for his foundation violating rules with gift to aid Florida attorney general|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> In the foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/a-portrait-of-trump-the-donor-free-rounds-of-golf-but-no-personal-cash/2016/04/10/373b9b92-fb40-11e5-9140-e61d062438bb_story.html|title=Missing from Trump's list of charitable giving: His own personal cash|date=April 10, 2016|first1=David A.|last1=Fahrenthold|author-link1=David Fahrenthold|last2=Helderman|first2=Rosalind S.|author-link2=Rosalind Helderman|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> The foundation gave to health care and sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Long Island Business News]]|date=September 15, 2016|first=Claude|last=Solnik|title=Taking a peek at Trump's (foundation) tax returns|url=https://libn.com/2016/09/15/taking-a-peek-at-trumps-foundation-tax-returns/}}</ref>
In 2016, ''The Washington Post'' reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Chris |last1=Cillizza |author-link1=Chris Cillizza |first2=David A. |last2=Fahrenthold |author-link2=David Fahrenthold |title=Meet the reporter who's giving Donald Trump fits |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/09/15/how-the-reporter-behind-the-trump-foundation-stories-does-it/ |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 15, 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2021}}</ref> Also in 2016, the New York State attorney general's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in New York.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/|title=NY attorney general is investigating Trump Foundation practices|date=September 14, 2016|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=September 25, 2016|last1=Bradner|first1=Eric|last2=Frehse|first2=Rob}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 3, 2016|first=David A.|last=Fahrenthold|author-link=David Fahrenthold|title=Trump Foundation ordered to stop fundraising by N.Y. attorney general's office|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-foundation-ordered-to-stop-fundraising-by-ny-attorney-generals-office/2016/10/03/1d4d295a-8987-11e6-bff0-d53f592f176e_story.html}}</ref> Trump's team announced in December 2016 that the foundation would be dissolved.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest|title=Donald Trump to dissolve his charitable foundation after mounting complaints|last=Jacobs|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Jacobs (journalist)|date=December 24, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref>
In June 2018, the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation, Trump, and his adult children, seeking $2.8 million in restitution and additional penalties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/14/politics/new-york-lawsuit-trump-foundation/index.html|title=New York attorney general sues Trump Foundation|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Chris|last1=Isidore|first2=Melanie|last2=Schuman|date=June 14, 2018|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/392392-five-things-to-know-about-the-lawsuit-against-the-trump-foundation|title=Five things to know about the lawsuit against the Trump Foundation|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|date=June 14, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=June 15, 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to other charities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/nyregion/ny-ag-underwood-trump-foundation.html|title=Trump Foundation Will Dissolve, Accused of 'Shocking Pattern of Illegality'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 18, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2019|first=Shane|last=Goldmacher}}</ref> In November 2019, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay $2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-foundation-ordered-pay-2m-collection-nonprofits-part/story?id=66827235|title=President Donald Trump ordered to pay $2M to collection of nonprofits as part of civil lawsuit|work=[[ABC News]]|date=November 7, 2019|access-date=November 7, 2019|first=Aaron|last=Katersky}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50338231|title=Judge orders Trump to pay $2m for misusing Trump Foundation funds|date=November 8, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=March 5, 2020}}</ref>
== Media career ==
{{Main|Media career of Donald Trump}}
=== Books ===
{{Main|Bibliography of Donald Trump}}
Trump has written up to 19 books on business, financial, or political topics, though he has used ghostwriters to do this.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html|title=Trump boasted about writing many books – his ghostwriter says otherwise|work=[[The Independent]]|first=Andrew|last=Buncombe|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=October 11, 2020}}</ref> Trump's first book, ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' (1987), was a [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' Best Seller]]. While Trump was credited as co-author, the entire book was [[Ghostwriter|ghostwritten]] by [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]].<ref name=MayerGhost>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all|title=Donald Trump's Ghostwriter Tells All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|first=Jane|last=Mayer|author-link=Jane Mayer|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=June 19, 2017}}</ref> According to ''[[The New Yorker]]'', "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successful tycoon."<ref name=MayerGhost/> Trump has called the book his second favorite, after the Bible.<ref>{{cite news|last=O'Neil|first=Luke|date=June 2, 2020|title=What do we know about Trump's love for the Bible?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/02/what-do-we-know-about-trumps-love-for-the-bible|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
=== Film and television ===
{{Main|Donald Trump filmography}}
Trump made [[cameo appearances]] in eight films and television shows from 1985 to 2001.<ref>{{cite news|first=Adrienne|last=LaFrance|title=Three Decades of Donald Trump Film and TV Cameos|date=December 21, 2015|work=[[The Atlantic]]|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lockett|first=Dee|url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/06/donald-trump-was-in-the-little-rascals.html|title=Yes, Donald Trump Did Actually Play a Spoiled Rich Kid's Dad in The Little Rascals|work=[[Vulture.com]]|date=June 21, 2016|access-date=July 14, 2018}}</ref>
Trump had a sporadic relationship with the [[professional wrestling]] promotion [[WWE]] since the late 1980s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lelinwalla|first=Mark|date=March 4, 2016|title=Looking Back at Donald Trump's WWE Career|work=Tech Times|url=https://www.techtimes.com/articles/138117/20160304/donald-trumps-history-wwe.htm|access-date=July 6, 2019}}</ref> He appeared at [[WrestleMania 23]] in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the [[WWE Hall of Fame (2013)|WWE Hall of Fame in 2013]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Chris|last2=Wetherbee|first2=Brandon|date=December 9, 2016|title=Heel in Chief|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|url=https://slate.com/culture/2016/12/donald-trump-learned-his-political-moves-from-wwe.html|access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated ''[[Howard Stern Show]]''.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 166]}} He also had his own short-form talk radio program called ''[[Trumped!]]'' (one to two minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.people.com/people/article/0,,632500,00.html|title=The Donald to Get New Wife, Radio Show|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=April 29, 2004|access-date=November 19, 2013|first=Stephen M.|last=Silverman|author-link=Stephen M. Silverman}}</ref><!-- Only sources I find are from 2004 like this: https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040607005748/en/Trumped!-Donald-Trump-Biggest-Launch-Radio-History --><ref>{{cite news|first=Bob|last=Tedeschi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/technology/now-for-sale-online-the-art-of-the-vacation.html|title=Now for Sale Online, the Art of the Vacation|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 6, 2006|access-date=October 21, 2018}}</ref> From 2011 until 2015, he was a weekly unpaid guest commentator on ''[[Fox & Friends]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Montopoli|first=Brian|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gets-regular-fox-news-spot/|title=Donald Trump gets regular Fox News spot|work=[[CBS News]]|date=April 1, 2011|access-date=July 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Grossman|first1=Matt|last2=Hopkins|first2=David A.|title=How the conservative media is taking over the Republican Party|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/09/how-the-conservative-media-is-taking-over-the-republican-party/|access-date=October 19, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 9, 2016}}</ref>
From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows ''The Apprentice'' and ''[[The Celebrity Apprentice]]''. On ''The Apprentice'', Trump played the role of a chief executive, and contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. On ''The Celebrity Apprentice'', celebrities competed to win money for charities. On both shows, Trump eliminated contestants with the [[catchphrase]] "You're fired."<ref name="born_7-17-16">{{cite news|last1=Grynbaum|first1=Michael M.|last2=Parker|first2=Ashley|author-link2=Ashley Parker|date=July 16, 2016|title=Donald Trump the Political Showman, Born on 'The Apprentice'|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/business/media/donald-trump-apprentice.html|access-date=July 8, 2018}}</ref>
Trump, who had been a member since 1989, resigned from the [[SAG-AFTRA|Screen Actors Guild]] in February 2021 rather than face a disciplinary committee hearing for inciting the January 6, 2021 mob attack on the U.S. Capitol and for his "reckless campaign of misinformation aimed at discrediting and ultimately threatening the safety of journalists."<ref>{{cite web |last=Rao |first=Sonya |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/ |title=Facing expulsion, Trump resigns from the Screen Actors Guild: 'You have done nothing for me' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref> Two days later, the union permanently barred him from readmission.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harmata |first=Claudia |url=https://people.com/tv/sag-aftra-bans-donald-trump-future-readmission/ |title=Donald Trump Banned from Future Re-Admission to SAG-AFTRA: It's 'More Than a Symbolic Step'|work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |date=February 7, 2021 |access-date=February 8, 2021}}</ref>
== Pre-presidential political career ==
{{Main|Political career of Donald Trump}}
[[File:Donald Trump and Bill Clinton.jpg|thumb|left|Trump and President [[Bill Clinton]] in June 2000]]
Trump's political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in 1987, a member of the [[Independence Party of New York|Independence Party]], the New York state affiliate of the [[Reform Party of the United States of America|Reform Party]], in 1999,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/10/25/trump.cnn/index.html|title=Trump Officially Joins Reform Party|work=[[CNN]]|date=October 25, 1999|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, unaffiliated in 2011, and a Republican in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gillin|first=Joshua|title=Bush says Trump was a Democrat longer than a Republican 'in the last decade'|url=https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=August 24, 2015}}</ref>
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,<ref name="hint">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/02/nyregion/trump-gives-a-vague-hint-of-candidacy.html|title=Trump Gives a Vague Hint of Candidacy|work=[[The New York Times]]|first=Michael|last=Oreskes|author-link=Michael Oreskes|date=September 2, 1987|access-date=February 17, 2016}}</ref> advocating peace in Central America, accelerated nuclear disarmament talks with the Soviet Union, and reduction of the federal budget deficit by making American allies pay "their fair share" for military defense.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/18/us/trump-urged-to-head-gala-of-democrats.html|title=Trump Urged To Head Gala Of Democrats|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 18, 1987|first=Fox|last=Butterfield}}</ref> He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.<ref name="hint"/>
=== 2000 presidential campaign and 2011 hints at presidential run ===
[[File:Donald Trump speaking at CPAC 2011 by Mark Taylor.jpg|thumb|right|Trump speaking at CPAC 2011]]
In 2000, Trump [[Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign|ran in the California and Michigan primaries]] for nomination as the Reform Party candidate for the [[2000 United States presidential election]] but withdrew from the race in February 2000.<ref>{{cite news|first=Richard|last=Winger|author-link=Richard Winger|title=Donald Trump Ran For President in 2000 in Several Reform Party Presidential Primaries|date=December 25, 2011|website=[[Ballot Access News]]|url=https://ballot-access.org/2011/12/25/donald-trump-ran-for-president-in-2000-in-several-reform-party-presidential-primaries/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clift|first=Eleanor|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party|title=The Last Time Trump Wrecked a Party|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|date=April 13, 2017|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/021400wh-ref-trump.html|title=Reform Bid Said to Be a No-Go for Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 14, 2000|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref> A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican nominee [[George W. Bush]] and likely Democratic nominee [[Al Gore]] showed Trump with seven percent support.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump eyeing a run at the White House|last=Johnson|first=Glen|work=Standard-Speaker|location=Hazleton, Pennsylvania}}</ref>
In 2011, Trump [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories#Donald Trump|speculated about running]] against President Barack Obama in [[2012 United States presidential election|the 2012 election]], making his first speaking appearance at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) in February 2011 and giving speeches in early primary states.<ref name="McA">{{cite news|last=MacAskill|first=Ewen|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race|title=Donald Trump bows out of 2012 US presidential election race|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 16, 2011|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bobic|first1=Igor|last2=Stein|first2=Sam|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac_n_58adc0f4e4b03d80af7141cf|title=How CPAC Helped Launch Donald Trump's Political Career|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=February 22, 2017|access-date=February 28, 2020}}</ref> In May 2011, he announced he would not run,<ref name="McA"/> and he endorsed [[Mitt Romney]] in February 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump endorses Romney|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/02/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=February 3, 2012|first1=Mark|last1=Preston|first2=Alan|last2=Silverleib|access-date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923.html|title=Donald Trump Brings His 'Pretend To Run For President' Act To CPAC|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=April 21, 2011|first=Jason|last=Linkins|date=February 11, 2011}}</ref>
=== 2016 presidential campaign ===
{{Main|Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign}}
==== Republican primaries ====
{{See also|2016 Republican Party presidential primaries}}
[[File:Donald Trump by Gage Skidmore 5.jpg|thumb|alt=Trump speaking in front of an American flag behind a podium, wearing a black suit and red hat. The podium sports a blue "TRUMP" sign.|Trump campaigning in [[Fountain Hills, Arizona]], March 2016. The cap he is wearing advertises the campaign slogan [[Make America Great Again]] (MAGA). Such caps were ubiquitous during the campaign.]]
On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066|first=Adam B.|last=Lerner|title=The 10 best lines from Donald Trump's announcement speech|work=[[Politico]]|date=June 16, 2015|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/|title=The Lie of Trump's 'Self-Funding' Campaign|work=[[The Atlantic]]|first=David A.|last=Graham|date=May 13, 2016|access-date=June 7, 2018}}</ref> His campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to the top of opinion polls.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/123228/how-donald-trump-evolved-joke-almost-serious-candidate|date=October 27, 2015|first=Elspeth|last=Reeve|title=How Donald Trump Evolved From a Joke to an Almost Serious Candidate|work=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=July 23, 2018}}</ref>
On [[Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016#March 1, 2016: Super Tuesday|Super Tuesday]], Trump received the most votes, and he remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/03/23/why-donald-trump-is-poised-to-win-the-nomination-and-lose-the-general-election-in-one-poll/|title=Why Donald Trump is poised to win the nomination and lose the general election, in one poll|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=March 23, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> After a landslide win in [[Indiana Republican primary, 2016|Indiana]] on May 3, 2016—which prompted the remaining candidates [[Ted Cruz]] and [[John Kasich]] to suspend their presidential campaigns—[[Republican National Committee|RNC]] chairman [[Reince Priebus]] declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/2016-gop-primary-live-updates-and-results/2016/05/reince-priebus-donald-trump-is-nominee-222767|title=RNC Chairman: Trump is our nominee|last=Nussbaum|first=Matthew|date=May 3, 2016|access-date=May 4, 2016|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref>
==== General election campaign ====
{{Main|2016 United States presidential election#General election campaign}}
[[Hillary Clinton]] had a significant lead over Trump in [[Nationwide opinion polling for the United States presidential election, 2016|national polls]] throughout most of 2016. In early July, her lead narrowed in national polling averages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/data-points/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936|title=Poll: Clinton and Trump Now Tied as GOP Convention Kicks Off|last1=Hartig|first1=Hannah|last2=Lapinski|first2=John|last3=Psyllos|first3=Stephanie|date=July 19, 2016|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://elections.huffingtonpost.com/pollster/2016-general-election-trump-vs-clinton|title=2016 General Election: Trump vs. Clinton|access-date=October 3, 2016|work=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump and Mike Pence RNC July 2016.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Donald Trump and his running mate for vice president, Mike Pence. They appear to be standing in front of a huge screen with the colors of the American flag displayed on it. Trump is at the left, facing toward the viewer and making "thumbs-up" gestures. Pence is at right, facing Trump and clapping.|Candidate Trump and running mate [[Mike Pence]] at the [[Republican National Convention]], July 2016]]
On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor [[Mike Pence]] as his vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/15/donald-trump-officially-names-mike-pence-as-his-vp.html|title=Donald Trump officially names Mike Pence for VP|last=Levingston|first=Ivan|date=July 15, 2016|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Four days later, the two were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the Republican National Convention.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/19/republicans-start-process-to-nominate-trump-for-president.html|title=Trump closes the deal, becomes Republican nominee for president|date=July 19, 2016|work=[[Fox News Channel]]}}</ref>
Trump and Clinton faced off in [[2016 United States presidential debates|three presidential debates]] in September and October 2016. Trump's refusal to say whether he would accept the result of the election drew attention, with some saying it undermined democracy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-us-2016-37706499|title=US presidential debate: Trump won't commit to accept election result|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=October 27, 2016|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-20/how-the-us-media-viewed-the-third-presidential-debate/7950418|title=How US media reacted to the third presidential debate|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=October 27, 2016|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>
==== Political positions ====
{{Main|Political positions of Donald Trump}}
Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating [[China–United States relations|U.S.–China relations]] and free trade agreements such as [[NAFTA]] and the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]], strongly enforcing immigration laws, and building [[Trump wall|a new wall]] along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions included pursuing [[energy independence]] while opposing climate change regulations such as the [[Clean Power Plan]] and the [[Paris Agreement]], modernizing and expediting [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs#Veterans Benefits Administration|services for veterans]], repealing and replacing the [[Affordable Care Act]], abolishing [[Common Core]] education standards, [[Infrastructure-based development|investing in infrastructure]], simplifying the [[Internal Revenue Code|tax code]] while reducing taxes for all economic classes, and imposing [[tariff]]s on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the campaign, he advocated a largely [[United States non-interventionism|non-interventionist]] approach to foreign policy while increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority countries<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37982000|title=Trump's promises before and after election|date=September 19, 2017|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref> to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]]. He described [[NATO]] as "obsolete".<ref>{{cite news|first=Jenna|last=Johnson|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/04/12/trump-on-nato-i-said-it-was-obsolete-its-no-longer-obsolete/|title=Trump on NATO: 'I said it was obsolete. It's no longer obsolete.'|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|issn=0146-3373|year=2018|doi=10.1080/01463373.2018.1438485|title=Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World|quote=On the campaign trail, Trump repeatedly called North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 'obsolete'.|journal=[[Communication Quarterly]]|volume=66|issue=2<!--|pages=176–195 -->|page=176|first=Jason A.|last=Edwards|s2cid=149040989 }}</ref>
Trump's political positions and rhetoric were [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]].<ref>{{cite book|title=What Is Populism?|last=Muller|first=Jan-Werner|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-0-8122-9378-4|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Todd|last1=Donovan|first2=David|last2=Redlawsk|title=Donald Trump and right-wing populists in comparative perspective|volume=28|issue=2|year=2018|journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457289.2018.1441844|pages=190–207|doi=10.1080/17457289.2018.1441844|s2cid=148746487 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Thomas|last1=Ferguson|first2=Benjamin I.|last2=Page|first3=Jacob|last3=Rothschild|first4=Arturo|last4=Chang|first5=Jie|last5=Chen|title=The Roots of Right-Wing Populism: Donald Trump in 2016|volume=49|issue=2|year=2020|journal=International Journal of Political Economy|pages=102–123|doi=10.1080/08911916.2020.1778861|s2cid=221061555 }}</ref> ''[[Politico]]'' has described his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory,"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/will-the-real-donald-trump-please-stand-up-120607|title=Will the real Donald Trump please stand up?|last=Noah|first=Timothy|author-link=Timothy Noah|date=July 26, 2015|work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23 major issues" during his campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/full-list-donald-trump-s-rapidly-changing-policy-positions-n547801|title=A Full List of Donald Trump's Rapidly Changing Policy Positions|last=Timm|first=Jane C.|access-date=July 12, 2016|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>
==== Campaign rhetoric ====
Trump said he disdained [[political correctness]] and frequently made claims of [[media bias]].<ref name=Walsh-160724>{{cite news|first=Kenneth T.|last=Walsh|author-link=Kenneth T. Walsh|title=Trump: Media Is 'Dishonest and Corrupt'|date=August 15, 2016|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ted|last=Koppel|author-link=Ted Koppel|title=Trump: "I feel I'm an honest person"|date=July 24, 2016|work=[[CBS News]]|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-i-feel-im-an-honest-person/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/07/06/donald-trumps-failing-war-on-political-correctness/|title=Donald Trump is waging war on political correctness. And he's losing.|first=Aaron|last=Blake|date=July 6, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> His fame and provocative statements earned him an unprecedented amount of [[earned media|free media coverage]], elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.<ref name=Cillizza-160614>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/06/14/this-harvard-study-is-a-powerful-indictment-of-the-medias-role-in-donald-trumps-rise/|title=This Harvard study is a powerful indictment of the media's role in Donald Trump's rise|first=Chris|last=Cillizza|author-link=Chris Cillizza|date=June 14, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
Trump made a record number of false statements compared to other candidates;<ref name="whoppers">{{cite news|title=The 'King of Whoppers': Donald Trump|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/|work=[[FactCheck.org]]|access-date=March 4, 2019|quote=In the 12 years of FactCheck.org's existence, we've never seen his match.|date=December 21, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/|title=2015 Lie of the Year: the campaign misstatements of Donald Trump|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=December 21, 2015|first1=Angie Drobnic|last1=Holan|author-link1=Angie Drobnic Holan|first2=Linda|last2=Qiu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Farhi|title=Think Trump's wrong? Fact checkers can tell you how often. (Hint: A lot.)|date=February 26, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html}}</ref> the press reported on his campaign lies and falsehoods, with the ''Los Angeles Times'' saying, "Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/09/25/media/newspapers-donald-trump-hillary-clinton-lies/index.html|title=The weekend America's newspapers called Donald Trump a liar|first=Brian|last=Stelter|author-link=Brian Stelter|date=September 26, 2016}}</ref> His campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.<ref>{{cite news|last=McCammon|first=Sarah|title=Donald Trump's controversial speech often walks the line|work=[[NPR]]|date=August 10, 2016|quote=Many of Trump's opaque statements seem to rely on suggestion and innuendo.}}</ref>
Trump adopted the phrase "truthful hyperbole," coined by his ghostwriter [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]], to describe his public speaking style.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Emily|last1=Flitter|first2=James|last2=Oliphant|title=Best president ever! How Trump's love of hyperbole could backfire|date=August 28, 2015|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828}}</ref><ref name=Konnikova>{{cite news|last=Konnikova|first=Maria|author-link=Maria Konnikova|title=Trump's Lies vs. Your Brain|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 20, 2017|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/donald-trump-lies-liar-effect-brain-214658|access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref>
==== Support from the far-right ====
According to [[Michael Barkun]], the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas, beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barkun|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Barkun|year=2017<!--|issn=0954-6553 (print) -->|title=President Trump and the ''Fringe''|journal=[[Terrorism and Political Violence]]|volume=29<!--|pages=437–443 -->|issue=3|page=437|doi=10.1080/09546553.2017.1313649|s2cid=152199771|issn=1556-1836}}</ref> During his presidential campaign, Trump was accused of pandering to white supremacists.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lopez|first=German|title=We need to stop acting like Trump isn't pandering to white supremacists|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/13/16140504/trump-charlottesville-white-supremacists|access-date=January 2, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=August 14, 2017}}</ref> He retweeted racist Twitter accounts,<ref>{{cite news|last=White|first=Daniel|title=Trump Criticized for Retweeting Racist Account|url=https://time.com/4190482/donald-trump-twitter-racist-retweet/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> and repeatedly refused to condemn [[David Duke]], the [[Ku Klux Klan]] or white supremacists.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump Refuses to Condemn KKK, Disavow David Duke Endorsement|url=https://time.com/4240268/donald-trump-kkk-david-duke/|access-date=January 20, 2018|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=February 28, 2016|first=Melissa|last=Chan}}</ref> Duke enthusiastically supported Trump and said he and like-minded people voted for Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2017/8/12/16138358/charlottesville-protests-david-duke-kkk|title="Why we voted for Donald Trump": David Duke explains the white supremacist Charlottesville protests|last=Nelson|first=Libby|date=August 12, 2017|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/08/15/david-duke-reaction-trump-news-conference/570517001/|title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises Trump for his 'courage'|last=Cummings|first=William|date=August 15, 2017|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=August 18, 2018}}</ref> After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said he disavowed Duke and the Klan.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 3, 2016|first=Eugene|last=Scott|title=Trump denounces David Duke, KKK|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-disavows-david-duke-kkk/index.html}}</ref>
The [[alt-right]] movement coalesced around and enthusiastically supported Trump's candidacy,<ref>{{cite news|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|title=Anti-Semitic Trump supporters made a giant list of people to target with a racist meme|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/06/03/anti-semitic-trump-supporters-made-a-giant-list-of-people-to-target-with-a-racist-meme/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hawley|first=George|title=Making Sense of the Alt-Right|year= 2017|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-54600-3|doi=10.7312/hawl18512|page=126|quote=Although it would be a stretch to say that the Alt-Right played a role in Trump's victory … the Alt-Right was perhaps Trump's most enthusiastic base of support.}}</ref> due in part to its [[opposition to multiculturalism]] and [[Opposition to immigration|immigration]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Weigel|first=David|author-link=David Weigel|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/racial-realists-are-cheered-by-trumps-latest-strategy/2016/08/20/cd71e858-6636-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.html|title='Racialists' are cheered by Trump's latest strategy|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 20, 2016|access-date=June 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/25/politics/alt-right-explained-hillary-clinton-donald-trump/|title=Clinton is attacking the 'Alt-Right' – What is it?|first=Gregory|last=Krieg|access-date=August 25, 2016|date=August 25, 2016|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e148d930-6cdb-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.html|title='Alt-right' movement makes mark on US presidential election|first=Demetri|last=Sevastopulo|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>
In August 2016, he appointed [[Steve Bannon]], the executive chairman of [[Breitbart News]]—described by Bannon as "the platform for the alt-right"—as his campaign CEO.<ref>{{cite news|title=Clickbait scoops and an engaged alt-right: everything to know about Breitbart News|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/15/breitbart-news-alt-right-stephen-bannon-trump-administration|access-date=November 18, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 15, 2016|first=Jason|last=Wilson}}</ref> After the election, Trump condemned supporters who celebrated his victory with [[Nazi salute]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump disavows 'alt-right' supporters|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069469|work=[[BBC]]|date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 23, 2016|title=Donald Trump's New York Times Interview: Full Transcript|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/us/politics/trump-new-york-times-interview-transcript.html}}</ref>
==== Financial disclosures ====
Trump's FEC-required reports listed assets above $1.4 billion and outstanding debts of at least $315 million.<ref name="disclosure"/><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Office of Government Ethics]]|via=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=July 15, 2015|title=Executive Branch Personnel Public Financial Disclosure Report (U.S. OGE Form 278e)|url=https://images.businessweek.com/cms/2015-07-22/7-22-15-Report.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723053945/https://images.businessweek.com/cms/2015-07-22/7-22-15-Report.pdf}}</ref>
Trump did not release [[Donald Trump's tax returns|his tax returns]], contrary to the practice of every major candidate since 1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/05/11/donald-trump-breaks-with-recent-history-by-not-releasing-tax-returns/|title=Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns|last=Rappeport|first=Alan|author-link=Alan Rappeport|date=May 11, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Qiu|first=Linda|title=Pence's False claim that Trump 'hasn't broken' tax return promise|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/oct/05/mike-pence/pences-false-claim-trump-hasnt-broken-tax-return-p/|work=[[PolitiFact]]|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> He said his tax returns were being [[Income tax audit|audited]], and his lawyers had advised him against releasing them.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2016/02/26/pf/taxes/trump-tax-returns-audit/|title=Trump says he can't release tax returns because of audits|last1=Isidore|first1=Chris|last2=Sahadi|first2=Jeanne|date=February 26, 2016|access-date=February 26, 2016|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> After a lengthy court battle to block release of his tax returns and other records to the [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan district attorney]] for a criminal investigation, including two appeals by Trump to the [[United States Supreme Court]], in February 2021 the high court allowed the records to be released to the prosecutor for review by a grand jury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/supreme-court-trump-taxes-vance/index.html|title=Supreme Court allows release of Trump tax returns to NY prosecutor|first=Ariane|last=de Vogue|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/supreme-court-donald-trump-tax-rercords-3aee14146906351ee9dd34aa7b6f4386|title=Supreme Court won't halt turnover of Trump's tax records|date=February 22, 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from ''The New York Times''. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/10/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Donald Trump Acknowledges Not Paying Federal Income Taxes for Years|last1=Eder|first1=Steve|last2=Twohey|first2=Megan|author-link2=Megan Twohey|date=October 10, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In March 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked to [[MSNBC]]. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/us/politics/donald-trump-taxes.html|title=Trump Wrote Off $100 Million in Business Losses in 2005|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Drucker|first2=Jesse|last3=Craig|first3=Susanne|author-link3=Susanne Craig|last4=Barstow|first4=David|author-link4=David Barstow|date=March 15, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/324016-wh-releases-trump-tax-info-ahead-of-msnbc-report-made-150m-in-2005|title=WH releases Trump tax info ahead of MSNBC report: He paid $38M in federal taxes in '05|last=Jagoda|first=Naomi|access-date=March 15, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref>
==== Election to the presidency ====
{{Main|2016 United States presidential election}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2016.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|2016 electoral vote results. Trump won 304–227]]
On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral votes]] versus 232 for Clinton. The official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after [[Faithless electors in the United States presidential election, 2016|defections on both sides]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Kiersten|last1=Schmidt|first2=Wilson|last2=Andrews|title=A Historic Number of Electors Defected, and Most Were Supposed to Vote for Clinton|date=December 19, 2016|access-date=January 31, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/19/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html}}</ref> Trump received nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be elected president [[United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote|while losing the popular vote]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Desilver|first=Drew|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/12/20/why-electoral-college-landslides-are-easier-to-win-than-popular-vote-ones/|title=Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones|website=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=December 20, 2017}}</ref>
Trump's victory was a political upset.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070|title=Trump pulls off biggest upset in U.S. history|work=[[Politico]]|date=November 9, 2016|first=Maxwell|last=Tani|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Polls had consistently shown Clinton with a [[Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election|nationwide]]—though diminishing—lead, as well as an advantage in most of the [[Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election|competitive states]]. Trump's support had been modestly underestimated, while Clinton's had been overestimated.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/10/upshot/why-trump-won-working-class-whites.html|title=Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 9, 2016|first=Nate|last=Cohn|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>
Trump won 30 states; included were [[Michigan]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[Wisconsin]], which had been part of what was considered a [[Blue wall (politics)|blue wall]] of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and the [[District of Columbia]]. Trump's victory marked the return of an [[Divided government in the United States|undivided]] Republican government—a Republican White House combined with Republican control of both chambers of [[United States Congress|Congress]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 9, 2016|first=Amber|last=Phillips|title=Republicans are poised to grasp the holy grail of governance|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/11/09/republicans-are-about-to-reach-the-holy-grail-of-governance/}}</ref>
Trump was the [[List of presidents of the United States by age|oldest person to take office]] as president at the time of his inauguration.<ref>{{cite news |last=Diaz |first=Johnny |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/18/us/politics/joe-biden-age-oldest-presidents.html |title=Biden Will Be the Oldest President to Take the Oath. Who Were the Youngest and Oldest? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref> He is also [[List of presidents of the United States by previous experience|the first president]] who did not serve in the military or hold any government office prior to becoming president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience|title=Donald Trump will be the only US president ever with no political or military experience|last=Crockett|first=Zachary|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>
==== Protests ====
{{Main|Protests against Donald Trump}}
[[File:Women's March on Washington (32593123745).jpg|thumb|[[2017 Women's March|Women's March]] in Washington on January 21, 2017]]
Trump's election victory sparked numerous protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/10/trump-tweet-professional-protesters-media/93624612/|title=Trump calls protests 'unfair' in first controversial tweet as president-elect|last=Cummings|first=William|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://uk.businessinsider.com/trump-tweets-that-protesters-have-passion-for-our-great-country-2016-11|title=Trump says protesters have 'passion for our great country' after calling demonstrations 'very unfair'|last=Colson|first=Thomas|date=November 11, 2016|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=November 14, 2016}}</ref> On the day after Trump's inauguration, an estimated 2.6 million people worldwide, including an estimated half million in Washington, D.C., protested against Trump in the [[2017 Women's March|Women's Marches]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/|title=At 2.6 million strong, Women's Marches crush expectations|last1=Przybyla|first1=Heidi M.|last2=Schouten|first2=Fredreka|date=January 22, 2017|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> Marches against his [[Executive Order 13769|travel ban]] began across the country on January 29, 2017, just nine days after his inauguration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests erupt at airports nationwide over immigration action |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=March 22, 2021}}</ref>
== Presidency (2017–2021) ==
{{Main|Presidency of Donald Trump}}
{{for timeline|Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency}}
=== Early actions ===
{{See also|Presidential transition of Donald Trump|First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency}}
[[File:Trump Family Hand Up.jpg|thumb|Trump is [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|sworn in]] as president by Chief Justice [[John Roberts]]]]
[[Inauguration of Donald Trump|Trump was inaugurated]] as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During his first week in office, he signed [[List of executive actions by Donald Trump#Executive orders|six executive orders]]: interim procedures in anticipation of repealing the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare"), withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the [[Mexico City Policy]], authorizing the [[Keystone XL]] and [[Dakota Access Pipeline]] construction projects, reinforcing border security, and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with Mexico.<ref>{{cite news|last=Quigley|first=Aidan|title=All of Trump's executive actions so far|url=https://www.politico.com/agenda/story/2017/01/all-trump-executive-actions-000288|access-date=January 28, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law [[Jared Kushner]] became his [[Assistant to the President|assistant]] and [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|senior advisor]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/03/family-affair|author=V.v.B|title=Ivanka Trump's new job|date=March 31, 2017|access-date=April 3, 2017|work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael S.|last1=Schmidt|author-link1=Michael S. Schmidt|first2=Eric|last2=Lipton|author-link2=Eric Lipton|first3=Charlie|last3=Savage|author-link3=Charlie Savage|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jared-kushner-justice-department.html|title=Jared Kushner, Trump's Son-in-Law, Is Cleared to Serve as Adviser|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 21, 2017|access-date=May 7, 2017}}</ref>
=== Conflicts of interest ===
Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a [[revocable trust]] run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr, and a business associate.<ref>{{cite news|first=Marilyn|last=Geewax|title=Trump Has Revealed Assumptions About Handling Presidential Wealth, Businesses|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/20/576871315/trump-has-revealed-assumptions-about-handling-presidential-wealth-businesses|work=[[NPR]]|date=January 20, 2018}}</ref><ref name="BBC041817">{{cite news|title=A list of Trump's potential conflicts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38069298|work=[[BBC]]|date=April 18, 2017}}</ref> However Trump continued to profit from his businesses<ref name="Venook">{{cite news|last=Venook|first=Jeremy|title=Trump's Interests vs. America's, Dubai Edition|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=August 9, 2017}}</ref> and continued to have knowledge of how his administration's policies affected his businesses.<ref name="BBC041817"/> Though Trump said he would eschew "new foreign deals," the Trump Organization pursued expansions of its operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.<ref name="Venook"/>
Trump was sued for violating the [[Domestic Emoluments Clause|Domestic]] and [[Foreign Emoluments Clause]]s of the [[U.S. Constitution]],<ref name=CRSRpt>{{cite report|title=In Focus: The Emoluments Clauses of the U.S. Constitution|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF11086.pdf|date=August 19, 2020|publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]]}}</ref> marking the first time that the clauses had been substantively litigated.<ref name=CRSRpt/><ref name="Polantz"/> The plaintiffs said that Trump's business interests could allow foreign governments to influence him.<ref name=CRSRpt/><ref name="Venook"/><ref>{{cite news|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon LaFraniere|title=Lawsuit on Trump Emoluments Violations Gains Traction in Court|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/us/politics/trump-emoluments-lawsuit.html|date=January 25, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Polantz">{{cite news|title=Appeals court lets emoluments lawsuit against Trump proceed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/14/politics/appeals-court-emoluments-trump-hotel/index.html|date=May 14, 2020|first1=Katelyn|last1=Polantz|first2=Devan|last2=Cole|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Trump called the clause "phony".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/10/21/donald-trump-mocks-constitution-emoluments-clause-phony/4055162002/|title='Phony'. Donald Trump mocks 'emoluments' clause of U.S. Constitution that bans foreign gifts|last1=Subramanian|first1=Courtney|last2=Collins|first2=Michael|last3=Jackson|first3=David|date=October 21, 2019|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=December 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Venook"/> After Trump's term had ended, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the cases as moot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/emoluments-supreme-court-donald-trump-case/index.html|title=Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump|first1=Ariane|last1=de Vogue|first2=Devan|last2=Cole|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>
=== Domestic policy ===
==== Economy and trade ====
{{Main|Economic policy of Donald Trump}}
{{See also|Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017|Trump tariffs}}
Trump took office at the height of the longest [[economic expansion]] in American history,<ref name=VanDam>{{cite news|author=Andrew Van Dam|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|title=Trump will have the worst jobs record in modern U.S. history. It's not just the pandemic.|date=January 8, 2021}}</ref> which began in June 2009 and continued until February 2020, when the [[COVID-19 recession]] began.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smialek|first=Jeanna|date=June 8, 2020|title=The U.S. Entered a Recession in February|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/08/business/economy/us-economy-recession-2020.html|access-date=June 10, 2020}}</ref>
In December 2017, Trump signed the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]]. The bill had been passed by both Republican-controlled chambers of Congress without any Democratic votes. It reduced tax rates for businesses and individuals, with business tax cuts to be permanent and individual tax cuts set to expire after 2025, and eliminated the [[Affordable Care Act]]'s individual requirement to obtain health insurance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Long |first=Heather |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/12/15/the-final-gop-tax-bill-is-complete-heres-what-is-in-it/ |title=The final GOP tax bill is complete. Here’s what is in it. |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=December 15, 2017 |access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/12/15/us/politics/final-republican-tax-bill-cuts.html|title=What's in the Final Republican Tax Bill|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Wilson|last1=Andrews|first2=Alicia|last2=Parlapiano|date=December 15, 2017|access-date=December 22, 2017}}</ref> The Trump administration claimed that the act would either increase tax revenues or pay for itself by prompting economic growth. Instead, revenues in 2018 were 7.6% lower than projected.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gale |first=William G. |url=https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/votervital/did-the-2017-tax-cut-the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-pay-for-itself/ |title=Did the 2017 tax cut—the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act—pay for itself? |work=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump in Ypsilanti (33998674940) (cropped2).jpg|thumb|Trump speaks to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017]]
Trump is a skeptic of trade liberalization, adopting these views in the 1980s, and sharply criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tankersly |first=Jim |last2=Landler |first2=Mark |title=Trump’s Love for Tariffs Began in Japan’s ’80s Boom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/us/politics/china-trade-donald-trump.html |date=May 15, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516122306/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/us/politics/china-trade-donald-trump.html |archive-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-calls-nafta-a-disaster/|title=Trump calls NAFTA a "disaster"|date=September 25, 2015|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> He withdrew the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/politics/trump-tpp-things-to-know/index.html|title=Trump's TPP withdrawal: 5 things to know|last=Bradner|first=Eric|date=January 23, 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref> imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/mar/10/war-over-steel-trump-tips-global-trade-turmoil-tariffs|title=The war over steel: Trump tips global trade into new turmoil|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=March 10, 2018|access-date=March 15, 2018|last=Inman|first=Phillip}}</ref> and launched a [[China–United States trade war|trade war]] with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818 categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/07/donald-trump-says-he-favors-big-tariffs-on-chinese-exports/|title=Donald Trump Says He Favors Big Tariffs on Chinese Exports|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|date=January 7, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-ministry/trump-sets-tariffs-on-50-billion-in-chinese-goods-beijing-strikes-back-idUSKBN1JB0KC|title=Trump sets tariffs on $50 billion in Chinese goods; Beijing strikes|date=June 16, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|first1=David|last1=Lawder|first2=Ben|last2=Blanchard}}</ref> On several occasions, Trump said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the [[U.S. Treasury]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/12/kudlow-says-us-will-pay-for-china-tariffs-contradicting-trump.html|title=Kudlow acknowledges US will pay for China tariffs, contradicting Trump|work=[[CNBC]]|date=May 12, 2019|access-date=May 20, 2019|first=Emma|last=Newburger}}</ref> Although Trump pledged during his 2016 campaign to significantly reduce the U.S.'s large [[trade deficits]], the U.S. trade deficit reached its highest level in 12 years under his administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/dd93ecd3cafc5df88a8f9f4a61693b07|work=[[AP News]]|title=US trade deficit surges in July to highest in 12 years|date=September 2, 2020|first=Martin|last=Crutsinger}}</ref> Following a 2017–2018 renegotiation, Trump signed the [[United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement]] (USMCA) as the successor to NAFTA on January 29, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/trump-signs-usmca-trade-deal-replace-nightmare-nafta-n1125526|title=Trump signs USMCA trade deal to replace 'nightmare NAFTA'|date=January 29, 2020|first=Martha C.|last=White|work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> The revised trade deal became effective on July 1, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-usmca/new-north-american-trade-pact-to-take-effect-july-1-ustr-idUSKCN2263H0|title=New North American trade pact to take effect July 1: USTR|date=April 24, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump as president approved large increases in government spending, as well as the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the federal budget deficit increased by almost 50 percent, to nearly $1{{nbsp}}trillion in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Long|first1=Heather|last2=Stein|first2=Jeff|title=The U.S. deficit hit $984 billion in 2019, soaring during Trump era|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/25/us-deficit-hit-billion-marking-nearly-percent-increase-during-trump-era/|access-date=June 10, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 26, 2019}}</ref> Under Trump, the [[U.S. national debt]] increased by 39 percent, reaching $27.75{{nbsp}}trillion by the end of his term; the U.S. [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] also hit a post-World War II high.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Allan|last1=Sloan|first2=Cezary|last2=Podkul|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/national-debt-trump|work=[[ProPublica]]|title=Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years |date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>
Trump left office with 3 million fewer jobs in the U.S. than when he took office, making Trump the only modern U.S. president to leave office with a smaller workforce.<ref name=VanDam/>
An analysis published by ''The Wall Street Journal'' in October 2020 found the trade war Trump initiated in early 2018 neither revived American manufacturing nor resulted in the [[reshoring]] of factory production.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zumbrun|first=Josh|title=China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-trade-war-didnt-boost-u-s-manufacturing-might-11603618203|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>
==== Energy and climate ====
{{Main|Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration|Climate change in the United States}}
Trump rejects the [[scientific consensus on climate change]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Ashley|last1=Parker|author-link1=Ashley Parker|first2=Coral|last2=Davenport|title=Donald Trump's Energy Plan: More Fossil Fuels and Fewer Rules|date=May 26, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/27/us/politics/donald-trump-global-warming-energy-policy.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jason|last=Samenow|author-link=Jason Samenow|title=Donald Trump's unsettling nonsense on weather and climate|date=March 22, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/03/22/donald-trumps-unsettling-nonsense-on-weather-and-climate}}</ref> He reduced the budget for renewable energy research by 40% and reversed Obama-era policies directed at curbing climate change.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump proposes cuts to climate and clean-energy programs|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/how-trump-is-changing-science-environment|date=February 12, 2018|work=[[National Geographic Society]]|access-date=May 27, 2018|first1=Michael|last1=Greshko|first2=Laura|last2=Parker|first3=Brian Clark|last3=Howard|first4=Daniel|last4=Stone|first5=Alejandra|last5=Borunda|first6=Sarah|last6=Gibbens}}</ref> In June 2017, Trump announced the [[withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement]], making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dennis|first=Brandy|title=As Syria embraces Paris climate deal, it's the United States against the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/11/07/as-syria-embraces-paris-climate-deal-its-the-united-states-against-the-world|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref>
Trump rolled back more than 100 federal environmental regulations, including those that curbed [[greenhouse gas emissions]], air and water pollution, and the use of toxic substances. He weakened protections for animals and environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, and expanded permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing [[Arctic Refuge drilling controversy|drilling in the Arctic Refuge]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Popovich|first1=Nadja|last2=Albeck-Ripka|first2=Livia|last3=Pierre-Louis|first3=Kendra|title=The Trump Administration Rolled Back More Than 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/climate/trump-environment-rollbacks-list.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> Trump aimed to boost the production and exports of [[fossil fuel]]s;<ref>{{cite news|last=Gardner|first=Timothy|title=Senate confirms Brouillette, former Ford lobbyist, as energy secretary|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-energy-brouillette/senate-confirms-brouillette-former-ford-lobbyist-as-energy-secretary-idUSKBN1Y62E6|access-date=December 15, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|date=December 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/mt-state-wire-climate-ap-top-news-climate-change-ca-state-wire-2b44ced0e892d7e988e40a486d875b5d|work=[[Associated Press]]|title=Trump's fossil fuel agenda gets pushback from federal judges|first=Matthew|last=Brown|date=September 15, 2020}}</ref> under Trump, natural gas expanded, but coal continued to decline.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/us/politics/trump-coal-industry.html|title='The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 5, 2020|first=Eric|last=Lipton}}</ref><ref name=Subramaniam>{{cite news|first=Tara|last=Subramaniam|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/30/politics/trump-broken-promises/index.html|title=From building the wall to bringing back coal: Some of Trump's more notable broken promises|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
==== Deregulation ====
During his presidency, Trump [[deregulation|dismantled many federal regulations]] on health, labor, and the environment, among other topics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/tracking-deregulation-in-the-trump-era/|date=November 2, 2020|title=Tracking deregulation in the Trump era|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]}}</ref> Trump signed 15 [[Congressional Review Act]] resolutions repealing federal regulations, becoming the second president to sign a CRA resolution, and the first president to sign more than one CRA resolution.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Adriance|first=Sam|title=President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-first-congressional-review-act-disapproval-resolution-16-years|date=February 16, 2017|magazine=[[The National Law Review]]|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal regulations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farand|first=Chloe|title=Donald Trump Disassembles 90 Federal State Regulations in Just Over a Month in White House|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html|date=March 6, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=March 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284|work=[[The New York Times]]|via=[[DocumentCloud]]|access-date=March 7, 2017|date=March 5, 2017|quote=More than 90 Obama-era federal regulations have been revoked or delayed or enforcement has been suspended, in many cases based on requests from the industries the rules target.}}</ref>
On January 30, 2017, Trump signed [[Executive Order 13771]], which directed that for every new regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for elimination."<ref>{{cite news|last=Plumer|first=Brad|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations|title=Trump wants to kill two old regulations for every new one issued. Sort of.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=January 30, 2017|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref> Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.<ref>{{cite news|last=Calabresi|first=Massimo|title=Inside Donald Trump's War against the State|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=March 9, 2017|url=https://time.com/4696428/donald-trump-war-state-government/|quote=Staffed by experts who oversee an open governmental process, they say, the federal bureaucracy exists to protect those who would otherwise be at the mercy of better-organized, better-funded interests.}}</ref>
==== Health care ====
During his campaign, Trump vowed to [[Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act|repeal]] and replace the Affordable Care Act,<ref>{{cite news|last=Kodjak|first=Alison|author-link=Alison Kodjak|title=Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/09/501203831/trump-can-kill-obamacare-with-or-without-help-from-congress|access-date=January 12, 2017|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> and urged Congress to do so. In May 2017, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives passed a [[American Health Care Act of 2017|bill to repeal the ACA]] in a party-line vote,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/331937-house-passes-obamacare-repeal|title=House passes Obamacare repeal|last=Sullivan|first=Peter|date=May 4, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=July 31, 2017}}</ref> but repeal proposals were narrowly voted down in the Senate after three Republicans joined all Democrats in opposing it.<ref>{{cite news|first=Leigh Ann|last=Caldwell|title=Obamacare Repeal Fails: Three GOP Senators Rebel in 49–51 Vote|work=[[NBC News]]|url= https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-gop-effort-repeal-obamacare-fails-n787311|date=July 28, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref>
Trump scaled back the implementation of the ACA through [[Executive Order 13765|Executive Orders 13765]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/20/us/politics/trump-executive-order-obamacare.html|title=Trump Issues Executive Order Scaling Back Parts of Obamacare|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|last2=Pear|first2=Robert|author-link2=Robert Pear|date=January 20, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 23, 2017}}</ref> and [[Executive Order 13813|13813]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/10/12/news/economy/trump-health-care-executive-order/|title=What's in Trump's health care executive order?|first=Tami|last=Luhby|work=[[CNN]]|date=October 13, 2017|access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref> Trump expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail"; his administration cut the ACA [[Annual enrollment|enrollment period]] in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to encourage enrollment.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/18/trump-tweet-obamacare-repeal-failure-240664|title=Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'|last=Nelson|first=Louis|date=July 18, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/trump-obamacare-sabotage-enrollment-cuts_us_59a87bffe4b0b5e530fd5751|title=Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs|last=Young|first=Jeffrey|date=August 31, 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref> The [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017|2017 tax bill]] signed by Trump effectively repealed the ACA's [[Individual shared responsibility provision|individual health insurance mandate]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Pear|author-link1=Robert Pear|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/18/us/politics/tax-cut-obamacare-individual-mandate-repeal.html|title=Without the Insurance Mandate, Health Care's Future May Be in Doubt|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 18, 2017|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the [[Cadillac insurance plan|Cadillac plan tax]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hrdive.com/news/trump-signs-bill-repealing-aca-cadillac-tax-granting-relief-for-employer/569551/|work=HR Dive|first=Ryan|last=Golden|date=December 23, 2019|access-date=December 24, 2019|title=Trump signs bill repealing ACA Cadillac tax, granting 'relief' for employers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Maurer|first=Mark|date=December 23, 2019|title=Finance Chiefs Relieved After Repeal of Cadillac Tax|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/finance-chiefs-relieved-after-repeal-of-cadillac-tax-11577137387|access-date=July 13, 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Trump falsely claimed he saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by the ACA;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politifact.com/health-check/statements/2020/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-claim-he-saved-pre-ex-conditions-part-fanta/|title=Trump's claim that he 'saved' pre-ex conditions 'part fantasy, part delusion'|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 14, 2020|first=Shefali|last=Luthra|access-date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> in fact, the Trump administration [[California v. Texas|joined a lawsuit]] seeking to strike down the entire ACA, including protections for those with pre-existing conditions.<ref name=StolbergACA>{{cite news|first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|title=Trump Administration Asks Supreme Court to Strike Down Affordable Care Act|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/politics/obamacare-trump-administration-supreme-court.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obamacare Must 'Fall,' Trump Administration Tells Supreme Court|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/26/883819835/obamacare-must-fall-trump-administration-tells-supreme-court|work=[[NPR]]|first=Mark|last=Katkov|date=June 23, 2020}}</ref> If the lawsuit had succeeded, it would have eliminated [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|health insurance coverage]] for up to 23 million Americans.<ref name=StolbergACA/> During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/politics/medicare-trump.html|title=Trump Opens Door to Cuts to Medicare and Other Entitlement Programs|first1=Alan|last1=Rappeport|author-link1=Alan Rappeport|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 24, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Trump's policies in response to the [[Opioid epidemic in the United States|opioid epidemic]] were widely criticized as ineffectual and harmful. U.S. opioid overdose deaths declined slightly in 2018, but surged to a new record of 50,052 deaths in 2019.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mann|first=Brian|date=October 29, 2020|title=Opioid Crisis: Critics Say Trump Fumbled Response To Another Deadly Epidemic|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/29/927859091/opioid-crisis-critics-say-trump-fumbled-response-to-another-deadly-epidemic|access-date=December 13, 2020}}</ref>
==== Social issues ====
{{Main|Social policy of Donald Trump}}
Trump favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to allow for exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/|title=Trump: I would change GOP platform on abortion|last=Wright|first=David|date=April 21, 2016|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> He said he was committed to appointing "[[pro-life]]" justices, pledging in 2016 to appoint justices who would "automatically" overturn ''[[Roe v. Wade]]''.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Meridith|last1=McGraw|first2=Nancy|last2=Cook|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/25/trump-supreme-court-abortion-421443|title=Trump walks abortion tightrope on SCOTUS pick|work=[[Politico]]|date=September 25, 2020}}</ref> He says he personally supports "traditional marriage" but considers the [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|nationwide legality]] of [[same-sex marriage]] a "settled" issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/14/politics/trump-gay-marriage-abortion-supreme-court/|title=Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled', but Roe v Wade can be changed|work=[[CNN]]|first=Ariane|last=De Vogue|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> In March 2017, the Trump administration rolled back key components of the Obama administration's workplace protections against discrimination of LGBT people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-advocates-say-trump-s-news-executive-order-makes-them-n740301|title=LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination|work=[[NBC News]]|first=Mary Emily|last=O'Hara|access-date=July 30, 2017}}</ref>
Trump says he is [[Gun politics in the United States|opposed]] to [[gun control]] in general, although his views have shifted over time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/|title=The times Trump changed his positions on guns|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 20, 2016|first=Gregory|last=Krieg}}</ref> After several [[mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]] during his term, Trump initially said he would propose legislation to curtail gun violence, but this was abandoned in November 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-quietly-abandons-proposing-ideas-to-curb-gun-violence-after-saying-he-would-following-mass-shootings/2019/10/31/8bca030c-fa6e-11e9-9534-e0dbcc9f5683_story.html|title=Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Josh|last=Dawsey|author-link=Josh Dawsey|date=November 1, 2019}}</ref> The Trump administration took an [[Cannabis policy of the Donald Trump administration|anti-marijuana position]], revoking [[Cole Memorandum|Obama-era policies]] that provided protections for states that legalized marijuana.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bures|first=Brendan|date=February 21, 2020|title=Trump administration doubles down on anti-marijuana position|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/marijuana/sns-tft-trump-anti-marijuana-stance-20200221-jfdx4urbb5bhrf6ldtfpxleopi-story.html}}</ref>
Long favoring [[Capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/politics/donald-trump-police-officers-death-penalty/|title=Trump: Death penalty for cop killers|date=December 11, 2015|work=[[CNN]]|last=Diamond|first=Jeremy|author-link=Jeremy Diamond|access-date=March 15, 2016}}</ref> Trump approved the first [[Capital punishment by the United States federal government|federal execution]]s in 17 years;<ref>{{cite news|first=Josh|last=Gerstein|title=Trump administration carries out first federal execution in 17 years|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2020|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/14/supreme-court-federal-execution-injunction-360490}}</ref> under Trump, the federal government executed 13 prisoners, more than in the previous 56 years combined.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael|last1=Tarm|first2=Michael|last2=Kunzelman|title=Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-wildlife-coronavirus-pandemic-crime-terre-haute-28e44cc5c026dc16472751bbde0ead50|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref> In 2016, Trump said he supported the use of interrogation torture methods such as [[waterboarding]]<ref>{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Tom|title=Donald Trump: I'd bring back 'a hell of a lot worse than waterboarding'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 8, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ted Cruz, Donald Trump Advocate Bringing Back Waterboarding|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410|work=[[ABC News]]|date=February 6, 2016|access-date=February 9, 2016}}</ref> but later appeared to recant this due to the opposition of Defense Secretary [[James Mattis]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ron E.|last=Hassner|title=What Do We Know about Interrogational Torture?|journal=[[International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence]]|volume=33|issue=1|year=2020|pages=4–42|doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951|s2cid=213244706|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951?journalCode=ujic20}}</ref>
=== Pardons and commutations ===
{{Main|List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump}}
Most of Trump's pardons were granted to people with personal or political connections to him.<ref name=Ballhaus>{{cite news|last=Ballhaus|first=Rebecca|title=Trump Issues 26 More Pardons, Including to Paul Manafort, Roger Stone|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-issues-26-more-pardons-including-to-paul-manafort-roger-stone-11608769926|access-date=December 24, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pardon-power-russia-probe-mueller/2020/12/24/c55000c8-45fd-11eb-b0e4-0f182923a025_story.html|date=December 24, 2020|title=Trump wields pardon power as political weapon, rewarding loyalists and undermining prosecutors|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Toluse|last1=Olorunnipa|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey}}</ref> In his term, Trump sidestepped [[Office of the Pardon Attorney|regular Department of Justice procedures for considering pardons]]; instead he often entertained pardon requests from his associates or from celebrities.<ref name=Ballhaus/>
In 2017, Trump pardoned former Arizona sheriff [[Joe Arpaio]] who was convicted of [[contempt of court]] for disobeying a court order to halt the [[racial profiling]] of Latinos.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-grants-pardon-former-sheriff-joe-arpaio-n796191|title=President Trump Grants Pardon for Former Sheriff Joe Arpaio|first1=Vaughn|last1=Hillyard|first2=Phil|last2=Helsel|work=[[NBC News]]|date=August 26, 2017|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> In 2018, Trump pardoned former Navy sailor [[Kristian Saucier]], who was convicted of taking classified photographs of a submarine;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/09/592440282/trump-pardons-ex-navy-sailor-sentenced-for-photos-of-submarine|title=Trump Pardons Ex-Navy Sailor Sentenced For Photos of Submarine|first=Ryan|last=Lucas|work=[[NPR]]|date=March 9, 2018|access-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> [[Scooter Libby]], a political aide to former vice president [[Dick Cheney]], who was convicted of obstruction of justice, [[perjury]], and [[making false statements]] to the FBI;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/13/president-trump-plans-to-pardon-former-cheney-chief-of-staff-scooter-libby.html|title=President Trump pardons former Cheney chief of staff Scooter Libby|first1=Mike|last1=Calia|first2=Jacob|last2=Pramuk|date=April 13, 2018|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> conservative commentator [[Dinesh D'Souza]], who had made illegal political campaign contributions;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-pardon-to-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-for-campaign-finance-violations/2018/05/31/b4939a08-64d5-11e8-a768-ed043e33f1dc_story.html|title=Trump pardons conservative pundit Dinesh D'Souza, suggests others also could receive clemency|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Philip|last1=Rucker|author-link1=Philip Rucker|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|first3=John|last3=Wagner|date=June 1, 2018|access-date=April 30, 2020}}</ref> and he commuted the life sentence of [[Alice Marie Johnson]], who had been convicted of drug trafficking, following a request by celebrity [[Kim Kardashian]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-has-commuted-the-life-sentence-of-alice-marie-johnson-a-woman-whose-case-was-championed-by-kim-kardashian/2018/06/06/ce5bbf20-69a7-11e8-9e38-24e693b38637_story.html|title=Trump has commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a woman whose case was championed by Kim Kardashian|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=John|last1=Wagner|first2=Sari|last2=Horwitz|date=June 6, 2018|access-date=June 13, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, Trump pardoned or reversed the sentences of three American soldiers convicted or accused of [[war crimes]] in Afghanistan or Iraq.<ref>{{cite news|last=Philipps|first=Dave|title=Trump's Pardons for Servicemen Raise Fears That Laws of War Are History|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/16/us/trump-pardon-military.html|access-date=December 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 22, 2019}}</ref> In 2020, he pardoned four [[Academi|Blackwater]] mercenaries convicted of killing Iraqi civilians in the 2007 [[Nisour Square massacre]].<ref name=Blackwater>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael|title=Trump Pardons Two Russia Inquiry Figures and Blackwater Guards|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/22/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|access-date=December 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 22, 2020}}</ref> He also pardoned white-collar criminals [[Michael Milken]], [[Bernard Kerik]], and [[Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.]] and [[Commutation (law)|commuted]] former Illinois governor [[Rod Blagojevich]]'s 14-year corruption sentence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|last3=Shear|first3=Michael D.|author-link3=Michael D. Shear|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/us/politics/trump-pardon-debartolo.html|title=Trump Commutes Corruption Sentence of Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois|date=February 18, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Seidel|first1=Jon|last2=Sneed|first2=Michael|last3=Sweet|first3=Lynn|author-link3=Lynn Sweet|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2020/2/18/20792391/rod-blagojevich-trump-clemency-illinois-governor-patti|title=President frees imprisoned ex-Gov. Rod Blagojevioch-now a grateful 'Trumpocrat'|date=February 19, 2020|access-date=February 20, 2020|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]}}</ref> In December 2020, he pardoned [[Charles Kushner]], Ivanka Trump's father-in-law, who had served two years in federal prison for witness tampering, tax evasion, and illegal campaign donations.<ref name=Ballhaus/>
Trump pardoned or commuted the sentences for five people convicted as a result of investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections.<ref name=Ballhaus/><ref name=Blackwater/> In November 2020, Trump pardoned his former National Security Advisor [[Michael Flynn]] and, in December, his 2016 campaign adviser [[George Papadopoulos]] and lawyer [[Alex van der Zwaan]]; all three had pleaded guilty of [[Making false statements|lying to federal officials]] during the investigations.<ref name=Blackwater/> Also in December 2020, Trump pardoned his friend and advisor Roger Stone whose 40-month sentence for lying to Congress, witness tampering, and obstruction he had already commuted in July; and his 2016 campaign manager Paul Manafort who had been sentenced to more than seven years in prison for bank and tax fraud and other crimes.<ref>{{cite news |last1= Kelly |first1=Amita |last2=Lucas |first2=Ryan |last3=Romo |first3=Vanessa |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/23/949820820/trump-pardons-roger-stone-paul-manafort-and-charles-kushner |title=Trump Pardons Roger Stone, Paul Manafort And Charles Kushner |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 23, 2020 |access-date=March 21, 2021 }}</ref>
In his last full day in office, Trump granted 143 pardons and commutations. He pardoned his former chief strategist Steve Bannon; Trump fundraiser [[Elliott Broidy]]; and former Republican congressmen [[Rick Renzi]], [[Robin Hayes|Robert Hayes]], and [[Duke Cunningham|Randall "Duke" Cunningham]], and commuted the sentences of dozens of people including former Detroit mayor [[Kwame Kilpatrick]] and sports gambler [[Billy Walters (gambler)|Billy Walters]]; the latter had paid tens of thousands of dollars to former Trump attorney [[John M. Dowd]] to plead his case with Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-pardons.html|title=With Hours Left in Office, Trump Grants Clemency to Bannon and Other Allies|date=January 20, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 20, 2021}}</ref>
=== Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op ===
{{Main|Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church}}
On June 1, 2020, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, [[pepper spray]] projectiles, [[stun grenade]]s, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd of protesters from [[Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.|Lafayette Square]], outside the White House.<ref name="wb">{{cite news|last1=Leonnig|first1=Carol D.|author-link1=Carol D. Leonnig|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|last3=Dawsey|first3=Josh|author-link3=Josh Dawsey|last4=Tan|first4=Rebecca|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html|title=Barr personally ordered removal of protesters near White House, leading to use of force against largely peaceful crowd|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 2, 2020|access-date=June 3, 2020}}</ref><ref name="bumpline">{{Cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=June 6, 2020|title=Timeline: The clearing of Lafayette Square|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/timeline-clearing-lafayette-square/|access-date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> Trump then walked to [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square|St. John's Episcopal Church]], where protesters had set a small fire the night before; he posed for photographs holding a Bible, with senior administration officials later joining him in photos.<ref name="wb"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gittleson |first1=Ben |last2=Phelps |first2=Jordyn |title=Police use munitions to forcibly push back peaceful protesters for Trump church visit |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/national-guard-troops-deployed-white-house-trump-calls/story?id=71004151 |access-date=June 29, 2021 |work=[[ABC News]] |date=June 29, 2021}}</ref> Trump said on June 3 that the protesters were cleared because "they tried to burn down the church [on May 31] and almost succeeded", describing the church as "badly hurt".<ref name="Shear">{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |title=Trump and Aides Try to Change the Narrative of the White House Protests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/politics/trump-protests.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 3, 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2021 }}</ref>
Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stableford|first1=Dylan|last2=Wilson|first2=Christopher|title=Religious leaders condemn teargassing protesters to clear street for Trump|url=https://news.yahoo.com/religious-leaders-condemn-gassing-protesters-to-clear-street-for-trump-192800782.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=June 3, 2020}}</ref> Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the U.S. military against anti-police brutality protesters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scores of retired military leaders publicly denounce Trump|url=https://apnews.com/article/252914f8a989a740544be6d4992d044c|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=June 6, 2020}}</ref> The chairman of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]], General [[Mark A. Milley]], later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the perception of the military involved in domestic politics."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/11/pentagons-top-general-apologizes-appearing-alongside-trump-lafayette-square/|title=Pentagon's top general apologizes for appearing alongside Trump in Lafayette Square/|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=July 5, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
=== Immigration ===
{{Main|Immigration policy of Donald Trump}}
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the campaign. He promised to build [[Mexico–United States barrier|a wall]] on the [[Mexico–United States border]] to restrict illegal movement and vowed Mexico would pay for it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269|title=Who pays for Donald Trump's wall?|date=February 6, 2017|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref> He pledged to deport millions of [[Illegal immigrant population of the United States|illegal immigrants residing in the United States]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump emphasizes plans to build 'real' wall at Mexico border|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807|work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=September 29, 2015|date=August 19, 2015}}</ref> and criticized [[Birthright citizenship in the United States|birthright citizenship]] for incentivizing "[[anchor babies]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution|title=Donald Trump: The 14th Amendment is Unconstitutional|work=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]|date=August 19, 2015|access-date=November 22, 2015|first=Inae|last=Oh}}</ref> As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and conflated immigrants with the criminal gang [[MS-13]], though research shows undocumented immigrants have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/08/08/trump-immigrants-rhetoric-criticized-el-paso-dayton-shootings/1936742001/|title=A USA TODAY analysis found Trump used words like 'invasion' and 'killer' at rallies more than 500 times since 2017|last=Fritze|first=John|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=August 9, 2019|date=August 8, 2019}}</ref>
Trump has attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement, including harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any modern U.S. president.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Kevin|title=Immigration and civil rights in the Trump administration: Law and policy making by executive order|journal=[[Santa Clara Law Review]]|year=2017|volume=57|issue=3|pages=611–665|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/saclr57&div=21&id=&page=|access-date=June 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Johnson|first1=Kevin|last2=Cuison-Villazor|first2=Rose|title=The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity|journal=[[Wake Forest Law Review]]|date=May 2, 2019|url=https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wflr54§ion=21|access-date=June 1, 2020| pages=575–616|volume=54|issue=2}}</ref>
From 2018 onwards, Trump [[Operation Faithful Patriot|deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Mitchell|first=Ellen|title=Pentagon to send a 'few thousand' more troops to southern border|url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/427519-pentagon-to-send-a-few-thousand-more-troops-to-southern-border|access-date=June 4, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=January 29, 2019}}</ref> to stop most Central American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum, and from 2020 used the [[public charge rule]] to restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via [[green card]]s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Snow|first=Anita|title=Crackdown on immigrants who use public benefits takes effect|url=https://apnews.com/article/e069e5a84057752a8535b1abe5d2ba6d|access-date=June 4, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=February 25, 2020}}</ref> Trump has reduced the number of [[United States Refugee Admissions Program|refugees admitted]] into the U.S. to record lows. When Trump took office, the annual limit was 110,000; Trump set a limit of 18,000 in the 2020 fiscal year and 15,000 in the 2021 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump has cut refugee admissions to America to a record low|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/04/donald-trump-has-cut-refugee-admissions-to-america-to-a-record-low|access-date=June 25, 2020|work=[[The Economist]]|date=November 4, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Virtually Cuts Off Refugees as He Unleashes a Tirade on Immigrants|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/politics/trump-refugees.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 1, 2020|first1=Zolan|last1=Kanno-Youngs|author-link1=Zolan Kanno-Youngs|first2=Michael D.|last2=Shear|author-link2=Michael D. Shear}}</ref> Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump administration caused significant bottlenecks in processing refugee applications, resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hesson|first=Ted|title=Trump ending U.S. role as worldwide leader on refugees|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/11/trump-refugee-decrease-immigration-044186|access-date=June 25, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|date=October 11, 2019}}</ref>
==== Travel ban ====
{{Main|Executive Order 13769|Executive Order 13780}}
Following the [[2015 San Bernardino attack]], Trump proposed to ban Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be implemented.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting|title=Donald Trump: ban all Muslims entering US|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 8, 2015|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven history of terrorism."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 25, 2016|first=Jenna|last=Johnson|title=Trump now proposes only Muslims from terrorism-heavy countries would be banned from U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/25/trump-now-says-muslim-ban-only-applies-to-those-from-terrorism-heavy-countries/|quote=[A] reporter asked Trump if [he] would be OK with a Muslim from Scotland coming into the United States and he said it 'wouldn't bother me'. Afterward, [spokeswoman] Hicks said in an email that Trump's ban would now just apply to Muslims in terror states ...}}</ref>
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed [[Executive Order 13769]], which suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without warning.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump signs new travel ban directive|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153|access-date=March 18, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=March 6, 2017}}</ref> Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump|title=US airports on frontline as Donald Trump's travel ban causes chaos and protests|date=January 28, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|first1=Joanna|last1=Walters|first2=Edward|last2=Helmore|first3=Saeed Kamali|last3=Dehghan|access-date=July 19, 2017}}</ref> [[Legal challenges to Executive Orders 13769 and 13780|Multiple legal challenges]] were filed against the order, and a federal judge [[National injunctions|blocked its implementation nationwide]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=February 4, 2017|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=Dan|last2=Frosch|title=Federal Judge Temporarily Halts Trump Order on Immigration, Refugees|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/legal-feud-over-trump-immigration-order-turns-to-visa-revocations-1486153216}}</ref> On March 6, Trump issued [[Executive Order 13780|a revised order]], which excluded Iraq and gave other exemptions, but was again blocked by federal judges in three states.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|date=March 15, 2017|first1=Dan|last1=Levine|first2=Mica|last2=Rosenberg|title=Hawaii judge halts Trump's new travel ban before it can go into effect|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-court-idUSKBN16M17N}}</ref> In a [[Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump|decision in June 2017]], the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a "credible claim of a ''bona fide'' relationship with a person or entity in the United States."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-travel-ban-supreme-court-20170626-story.html|title=Trump says Supreme Court decision on travel ban a 'clear victory for our national security'|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|first=Mark|last=Sherman|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=June 26, 2017|access-date=June 27, 2017}}</ref>
The temporary order was replaced by [[Presidential Proclamation 9645]] on September 24, 2017, which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan, and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Laughland|first=Oliver|date=September 25, 2017|title=Trump travel ban extended to blocks on North Korea, Venezuela and Chad|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/25/trump-travel-ban-extended-to-blocks-on-north-korea-and-venezuela|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=October 13, 2017}}</ref> After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court lets Trump's latest travel ban go into full effect|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-immigration/supreme-court-lets-trumps-latest-travel-ban-go-into-full-effect-idUSKBN1DY2NY|first=Lawrence|last=Hurley|date=December 4, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and ultimately upheld the travel ban in a June 2019 ruling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-travel-ban/index.html|title=Supreme Court upholds Trump's travel ban|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 26, 2018|access-date=June 26, 2018|last1=Wagner|first1=Meg|last2=Ries|first2=Brian}}</ref>
==== Family separation at border ====
{{Main|Trump administration family separation policy}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Ursula (detention center) 1.png
| alt1 = Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment
| image2 = Ursula (detention center) 2.jpg
| alt2 = Children and juveniles in a wire mesh compartment, showing sleeping mats and thermal blankets on floor
| footer = Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the [[Ursula (detention center)|Ursula detention facility]] in [[McAllen, Texas]], June 2018
}}
The Trump administration separated more than 5,400 children of migrant families from their parents at the U.S.–Mexico border while attempting to enter the U.S, a sharp increase in the number of family separations at the border starting from the summer of 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pearle|first=Lauren|title=Trump administration admits thousands more migrant families may have been separated than estimated|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-administration-unsure-thousands-migrant-families-separated-originally/story?id=60797633|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[ABC News]]|date=February 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Spagat">{{cite news|last=Spagat|first=Elliot|date=October 25, 2019|title=Tally of children split at border tops 5,400 in new count|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/c654e652a4674cf19304a4a4ff599feb|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> In April 2018, the Trump administration announced a "[[Trump administration family separation policy|zero tolerance]]" policy whereby every adult suspected of [[illegal entry]] would be criminally prosecuted.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|last2=Shear|first2=Michael D.|author-link2=Michael D. Shear|title=How Trump Came to Enforce a Practice of Separating Migrant Families|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/16/us/politics/family-separation-trump.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 30, 2020|date=June 16, 2018}}</ref> This resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for prosecution, while their children were separated as unaccompanied alien minors.<ref>{{cite news|last=Savage|first=Charlie|author-link=Charlie Savage|title=Explaining Trump's Executive Order on Family Separation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/family-separation-executive-order.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 30, 2020|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> Administration officials described the policy as a way to deter illegal immigration.<ref name="Domonoske">{{cite news|last1=Domonoske|first1=Camila|last2=Gonzales|first2=Richard|date=June 19, 2018|title=What We Know: Family Separation And 'Zero Tolerance' At The Border|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/19/621065383/what-we-know-family-separation-and-zero-tolerance-at-the-border|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref>
The policy of family separations was unprecedented in previous administrations and sparked public outrage.<ref name="Domonoske"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Epstein|first=Jennifer|title=Donald Trump's family separations bedevil GOP as public outrage grows|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/donald-trump-s-family-separations-bedevil-gop-as-public-outrage-grows-20180618-p4zm9h.html|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=June 18, 2018}}</ref> Trump falsely asserted that his administration was merely following the law, blaming Democrats, despite the separations being his administration's policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/us/politics/trump-immigration-separation-border.html|title=Separated at the Border From Their Parents: In Six Weeks, 1,995 Children|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 15, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018|last=Davis|first=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link=Julie Hirschfeld Davis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/despite-claims-gop-immigration-bill-would-not-end-family-separation-n883701|title=Despite claims, GOP immigration bill would not end family separation, experts say|work=[[NBC News]]|date=June 15, 2018|access-date=June 18, 2018|last=Sarlin|first=Benjy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Davis|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|last2=Nixon|first2=Ron|author-link2=Ron Nixon|date=May 29, 2018|title=Trump Officials, Moving to Break Up Migrant Families, Blame Democrats|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/us/politics/trump-democrats-immigrant-families.html|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>
Although Trump originally argued that the separations could not be stopped by an executive order, he proceeded to sign an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child.<ref>{{cite news|last=Beckwith|first=Ryan|title=Here's What President Trump's Immigration Order Actually Does|url=https://time.com/5317703/trump-family-separation-policy-executive-order/|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 20, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 20, 2018|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Abby|last2=Goodnough|first3=Maggie|last3=Haberman|author-link3=Maggie Haberman|title=Trump Retreats on Separating Families, but Thousands May Remain Apart|access-date=June 20, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/20/us/politics/trump-immigration-children-executive-order.html}}</ref> On June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication and reunification;<ref>{{cite news|last=Hansler|first=Jennifer|title=Judge says government does a better job of tracking 'personal property' than separated kids|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/politics/family-separation-federal-judge-personal-property-comment/index.html|access-date=May 30, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 27, 2018}}</ref> the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations stopped, except in the cases where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if there is parental approval.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/27/us-immigration-must-reunite-families-separated-at-border-federal-judge-rules|title=Judge orders US to reunite families separated at border within 30 days|last=Walters|first=Joanna|date=June 27, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref> Despite the federal court order, the Trump administration continued to practice family separations, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.<ref name="Spagat"/>
==== Trump wall and government shutdown ====
{{Main|Trump wall|2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown}}
In the [[List of United States federal funding gaps|longest U.S. government shutdown in history]], the federal government was partially shut down for 35 days from December 2018 to January 2019.<ref name=Gambino>{{cite news|last1=Gambino|first1=Lauren|last2=Walters|first2=Joanna|title=Trump signs bill to end $6bn shutdown and temporarily reopen government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=January 26, 2019|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|title=Trump signs bill to temporarily reopen government after longest shutdown in history|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|date=January 25, 2019}}</ref> The shutdown occurred because Trump refused to extend government funding unless Congress allocated $5.6 billion in funds for his promised border wall.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Julie Hirschfeld|last1=Davis|author-link1=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|first2=Michael|last2=Tackett|author-link2=Michael Tackett|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html|title=Trump and Democrats Dig in After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 2, 2019|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> About half of those polled blamed Trump for the shutdown, and Trump's approval ratings dropped.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bacon|first=Perry|title=Why Trump Blinked|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/government-shutdown-ends/|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=January 25, 2019}}</ref> Trump and Congress ended the shutdown by approving temporary funding that provided no funds for the wall but provided delayed paychecks to government workers.<ref name=Gambino/>
The shutdown resulted in around 800,000 government employees either being [[furlough]]ed or working without pay, estimated congressional aides.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fritze|first=John|title=By the numbers: How the government shutdown is affecting the US|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-has-wide-impact-numbers/2666872002/|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|date=January 27, 2020}}</ref> The shutdown resulted in an estimated permanent loss of $3 billion to the economy, according to the CBO.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html|title=Government shutdown cost the economy $11 billion: CBO|last=Mui|first=Ylan|date=January 28, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=May 31, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump visits San Diego border wall prototypes.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Trump examines border wall prototypes in [[Otay Mesa, California]].]]
To prevent another imminent shutdown, Congress and Trump in February 2019 approved a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles of border fencing, in lieu of Trump's intended wall.<ref name=Wilkie>{{cite news|last1=Pramuk|first1=Jacob|last2=Wilkie|first2=Christina|title=Trump declares national emergency to build border wall, setting up massive legal fight|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|date=February 15, 2019}}</ref> Wanting even more funds for the wall, Trump simultaneously declared a [[National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States]] in hopes of getting another $6.7 billion without congressional approval.<ref name=Wilkie/> In doing so, Trump acknowledged that he "didn't need to" declare a national emergency to "do the wall", but he "would rather do it much faster".<ref name=Wilkie/> Both the House and the Senate attempted to block Trump's national emergency declaration, but there were not enough votes in Congress for a [[veto override]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Carney|first=Jordain|title=Senate fails to override Trump veto over emergency declaration|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/466313-senate-fails-to-override-trumps-emergency-declaration-veto|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> Legal challenges against Trump's fund diversions resulted in $2.5 billion of wall funding originally meant for anti-drug programs being approved, but $3.6 billion of wall funding originally meant for military construction was blocked.<ref name=MQuinn>{{cite news|last=Quinn|first=Melissa|title=Federal judge blocks Trump administration from using Pentagon funds for wall|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-judge-blocks-trump-administration-from-using-pentagon-funds-for-wall/|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]|date=December 11, 2019}}</ref>
The "Trump wall" that was constructed was an expansion of the Mexico–United States barrier; most of this "wall" was [[bollard]] fencing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649 |title=Trump wall – all you need to know about US border in seven charts |first1=Lucy |last1=Rodgers |first2=Dominic |last2=Bailey |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=May 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515110129/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649 |archive-date=May 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Trump's target, from 2015 to 2017, was 1,000 miles of wall.<ref name=wallisawall>{{cite news|last=Cummings|first=William|title='A WALL is a WALL!' Trump declares. But his definition has shifted a lot over time|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2019/01/08/trump-wall-concept-timeline/2503855002/|access-date=May 31, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|date=January 31, 2019}}</ref> During his term, the U.S. government built 49 miles of new barriers and around 406 miles of replacement barriers.<ref name="Lardieri">{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-01-21/defense-department-pauses-border-wall-construction-to-review-bidens-executive-order|first=Alexa|last=Lardieri|title=DOD Pauses Border Wall Construction to Review Biden's Executive Order|date=January 21, 2021|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=February 20, 2021}}</ref>
=== Foreign policy ===
{{Main|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration}}
[[File:-G7Biarritz (48616362963).jpg|thumbnail|upright=1.1|left|Trump with the other [[Group of Seven|G7]] leaders at the [[45th G7 summit|45th summit]] in France, 2019]]
Trump described himself as a "nationalist"<ref>{{cite news|first=William|last=Cummings|title='I am a nationalist': Trump's embrace of controversial label sparks uproar|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/|work=[[USA Today]]|date=October 24, 2018|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and his foreign policy as "[[America First (policy)|America First]]."<ref>{{cite news|first=Christiane|last=Amanpour|author-link=Christiane Amanpour|title=Donald Trump's speech: 'America first', but an America absent from the world|date=July 22, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2021|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/opinions/donald-trump-speech-amanpour/}}</ref><ref name=Bennhold>{{cite news|first=Katrin|last=Bennhold|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/world/europe/germany-troop-withdrawal-america.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Has 'America First' Become 'Trump First'? Germans Wonder|date=June 6, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> He espoused isolationist, [[Non-interventionism|non-interventionist]], and protectionist views.<ref name="rucker">{{cite news|last1=Rucker|first1=Philip|author-link1=Philip Rucker|last2=Costa|first2=Robert|author-link2=Robert Costa (journalist)|date=March 21, 2016|access-date=August 24, 2021|title=Trump questions need for NATO, outlines noninterventionist foreign policy|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kagan|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Kagan|date=September 23, 2018|title='America First' Has Won|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/opinion/trump-foreign-policy-america-first.html|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> His foreign policy was marked by praise and support of [[Populism|populist]], [[Neo-nationalism|neo-nationalist]] and authoritarian governments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/01/can-u.s.-democracy-policy-survive-trump-pub-77381|title=Can U.S. Democracy Policy Survive Trump?|last1=Carothers|first1=Thomas|last2=Brown|first2=Frances Z.|date=October 1, 2019|website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> Hallmarks of foreign relations during Trump's tenure included unpredictability and uncertainty,<ref name=Bennhold/> a lack of a consistent foreign policy,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy|title=The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else|first=Brett|last=McGurk|author-link=Brett McGurk|work=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref> and strained and sometimes antagonistic relationships with the U.S.'s European allies.<ref>{{cite news|first=Ana|last=Swanson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/business/economy/trump-european-union-trade.html|title=Trump Administration Escalates Tensions With Europe as Crisis Looms|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
[[File:Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, Melania Trump, and Donald Trump, May 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Trump, King [[Salman of Saudi Arabia]], and Egyptian president [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] at the [[2017 Riyadh summit]] in Saudi Arabia]]
Trump questioned the need for NATO,<ref name="rucker"/> criticized the U.S.'s NATO allies, and privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from the alliance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Baker (journalist) |date=May 26, 2017 |title=Trump Says NATO Allies Don't Pay Their Share. Is That True? |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/world/europe/nato-trump-spending.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Barnes |first1=Julian E. |last2=Cooper |first2=Helene |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/nato-president-trump.html |title=Trump Discussed Pulling U.S. From NATO, Aides Say Amid New Concerns Over Russia |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 14, 2019 |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref>
Trump actively supported the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]] against the [[Houthis]] and in 2017 signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Phelps|first1=Jordyn|last2=Struyk|first2=Ryan|date=May 20, 2017|title=Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'|work=[[ABC News]]|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-signs-110-billion-arms-deal-saudi-arabia/story?id=47531180|access-date=July 6, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, the USA provided limited intelligence and logistical support for the intervention.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holland |first1=Steve |last2=Bayoumy |first2=Yara |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-idUSKBN1GW2CA |title=Trump praises U.S. military sales to Saudi as he welcomes crown prince |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 20, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-whitehouse-idUSKBN1GX1PP |title=Trump, Saudi leader discuss Houthi 'threat' in Yemen: White House |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 21, 2018 |access-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref> Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and the [[United Arab Emirates]] following a [[2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack|2019 attack on Saudi oil facilities]] which the United States blamed on Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nissenbaum|first1=Dion|last2=Said|first2=Summer|last3=Malsin|first3=Jared|date=September 17, 2019|title=U.S. Tells Saudi Arabia Oil Attacks Were Launched From Iran|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-tells-saudi-arabia-oil-attacks-were-launched-from-iran-11568644126}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=September 20, 2019|title=US to deploy more troops to Saudi Arabia after attack on oil industry|work=[[The Guardian]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/20/us-troops-saudia-arabia-iran-oil-industry-attack}}</ref>
Trump supported many of the policies of Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sommer|first=Allison Kaplan|date=July 25, 2019|title=How Trump and Netanyahu Became Each Other's Most Effective Political Weapon|work=[[Haaretz]]|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-how-trump-and-netanyahu-became-each-other-s-most-effective-political-weapon-1.7569757|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> Under Trump, the U.S. [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Louis |last2=Nussbaum |first2=Matthew |date=December 6, 2017 |title=Trump says U.S. recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital, despite global condemnation |work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973|access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref> and [[United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel|Israeli sovereignty]] over the [[Golan Heights]],
<ref>{{cite news |last=Romo |first=Vanessa |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/25/706588932/trump-formally-recognizes-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights?t=1617622343037 |title=Trump Formally Recognizes Israeli Sovereignty Over Golan Heights |work=[[NPR]] |date=March 25, 2019 |access-date=April 5, 2021}}</ref> leading to international condemnation including from the [[United Nations General Assembly]], the [[European Union]] and the [[Arab League]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gladstone|first=Rick|date=December 21, 2017|title=Defying Trump, U.N. General Assembly Condemns U.S. Decree on Jerusalem|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html|access-date=December 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Huet|first=Natalie|date=March 22, 2019|title=Outcry as Trump backs Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights|work=[[Euronews]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/22/outcry-as-trump-backs-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights}}</ref>
==== Afghanistan ====
[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets With the Taliban Delegation (50333305012).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] meeting with Taliban delegation in [[Qatar]] in September 2020]]
U.S. troop numbers in [[Afghanistan]] increased from 8,500 in January 2017 to 14,000 a year later,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jaffe|first1=Greg|last2=Ryan|first2=Missy|date=January 21, 2018|title=Up to 1,000 more U.S. troops could be headed to Afghanistan this spring|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html|author-link2=Missy Ryan}}</ref> reversing Trump's pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael R.|last2=Schmitt|first2=Eric|last3=Haberman|first3=Maggie|date=August 20, 2017|title=Trump Settles on Afghan Strategy Expected to Raise Troop Levels|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/20/world/asia/trump-afghanistan-strategy-mattis.html|author-link1=Michael R. Gordon|author-link2=Eric P. Schmitt|author-link3=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a conditional [[Afghan peace process|peace agreement with the Taliban]], which calls for the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2021)|withdrawal of foreign troops]] in 14 months "contingent on a guarantee from the Taliban that Afghan soil will not be used by terrorists with aims to attack the United States or its allies."<ref>{{cite news|last=George|first=Susannah|date=February 29, 2020|title=U.S. signs peace deal with Taliban agreeing to full withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghanistan-us-taliban-peace-deal-signing/2020/02/29/b952fb04-5a67-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mashal|first=Mujib|date=February 29, 2020|title=Taliban and U.S. Strike Deal to Withdraw American Troops From Afghanistan|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/world/asia/us-taliban-deal.html|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref> By the end of Trump's term, 5,000 Taliban had been released, and, despite the Taliban continuing attacks on Afghan forces and integrating [[Al-Qaeda]] members into its leadership, U.S. troops had been reduced to 2,500.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kiely |first1=Eugene |last2=Farley |first2=Robert |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/ |title=Timeline of U.S. Withdrawal from Afghanistan |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=August 17, 2021 |access-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref>
==== Syria ====
Trump ordered [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|missile strikes in April 2017]] and [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|in April 2018]] against the Assad regime in Syria, in retaliation for the [[Khan Shaykhun chemical attack|Khan Shaykhun]] and [[Douma chemical attack]]s, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria war: Trump's missile strike attracts US praise – and barbs|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605|access-date=April 8, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-strikes-syria-after-suspected-chemical-attack-by-assad-regime|first=Kathleen|last=Joyce|title=US strikes Syria after suspected chemical attack by Assad regime|date=April 14, 2018|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|access-date=April 14, 2018}}</ref>
In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," contradicting Department of Defense assessments, and ordered the withdrawal of all troops from Syria.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/politics/trump-syria-turkey-troop-withdrawal.html|title=Trump withdraws U.S. Forces From Syria, Declaring 'We Have Won Against ISIS'|first1=Mark|last1=Landler|author-link1=Mark Landler|first2=Helene|last2=Cooper|author-link2=Helene Cooper|first3=Eric|last3=Schmitt|author-link3=Eric P. Schmitt|date=December 19, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=December 31, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|author-link1=Julian Borger|last2=Chulov|first2=Martin|title=Trump shocks allies and advisers with plan to pull US troops out of Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/19/us-troops-syria-withdrawal-trump|access-date=December 20, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> The next day, Mattis resigned in protest, calling his decision an abandonment of the U.S.'s [[Rojava|Kurdish allies]] who played a key role in fighting ISIS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Helene|author-link=Helene Cooper|title=Jim Mattis, Defense Secretary, Resigns in Rebuke of Trump's Worldview|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/jim-mattis-defense-secretary-trump.html|access-date=December 21, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> One week after his announcement, Trump said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 6, 2019|first=Karoun|last=Demirjian|author-link=Karoun Demirjian|title=Contradicting Trump, Bolton says no withdrawal from Syria until ISIS destroyed, Kurds' safety guaranteed|access-date=January 6, 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bolton-promises-no-troop-withdrawal-from-syria-until-isis-contained-kurds-safety-guaranteed/2019/01/06/ee219bba-11c5-11e9-b6ad-9cfd62dbb0a8_story.html}}</ref>
In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]], the White House acknowledged Turkey would carry out a [[2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria|military offensive into northern Syria]], and [[American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War|U.S. troops in northern Syria]] were withdrawn from the area, and said that ISIS fighters captured by the U.S. in the area would be Turkey's responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chappell|first1=Bill|last2=Neuman|first2=Scott|title=In Major Policy Shift, U.S. Will Stand Aside As Turkish Forces Extend Reach in Syria|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767777899/in-major-policy-shift-u-s-will-stand-aside-as-turkish-forces-extend-reach-in-syr|access-date=October 11, 2019|work=[[NPR]]|date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> As a result, Turkey launched an invasion, attacking and [[Forced displacement|displacing]] American-allied [[Kurds in Syria|Kurds]] in the area. Later that month, the U.S. House of Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, condemned Trump's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and spurring a humanitarian catastrophe."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/house-condemns-trumps-syria-pull-out-000286|title=House condemns Trump's Syria withdrawal|last=O'Brien|first=Connor|date=October 16, 2019|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/us/politics/house-vote-trump-syria.html|title=In Bipartisan Rebuke, House Majority Condemns Trump for Syria Withdrawal|last=Edmondson|first=Catie|date=October 16, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>
==== Iran ====
{{See also|Iran–United States relations#2017–present: Trump administration| United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action}}
In May 2018, Trump announced [[United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action|the United States' unilateral departure]] from the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] (JCPOA), a nuclear deal negotiated with the U.S., Iran, and five other world powers in 2015.<ref name="AP180508">{{cite news|last=Lederman|first=Josh|date=May 8, 2018|title=Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/cead755353a1455bbef08ef289448994/Trump-decides-to-exit-nuclear-accord-with-Iran|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> After withdrawing from the agreement, the Trump administration applied a policy of "maximum pressure" on Iran via economic sanctions, without support of other parties to the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html|title=Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned|first=Mark|last=Landler|author-link=Mark Landler|date=May 8, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/despite-us-pressure-europeans-remain-united-russia-china-preserve-iran-nuclear-deal-1529024|title=Despite U.S. pressure, Europeans remain "united" with Russia and China to "preserve" Iran nuclear deal, diplomats say|first=Jason|last=Lemon|date=September 1, 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref>
Following [[Iranian missile tests]] in January 2017, the Trump administration sanctioned 25 Iranian individuals and entities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|author-link1=Julian Borger|last2=Smith|first2=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/iran-trump-michael-flynn-on-notice|title=Trump administration 'officially putting Iran on notice', says Michael Flynn|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 2, 2017|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump administration tightens Iran sanctions, Tehran hits back|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSKBN15H253|work=[[Reuters]]|date=February 3, 2016|last=Torbati|first=Yeganeh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Borger|first1=Julian|author-link1=Julian Borger|last2=Smith|first2=David|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/trump-administration-iran-sanctions|title=Trump administration imposes new sanctions on Iran|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 3, 2017|access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref> In August 2017, Trump signed [[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act|legislation imposing additional sanctions]] [[United States sanctions against Iran|against Iran]], Russia, and North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1AI2N0|title=Iran says new U.S. sanctions violate nuclear deal, vows 'proportional reaction'|work=[[Reuters]]|date=August 2, 2017}}</ref>
In January 2020, Trump ordered [[2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike|a U.S. airstrike]] that killed Iranian general and [[Quds Force]] commander [[Qasem Soleimani]], Iraqi [[Popular Mobilization Forces]] commander [[Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis]], and eight other people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html|title=U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces|last1=Crowley|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Crowley (journalist)|last2=Hassan|first2=Falih|last3=Schmitt|first3=Eric|author-link3=Eric P. Schmitt|date=January 2, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 3, 2020}}</ref> Trump publicly threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites, or react "in a disproportionate manner" if Iran retaliated.<ref>{{cite news|last=Swart|first=Mia|title=Trump, his tweets and international law|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/trump-tweets-international-law-200107064935688.html|access-date=June 14, 2020|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=January 8, 2020}}</ref> Several days later, Iran retaliated with airstrikes against US airbases in Iraq, accidentally shooting down [[Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fassihi |first1=Farnaz |title=Iran Says It Unintentionally Shot Down Ukrainian Airliner |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/middleeast/missile-iran-plane-crash.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 11, 2020}}</ref>
==== China ====
{{See also|China–United States relations#Trump administration (2017–2021)|China–United States trade war}}
[[File:Donald Trump and Xi Jinping meets at 2018 G20 Summit.jpg|thumb|Donald Trump met with [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Xi Jinping]] at 2018 G20 Summit.]]
Before and during his presidency, Trump repeatedly accused China of taking unfair advantage of the U.S.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1UX1WO|title=Trump says China is 'killing us with unfair trade deals'|date=August 7, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|first1=Nandita|last1=Bose|first2=Andrea|last2=Shalal}}</ref> During his presidency, Trump [[China–United States trade war|launched a trade war against China]], which was widely characterized as a failure;<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy|title=New data show the failures of Donald Trump's China trade strategy|date=February 10, 2021|newspaper=The Economist}}
* {{cite web |title=How China Won Trump's Trade War and Got Americans to Foot the Bill |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/how-china-won-trump-s-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war |work=Bloomberg News |date=January 11, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=More pain than gain: How the US-China trade war hurt America|last1=Hass |first1=Ryan |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/ |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=August 7, 2020}}
* {{Cite web |title=China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-trade-war-didnt-boost-u-s-manufacturing-might-11603618203|first1=Josh|last1=Zumbrun|first2=Bob|last2=Davis|date=October 25, 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal}}
* {{cite web |title=Why Did Donald Trump's Trade War on China Fail? |last1=Lester |first1=Simon |url=https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-did-donald-trumps-trade-war-china-fail |publisher=Cato Institute |date=January 25, 2021}}
* {{Cite web |title=Analysis: Trump promised to win the trade war with China. He failed|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/24/economy/us-china-trade-war-intl-hnk/index.html|first=Jill|last=Disis|website=CNN}}
* {{Cite web |title=The centerpiece of Trump's trade deal with China 'failed spectacularly'|url=https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/trump-china-trade-deal-exports-failed-spectacularly/|work=Fortune|first=Naomi|last=Elegant|date=February 8, 2021 }}
* {{cite web |title=Trump's economic legacy: Trade wars, tariffs and tax breaks|last1=White |first1=Martha |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-s-economic-legacy-trade-wars-tariffs-tax-breaks-n1254716 |publisher=NBC News |date=January 20, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump Promised a 'Good and Easy To Win' Trade War, Then Lost It|last1=Boehm |first1=Eric |url=https://reason.com/2021/01/19/trump-promised-a-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war-then-lost-it/ |work=Reason |date=January 19, 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Trump's Protectionist Failure |last1=Gramm |first1=Phil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-protectionist-failure-11614709570 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> sanctioned [[Huawei]] for its alleged ties to Iran;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2019/05/21/huawei-why-facing-sanctions-and-who-get-hurt-most/3750738002/|title=Huawei sanctions: Who gets hurt in dispute?|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=August 24, 2019|first1=Frank|last1=Bajak|first2=Michael|last2=Liedtke}}</ref> significantly increased visa restrictions on Chinese students and scholars;<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5600299/donald-trump-china-trade-war-students/|title=Trump's Trade War Targets Chinese Students at Elite U.S. Schools|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 3, 2019|access-date=August 24, 2019}}</ref> and classified China as a [[currency manipulator]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/trade-war-china-responds-to-us-after-claim-of-being-a-currency-manipulator.html|title=China responds to US after Treasury designates Beijing a 'currency manipulator'|last=Meredith|first=Sam|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Trump also juxtaposed verbal attacks on China with praise of [[Chinese Communist Party]] [[Leader of the Chinese Communist Party|leader]] [[Xi Jinping]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Sink|first=Justin|date=April 11, 2018|title=Trump Praises China's Xi's Trade Speech, Easing Tariff Tensions|work=[[IndustryWeek]]|url=https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/22025453/trump-praises-chinas-xis-trade-speech-easing-tariff-tensions}}</ref> which was attributed to trade war negotiations with the leader.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nakamura|first=David|author-link=David Nakamura|date=August 23, 2019|title=Amid trade war, Trump drops pretense of friendship with China's Xi Jinping, calls him an 'enemy'|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/amid-trade-war-trump-drops-pretense-of-friendship-with-chinas-xi-jinping-calls-him-an-enemy/2019/08/23/2063e80e-c5bb-11e9-b5e4-54aa56d5b7ce_story.html|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=August 2020|title=China hawks latch on to Trump's campaign against Beijing|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a4529344-6808-4f33-902e-4fc47218df56|access-date=October 25, 2020|work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> After initially praising China for its handling of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Ward|first=Myah|date=April 15, 2020|title=15 times Trump praised China as coronavirus was spreading across the globe|work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/trump-china-coronavirus-188736}}</ref> he began a campaign of criticism over its response starting in March.<ref>{{Cite news|first1=Jeff|last1=Mason|first2=Matt|last2=Spetalnick|first3=Alexandra|last3=Alper|date=March 18, 2020|title=Trump ratchets up criticism of China over coronavirus|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-china-idUSKBN2153N5|access-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>
Trump said he resisted punishing China for its [[Human rights in China|human rights abuses]] against ethnic minorities in the northwestern [[Xinjiang]] region for fear of jeopardizing trade negotiations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump held off sanctioning Chinese over Uighurs to pursue trade deal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53138833|work=[[BBC News]]|date=June 22, 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, [[United States sanctions|the Trump administration imposed sanctions]] and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials, in response to expanded mass [[Xinjiang re-education camps|detention camps]] holding more than a million of the country's [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[Islam in China|Muslim]] ethnic minority.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Chinese Officials Over Mass Detention of Muslims|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/world/asia/trump-china-sanctions-uighurs.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 9, 2020|first1=Pranshu|last1=Verma|first2=Edward|last2=Wong|author-link2=Edward Wong}}</ref>
==== North Korea ====
{{See also|North Korea–United States relations#Trump presidency|2017–2018 North Korea crisis|2018–19 Korean peace process}}
[[File:Kim and Trump shaking hands at the red carpet during the DPRK–USA Singapore Summit.jpg|thumb|left|Trump meets [[Kim Jong-un]] at [[2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit|the Singapore summit]], June 2018]]
In 2017, when [[North Korea's nuclear weapons]] were increasingly seen as a serious threat,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taylor|first1=Adam|last2=Meko|first2=Tim|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/12/21/what-made-north-koreas-weapons-programs-so-much-scarier-in-2017/|title=What made North Korea's weapons programs so much scarier in 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 21, 2017|access-date=July 5, 2019}}</ref> Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean aggression would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen."<ref name=Windrem>{{cite news|last1=Windrem|first1=Robert|last2=Siemaszko|first2=Corky|last3=Arkin|first3=Daniel|date=November 30, 2017|title=North Korea crisis: How events have unfolded under Trump|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-crisis-how-events-have-unfolded-under-trump-n753996|access-date=June 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Borger|first=Julian|author-link=Julian Borger|title=Donald Trump threatens to 'totally destroy' North Korea in UN speech|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/19/donald-trump-threatens-totally-destroy-north-korea-un-speech|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=September 19, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization," and engaged in [[name-calling]] with leader [[Kim Jong-un]].<ref name=Windrem/><ref>{{cite news|last=McCausland|first=Phil|title=Kim Jong Un Calls President Trump 'Dotard' and 'Frightened Dog'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-s-kim-jong-un-calls-president-trump-frightened-n803631|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=September 22, 2017}}</ref> After this period of tension, Trump and Kim exchanged at least 27 letters in which the two men described a warm personal friendship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/transcripts-kim-jong-un-letters-trump/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=September 9, 2020|title=Transcript: Kim Jong Un's letters to President Trump}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='A magical force': New Trump-Kim letters provide window into their 'special friendship'|date=September 9, 2020|first1=Jamie|last1=Gangel|author-link1=Jamie Gangel|first2=Jeremy|last2=Herb|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/kim-jong-un-trump-letters-rage-book/index.html}}</ref>
Trump met Kim three times: [[2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit|in Singapore]] in 2018, [[2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit|in Hanoi]] in 2019, and [[2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit|in the Korean Demilitarized Zone]] in 2019.<ref name=StepsInto>{{cite news|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|first2=Michael|last2=Crowley|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/world/asia/trump-north-korea-dmz.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 30, 2019|title=Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks}}</ref> Trump became the first sitting U.S. president to meet a North Korean leader or to set foot in North Korea.<ref name=StepsInto/> Trump also lifted some U.S. [[sanctions against North Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/world/asia/north-korea-sanctions.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 22, 2019|title=Trump Overrules Own Experts on Sanctions, in Favor to North Korea|first=Alan|last=Rappeport}}</ref> However, no denuclearization agreement was reached,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/asia/korea-nuclear-trump-kim.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 2020|title=Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy|first1=David E.|last1=Sanger|first2=Choe|last2=Sang-Hun}}</ref> and talks in October 2019 broke down after one day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-north-korea-vietnam-c66474b67b3e41cdad6d21ba3385ddc2 |title=North Korea Says Nuclear Talks Break Down While U.S. Says They Were 'Good' |first1=Jari |last1=Tanner |first2=Matthew |last2=Lee |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 5, 2019 |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> While conducting no nuclear tests since 2017, North Korea continued to build up its arsenal of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kim Jong Un's Nuclear Weapons Got More Dangerous Under Trump|first=Jon|last=Herskovitz|work=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|date=December 28, 2020|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-28/four-ways-kim-jong-un-got-more-dangerous-under-trump-sanctions}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-kim-north-korea-nuclear/2020/09/30/2b7305c8-032b-11eb-b7ed-141dd88560ea_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 30, 2020|title=As Kim wooed Trump with 'love letters', he kept building his nuclear capability, intelligence shows|last1=Warrick|first1=Joby|last2=Denyer|first2=Simon}}</ref>
==== Russia ====
{{See also|Russia–United States relations#During the Trump administration (January 20, 2017–January 20, 2021)|Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration#Russia}}
[[File:President Trump at the G20 (48144047611).jpg|thumb|Putin and Trump shaking hands at the [[2019 G20 Osaka summit|G20 Osaka summit]], June 2019]]
Trump has repeatedly praised and rarely criticized Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Baker|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|date=August 10, 2017|title=Trump Praises Putin Instead of Critiquing Cuts to U.S. Embassy Staff|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/world/europe/putin-trump-embassy-russia.html|access-date=June 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nussbaum|first=Matthew|date=April 8, 2018|title=Trump blames Putin for backing 'Animal Assad'|work=[[Politico]]|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223}}</ref> but has opposed some actions of the Russian government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nord Stream 2: Trump approves sanctions on Russia gas pipeline|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935|work=[[BBC News]]|date=December 21, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump expelling 60 Russian diplomats in wake of UK nerve agent attack|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Jeremy|last1=Diamond|author-link1=Jeremy Diamond|first2=Allie|last2=Malloy|first3=Angela|last3=Dewan|date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> The Trump administration lifted U.S. sanctions imposed on Russia after its [[2014 annexation of Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Patricia|last=Zengerle|title=Bid to keep U.S. sanctions on Russia's Rusal fails in Senate|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions/bid-to-keep-u-s-sanctions-on-russias-rusal-fails-in-senate-idUSKCN1PA2JB|work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Jeanne|last=Whalen|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/16/rare-rebuke-trump-administration-some-gop-lawmakers-advance-measure-oppose-lifting-russian-sanctions/|title=In rare rebuke of Trump administration, some GOP lawmakers advance measure to oppose lifting Russian sanctions|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 15, 2019}}</ref> Trump also supported a potential return of Russia to the [[G7]],<ref name="G8">{{cite news|last=Panetta|first=Grace|date=June 14, 2018|title=Trump reportedly claimed to leaders at the G7 that Crimea is part of Russia because everyone there speaks Russian|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-claims-crimea-is-part-of-russia-since-people-speak-russian-g7-summit-2018-6|access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> and did not confront Putin over its alleged [[Russian bounty program|bounties against American soldiers in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Colvin|first1=Jill|last2=Lee|first2=Matthew|title=Trump downplays Russia in first comments on hacking campaign|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-mark-levin-coronavirus-pandemic-hacking-6080f156125a4a46edef2a6dcf826611|access-date=December 21, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=December 20, 2020}}</ref>
Trump withdrew the U.S. from the [[Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty]], citing alleged Russian non-compliance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/20/trump-us-nuclear-arms-treaty-russia|title=Trump says US will withdraw from nuclear arms treaty with Russia|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=October 20, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Completes INF Treaty Withdrawal|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-09/news/us-completes-inf-treaty-withdrawal|website=Arms Control Association}}</ref> After he met Putin at the [[2018 Russia–United States summit|Helsinki Summit]] in July 2018, Trump drew bipartisan criticism for accepting Putin's denial of [[Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election]], rather than accepting the findings of U.S. intelligence agencies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zurcher|first=Anthony|title=Trump-Putin summit: After Helsinki, the fallout at home|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012|access-date=July 18, 2018|work=[[BBC]]|date=July 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/|title=Trump Sides With the Kremlin, Against the U.S. Government|last=Calamur|first=Krishnadev|date=July 16, 2018|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/congress-reaction-trump-putin-comments/index.html|title=Top Republicans in Congress break with Trump over Putin comments|last=Fox|first=Lauren|date=July 16, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref>
=== Personnel ===
{{Main|Political appointments by Donald Trump|Cabinet of Donald Trump}}
{{See also|Speculation about Donald Trump's Cabinet}}Trump's Cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama [[Jeff Sessions]] as [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lichtblau|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Lichtblau|date=November 18, 2016|title=Jeff Sessions, as Attorney General, Could Overhaul Department He's Skewered|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/jeff-sessions-donald-trump-attorney-general.html|access-date=December 19, 2019}}</ref> banker [[Steve Mnuchin]] as [[Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury Secretary]],<ref>{{cite news|date=November 30, 2016|title=Former US banker Steve Mnuchin confirms he will be US treasury secretary|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38141686|access-date=November 30, 2016}}</ref> retired Marine Corps general [[James Mattis]] as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Defense Secretary]],<ref>{{cite news|date=December 1, 2016|last=Lamothe|first=Dan|title=Trump has chosen retired Marine Gen. James Mattis for secretary of defense|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-has-chosen-retired-marine-gen-james-mattis-for-secretary-of-defense/2016/12/01/6c6b3b74-aff9-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html|access-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref> and [[ExxonMobil]] CEO [[Rex Tillerson]] as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|date=December 12, 2016|title=Rex Tillerson, Exxon C.E.O., chosen as Secretary of State|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/us/politics/rex-tillerson-secretary-of-state-trump.html|access-date=December 26, 2016}}</ref> Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon [[Ben Carson]] as [[Secretary of Housing and Urban Development]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Gabriel|first=Trip|author-link=Trip Gabriel|date=December 5, 2016|title=Trump Chooses Ben Carson to Lead HUD|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/ben-carson-housing-urban-development-trump.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> and South Carolina governor [[Nikki Haley]] as [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Costa|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Costa (journalist)|date=November 23, 2016|title=Gov. Nikki Haley tapped to be Trump's U.N. ambassador|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sc-gov-nikki-haley-tapped-to-be-trumps-un-ambassador/2016/11/23/c1395cb6-b144-11e6-8616-52b15787add0_story.html|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref>[[File:Donald Trump Cabinet meeting 2017-03-13 04.jpg|thumb|Cabinet meeting, March 2017]]
The Trump administration had a high turnover of personnel, particularly among White House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-12-28/trumps-white-house-has-highest-turnover-rate-in-40-years|title=Trump White House Has Highest Turnover in 40 Years|last=Trimble|first=Megan|date=December 28, 2017|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> {{As of|2018|7|pre=early}}, 61 percent of Trump's senior aides had left<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/395222-ap-trump-admin-sets-record-for-white-house-turnover|title=AP: Trump admin sets record for White House turnover|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=July 2, 2018|access-date=July 3, 2018|last=Wise|first=Justin}}</ref> and 141 staffers had left in the previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-white-house-sets-turnover-records-analysis-shows-n888396|title=Trump White House sets turnover records, analysis shows|work=[[NBC News]]|date=July 2, 2018|access-date=July 3, 2018|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Both figures set a record for recent presidents—more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in their first two years.<ref name="Keith">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591372397/white-house-staff-turnover-was-already-record-setting-then-more-advisers-left|title=White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left|last=Keith|first=Tamara|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael Flynn (after just 25 days in office), and Press Secretary [[Sean Spicer]].<ref name="Keith"/> Close personal aides to Trump including Steve Bannon, [[Hope Hicks]], [[John McEntee (political aide)|John McEntee]], and [[Keith Schiller]] quit or were forced out.<ref name=Brookings>{{cite news|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/tracking-turnover-in-the-trump-administration/|title=Tracking Turnover in the Trump Administration|date=March 16, 2018|website=[[Brookings Institution]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> Some, like Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in different posts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rogers|first1=Katie|last2=Karni|first2=Annie|author-link2=Annie Karni|title=Home Alone at the White House: A Sour President, With TV His Constant Companion|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump.html|access-date=May 5, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 23, 2020}}</ref> Trump publicly disparaged several of his former top officials, calling them incompetent, stupid, or crazy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Cillizza|first=Chris|title=Donald Trump makes terrible hires, according to Donald Trump|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/trump-mulvaney-bolton-hiring/index.html|access-date=June 24, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=June 19, 2020}}</ref>
Trump had four [[White House chiefs of staff]], marginalizing or pushing out several.<ref name=Keither>{{cite news|last=Keith|first=Tamara|date=March 6, 2020|title=Mick Mulvaney Out, Mark Meadows in As White House Chief Of Staff|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/06/766025774/mick-mulvaney-out-as-white-house-chief-of-staff}}</ref> [[Reince Priebus]] was replaced after seven months by retired Marine general [[John F. Kelly]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html|title=Reince Priebus Pushed Out After Rocky Tenure as Trump Chief of Staff|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> Kelly resigned in December 2018 after a tumultuous tenure in which his influence waned, and Trump subsequently disparaged him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fritze|first1=John|last2=Subramanian|first2=Courtney|last3=Collins|first3=Michael|date=September 4, 2020|title=Trump says former chief of staff Gen. John Kelly couldn't 'handle the pressure' of the job|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/09/04/trump-gen-john-kelly-couldnt-handle-pressure-chief-staff/5720974002/}}</ref> Kelly was succeeded by [[Mick Mulvaney]] as acting chief of staff; he was replaced in March 2020 by [[Mark Meadows (North Carolina politician)|Mark Meadows]].<ref name=Keither/>
On May 9, 2017, Trump [[Dismissal of James Comey|dismissed FBI director James Comey]]. While initially attributing this action to Comey's conduct in the investigation about [[Hillary Clinton email controversy#October 2016 – Additional investigation|Hillary Clinton's emails]], Trump said a few days later that he was concerned with Comey's roles in the ongoing Trump-Russia investigations, and that he had intended to fire Comey earlier.<ref>{{cite news|last=Stanek|first=Becca|date=May 11, 2017|title=President Trump just completely contradicted the official White House account of the Comey firing|work=[[The Week]]|url=https://theweek.com/speedreads/698368/president-trump-just-completely-contradicted-official-white-house-account-comey-firing|access-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> According to a [[Comey memo]] of a private conversation in February, Trump said he "hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilber|first1=Del Quentin|author-link1=Del Quentin Wilber|last2=Viswanatha|first2=Aruna|date=May 16, 2017|title=Trump Asked Comey to Drop Flynn Investigation, According to Memo Written by Former FBI Director|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] {{subscription required}}|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-asked-comey-to-drop-flynn-investigation-according-to-memo-written-by-former-fbi-director-1494974774|access-date=May 16, 2017}}</ref>
In March and April, Trump told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his presidency,<ref>{{cite web|last=Comey|first=James|date=June 8, 2017|title=Statement for the Record Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|url=https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf|access-date=June 7, 2017|website=United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|publisher=United States Government|page=7}}</ref> and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schmidt|first1=Michael S.|author-link1=Michael S. Schmidt|last2=Goldman|first2=Adam|author-link2=Adam Goldman|date=June 7, 2017|title=Comey to Testify Trump Pressured Him to Say He Wasn't Under Investigation|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref>
Two of Trump's 15 original Cabinet members were gone within 15 months: [[Health and Human Services Secretary]] [[Tom Price (American politician)|Tom Price]] was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Tillerson as Secretary of State with [[Mike Pompeo]] in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-incredibly-and-historically-unstable-first-year-of-trumps-cabinet/|title=The Incredibly And Historically Unstable First Year Of Trump's Cabinet|last=Jones-Rooy|first=Andrea|date=November 29, 2017|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Brookings/> In 2018, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt and Interior Secretary [[Ryan Zinke]] resigned amid multiple investigations into their conduct.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/07/05/594078923/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa|title=Scott Pruitt Out at EPA|work=[[NPR]]|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018|first1=Rebecca|last1=Hersher|first2=Brett|last2=Neelyin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-ryan-zinke-resigns-interior-secretary-20181215-story.html|title=Ryan Zinke resigns as interior secretary amid multiple investigations|first1=Juliet|last1=Eilperin|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>
Trump was slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions without a nominee.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/10/12/557122200/trump-leaves-top-administration-positions-unfilled-says-hollow-government-by-des|title=Trump Leaves Top Administration Positions Unfilled, Says Hollow Government By Design|last=Keith|first=Tamara|date=October 12, 2017|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref> By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61 percent) and Trump had no nominee for 264 (37 percent).<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 8, 2019|title=Tracking how many key positions Trump has filled so far|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/}}</ref>
=== Judiciary ===
{{Main|List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump|Donald Trump judicial appointment controversies|Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates}}
After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018."<ref>{{cite news |last=Boghani |first=Priyanka |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/how-mcconnell-and-the-senate-helped-trump-set-records-in-appointing-judges/ |title=How McConnell's Bid to Reshape the Federal Judiciary Extends Beyond the Supreme Court |work=[[PBS]] |date=October 16, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> At the end of the Obama presidency, 105 judgeships were vacant.<ref>{{cite web |last=Greenberg |first=Jon |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/oct/02/donald-trump/fact-check-why-barack-obama-failed-fill-over-100-j/ |title=Fact-check: Why Barack Obama failed to fill over 100 judgeships |work=[[Politifact]] |date=October 2, 2020 |access-date=May 15, 2021}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Nominates Judge Amy Coney Barrett for Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (50397882607).jpg|thumb|Trump and his third Supreme Court nominee, [[Amy Coney Barrett]].]]
Trump appointed 226 [[United States federal judge|Article III federal judges]], including 54 federal appellate judges.<ref>{{cite web|first=Russell|last=Wheeler|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/26/trumps-200th-judicial-appointment-less-than-meets-the-eye/|work=FixGov|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|title=Trump's 200th judicial appointment: Less than meets the eye|date=June 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Hulse>{{cite news|first=Carl|last=Hulse|author-link=Carl Hulse|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/trump-senate-judges-wilson.html|title=With Wilson Confirmation, Trump and Senate Republicans Achieve a Milestone|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gramlich |first=John |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/|title=How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 30, 2021}}</ref> Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]], rapidly confirmed Trump's judicial appointees, [[Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts|shifting the federal judiciary to the right]].<ref name=Hulse/><ref name=Ruiz>{{cite news|first1=Rebecca R. |last1=Ruiz |first2=Robert|last2=Gebeloff|first3=Steve|last3=Eder|first4=Ben|last4=Protess|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/us/trump-appeals-court-judges.html|title=A Conservative Agenda Unleashed on the Federal Courts|date=March 14, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The appointees were overwhelmingly white men and younger on average than the appointees of Trump's predecessors.<ref name=Ruiz/> Many were affiliated with the [[Federalist Society]].<ref name=Ruiz/><ref>{{cite web|first=Andrew|last=Cohen|date=July 1, 2020|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/trump-and-mcconnells-overwhelmingly-white-male-judicial-appointments|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|title=Trump and McConnell's Overwhelmingly White Male Judicial Appointments}}</ref>
Trump appointed three judges [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]: [[Neil Gorsuch]], [[Brett Kavanaugh]], and [[Amy Coney Barrett]]. In 2016, Senate Republicans had taken the unprecedented step of refusing to consider [[Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination|Obama's nomination]] of [[Merrick Garland]] to fill the vacancy left by the death of [[Antonin Scalia]] in February 2016, arguing that the seat should not be filled in an election year. [[Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination|Gorsuch was confirmed]] to the seat in 2017 in a mostly [[party-line vote]] of 54–45, after Republicans invoked the "[[nuclear option]]" (a historic change to Senate rules removing the 60-vote threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations) to defeat a Democratic [[filibuster]].<ref name=Caldwell>{{cite news|first=Leigh Ann|last=Caldwell|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/neil-gorsuch-confirmed-supreme-court-after-senate-uses-nuclear-option-n743766|work=[[NBC News]]|title=Neil Gorsuch Confirmed to Supreme Court After Senate Uses 'Nuclear Option'|date=April 7, 2020}}</ref> [[Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination|Trump nominated Kavanaugh]] in 2018 to replace retiring Justice [[Anthony Kennedy]]; the Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48, after a bitter confirmation battle centered on [[Christine Blasey Ford]]'s allegation that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape her when they were teenagers, which Kavanaugh denied.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sheryl Gay|last=Stolberg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html|date=October 6, 2018|title=Kavanaugh Is Sworn in After Close Confirmation Vote in Senate|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Five weeks before the November 2020 election, [[Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination|Trump nominated]] Amy Coney Barrett to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]]. Eight days before the election, after 60 million Americans had already voted, Senate Republicans confirmed Barrett to the Supreme Court without any Democratic votes. The confirmation was strongly criticized by many observers who argued that it was a gross violation of the precedent Republicans set in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fandos |first=Nicholas |title=Senate Confirms Barrett, Delivering for Trump and Reshaping the Court |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/us/politics/senate-confirms-barrett.html?searchResultPosition=1 |date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=August 9, 2021}}</ref>
As president, Trump disparaged courts and judges whom he disagreed with, often in personal terms, and questioned the judiciary's constitutional authority. Trump's attacks on the courts have drawn rebukes from observers, including sitting federal judges, who are concerned about the effect of Trump's statements on the [[judicial independence]] and public confidence in the judiciary.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Abby|last1=Phillip|first2=Robert|last2=Barnes|first3=Ed|last3=O'Keefe|title=Supreme Court nominee Gorsuch says Trump's attacks on judiciary are 'demoralizing'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-nominee-gorsuch-says-trumps-attacks-on-judiciary-are-demoralizing/2017/02/08/64e03fe2-ee3f-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=In His Own Words: The President's Attacks on the Courts|url=https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/his-own-words-presidents-attacks-courts|publisher=[[Brennan Center for Justice]]|date=February 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Katie|last=Shepherd|title=Trump 'violates all recognized democratic norms,' federal judge says in biting speech on judicial independence|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/08/judge-says-trump-violates-democratic-norms-judiciary-speech/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 8, 2019}}</ref>
=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
[[File:President Trump Signs the Congressional Funding Bill for Coronavirus Response (49627907646).jpg|thumb|Trump signs the [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020|Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law on March 6, 2020.]]
In December 2019, [[coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] erupted in [[Wuhan]], China; the [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2 virus]] spread worldwide within weeks.<ref name="WHOpandemic2">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020|date=March 11, 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=March 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus disease 2019|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> The first confirmed case in the U.S. was reported on January 20, 2020.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holshue|first=Michelle L.|display-authors=etal|date=March 5, 2020|title=First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=382|issue=10|pages=929–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001191|pmid=32004427|pmc=7092802 }}</ref> The outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency by [[United States Secretary of Health and Human Services|Health and Human Services Secretary]] [[Alex Azar]] on January 31, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hein|first=Alexandria|date=January 31, 2020|title=Coronavirus declared public health emergency in US|url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-declared-public-health-emergency-in-us|access-date=October 2, 2020|work=[[Fox News Channel]]}}</ref>
Trump's public statements on COVID-19 were at odds with his private statements. In February 2020 Trump publicly asserted that the outbreak in the U.S. was less deadly than influenza, was "very much under control," and would soon be over.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/|title=A timeline of what Trump has said on coronavirus|last=Watson|first=Kathryn|date=April 3, 2020|work=CBS News|access-date=January 27, 2021}}</ref> At the same time he acknowledged the opposite in a private conversation with [[Bob Woodward]]. In March 2020, Trump privately told Woodward that he was deliberately "playing it down" in public so as not to create panic.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 10, 2020|title=Trump deliberately downplayed virus, book says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54094559|access-date=September 18, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Mike|last1=Hayes|first2=Meg|last2=Wagner|first3=Veronica|last3=Rocha|date=September 9, 2020|title=Tapes of Trump's conversations released|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-woodward-book-09-09-2020/h_5bb44945ec0cf0eba9cdd92ab28fde3c|access-date=September 18, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
U.S. unemployment went from a 50-year low (3.5 percent) in February 2020 to a 90-year high (14.7 percent) in April, matching [[Great Depression]] levels. By December, it stood at 6.7 percent.<ref name=VanDam/><ref>{{cite news |last=Rugaber |first=Christopher |title=US unemployment surges to a Depression-era level of 14.7% |url=https://apnews.com/article/908d7a004c316baceb916112c0a35ed0|access-date=June 10, 2020 |work=[[AP News]] |date=May 9, 2020}}</ref>
==== Initial response ====
Trump was slow to address the spread of the disease, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring persistent public health warnings and calls for action from health officials within his administration and Secretary Azar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-19/coronavirus-outbreak-president-trump-slow-response|title=How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=April 19, 2020|access-date=April 21, 2020|first1=David|last1=Cloud|first2=Paul|last2=Pringle|author-link2=Paul Pringle|first3=Eli|last3=Stokols|author-link3=Eli Stokols}}</ref><ref name="NYT 4 11 20">{{cite news|first1=Eric|last1=Lipton|author1link=Eric Lipton|first2=David E.|last2=Sanger|author-link2=David E. Sanger|first3=Maggie|last3=Haberman|author-link3=Maggie Haberman|first4=Michael D.|last4=Shear|author-link4=Michael D. Shear|first5=Mark|last5=Mazzetti|author-link5=Mark Mazzetti|first6=Julian E.|last6=Barnes|title=He Could Have Seen What Was Coming: Behind Trump's Failure on the Virus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html|access-date=April 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 11, 2020}}</ref> Instead, throughout January and February he focused on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Caroline|date=March 21, 2020|title=Washington Post: US intelligence warned Trump in January and February as he dismissed coronavirus threat|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/us-intelligence-reports-trump-coronavirus/index.html|access-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref> By mid-March, most global financial markets had [[2020 stock market crash|severely contracted]] in response to the emerging pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Partington|first1=Richard|last2=Wearden|first2=Graeme|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/09/global-stock-markets-post-biggest-falls-since-2008-financial-crisis|title=Global stock markets post biggest falls since 2008 financial crisis|date=March 9, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 15, 2020}}</ref> Trump continued to claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) officials had repeatedly told him that [[COVID-19 vaccine|vaccine development]] would take 12–18 months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/coronavirus-trump-vaccine-rhetoric-121796|title=Trump gets a fact check on coronavirus vaccines – from his own officials|work=[[Politico]]|date=March 5, 2020|access-date=April 12, 2020|first1=Arthur|last1=Allen|author-link1=Arthur Allen (author)|first2=Meredith|last2=McGraw}}</ref> Trump also falsely claimed that "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the availability of tests being severely limited.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://khn.org/news/donald-trumps-wrong-claim-that-anybody-can-get-tested-for-coronavirus/|title=Donald Trump's Wrong Claim That 'Anybody' Can Get Tested For Coronavirus|last=Valverde|first=Miriam|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[Kaiser Health News]]|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref>
On March 6, Trump signed the [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal agencies.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump signs emergency coronavirus package, injecting $8.3 billion into efforts to fight the outbreak|url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/trump-signs-billion-emergency-funding-package-fight-coronavirus-legislation-covid19-020-3-1028972206|work=[[Business Insider]]|first=Gina|last=Heeb|date=March 6, 2020}}</ref> On March 11, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a [[pandemic]],<ref name="WHOpandemic2"/> and Trump announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective March 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: What you need to know about Trump's Europe travel ban|url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20200312/trump-imposes-travel-ban-from-europe-over-coronavirus-outbreak|work=[[The Local]]|date=March 12, 2020}}</ref> That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus in a nationwide Oval Office address, calling the outbreak "horrible" but "a temporary moment" and saying there was no financial crisis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-address.html|title=In Rare Oval Office Speech, Trump Voices New Concerns and Old Themes|last1=Karni|first1=Annie|author-link1=Annie Karni|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|date=March 12, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref> On March 13, he declared a [[state of emergency|national emergency]], freeing up federal resources.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html|title=Trump declares national emergency – and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=March 13, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=March 18, 2020}}</ref>
In September 2019, the Trump administration terminated [[United States Agency for International Development]]'s [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] program, a $200 million [[epidemiological]] research program initiated in 2009 to provide early warning of pandemics abroad.<ref>{{cite news|first=Zachary|last=Cohen|date=April 10, 2020|access-date=July 10, 2020|title=Trump administration shuttered pandemic monitoring program, then scrambled to extend it|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/politics/trump-usaid-prevent-program-coronavirus/index.html|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McNeil|first=Donald G. Jr.|author-link=Donald McNeil Jr.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/health/predict-usaid-viruses.html|title=Scientists Were Hunting for the Next Ebola. Now the U.S. Has Cut Off Their Funding.|date=October 25, 2019|access-date=July 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> The program trained scientists in sixty foreign laboratories to detect and respond to viruses that have the potential to cause pandemics. One such laboratory was the Wuhan lab that first identified the virus that causes COVID-19. After revival in April 2020, the program was given two 6-month extensions to help fight COVID-19 in the U.S. and other countries.<ref name="LATimes_PREDICT">{{cite news|last1=Baumgaertner|first1=Emily|last2=Rainey|first2=James|date=April 2, 2020|title=Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection|access-date=May 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Will Revive Global Virus-Hunting Effort Ended Last Year|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/health/predict-pandemic-usaid.html|last1=McNeil|first1=Donald G. Jr.|author-link1=Donald McNeil Jr.|last2=Kaplan|first2=Thomas|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 2, 2020|access-date=October 21, 2020}}</ref>
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of [[immigration to the United States]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's immigration executive order: What you need to know|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-immigration-executive-order-200423185402661.html|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=April 23, 2020}}</ref> In late spring and early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of blaming the states for the growing pandemic, rather than accepting that his initial assessments of the course of the pandemic were overly-optimistic or his failure to provide presidential leadership.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Noah|last2=Weiland|first3=Eric|last3=Lipton|author-link3=Eric Lipton|first4=Maggie|last4=Haberman|author-link4=Maggie Haberman|first5=David E.|last5=Sanger|author-link5=David E. Sanger|title=Inside Trump's Failure: The Rush to Abandon Leadership Role on the Virus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-response-failure-leadership.html|access-date=July 19, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 19, 2020}}</ref>
==== White House Coronavirus Task Force ====
[[File:White House Press Briefing (49666120807).jpg|thumb|right|Trump conducts a COVID-19 press briefing with members of the [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]] on March 15, 2020]]
Trump established the [[White House Coronavirus Task Force]] on January 29, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/|title=Trump creates task force to lead U.S. coronavirus response|work=[[CBS News]]|date=January 30, 2020|access-date=October 10, 2020}}</ref> Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily task force press conference, joined by medical experts and other administration officials,<ref name=Karni>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-briefing.html|title=In Daily Coronavirus Briefing, Trump Tries to Redefine Himself|last=Karni|first=Annie|author-link=Annie Karni|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven treatments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html|title=Trump's Aggressive Advocacy of Malaria Drug for Treating Coronavirus Divides Medical Community|first1=Peter|last1=Baker|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|first2=Katie|last2=Rogers|first3=David|last3=Enrich|author-link3=David Enrich|first4=Maggie|last4=Haberman|author-link4=Maggie Haberman|date=April 6, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]], and denounced the press.<ref name=Karni/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5812588/donald-trump-coronavirus-briefings-message-campaign/|title='He's Walking the Tightrope.' How Donald Trump Is Getting Out His Message on Coronavirus|last=Berenson|first=Tessa|date=March 30, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a recession might occur.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dale|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Dale|title=Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/index.html|access-date=March 19, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to describe COVID-19 drew criticism from health experts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus|title=Trump's new fixation on using a racist name for the coronavirus is dangerous|last=Scott|first=Dylan|access-date=March 19, 2020|date=March 18, 2020|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-langauge-stigmatizing-coronavirus-trump-chinese-1493172|title=WHO expert condemns language stigmatizing coronavirus after Trump repeatedly calls it the "Chinese virus"|date=March 19, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020|last=Georgiou|first=Aristos|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/488311-us-china-relationship-worsens-over-coronavirus|title=US-China relationship worsens over coronavirus|last=Beavers|first=Olivia|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=March 19, 2020|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref>
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response, Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media, Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the WHO.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lemire|first=Jonathan|title=As pandemic deepens, Trump cycles through targets to blame|url=https://apnews.com/article/58f1b869354970689d55ccae37c540f3|access-date=May 5, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=April 10, 2020}}</ref> By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage of his daily press briefings, with ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reporting that "[[propaganda|propagandistic]] and false statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of his White House Coronavirus Task Force, particularly coronavirus response coordinator [[Deborah Birx]] and [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] Director [[Anthony S. Fauci]]."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 16, 2020|first=Erik|last=Wemple|author-link=Erik Wemple|title=More news outlets are bailing on Trump's coronavirus briefings|access-date=April 16, 2020|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/16/more-news-outlets-are-bailing-trumps-coronavirus-briefings/}}</ref> The daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after a briefing at which Trump suggested the dangerous idea of injecting a disinfectant to treat COVID-19;<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52407177|access-date=August 11, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 24, 2020}}</ref> the comment was widely condemned by medical professionals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aratani|first=Lauren|title=Why is the White House winding down the coronavirus taskforce?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/05/white-house-coronavirus-taskforce-winding-down-why|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=May 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Trump says virus task force to focus on reopening economy|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52563577|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=May 6, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Visits with the President of Poland (50044008817).jpg|thumb|[[Poland]]'s president [[Andrzej Duda]] visited the [[White House]] on June 24, 2020, the first foreign leader to do so since the start of the pandemic.]]
In early May, Trump proposed the phase-out of the coronavirus task force and its replacement with another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump said the task force would "indefinitely" continue.<ref>{{cite news|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|title=In reversal, Trump says task force will continue 'indefinitely' – eyes vaccine czar|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/06/politics/trump-task-force-vaccine/index.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> By the end of May, the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Acosta|first1=Jim|author-link1=Jim Acosta|last2=Liptak|first2=Kevin|last3=Westwood|first3=Sarah|title=As US deaths top 100,000, Trump's coronavirus task force is curtailed|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-task-force/index.html|access-date=June 8, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=May 29, 2020}}</ref>
==== World Health Organization ====
Prior to the pandemic, Trump criticized the WHO and other international bodies, which he asserted were taking advantage of U.S. aid.<ref name="Politico_WHO">{{cite news|last=Ollstein|first=Alice Miranda|title=Trump halts funding to World Health Organization|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786|access-date=September 7, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 14, 2020}}</ref> His administration's proposed 2021 federal budget, released in February, proposed reducing WHO funding by more than half.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/> In May and April, Trump accused the WHO of "severely mismanaging and covering up the spread of the coronavirus" and alleged without evidence that the organization was under Chinese control and had enabled the Chinese government's concealment of the origins of the pandemic.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/><ref name="CNN_WHO">{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Zachary|last2=Hansler|first2=Jennifer|last3=Atwood|first3=Kylie|last4=Salama|first4=Vivian|last5=Murray|first5=Sara|author-link5=Sara Murray (journalist)|title=Trump administration begins formal withdrawal from World Health Organization|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/07/politics/us-withdrawing-world-health-organization/index.html|access-date=July 19, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 7, 2020}}</ref><ref name="BBC_WHO">{{cite news|title=Coronavirus: Trump moves to pull US out of World Health Organization|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906|access-date=August 11, 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> He then announced that he was withdrawing funding for the organization.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/> Trump's criticisms and actions regarding the WHO were seen as attempts to distract attention from his own mishandling of the pandemic.<ref name="Politico_WHO"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Graeme|author-link=Graeme Wood (journalist)|title=The WHO Defunding Move Isn't What It Seems|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-threatens-defund-world-health-organization/610030/|access-date=September 7, 2020|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=April 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Phillips|first=Amber|title=Why exactly is Trump lashing out at the World Health Organization?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/08/why-exactly-is-president-trump-lashing-out-world-health-organization/|access-date=September 8, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 8, 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO effective July 2021.<ref name="CNN_WHO"/><ref name="BBC_WHO"/> The decision was widely condemned by health and government officials as "short-sighted," "senseless," and "dangerous."<ref name="CNN_WHO"/><ref name="BBC_WHO"/>
==== Testing ====
In June and July, Trump said several times that the U.S. would have fewer cases of coronavirus if it did less testing, that having a large number of reported cases "makes us look bad."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/14/trump-says-us-would-have-half-the-number-of-coronavirus-cases-if-it-did-half-the-testing.html|title=Trump says U.S. would have half the number of coronavirus cases if it did half the testing|last=Higgins-Dunn|first=Noah|date=July 14, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/23/trumps-right-that-with-less-testing-we-record-fewer-cases-fact-thats-already-happening/|title=Trump is right that with lower testing, we record fewer cases. That's already happening.|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=July 23, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> The CDC guideline at the time was that any person exposed to the virus should be "quickly identified and tested" even if they are not showing symptoms, because asymptomatic people can still spread the virus.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/26/cdc-quietly-revises-coronavirus-guidance-to-downplay-importance-of-testing-for-asymptomatic-people.html|title=CDC quietly revises coronavirus guidance to downplay importance of testing for asymptomatic people|last=Feuer|first=Will|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html|title=The C.D.C. changes testing guidelines to exclude those exposed to virus who don't exhibit symptoms.|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, however, the CDC quietly lowered its recommendation for testing, advising that people who have been exposed to the virus, but are not showing symptoms, "do not necessarily need a test." The change in guidelines was made by HHS political appointees under Trump administration pressure, against the wishes of CDC scientists.<ref name="CNN-testing-pressure">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/26/politics/cdc-coronavirus-testing-guidance/index.html|title=CDC was pressured 'from the top down' to change coronavirus testing guidance, official says|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Nick|last1=Valencia|first2=Sara|last2=Murray|author-link2=Sara Murray (journalist)|first3=Kristen|last3=Holmes|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html#link-3392d8f0|title=The C.D.C. was pressured to change guidance on testing asymptomatic people exposed to the virus.|date=August 26, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Gumbrecht>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/18/health/covid-19-testing-guidance-cdc-hhs/index.html|title=Controversial coronavirus testing guidance came from HHS and didn't go through CDC scientific review, sources say|date=September 18, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|first1=Jamie|last1=Gumbrecht|first2=Sanjay|last2=Gupta|author-link2=Sanjay Gupta|first3=Nick|last3=Valencia|access-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> The day after this [[Trump administration political interference with science agencies|political interference]] was reported, the testing guideline was changed back to its original recommendation, stressing that anyone who has been in contact with an infected person should be tested.<ref name=Gumbrecht/>
==== Pressure to abandon pandemic mitigation measures ====
In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized [[Protests in the United States over responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|anti-lockdown protests]] against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Jason|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions|title=The rightwing groups behind wave of protests against Covid-19 restrictions|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=April 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Andone|first=Dakin|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/us/protests-coronavirus-stay-home-orders/index.html|title=Protests Are Popping Up Across the US over Stay-at-Home Restrictions|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Trump encouraged the protests on Twitter,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|last2=Mervosh|first2=Sarah|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html|title=Trump Encourages Protest Against Governors Who Have Imposed Virus Restrictions|date=April 17, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=April 19, 2020}}</ref> even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump administration's own guidelines for reopening.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493701-trump-support-for-protests-threatens-to-undermine-social-distancing|title=Trump support for protests threatens to undermine social distancing rules|last1=Chalfant|first1=Morgan|last2=Samuels|first2=Brett|date=April 20, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> In April 2020, he first supported, then later criticized, Georgia Governor [[Brian Kemp]]'s plan to reopen some nonessential businesses.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump approved of Georgia's plan to reopen before bashing it|url=https://apnews.com/article/a031d395d414ffa655fdc65e6760d6a0|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=April 28, 2020|date=April 24, 2020|first1=Jonathan|last1=Lemire|first2=Ben|last2=Nadler}}</ref> Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to reverse the damage to the country's economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/18/trump-reopening-economy-193885|title=Trump's unspoken factor on reopening the economy: Politics|last=Kumar|first=Anita|date=April 18, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref>
Trump often refused to [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|wear a face mask]] at public events, contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in public<ref name=99days>{{cite news|last=Danner|first=Chas|title=99 Days Later, Trump Finally Wears a Face Mask in Public|url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/trump-finally-wears-a-face-mask-in-public-covid-19.html|access-date=July 12, 2020|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=July 11, 2020}}</ref> and despite nearly unanimous medical consensus that masks are important to preventing the spread of the virus.<ref name="WAPost_Mask">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/25/trumps-dumbfounding-refusal-encourage-wearing-masks/|title=Trump's dumbfounding refusal to encourage wearing masks|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=June 25, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> By June, Trump had said masks were a "double-edged sword"; ridiculed Biden for wearing masks; continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional; and suggested that wearing a mask was a political statement against him personally.<ref name="WAPost_Mask"/> Trump's contradiction of medical recommendations weakened national efforts to mitigate the pandemic.<ref name=99days/><ref name="WAPost_Mask"/>
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing percentage of positive test results, Trump largely continued to downplay the pandemic, including his false claim in early July 2020 that 99 percent of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless."<ref>{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|title=President Trump, coronavirus truther|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/06/trump-throws-caution-wind-coronavirus/|access-date=July 11, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html|title=Trump Falsely Claims '99 Percent' of Virus Cases Are 'Totally Harmless'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 7, 2020|first1=Roni Caryn|last1=Rabin|first2=Chris|last2=Cameron}}</ref> He also began insisting that all states should open schools to in-person education in the fall despite a July spike in reported cases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/07/888157257/white-house-pushes-to-reopen-schools-despite-a-surge-in-coronavirus-cases|title=Trump Pledges To 'Pressure' Governors To Reopen Schools Despite Health Concerns|last=Sprunt|first=Barbara|date=July 7, 2020|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref>
==== Political pressure on health agencies ====
{{Main|Trump administration political interference with science agencies}}
Trump repeatedly pressured federal health agencies to take actions he favored,<ref name="CNN-testing-pressure"/> such as approving unproven treatments<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/15/hydroxychloroquine-authorization-revoked-coronavirus/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 15, 2020|title=FDA pulls emergency approval for antimalarial drugs touted by Trump as covid-19 treatment|first1=Laurie|last1=McGinley|first2=Carolyn Y.|last2=Johnson}}</ref><ref name=pressed>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-treatment-vaccine.html|title=Trump Pressed for Plasma Therapy. Officials Worry, Is an Unvetted Vaccine Next?|date=September 12, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Sharon|last1=LaFraniere|author-link1=Sharon LaFraniere|first2=Noah|last2=Weiland|first3=Michael D.|last3=Shear|author-link3=Michael D. Shear|access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref> or speeding up the approval of vaccines.<ref name=pressed/> Trump administration political appointees at HHS sought to control CDC communications to the public that undermined Trump's claims that the pandemic was under control. CDC resisted many of the changes, but increasingly allowed HHS personnel to review articles and suggest changes before publication.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809|title=Trump officials interfered with CDC reports on Covid-19|last=Diamond|first=Dan|date=September 11, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/12/trump-control-over-cdc-reports/|title=Trump officials seek greater control over CDC reports on coronavirus|last=Sun|first=Lena H.|date=September 12, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Trump alleged without evidence that FDA scientists were part of a "[[deep state]]" opposing him, and delaying approval of vaccines and treatments to hurt him politically.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Laurie|last1=McGinley|first2=Carolyn Y.|last2=Johnson|first3=Josh|last3=Dawsey|author-link3=Josh Dawsey|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/22/trump-without-evidence-accuses-deep-state-fda-slow-walking-coronavirus-vaccines-treatments/|title=Trump without evidence accuses 'deep state' at FDA of slow-walking coronavirus vaccines and treatments|date=August 22, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
====Outbreak at the White House====
[[File:President Trump Boards Marine One (50436803733).jpg|thumb|Trump boards helicopter for COVID-19 treatment on October 2, 2020]]
{{Main|White House COVID-19 outbreak}}
{{Further|Donald Trump#Health}}
On October 2, 2020, Trump announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Klein|first2=Betsy|date=October 5, 2020|title=A timeline of Trump and those in his orbit during a week of coronavirus developments|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/02/politics/timeline-trump-coronavirus/index.html|access-date=October 3, 2020|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ballhaus |first1=Rebecca |last2=Bender |first2=Michael C. |title=Trump Didn't Disclose First Positive Covid-19 Test While Awaiting a Second Test on Thursday |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 4, 2020 |access-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-date=October 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004210646/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was treated at [[Walter Reed National Military Medical Center]] for a severe case of the disease while continuing to downplay the virus. His wife, their son Barron, and numerous staff members and visitors also became infected.
<ref name="downplay">{{cite news|last1=Olorunnipa|first1=Toluse|author-link1=Toluse Olorunnipa|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|title=Trump returns to White House downplaying virus that hospitalized him and turned West Wing into a 'ghost town'|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-walter-reed-discharge-mask/2020/10/05/91edbe9a-071a-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html|access-date=October 5, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=October 5, 2020}}</ref><ref name="drug"/>
==== Effects on the 2020 presidential campaign ====
By July 2020, Trump's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic had become a major issue for the 2020 presidential election.<ref name="Election_NBCNews">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/warning-signs-flash-trump-wisconsin-pandemic-response-fuels-disapproval-n1232646|title=Warning signs flash for Trump in Wisconsin as pandemic response fuels disapproval|date=July 5, 2020|work=[[NBC News]]|first=Adam|last=Edelman|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Democratic challenger Joe Biden sought to make the election a referendum on Trump's performance on the COVID-19 pandemic and the economy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-biden-enter-a-contentious-stage-in-the-presidential-race-11599485222|title=Trump, Biden Enter a Contentious Stage in the Presidential Race|date=September 7, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first1=Catherine|last1=Lucey|first2=Ken|last2=Thomas|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> Polls suggested voters blamed Trump for his pandemic response<ref name="Election_NBCNews"/> and disbelieved his rhetoric concerning the virus, with an [[Ipsos]]/[[ABC News]] poll indicating 65 percent of respondents disapproved of his pandemic response.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/deep-skepticism-trumps-coronavirus-response-endures-poll/story?id=72974847|title=Deep skepticism for Trump's coronavirus response endures: POLL|date=September 13, 2020|work=[[ABC News]]|first=Kendall|last=Karson|access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> In the final months of the campaign, Trump repeatedly claimed that the U.S. was "rounding the turn" in managing the pandemic, despite increasing numbers of reported cases and deaths.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-us-rounding-turn-covid-trump-claims-1542145|title=Fact Check: Is U.S. 'Rounding the Turn' On COVID, as Trump Claims?|date=October 26, 2020|work=[[Newsweek]]|first=Matthew|last=Impelli|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> A few days before the November 3 election, the United States reported more than 100,000 cases in a single day for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-record/u-s-reports-world-record-of-more-than-100000-covid-19-cases-in-single-day-idUSKBN27G07S|title=U.S. reports world record of more than 100,000 COVID-19 cases in single day|date=October 31, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|first=Anurag|last=Maan|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref>
=== Investigations ===
{{Further2
|Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (<!--
-->[[Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections|transition]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)|January–June 2017]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)|July–December 2017]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)|January–June 2018]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)|July–December 2018]], <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)|2019]], and <!--
-->[[Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2020–2021)|2020–2021]]<!--
-->)}}
The [[Crossfire Hurricane (FBI investigation)|Crossfire Hurricane]] FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the campaign season. After he assumed the presidency, Trump was the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition, and inauguration, actions taken during his presidency, along with his [[The Trump Organization|private businesses]], personal taxes, and [[Donald J. Trump Foundation|charitable foundation]].<ref name="AP2018-12-16"/> There were 30 investigations of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and twelve Congressional investigations.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Buchanan|first1=Larry|last2=Yourish|first2=Karen|title=Tracking 30 Investigations Related to Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html|access-date=October 4, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 25, 2020}}</ref>
==== Hush money payments ====
{{Main|Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal}}
{{See also|Legal affairs of Donald Trump#Payments related to alleged affairs|Karen McDougal#Alleged affair with Donald Trump}}
During the 2016 presidential election campaign, [[American Media, Inc.]] (AMI), the parent company of the ''[[National Enquirer]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellison|first1=Sarah|last2=Farhi|first2=Paul|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/publisher-of-the-national-enquirer-admits-to-hush-money-payments-made-on-trumps-behalf/2018/12/12/ebf24b76-fe49-11e8-83c0-b06139e540e5_story.html|title=Publisher of the National Enquirer admits to hush-money payments made on Trump's behalf|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 13, 2018|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> and a company set up by Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid ''[[Playboy]]'' model [[Karen McDougal]] and [[Pornographic film actor|adult film actress]] [[Stormy Daniels]] for keeping silent about their alleged affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump|title=How the campaign finance charges against Michael Cohen implicate Trump|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Philip|last=Bump|date=August 21, 2018|access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref> Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump to influence the presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/74aaf72511d64fceb1d64529207bde64|title=Cohen pleads guilty, implicates Trump in hush-money scheme|last1=Neumeister|first1=Larry|last2=Hays|first2=Tom|date=August 22, 2018|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Trump denied the affairs and claimed he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but he reimbursed him in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/trump-stormy-daniels-payment-444133|title=White House on Stormy Daniels: Trump 'denied all these allegations'|last=Nelson|first=Louis|date=March 7, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=March 16, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/22/trump-insists-learned-michael-cohen-payments-later-on-in-fox-friends-exclusive.html|title=Trump insists he learned of Michael Cohen payments 'later on', in 'Fox & Friends' exclusive|last=Singman|first=Brooke|access-date=August 23, 2018|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=August 22, 2018}}</ref> Federal prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure payments as early as 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-prosecutors-recommend-substantial-prison-term-for-former-trump-lawyer-michael-cohen/2018/12/07/e144f248-f7f3-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html|title=Court filings directly implicate Trump in efforts to buy women's silence, reveal new contact between inner circle and Russian|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|date=December 7, 2018|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cohen/documents-detail-trump-teams-efforts-to-arrange-payment-to-porn-star-idUSKCN1UD18D|title=FBI documents point to Trump role in hush money for porn star Daniels|last1=Allen|first1=Jonathan|last2=Stempel|first2=Jonathan|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 18, 2019|access-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/2d4138abfd0b4e71a63c94d3203e435a|title=Records detail frenetic effort to bury stories about Trump|last=Mustian|first=Jim|work=[[AP News]]|date=July 19, 2019|access-date=July 22, 2019}}</ref> Federal prosecutors closed the investigation in 2019,<ref>{{cite news|work=[[AP News]]|date=July 19, 2019|first=Jim|last=Mustian|title=Why no hush-money charges against Trump? Feds are silent|url=https://apnews.com/article/0543a381b39a42d09c27567274477983}}</ref> but the [[Manhattan District Attorney]] subpoenaed the Trump Organization and AMI for records related to the payments<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/nyregion/trump-cohen-stormy-daniels-vance.html|title=Manhattan D.A. Subpoenas Trump Organization Over Stormy Daniels Hush Money|first1=Ben|last1=Protess|first2=William K.|last2=Rashbaum|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> and Trump and the Trump Organization for eight years of tax returns.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 16, 2019|first1=William K.|last1=Rashbaum|first2=Ben|last2=Protess|title=8 Years of Trump Tax Returns Are Subpoenaed by Manhattan D.A.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/nyregion/trump-tax-returns-cy-vance.html}}</ref>
==== Russian election interference ====
{{Main|Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections}}
{{See also|Senate Intelligence Committee report on Russian interference in the 2016 United States presidential election|Links between Trump associates and Russian officials|Steele dossier|Trump-Ukraine scandal}}
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies—the [[CIA]], the [[FBI]], and the [[NSA]], represented by the [[Director of National Intelligence]]—jointly stated with "[[Analytic confidence#Levels of analytic confidence in national security reports|high confidence]]" that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/us/politics/trump-russia-intelligence-agencies-cia-fbi-nsa.html|title=Trump Misleads on Russian Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree|last=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|author-link=Matthew Rosenberg|date=July 6, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/06/us/politics/document-russia-hacking-report-intelligence-agencies.html|title=Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking|date=January 6, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=January 8, 2017|page=ii|quote=We assess Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the U.S. presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary [[Hillary Clinton|Clinton]], and harm her electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We have high confidence in these judgments.}}</ref> In March 2017, FBI Director [[James Comey]] told Congress "the FBI, as part of our counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the 2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/|title=It's Official: The FBI Is Investigating Trump's Links to Russia|last=Berman|first=Russell|date=March 20, 2017|work=[[The Atlantic]]|access-date=June 7, 2017}}</ref>
The connections between Trump associates and Russia were widely reported by the press.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack|title=Trump's relationship with Russia – what we know and what comes next|last=McCarthy|first=Tom|date=December 13, 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/|title=The web of relationships between Team Trump and Russia|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=March 3, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> One of Trump's campaign managers, [[Paul Manafort]], worked from December 2004 to February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician [[Viktor Yanukovych]] win the Ukrainian presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/|title=Paul Manafort's complicated ties to Ukraine, explained|last=Phillips|first=Amber|date=August 19, 2016|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref> Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn and political consultant Roger Stone, were connected to Russian officials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Risen|first=James|title=Roger Stone Made His Name as a Dirty Trickster, but the Trump-Russia Cover-Up May Finally Bring Him Down|url=https://theintercept.com/2019/01/26/roger-stone-made-his-name-as-a-dirty-trickster-but-the-trump-russia-coverup-may-finally-bring-him-down/|work=[[The Intercept]]|date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/|title=Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many, Many Ties to Russia|last=Nesbit|first=Jeff|date=August 15, 2016|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> Russian agents were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/335035-nyt-russians-discussed-using-manafort-flynn-to-influence-trump|title=NYT: Russians discussed using Manafort, Flynn to influence Trump|last=Williams|first=Katie Bo|date=May 24, 2017|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn, were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.<ref>{{cite news|title=We Still Don't Know What Happened Between Trump and Russia|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/we-still-dont-know-what-happened-between-trump-and-russia/602116/|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 15, 2019|first=David A.|last=Graham}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106|title=Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts with Russians: sources|last1=Parker|first1=Ned|last2=Landay|first2=Jonathan|last3=Strobel|first3=Warren|date=May 18, 2017|access-date=May 19, 2017|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> On December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador [[Sergey Kislyak]] about sanctions that were imposed that same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he misled Pence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/|title=Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts|last1=Murray|first1=Sara|author-link1=Sara Murray (journalist)|last2=Borger|first2=Gloria|author-link2=Gloria Borger|last3=Diamond|first3=Jeremy|author-link3=Jeremy Diamond (journalist)|date=February 14, 2017|access-date=March 2, 2017|work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Trump told Kislyak and [[Sergei Lavrov]] in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html|title=Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 26, 2019|first1=Shane|last1=Harris|author-link1=Shane Harris|first2=Josh|last2=Dawsey|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|first3=Ellen|last3=Nakashima|author-link3=Ellen Nakashima}}</ref>
Trump and his allies promoted [[Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal|a conspiracy theory]] that Ukraine, rather than Russia, interfered in the 2016 election—which was also promoted by Russia to [[Frameup|frame]] Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/us/politics/ukraine-russia-interference.html|title=Charges of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says|first1=Julian E.|last1=Barnes|first2=Matthew|last2=Rosenberg|author-link2=Matthew Rosenberg|date=November 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> After the [[Democratic National Committee]] was hacked, Trump first claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of which digital copies were given to the FBI); second that [[CrowdStrike]], the company which investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and third that "the server" was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration spoke out against the conspiracy theories.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pelley|first=Scott|author-link=Scott Pelley|title=Why President Trump asked Ukraine to look into a DNC "server" and CrowdStrike|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-crowdstrike-ukraine-server-conspiracy-theory-60-minutes-2020-02-16/|access-date=February 18, 2020|work=[[CBS News]]|date=February 16, 2020}}</ref>
==== 2017 FBI counterintelligence inquiry ====
After Trump fired FBI director James Comey in May 2017, the FBI opened a counterintelligence investigation into Trump's personal and [[Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia|business dealings with Russia]]. It was discontinued after deputy attorney general [[Rod Rosenstein]] gave the bureau the false impression that the incipient Special Counsel investigation would pursue it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html|title=Justice Dept. Never Fully Examined Trump's Ties to Russia, Ex-Officials Say|first=Michael S.|last=Schmidt|author-link=Michael S. Schmidt|date=August 30, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
==== Special counsel investigation ====
{{Main|Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)|Mueller report}}
[[File:Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election.pdf|thumb|upright|The [[Sanitization (classified information)|redacted]] version of the ''[[:File:Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election.pdf|Mueller report]]'' released by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] on April 18, 2019]]
On May 17, 2017, [[United States Deputy Attorney General|Deputy Attorney General]] Rod Rosenstein appointed [[Robert Mueller]], a former [[director of the FBI]], to serve as [[special counsel]] for the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] (DOJ) investigating "links and/or coordination" between the Russian government and Trump's campaign and any matters directly arising from the investigation, taking over the existing "Crossfire Hurricane" FBI investigation.<ref name="appoint">{{cite news|last1=Ruiz |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Landler |first2=Mark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/us/politics/robert-mueller-special-counsel-russia-investigation.html|title=Robert Mueller, Former F.B.I. Director, Is Named Special Counsel for Russia Investigation|date=May 17, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 27, 2021}}</ref> The special counsel also investigated whether Trump's [[dismissal of James Comey]] as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/|title=Trump Is Officially under Investigation. How Did We Get Here?|work=[[The Washington Post]]|last=Vitkovskaya|first=Julie|date=June 16, 2017|access-date=June 16, 2017 }}</ref> and the Trump campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, [[Turkey]], [[Qatar]], Israel, and China.<ref>{{cite news|first=Joshua|last=Keating|author-link=Joshua Keating|title=It's Not Just a "Russia" Investigation Anymore|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/03/mueller-investigation-spreads-to-qatar-israel-uae-china-turkey.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=March 8, 2018}}</ref>
Trump denied [[collusion]] between his campaign and the Russian government.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|title=Analysis {{!}} Trump and the White House have denied Russian collusion more than 140 times|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/01/11/trump-and-the-white-house-have-denied-russian-collusion-more-than-140-times/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> He sought to fire Mueller and shut down the investigation multiple times but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his mind.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|last2=Schmidt|first2=Michael S.|author-link2=Michael S. Schmidt|title=Trump Sought to Fire Mueller in December|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/trump-sought-to-fire-mueller-in-december.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 10, 2018}}</ref> He bemoaned the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the investigation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-sessions-twitter-stop-rigged-witch-hunt/story?id=56962100|title=Trump to Sessions: Shut down Russia probe|last1=Keneally|first1=Meghan|last2=Mallin|first2=Alexander|date=August 1, 2018|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref>
On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave [[Mueller report|his report]] to Attorney General William Barr.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/robert-mueller-submits-special-counsels-russia-probe-report-to-attorney-general-william-barr.html|title=Mueller probe ends: Special counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr|last=Breuninger|first=Kevin|date=March 22, 2019|work=[[CNBC]]|access-date=March 22, 2019}}</ref> Two days later, [[Barr letter|Barr sent a letter to Congress]] purporting to summarize the report's main conclusions. A federal court, as well as Mueller himself, said Barr had mischaracterized the investigation's conclusions, confusing the public.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/mueller-complained-that-barrs-letter-did-not-capture-context-of-trump-probe/2019/04/30/d3c8fdb6-6b7b-11e9-a66d-a82d3f3d96d5_story.html|title=Mueller complained that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=Matt|last2=Zapotosky|date=April 30, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/mueller-report-attorney-general-william-barr/2020/03/05/3fa7afce-5f2c-11ea-b29b-9db42f7803a7_story.html|title=Judge cites Barr's 'misleading' statements in ordering review of Mueller report redactions|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Spencer S.|last1=Hsu|first2=Devlin|last2=Barrett|date=March 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/us/politics/mueller-report-barr-judge-walton.html|title=Judge Calls Barr's Handling of Mueller Report 'Distorted' and 'Misleading'|first=Charlie|last=Savage|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 5, 2020}}</ref> Trump repeatedly and falsely claimed that the investigation "exonerated" him; in fact, the Mueller report expressly stated that it did not exonerate Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=AP FACT CHECK: Mueller probe doesn't totally exonerate Trump|url=https://apnews.com/article/6d63e85b34dd44789ee27de4c3d61752|date=March 24, 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]|first=Hope|last=Yen}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Hope|last1=Yen|first2=Calvin|last2=Woodward|title=AP FACT CHECK: Trump falsely claims Mueller exonerated him|url=https://apnews.com/article/130932b573664ea5a4d186f752bb8d50|date=July 24, 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
A redacted version of the report was publicly released on April 18, 2019. The first volume found that Russia interfered in 2016 to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.<ref>{{cite news|title=Main points of Mueller report|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|access-date=April 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143436/https://www.afp.com/en/news/15/main-points-mueller-report-doc-1fr5vv1|archive-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/06/us/politics/russia-hack-report.html|title=Putin Ordered 'Influence Campaign' Aimed at U.S. Election, Report Says|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=January 6, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> Despite "numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign," the prevailing evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with Russian interference.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ostriker|first1=Rebecca|last2=Puzzanghera|first2=Jim|last3=Finucane|first3=Martin|last4=Datar|first4=Saurabh|last5=Uraizee|first5=Irfan|last6=Garvin|first6=Patrick|title=What the Mueller report says about Trump and more|url=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/graphics/2019/03/mueller-report/|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref><ref name="takeaways">{{cite news|last=Law|first=Tara|title=Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report|date=April 18, 2019|url=http://time.com/5567077/mueller-report-release/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> The report revealed sweeping Russian interference<ref name="takeaways"/> and detailed how Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged it, believing they would politically benefit.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 24, 2019|first=Mark|last=Mazzetti|author-link=Mark Mazzetti|title=Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims|access-date=March 4, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/24/us/politics/trump-mueller-testimony.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[ABC News]]|date=April 19, 2019|first=Lucien|last=Bruggeman|title=What did the Mueller report reveal about Trump's overtures to the Russians?|access-date=March 4, 2020|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/mueller-report-reveal-trumps-overtures-russians/story?id=62511529}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 30, 2019|last=Bump|first=Philip|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/30/trump-briefly-acknowledges-that-russia-aided-his-election-falsely-says-he-didnt-help-effort/|access-date=March 5, 2020|title=Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort|quote=Mueller's investigation bolstered those findings and demonstrated ways in which Trump and his campaign aided or encouraged those interference efforts, even if unwittingly.}}</ref>
The Mueller report's second volume set forth ten "episodes" of potential obstruction of justice by Trump, but opted not to make any "traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether Trump broke the law, suggesting that Congress should make such a determination.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|last2=Zapotosky|first2=Matt|title=Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/attorney-general-to-provide-overview-of-mueller-report-at-news-conference-before-its-release/2019/04/17/8dcc9440-54b9-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=April 17, 2019|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2019/04/what-the-mueller-report-says-about-obstruction/|title=What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction|last1=Farley|first1=Robert|last2=Robertson|first2=Lori|last3=Gore|first3=D'Angelo|last4=Spencer|first4=Saranac Hale|last5=Fichera|first5=Angelo|last6=McDonald|first6=Jessica|date=April 19, 2019|work=[[FactCheck.org]]|access-date=April 22, 2019}}</ref> Investigators decided they could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes" as an [[Office of Legal Counsel]] opinion stated that a sitting president could not be indicted, and investigators would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/|title=Mueller: If it were clear president committed no crime, "we would have said so"|last=Segers|first=Grace|date=May 29, 2019|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=June 2, 2019}}</ref> The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws."<ref>{{cite news|last=Mascaro|first=Lisa|title=Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress|url=https://apnews.com/article/35829a2b010248f193d1efd00c4de7e5|work=[[AP News]]|date=April 18, 2019|access-date=April 20, 2019}}</ref> The House of Representatives subsequently launched an [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump|impeachment inquiry]] following the [[Trump–Ukraine scandal]], but did not pursue an article of impeachment related to the Mueller investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Democrats sidelined Mueller in impeachment articles|first1=Kyle|last1=Cheney|first2=Heather|last2=Caygle|first3=John|last3=Bresnahan|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/10/democrats-sidelined-mueller-trump-impeachment-080910|work=Politico|date=December 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/12/10/democrats-ditch-bribery-mueller-trump-impeachment-articles-is-that-smart-play/|title=Democrats ditch 'bribery' and Mueller in Trump impeachment articles. But is that the smart play?|first=Aaron|last=Blake|date=December 10, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>
==== Associates ====
{{See also|Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)}}
In August 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was [[Trials of Paul Manafort|convicted on eight felony counts]] of false tax filing and bank fraud.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/manafort-jury-suggests-it-cannot-come-to-a-consensus-on-a-single-count/2018/08/21/a2478ac0-a559-11e8-a656-943eefab5daf_story.html|title=Manafort convicted on eight counts; mistrial declared on ten others|last1=Zapotosky|first1=Matt|last2=Bui|first2=Lynh|last3=Jackman|first3=Tom|last4=Barrett|first4=Devlin|date=August 21, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 21, 2018}}</ref> Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort and praised him for resisting the pressure to cooperate with prosecutors. According to [[Rudy Giuliani]], Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Leonnig|first1=Carol D.|author-link1=Carol D. Leonnig|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|author-link2=Josh Dawsey|date=August 23, 2018|title=Trump sought his lawyers' advice weeks ago on possibility of pardoning Manafort, Giuliani says|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-sought-his-lawyers-advice-weeks-ago-on-possibility-of-pardoning-manafort-but-they-counseled-against-it-giuliani-says/2018/08/23/17dce5c6-a70a-11e8-8fac-12e98c13528d_story.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref>
In November 2018, Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build [[Trump Tower Moscow|a Trump Tower in Moscow]]. Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as "Individual-1" in the court documents.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/michael-cohen-trumps-former-lawyer-pleads-guilty-to-lying-to-congress/2018/11/29/5fac986a-f3e0-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html|title=Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to Congress about Moscow project|date=November 29, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Devlin|last1=Barrett|first2=Matt|last2=Zapotosky|first3=Rosalind S.|last3=Helderman|author-link3=Rosalind Helderman|access-date=December 12, 2018}}</ref>
Five Trump associates pleaded guilty or were convicted in connection with Mueller's investigation and related cases: Manafort, Cohen, deputy campaign manager [[Rick Gates (political consultant)|Rick Gates]], foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mangan|first=Dan|title=Trump and Giuliani are right that 'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's probe|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/30/giuliani-is-right-collusion-isnt-a-crime-but-that-wont-help-trump.html|work=[[CNBC]]|date=July 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=<!-- staff writers; no byline -->|title=Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser Michael Flynn|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46449950|work=[[BBC]]|date=December 5, 2018}}</ref>
In February 2020, Trump campaign adviser Roger Stone was sentenced to 40 months in prison for lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Rachel|last1=Weiner|first2=Matt|last2=Zapotosky|first3=Tom|last3=Jackman|first4=Devlin|last4=Barrett|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/roger-stone-sentence-due-thursday-in-federal-court/2020/02/19/2e01bfc8-4c38-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html|title=Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=February 20, 2020|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref>
=== First impeachment (2019–2020) ===
{{Main|First impeachment of Donald Trump}}
[[File:House of Representatives Votes to Adopt the Articles of Impeachment Against Donald Trump.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Members of House of Representatives vote on two [[articles of impeachment]] {{Nowrap|({{USBill|116|H. Res.|755}})}}, December 18, 2019]]
In August 2019, a [[Whistleblower protection in the United States|whistleblower]] filed a complaint with the [[Inspector General of the Intelligence Community]] about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine [[Volodymyr Zelensky]], during which Trump had pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]], adding that the White House had attempted to cover-up the incident.<ref name="undermine">{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|title=Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/09/25/trump-wanted-russias-main-geopolitical-adversary-help-him-undermine-russian-interference-story/|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> The whistleblower stated that the call was part of a wider campaign by the Trump administration and Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani, which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019 and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/whistleblower-complaint-released/index.html|title=Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power|work=[[CNN]]|date=September 26, 2019|access-date=September 26, 2019|first1=Marshall|last1=Cohen|first2=Katelyn|last2=Polantz|first3=David|last3=Shortell}}</ref> Trump later confirmed that he withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradictory reasons for the decision.<ref>{{cite news|last=Forgey|first=Quint|title=Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/24/donald-trump-ukraine-military-aid-1509070|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[Politico]]|date=September 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=David A.|last1=Graham|accessdate=July 7, 2021|title=Trump’s Incriminating Conversation With the Ukrainian President|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/what-the-transcript-of-trumps-insane-call-with-the-ukrainian-president-showed/598780/|date=September 25, 2019|website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>
House Speaker [[Nancy Pelosi]] initiated [[Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump|a formal impeachment inquiry]] on September 24, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 24, 2019|first=Nicholas|last=Fandos|author-link=Nicholas Fandos|title=Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html}}</ref> The Trump administration subsequently released a memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky to investigate and to discuss these matters with Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr.<ref name="undermine"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Santucci|first1=John|last2=Mallin|first2=Alexander|last3=Thomas|first3=Pierre|author-link3=Pierre Thomas (journalist)|last4=Faulders|first4=Katherine|title=Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-trump-call-ukraine-includes-talk-giuliani-barr/story?id=65848768|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[ABC News]]|date=September 25, 2019}}</ref> The testimony of multiple administration officials and former officials confirmed that this was part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2019/09/24/whistleblower-complaint/assets/amp.html|title=Newsgraphics: Read The Whistleblower Complaint|date=September 24, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> In October 2019, [[William B. Taylor Jr.]], the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine|chargé d'affaires for Ukraine]], testified before congressional committees that soon after arriving in Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was being subjected to pressure directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/trump-impeachment-ukraine.html|title=Ukraine Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker Says|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|last2=Fandos|first2=Nicholas|author-link2=Nicholas Fandos|date=October 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 22, 2019}}</ref> He said it was made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelensky to the White House.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/22/us/politics/william-taylor-testimony.html|title=6 Key Revelations of Taylor's Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon LaFraniere|date=October 22, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>
On December 13, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two articles of impeachment: one for abuse of power and one for obstruction of Congress.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-judiciary-committee-set-vote-trump-impeachment-articles/story?id=67706093|last1=Siegel|first1=Benjamin|last2=Faulders|first2=Katherine|title=House Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President Trump|date=December 13, 2019|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref> After debate, the House of Representatives impeached Trump on both articles on December 18.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gregorian|first=Dareh|title=Trump impeached by the House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196|access-date=December 18, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|date=December 18, 2019}}</ref>
==== Impeachment trial in the Senate ====
{{Main|First impeachment trial of Donald Trump}}
The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herb|first=Jeremy|title=Senate impeachment trial of Donald Trump officially begins|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/16/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-starts/index.html|access-date=January 18, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 16, 2020}}</ref> On January 22, the Republican Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings was entered into the Senate record.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/senate-passes-mcconnell-impeachment-rules-after-nearly-13-hours-debate-n1119861|title=Senate passes McConnell impeachment rules after nearly 13 hours of debate|work=[[NBC News]]|first=Dareh|last=Gregorian|date=January 22, 2020|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref>
For three days, January 22–24, the House impeachment managers presented their case to the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind when they created the Constitution's impeachment process.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/democrats-detail-abuse-of-power-charge-against-trump-as-republicans-complain-of-repetitive-arguments/2020/01/23/3fb149b4-3e05-11ea-8872-5df698785a4e_story.html|title=Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as Republicans complain of repetitive arguments|date=January 23, 2019|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 27, 2020|first1=Seung Min|last1=Kim|author-link1=Seung Min Kim|first2=John|last2=Wagner|first3=Karoun|last3=Demirjian|author-link3=Karoun Demirjian}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks (49498772251).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=|Trump displaying the front page of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reporting his acquittal by the Senate]]<!-- wp:caption "Not every image ..." -->
Responding over the next three days, Trump's lawyers did not deny the facts as presented in the charges but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.<ref name="brazen">{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 22, 2020|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Nicholas|last2=Fandos|author-link2=Nicholas Fandos|title=Trump's Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make Legal Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/us/politics/house-trump-impeachment.html|access-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref> They argued that the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with a crime and that abuse of power is not an impeachable offense.<ref name="brazen"/> On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas for witnesses or documents; 51 Republicans formed the majority for this vote.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Herb|first1=Jeremy|last2=Mattingly|first2=Phil|last3=Raju|first3=Manu|author-link3=Manu Raju|last4=Fox|first4=Lauren|title=Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after effort to have witnesses fails|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/31/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-last-day/index.html|access-date=February 2, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> The impeachment trial was the first in U.S. history without witness testimony.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bookbinder|first=Noah|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/09/senate-has-conducted-15-impeachment-trials-it-heard-witnesses-every-one/|title=The Senate has conducted 15 impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one.|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 9, 2020|access-date=February 8, 2020}}</ref>
Trump was acquitted of both charges by the Republican Senate majority, 52–48 on abuse of power and 53–47 on obstruction of Congress. Senator [[Mitt Romney]] was the only Republican who voted to convict Trump on one of the charges, the abuse of power.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[CNBC]]|date=February 6, 2020|title=Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial|last1=Wilkie|first1=Christina|last2=Breuninger|first2=Kevin|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html|access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
Following his acquittal, Trump fired impeachment witnesses and other political appointees and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 22, 2020|first=Peter|last=Baker|author-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|title=Trump's Efforts to Remove the Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration|access-date=February 22, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/us/politics/trump-disloyalty-turnover.html}}</ref>
=== 2020 presidential election ===
{{Main|Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign|2020 United States presidential election}}
{{See also|2020 United States Postal Service crisis}}
Breaking with precedent, Trump filed to run for a second term with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election|title=Trump breaks precedent, files as candidate for re-election on first day|work=[[KTVK]]|location=Phoenix, Arizona|first=Lee|last=Morehouse|date=January 31, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210255/http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election|archive-date=February 2, 2017}}</ref> Trump held his first re-election rally less than a month after taking office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/|title=Trump Kicks Off His 2020 Reelection Campaign on Saturday|last=Graham|first=David A.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=February 15, 2017|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Julie Hirschfeld|last=Davis|author-link=Julie Hirschfeld Davis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/16/us/politics/campaign-over-president-trump-will-hold-a-what-else-campaign-rally.html|date=February 16, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Campaign Over, President Trump Will Hold a (What Else?) Campaign Rally}}</ref> In his first two years in office, Trump's reelection committee reported raising $67.5 million, allowing him to begin 2019 with $19.3 million cash on hand.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://publicintegrity.org/politics/donald-trump-money-campaign-2020/|publisher=[[Center for Public Integrity]]|date=February 1, 2019|first1=Ashley|last1=Balcerzak|first2=Dave|last2=Levinthal|first3=Carrier|last3=Levine|first4=Sarah|last4=Kleiner|first5=Lateshia|last5=Beachum|title=Donald Trump's campaign cash machine: big, brawny and burning money}}</ref> From the beginning of 2019 through July 2020, the Trump campaign and Republican Party raised $1.1 billion but spent $800 million of that amount, losing their cash advantage over the Democratic nominee, former vice president Joe Biden.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/us/politics/trump-election-campaign-fundraising.html|title=How Trump's Billion-Dollar Campaign Lost Its Cash Advantage|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 7, 2020|first1=Shane|last1=Goldmacher|first2=Maggie|last2=Haberman|author-link2=Maggie Haberman}}</ref> The cash shortage forced the campaign to scale-back advertising spending.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Misyrlena|last1=Egkolfopoulou|first2=Bill|last2=Allison|first3=Gregory|last3=Korte|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-14/trump-campaign-slashes-ad-spending-in-key-states-in-cash-crunch|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=September 14, 2020|title=Trump Campaign Slashes Ad Spending in Key States in Cash Crunch}}</ref>
[[File:Donald Trump (50548265318).jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Trump at a 2020 campaign rally in [[Arizona]]]]
Starting in spring 2020, Trump began to sow doubts about the election, repeatedly claiming without evidence that the election would be "rigged"<ref name="Politico-Rigged">{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/25/donald-trump-rigged-election-talk-fears-274477|title=Trump sees a 'rigged election' ahead. Democrats see a constitutional crisis in the making.|last=Siders|first=David|date=May 25, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref> and that the expected widespread use of mail balloting would produce "massive election fraud."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/08/trump-wants-to-cut-mail-in-voting-the-republican-machine-is-helping-him-392428|title=Trump aides exploring executive actions to curb voting by mail|last=Kumar|first=Anita|date=August 8, 2020|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/mail-in-voting-explained.html|title=Trump Is Pushing a False Argument on Vote-by-Mail Fraud. Here Are the Facts.|first1=Stephanie|last1=Saul|author-link1=Stephanie Saul|first2=Reid J.|last2=Epstein|date=August 31, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On July 30, Trump raised the idea of delaying the election.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/30/us/elections/biden-vs-trump.html|title=2020 Election Live Updates: Republicans Rebuke Trump for Floating Delaying Election, Something He Cannot Do|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 30, 2020|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> When in August the House of Representatives voted for a US$25 billion grant to the U.S. Postal Service for the expected surge in mail voting, Trump blocked funding, saying he wanted to prevent any increase in voting by mail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/08/12/postal-service-ballots-dejoy/|title=Trump says Postal Service needs money for mail-in voting, but he'll keep blocking funding|last=Bogage|first=Jacob|date=August 12, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 14, 2020}}</ref> Trump became the [[2020 Republican Party presidential primaries|Republican nominee]] on August 24, 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Martin|first1=Jonathan|author-link1=Jonathan Martin (journalist)|last2=Burns|first2=Alexander|author-link2=Alex Burns (journalist)|last3=Karni|first3=Annie|author-link3=Annie Karni|title=Nominating Trump, Republicans Rewrite His Record|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/24/us/politics/republican-convention-recap.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 25, 2020|access-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref> He repeatedly refused to say whether he would accept the results of the election and commit to a [[peaceful transition of power]] if he lost.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-declines-to-say-whether-he-will-accept-november-election-results/2020/07/19/40009804-c9c7-11ea-91f1-28aca4d833a0_story.html|title=Trump declines to say whether he will accept November election results|last=Sonmez|first=Felicia|date=July 19, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Ryan|last1=Browne|first2=Barbara|last2=Starr|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/25/politics/pentagon-election-insurrection-act/index.html|title=As Trump refuses to commit to a peaceful transition, Pentagon stresses it will play no role in the election|work=[[CNN]]|date=September 25, 2020}}</ref>
Trump campaign advertisements focused on crime, claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if his opponent, Biden, won the presidency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-portland-federal-agents.html|title=As Trump Pushes into Portland, His Campaign Ads Turn Darker|date=July 21, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Maggie|last1=Haberman|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|first2=Nick|last2=Corasaniti|first3=Annie|last3=Karni|author-link3=Annie Karni|access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> Trump repeatedly misrepresented Biden's positions during the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|first=Gregory|last=Korte|title=Trump's Speech Misrepresents Biden's Positions, Economic Facts|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-28/trump-s-speech-misrepresents-biden-s-positions-economic-facts|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=August 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Bump|title=Nearly every claim Trump made about Biden's positions was false|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/28/nearly-every-claim-trump-made-about-bidens-positions-was-false/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=August 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=Daniel|last1=Dale|author-link1=Daniel Dale|first2=Tara|last2=Subramaniam|first3=Holmes|last3=Lybrand|title=Fact check: Trump makes more false claims about Biden and protests|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/politics/trump-kenosha-briefing-fact-check/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=August 31, 2020}}</ref> Trump's campaign message shifted to appeals to racism in an attempt to reclaim voters lost from his base.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hopkins |first=Dan |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-trumps-racist-appeals-might-be-less-effective-in-2020-than-they-were-in-2016 |work=[[FiveThirtyEight]] |title=Why Trump's Racist Appeals Might Be Less Effective In 2020 Than They Were In 2016 |date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=May 28, 2021}}</ref>
Biden won the election on November 3, receiving 81.3 million votes (51.3 percent) to Trump's 74.2 million (46.8 percent)<ref name="vote1">{{cite news|title=Presidential Election Results|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-president.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 11, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref><ref name="vote2">{{cite news|title=2020 US Presidential Election Results: Live Map|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map|work=[[ABC News]]|date=December 10, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref> and winning [[United States Electoral College|the Electoral College]] by 306 to 232.<ref name=FormalizeBidenVictory>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 14, 2020|first1=Josh|last1=Holder|first2=Trip|last2=Gabriel|author-link2=Trip Gabriel|first3=Isabella Grullón|last3=Paz|title=Biden's 306 Electoral College Votes Make His Victory Official|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html}}</ref><ref name="vote2"/><ref name="vote1"/>
==== Election aftermath ====
{{See also|Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|2020–21 United States election protests|2021 United States Capitol attack}}
[[File:ElectoralCollege2020 with results.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|2020 Electoral College results, Trump lost 232–306]]
At 2 a.m. the morning after the election, with the results still unclear, Trump declared victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=With results from key states unclear, Trump declares victory|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-statement/with-results-from-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-idUKKBN27K0U3|access-date=November 10, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|date=November 4, 2020}}</ref> After Biden was projected the winner days later, Trump said, "this election is far from over" and baselessly alleged election fraud.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/07/joe-biden-victory-president-trump-claims-election-far-over/6202892002/|title=Trump revives baseless claims of election fraud after Biden wins presidential race|last=King|first=Ledyard|date=November 7, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=November 7, 2020}}</ref> Trump and his allies filed many [[Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election|legal challenges to the results]], which were rejected by at least 86 judges in both the [[State court (United States)|state]] and [[United States federal courts|federal courts]], including by federal judges appointed by Trump himself, finding no factual or legal basis.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html|date=December 12, 2020|title='The last wall': How dozens of judges across the political spectrum rejected Trump's efforts to overturn the election|first1=Rosalind S.|last1=Helderman|author-link1=Rosalind Helderman|first2=Elise|last2=Viebeck|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Aaron|last=Blake|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/judges-trump-election-lawsuits/2020/12/12/e3a57224-3a72-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html|title=The most remarkable rebukes of Trump's legal case: From the judges he hand-picked|date=December 12, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Trump's unsubstantiated allegations of widespread voting fraud were also refuted by state election officials.<ref>{{cite news|last=Woodward|first=Calvin|title=AP Fact Check: Trump conclusively lost, denies the evidence|url=https://apnews.com/article/ap-fact-check-trump-conclusively-lost-bbb9d8c808021ed65d91aee003a7bc64|access-date=November 17, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> After [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] (CISA) director [[Chris Krebs]] contradicted Trump's fraud allegations, Trump dismissed him on November 17.<ref name="BBC_election">{{cite news|date=November 18, 2020|title=Trump fires election security official who contradicted him|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54982360|access-date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> On December 11, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear [[Texas v. Pennsylvania|a case from the Texas attorney general]] which asked the court to overturn the election results in four states won by Biden.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/11/us/politics/supreme-court-election-texas.html|title=Supreme Court Rejects Texas Suit Seeking to Subvert Election|first=Adam|last=Liptak|author-link=Adam Liptak|date=December 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Trump withdrew from public activities in the weeks following the election.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 21, 2020|first=David|last=Smith|title=Trump's monumental sulk: president retreats from public eye as Covid ravages US|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/21/trump-monumental-sulk-president-retreats-from-public-eye-covid-ravages-us}}</ref> He initially blocked government officials from cooperating in [[presidential transition of Joe Biden|Biden's presidential transition]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamire|first=Jonathan|title=Refusing to concede, Trump blocks cooperation on transition|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-virus-outbreak-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-2d39186996f69de245e59c966d4d140f|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=November 10, 2020|date=November 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Timm|first1=Jane C.|last2=Smith|first2=Allan|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-stonewalling-biden-s-transition-here-s-why-it-matters-n1247768|title=Trump is stonewalling Biden's transition. Here's why it matters.|work=[[NBC News]]|date=November 14, 2020|access-date=November 26, 2020}}</ref> After three weeks, the administrator of the [[General Services Administration]] ascertained Biden the "apparent winner" of the election, allowing the disbursement of transition resources to his team.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rein|first=Lisa|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/gsa-emily-murphy-transition-biden/2020/11/23/c0f43e84-2de0-11eb-96c2-aac3f162215d_story.html|title=Under pressure, Trump appointee Emily Murphy approves transition in unusually personal letter to Biden|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=November 24, 2020|access-date=November 24, 2020}}</ref> Trump still did not formally concede while claiming he recommended the GSA begin transition protocols.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Naylor|first1=Brian|last2=Wise|first2=Alana|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/biden-transition-updates/2020/11/23/937956178/trump-administration-to-begin-biden-transition-protocols|title=Trump Is in No Mood To Concede, But Says Will Leave White House|work=[[NPR]]|date=November 23, 2020|access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref>
The Electoral College formalized Biden's victory on December 14.<ref name=FormalizeBidenVictory/> From November to January, Trump repeatedly sought help to [[Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election|overturn the results of the election]], personally pressuring various Republican local and state office-holders, Republican state and federal legislators, and Vice President Pence, urging various actions such as replacing presidential electors, or a request for Georgia officials to "find" votes and announce a "recalculated" result.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gardner|first=Amy|title='I just want to find 11,780 votes': In extraordinary hour-long call, Trump pressures Georgia secretary of state to recalculate the vote in his favor|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-raffensperger-call-georgia-vote/2021/01/03/d45acb92-4dc4-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html|access-date=January 20, 2021|issn=0190-8286|date=January 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anita |last2=Orr |first2=Gabby |last3=McGraw |first3=Meridith |title=Inside Trump's pressure campaign to overturn the election |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-pressure-campaign-overturn-election-449486 |access-date=December 22, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=December 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |last2=Karni |first2=Annie |title=Pence Said to Have Told Trump He Lacks Power to Change Election Result |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/05/us/politics/pence-trump-election-results.html |access-date=January 7, 2021 |date=January 6, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> On February 10, 2021, Georgia prosecutors opened a criminal investigation into Trump's efforts to subvert the election in Georgia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fausset |first1=Richard |last2=Hakim |first2=Danny |title=Georgia Prosecutors Open Criminal Inquiry Into Trump's Efforts to Subvert Election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/10/us/politics/trump-georgia-investigation.html |date=February 10, 2021 |access-date=February 11, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, leaving Washington for Florida hours before.<ref>{{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-presidency.html|title=Trump Departs Vowing, 'We Will Be Back in Some Form'|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 20, 2021|access-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref>
===Concern about a possible coup attempt or military action===
In December 2020, ''[[Newsweek]]'' reported [[the Pentagon]] was on "red alert," and ranking officers had discussed what they would do if the president decided to declare martial law. The Pentagon responded with quotes from defense leaders that the military has no role to play in the outcome of the election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arkin |first=William M. |url=https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-donald-trumps-martial-law-talk-has-military-red-alert-1557056 |title=Exclusive: Donald Trump's martial-law talk has military on red alert |date=December 24, 2020 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |work=Newsweek}}</ref>
When Trump moved supporters into positions of power at the Pentagon after the November 2020 election, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Milley and CIA director [[Gina Haspel]] became concerned about the threat of a possible [[Self-coup|coup]] attempt or military action against China or Iran.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gangel |first1=Jamie |last2=Herb |first2=Jeremy |last3=Cohen |first3=Marshall |last4=Stuart |first4=Elizabeth |last5=Starr |first5=Barbara |title='They're not going to f**king succeed': Top generals feared Trump would attempt a coup after election, according to new book |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/14/politics/donald-trump-election-coup-new-book-excerpt/index.html |date=July 14, 2021 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Breuninger |first=Kevin |date=July 15, 2021 |title=Top U.S. Gen. Mark Milley feared Trump would attempt a coup after his loss to Biden, new book says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/15/mark-milley-feared-coup-after-trump-lost-to-biden-book.html |access-date=September 15, 2021 |work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> He insisted that he should be consulted about any military orders from the president, including the use of nuclear weapons, and he instructed Haspel and NSA director [[Paul Nakasone]] to monitor developments closely.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gangel |first1=Jamie |last2=Herb |first2=Jeremy |last3=Stuart |first3=Elizabeth |title=Woodward/Costa book: Worried Trump could 'go rogue,' Milley took top-secret action to protect nuclear weapons |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/14/politics/woodward-book-trump-nuclear/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |access-date=September 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Michael S. |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Fears That Trump Might Launch a Strike Prompted General to Reassure China, Book Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/14/us/politics/peril-woodward-book-trump.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref>
=== 2021 Capitol attack ===
{{main|2021 United States Capitol attack}}
On January 6, 2021, while [[2021 United States Electoral College vote count|congressional certification of the presidential election results]] was taking place in the United States Capitol, Trump held a rally at [[the Ellipse]], where he called for the election result to be overturned and urged his supporters to "take back our country" by marching to the Capitol to "show strength" and "fight like hell."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/10/us/trump-speech-riot.html|title=Incitement to Riot? What Trump Told Supporters Before Mob Stormed Capitol|first=Charlie|last=Savage|date=January 10, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021| work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Donald Trump Speech "Save America" Rally Transcript January 6|url=https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6|access-date=January 8, 2021|website=[[Rev (company)|Rev]]}}</ref> Trump's speech started at noon. By 12:30{{Nbsp}}p.m., rally attendees had gathered outside the Capitol, and at 1{{Nbsp}}p.m, his supporters pushed past police barriers onto Capitol grounds. Trump's speech ended at 1:10{{Nbsp}}p.m., and many supporters marched to the Capitol as he had urged, joining the crowd there. Around 2:15{{Nbsp}}p.m. the mob broke into the building, disrupting certification and causing the evacuation of Congress.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Shelley |last2=Shin |first2=Youjin |last3=Rindler |first3=Danielle |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/ |title=How one of America's ugliest days unraveled inside and outside the Capitol |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=May 2, 2021}}</ref> During the violence, Trump posted mixed messages on Twitter and Facebook, eventually tweeting to the rioters at 6{{Nbsp}}p.m, "go home with love & in peace", but describing them as "great patriots" and "very special", while still complaining that the election was stolen.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/twitter-pledges-action-on-any-calls-for-violence-in-capitol-riot.html|title=Facebook, Twitter lock Trump's account following video addressing Washington rioters|first=Salvador|last=Rodriguez|date=January 6, 2021|work=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2021/01/06/washington-dc-protest-twitter-facebook-silence-donald-trump/6569864002/|title=Calls grow for social media platforms to silence Trump as rioters storm US Capitol|first1=Morgan|last1=Hines|first2=Mike|last2=Snider|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> After the mob was removed from the Capitol, Congress reconvened and confirmed the Biden election win in the early hours of the following morning.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/congress-begin-electoral-vote-count-amid-protests-inside-outside-capitol-n1253013 |title=Congress confirms Biden's win after pro-Trump mob's assault on Capitol|first1=Dareh|last1=Gregorian |first2=Ginger |last2=Gibson |first3=Sahil |last3=Kapur |first4=Phil |last4=Helsel |date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 8, 2021 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> There were many injuries, and five people, including a Capitol Police officer, died.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/11/us/who-died-in-capitol-building-attack.html|first=Patrick|last=Healy|title=These Are the 5 People Who Died in the Capitol Riot |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 11, 2021 |access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Evan |last2=Ray |first2=Arielle |last3=Kozlowsky |first3=Dahlia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/15/us/rosanne-boyland-capitol-riot-death.html |title=Videos Show How Rioter Was Trampled in Stampede at Capitol |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Terruso |first=Julia |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/washington-protest-trump-capitol-pennsylvania-ben-philips-20210107.html |title=He organized a bus of Trump supporters from Pa. for 'the first day of the rest of our lives.' He died in Washington.|work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref>
=== Second impeachment (2021) ===
{{Main|Second impeachment of Donald Trump|Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump}}
[[File:Pelosi Signing Second Trump Impeachment.png|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi seated at a table and surrounded by public officials. She is signing the second impeachment of Trump.|Speaker of the House [[Nancy Pelosi]] signing the second impeachment of Trump]]
On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging Trump with [[incitement of insurrection]] against the U.S. government was introduced to the House.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/11/955631105/impeachment-resolution-cites-trumps-incitement-of-capitol-insurrection|title=Impeachment Resolution Cites Trump's 'Incitement' of Capitol Insurrection|first=Brian|last=Naylor|work=[[NPR]]|date=January 11, 2021|access-date=January 11, 2021}}</ref> The House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on January 13, making him the first U.S. officeholder to be impeached twice.<ref name=SecondImpeachment>{{cite news|last=Fandos|first=Nicholas|author-link=Nicholas Fandos|title=Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/trump-impeached.html|access-date=January 14, 2021|date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> The impeachment, which was the most rapid in history, followed an unsuccessful bipartisan effort to strip Trump of his powers and duties via Section 4 of the [[25th Amendment]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=House calls on Pence to invoke 25th Amendment, but he's already dismissed the idea|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-25th-amendment-house-pence/|date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> Ten Republicans voted for impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/01/13/trumps-second-impeachment-is-most-bipartisan-one-history/|title=Trump's second impeachment is the most bipartisan one in history|last=Blake|first=Aaron|date=January 13, 2021|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>
Senate Democrats asked to begin the trial immediately, while Trump was still in office, but then-[[Senate majority leader|Senate Majority Leader]] Mitch McConnell blocked the plan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=McConnell Won't Convene Senate Early to Accept Impeachment Article|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/trump-impeachment-house-biden|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> On February 13, following a [[Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump|five-day Senate trial]], Trump was acquitted when the Senate voted 57–43 for conviction, falling ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levine|first1=Sam|last2=Gambino|first2=Lauren|date=February 13, 2021|title=Donald Trump acquitted in impeachment trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fandos|first=Nicholas|date=February 13, 2021|title=Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/13/us/politics/trump-impeachment.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=February 14, 2021}}</ref> Most Republicans voted to acquit Trump, though some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (Trump had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 the trial was constitutional<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Watson|first1=Kathryn|last2=Quinn|first2=Melissa|last3=Segers|first3=Grace|last4=Becket|first4=Stefan|date=February 10, 2021|title=Senate finds Trump impeachment trial constitutional on first day of proceedings|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-impeachment-trial-senate-constitutional-day-1/|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=February 18, 2021}}</ref>). Included in the latter group was McConnell, who said Trump was "practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of the day" but "constitutionally not eligible for conviction".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Segers|first1=Grace|last2=McDonald|first2=Cassidy|date=February 14, 2021|title=McConnell says Trump was "practically and morally responsible" for riot after voting not guilty|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mitch-mcconnell-trump-impeachment-vote-senate-speech/|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref>
== Post-presidency ==
After his term ended, Trump went to live at his Mar-a-Lago club in Palm Beach, Florida.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spencer |first=Terry |title=Palm Beach considers options as Trump remains at Mar-a-Lago |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/article248842049.html |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=[[Miami Herald]] |date=January 28, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref><ref name="review">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/29/politics/legal-review-trump-mar-a-lago/index.html|publisher=CNN|date=January 29, 2021|title=Florida town conducting legal review of Trump's residency at Mar-a-Lago|first1=Randi|last1=Kaye|first2=Devon M.|last2=Sayers|first3=Caroline|last3=Kelly}}</ref> As provided for by the [[Former Presidents Act#Staff and office|Former Presidents Act]],<ref name="safe">{{cite news |last=Wolfe |first=Jan |title=Explainer: Why Trump's post-presidency perks, like a pension and office, are safe for the rest of his life |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-benefits-explai-idUSKBN29W238 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 27, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref> he established an office there to handle his post-presidential activities.<ref name="safe"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |title=Trump opens "Office of the Former President" in Florida |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-office-former-president-florida/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=January 26, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021}}</ref>
Since leaving the presidency, Trump has been the subject of several probes into both his business dealings and his actions during the presidency. In February 2021, the District Attorney for [[Fulton County, Georgia]], announced a criminal probe into Trump's [[Trump–Raffensperger phone call|phone calls]] to [[Brad Raffensperger]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Mangan |first=Dan |title=Georgia DA opens criminal probe of Trump call urging secretary of state to find votes |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/10/georgia-da-opens-criminal-probe-of-trump-call-to-secretary-of-state.html |access-date=May 19, 2021 |work=[[CNBC]] |date=February 10, 2021}}</ref> Separately, the [[Attorney General of New York|New York State Attorney General's Office]] is conducting a civil and criminal investigation into Trump's business activities. The criminal investigation is in conjunction with the [[New York County District Attorney|Manhattan District Attorney's Office]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/19/new-york-investigation-into-trump-organization-now-criminal-says-attorney-general |title=New York attorney general opens criminal investigation into Trump Organization |access-date=May 19, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=May 19, 2021}}</ref> By May 2021, a special [[Grand jury#United States|grand jury]] was considering indictments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobs |first1=Shayna |last2=Fahrenthold |first2=David A. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-investigation-grand-jury/2021/05/25/5f47911c-bcca-11eb-83e3-0ca705a96ba4_story.html |title=Prosecutor in Trump criminal probe convenes grand jury to hear evidence, weigh potential charges |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 26, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-trump-investigations-business-government-and-politics-80592eae7ba9ca508a3161e085a0fec6|title=New grand jury seated for next stage of Trump investigation|date=May 25, 2021|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> On July 1, 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, [[Allen Weisselberg]], was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Protess |first1=Ben |last2=Rashbaum |first2=William K. |last3=Bromwich |first3=Jonah E. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/nyregion/allen-weisselberg-charged-trump-organization.html |title=Trump Organization Is Charged in 15-Year Tax Scheme |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 1, 2021 |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jacobs|first1=Shayna |last2=Fahrenthold |first2=David A. |last3=Dawsey |first3=Josh |last4=O'Connell |first34=Jonathan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-business-weisselberg-indictments/2021/07/01/e2b774a0-da15-11eb-bb9e-70fda8c37057_story.html |title=Trump Organization and CFO Allen Weisselberg arraigned on multiple criminal charges as prosecutors alleged a 15-year tax fraud scheme |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 1, 2021 |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref>
Trump's false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "[[Big Lie|big lie]]" by his critics and in reporting. In May 2021, Trump and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using "lie" to refer to the election itself, in similar fashion to how they co-opted the term "[[fake news]]" to characterize negative press coverage of Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/25/how-trumps-fake-news-gave-authoritarian-leaders-a-new-weapon|title=How Trump's 'fake news' gave authoritarian leaders a new weapon|date=January 25, 2018|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/02/18/how-the-right-co-opted-fake-news|title=How The Right Co-Opted ‘Fake News’|first=Jake|last=Whitney|date=February 18, 2017|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-new-york-times-fake-news-234644|title=Trump criticizes 'fake news' New York Times|first=Rebecca|last=Morin|website=POLITICO}}</ref> The Republican party used Trump's false election narrative as justification to [[Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election|impose new voting restrictions]] in its favor,<ref>{{cite news |last=Solender |first=Andrew |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/03/trump-says-hell-appropriate-the-big-lie-to-refer-to-his-election-loss/ |title=Trump Says He’ll Appropriate ‘The Big Lie’ To Refer To His Election Loss |work=[[Forbes]] |date=May 3, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wolf |first=Zachary B. |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/19/politics/donald-trump-big-lie-explainer/index.html |title=The 5 key elements of Trump's Big Lie and how it came to be |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 19, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balz |first=Dan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-big-lie-elections-impact/2021/05/29/d7992fa2-c07d-11eb-b26e-53663e6be6ff_story.html |title=The GOP push to revisit 2020 has worrisome implications for future elections |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 29, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref> and Trump endorsed candidates like [[Mark Finchem]] and [[Jody Hice]], who tried to overturn the 2020 election results and are running for secretary of state positions which would put them in charge of the 2024 elections.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dale |first=Daniel |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/16/politics/trump-secretary-of-state-big-lie/index.html |title='Incredibly dangerous': Trump is trying to get Big Lie promoters chosen to run the 2024 election |work=[[CNN]] |date=September 16, 2021 |access-date=September 17, 2021}}</ref>
In June 2021, multiple national publications reported that Trump had told several people he could be reinstated as president in August.<ref name="akmh">{{Cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Haberman |first2=Maggie |date=June 5, 2021 |title=At Once Diminished and Dominating, Trump Begins His Next Act |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/us/politics/donald-trump-republican-convention-speech.html |access-date=June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/06/donald-trump-reportedly-thinks-hell-be-reinstated-as-president.html |title=Donald Trump reportedly thinks he'll be reinstated as president |date=June 3, 2021 |work=[[Associated Press]] |via=AL.com |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> On June 6, 2021, Trump resumed his campaign-style rallies with an 85-minute speech at the annual [[North Carolina Republican Party]] convention.<ref name="akmh"/><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Gabby |last2=Orren |first2=Michael |date=June 6, 2021 |title=Trump dwells on 2020 during North Carolina event aimed at helping Republicans in 2022 |work=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/05/politics/donald-trump-north-carolina-speech/index.html |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref> On June 26, he held his first public rally since his January 6 rally before the riot at the Capitol.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy |title=Trump, Seeking to Maintain G.O.P. Sway, Holds First Rally Since Jan 6. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/26/us/politics/trump-rally-ohio.html |access-date=June 27, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 26, 2021}}</ref>
== Public profile ==
{{Main|Public image of Donald Trump}}
=== Approval ratings ===
{{Further|Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration}}
For much of his term through September 2020, Trump's approval and disapproval ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/presidential-approval-poll-tracker-n1102776|title=Trump's approval rating steady despite impeachment: NBC News/Wall Street Journal polls|date=December 17, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=March 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ezra|last=Klein|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/9/2/21409364/trump-approval-rating-2020-election-voters-coronavirus-convention-polls|title=Can anything change Americans' minds about Donald Trump? The eerie stability of Trump's approval rating, explained.|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> He completed his term with a record-low approval rating of between 29 percent and 34 percent (the lowest of any president since modern [[scientific polling]] began); his average approval rating throughout his term was a record-low 41 percent.<ref>{{cite news|first=Harry|last=Enten|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/16/politics/trump-approval-analysis/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=January 16, 2021|title=Trump finishes with worst first term approval rating ever}}</ref><ref name=JonesGallup>{{cite web|first=Jeffrey M.|last=Jones|title=Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx|publisher=Gallup|date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> Trump's approval ratings showed a record partisan gap: over the course of his presidency, Trump's approval rating among Republicans was 88 percent and his approval rating among Democrats was 7 percent.<ref name=JonesGallup/>
In [[Gallup's most admired man and woman poll|Gallup's annual poll]] asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019, and was named most admired in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1678/most-admired-man-woman.aspx|title=Most Admired Man and Woman|website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|access-date=June 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/531906-trump-ends-obamas-12-year-run-as-most-admired-man-gallup|title=Trump ends Obama's 12-year run as most admired man: Gallup|last=Budryk|first=Zack|date=December 29, 2020|work=The Hill|access-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Since [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] started conducting the poll in 1948,<ref name="tie">{{cite news|last=Panetta|first=Grace|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-barack-obama-tie-2019-most-admired-man-gallup-2019-12|title=Donald Trump and Barack Obama are tied for 2019's most admired man in the US|date=December 30, 2019|access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.<ref name="tie"/>
A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that Trump led Obama in job approval in only 29, most of them non-democracies,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Monti|title=3 countries where Trump is popular|url=http://theconversation.com/3-countries-where-trump-is-popular-120317|access-date=October 15, 2020|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref> with approval of US leadership plummeting among US allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|George W. Bush presidency]].<ref>{{Cite news|year=2018|title=Rating World Leaders: 2016–2017 The U.S. vs. Germany, China and Russia (page 9)|url=https://www.politico.com/f/?id=00000161-0647-da3c-a371-867f6acc0001|work=[[Politico]]|publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] }}</ref> By mid-2020, only 16% of international respondents expressed confidence in Trump according to a 13-nation [[Pew Research]] poll, a confidence score lower than those historically accorded to Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wike|first1=Richard|last2=Fetterolf|first2=Janell|last3=Mordecai|first3=Mara|access-date=December 24, 2020|title=U.S. Image Plummets Internationally as Most Say Country Has Handled Coronavirus Badly|work=[[Pew Research]]|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/|date=September 15, 2020}}</ref>
[[C-SPAN]], which conducted surveys of presidential leadership each time the administration changed since 2000,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://static.c-span.org/assets/documents/presidentSurvey/2021+Press+Release.pdf |title=C-SPAN Releases Fourth Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership |work=[[C-SPAN]] |date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> ranked Trump fourth–lowest overall in their [[Historical rankings of presidents of the United States#2021 C-SPAN Presidential Historians Survey|2021 President Historians Survey]], with Trump rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brockell |first=Gillian |title=Historians just ranked the presidents. Trump wasn’t last. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/ |title=Presidential Historians Survey 2021 |work=[[C-SPAN]] |access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref>
=== Social media ===
{{Main|Social media use by Donald Trump}}
Trump's social media presence attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and as president, until his ban in the final days of his term.<ref name=CongerIsaac>{{cite web|first1=Kate|last1=Conger|first2=Mike|last2=Isaac|title=Inside Twitter's Decision to Cut Off Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 16, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/technology/twitter-donald-trump-jack-dorsey.html}}</ref> Over twelve years, Trump posted around 57,000 tweets.<ref name=MadhaniColvin>{{cite web|first1=Aamer|last1=Madhani|first2=Jill|last2=Colvin|title=A farewell to @realDonaldTrump, gone after 57,000 tweets|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/twitter-donald-trump-ban-cea450b1f12f4ceb8984972a120018d5|quote=@realDonaldTrump frequently spread misleading, false and malicious assertions...For the most part, @realDonaldTrump and its 280-character posts effectively allowed Trump to work around the Washington media establishment and amplify the message of allies.}}</ref> Trump frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public, sidelining the press.<ref name=MadhaniColvin/> A White House press secretary said early in his presidency that Trump's tweets were official presidential statements, used for announcing policies and personnel changes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landers|first=Elizabeth|date=June 6, 2017|title=Spicer: Tweets are Trump's official statements|work=[[CNN]]|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/06/politics/trump-tweets-official-statements/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singletary|first=Michelle|title=Trump dumped Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in a tweet. What's the worst way you've been fired?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/get-there/wp/2018/03/15/trump-dumped-secretary-of-state-rex-tillerson-in-a-tweet-whats-the-worst-way-youve-been-fired/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 15, 2018|access-date=March 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gaouette|first1=Nicole|last2=Starr|first2=Barbara|last3=Browne|first3=Ryan|last4=Klein|first4=Betsy|title=Trump fires Secretary of Defense Mark Esper|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/09/politics/trump-fires-esper/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=November 9, 2020|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>
Trump's tweets often contained falsehoods, eventually causing Twitter to tag some of them with fact-checking warnings beginning in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/26/trump-twitter-label-fact-check/|title=Twitter labels Trump's tweets with a fact check for the first time|date=May 27, 2020|access-date=July 7, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Trump responded by threatening to "strongly regulate" or "close down" social media platforms.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/27/trump-twitter-label/|title=Trump lashes out at social media companies after Twitter labels tweets with fact checks|date=June 14, 2020|access-date=May 28, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, Trump was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 11, 2021 |title=All the platforms that have banned or restricted Trump so far |last1=Fisher |first1=Sara |last2=Gold |first2=Ashley |url=https://www.axios.com/platforms-social-media-ban-restrict-trump-d9e44f3c-8366-4ba9-a8a1-7f3114f920f1.html |access-date=January 16, 2021 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref> Twitter blocked attempts by Trump and his staff to [[Sock puppet account#Block evasion|circumvent the ban]] through the use of others' accounts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter is deleting Trump's attempts to circumvent ban|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/8/22221683/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=The Verge|date=January 8, 2021|access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> The loss of Trump's social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/donald-trump-loses-social-media-megaphone/a-56158414 |title=Donald Trump loses social media megaphone |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=January 7, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/14/trump-twitter-megaphone/ |title=Twitter ban reveals that tech companies held keys to Trump's power all along |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}.</ref> and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwoskin |first1=Elizabeth|last2=Timberg |first2=Craig |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/16/misinformation-trump-twitter/ |title=Misinformation dropped dramatically the week after Twitter banned Trump and some allies |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of Trump and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/technology/facebook-trump-ban-upheld.html|title=Facebook Oversight Board Upholds Social Network's Ban of Trump|last=Isaac|first=Mike|date=May 5, 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 6, 2021}}</ref> In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ortutay |first=Barbara |url=https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-government-and-politics-technology-business-f7d165898d2b79e86c9fe15f36384b18 |title=Facebook suspends Trump for 2 years, then will reassess |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 4, 2021 |access-date=June 4, 2021}}</ref> On June 26, Trump joined the video platform [[Rumble (website)|Rumble]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Culliford |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-joins-video-platform-rumble-ahead-ohio-rally-2021-06-26/ |title=Trump joins video platform Rumble ahead of Ohio rally |work=[[Reuters]] |date=June 27, 2021 |access-date=July 2, 2021}}</ref>
=== False statements ===
{{Main|Veracity of statements by Donald Trump}}
[[File:2017- Donald Trump veracity - composite graph.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Fact-checkers]] from ''The Washington Post'',<ref name="database">{{cite news|author=Fact Checker|title=In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 20, 2021}}</ref> the ''Toronto Star'',<ref>{{cite news|last=Dale|first=Daniel|author-link=Daniel Dale|title=Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=June 5, 2019}}</ref> and CNN<ref>{{cite tweet|user=ddale8|first=Daniel|last=Dale|author-link=Daniel Dale|number=1237083913496989702|date=March 9, 2020|title=Trump is averaging about 59 false claims per week since ... July 8, 2019.}} ([https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ESsA5nTXYAA562e?format=png direct link to chart image])</ref> compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively.]]
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks<ref>{{cite news|last=Finnegan|first=Michael|title=Scope of Trump's falsehoods unprecedented for a modern presidential candidate|url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 4, 2019|quote=Never in modern presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump has.}}</ref><ref name="whoppers"/> to an extent unprecedented in American politics.<ref>* {{cite web|last=Skjeseth|first=Heidi Taksdal|year=2017|title=All the president's lies: Media coverage of lies in the US and France|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Taksdal%20Skjeseth%2C%20All%20the%20President%27s%20Lies%20-%20Media%20Coverage%20of%20lies%20in%20the%20US%20and%20France.pdf|publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|quote=...{{nbsp}}a president who is delivering untruths on an unprecedented scale. Mr Trump did this both while running for president, and he has continued to do so in office. There is no precedent for this amount of untruths in the U.S.}}</ref><ref name=Glasser-180803>{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-escalating-war-on-the-truth-is-on-purpose|title=It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=August 3, 2018|access-date=January 10, 2019|first=Susan|last=Glasser|author-link=Susan Glasser}}</ref><ref name=Konnikova/> His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.<ref name=Glasser-180803/>
Trump's false and misleading statements were documented by [[fact-checker]]s, including at the ''Washington Post'', which tallied a total of 30,573 false or misleading statements made by Trump over his four-year term.<ref name="database"/> Trump's falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about 6 false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 16 per day in his second year to 22 per day in his third year to 39 per day in his final year.<ref name=TermUntruth>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2021/timeline-trump-claims-as-president/|title=A term of untruths: The longer Trump was president, the more frequently he made false or misleading claims|date=January 23, 2021|first1=Glenn|last1=Kessler|first2=Meg|last2=Kelly|first3=Salvador|last3=Rizzo|first4=Leslie|last4=Shapiro|first5=Leo|last5=Dominguez|work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> He reached 10,000 false or misleading claims 27 months into his term; 20,000 false or misleading claims 14 months later, and 30,000 false or misleading claims five months later.<ref name=TermUntruth/>
Some of Trump's falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during his inauguration.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump had biggest inaugural crowd ever? Metrics don't show it|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=January 21, 2017|first=Linda|last=Qiu|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/jan/21/sean-spicer/trump-had-biggest-inaugural-crowd-ever-metrics-don/|access-date=March 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rein|first=Lisa|title=Here are the photos that show Obama's inauguration crowd was bigger than Trump's|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 6, 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/03/06/here-are-the-photos-that-show-obamas-inauguration-crowd-was-bigger-than-trumps/|access-date=March 8, 2017}}</ref> Others had more far-reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID‑19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wong |first=Julia Carrie |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/hydroxychloroquine-trump-coronavirus-drug |title=Hydroxychloroquine: how an unproven drug became Trump’s coronavirus 'miracle cure' |date=April 7, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=June 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Spring |first=Marianna |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-52731624 |title=Coronavirus: The human cost of virus misinformation |date=May 27, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States and [[panic-buying]] in Africa and South Asia.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rowland|first=Christopher|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/20/hospitals-doctors-are-wiping-out-supplies-an-unproven-coronavirus-treatment/|title=As Trump touts an unproven coronavirus treatment, supplies evaporate for patients who need those drugs|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 24, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Parkinson|first1=Joe|last2=Gauthier-Villars|first2=David|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-claim-that-malaria-drugs-treat-coronavirus-sparks-warnings-shortages-11584981897|title=Trump Claim That Malaria Drugs Treat Coronavirus Sparks Warnings, Shortages|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=March 26, 2020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in [[England and Wales]] to the "spread of radical Islamic terror," served Trump's domestic political purposes.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zurcher|first=Anthony|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42171550|title=Trump's anti-Muslim retweet fits a pattern|date=November 29, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.<ref>{{cite news|last=Allen|first=Jonathan|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/does-being-president-trump-still-mean-never-having-say-you-n952841|title=Does being President Trump still mean never having to say you're sorry?|date=December 31, 2018|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=June 14, 2020}}</ref>
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as lies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Greenberg|first=David|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/the-perils-of-calling-trump-a-liar-214704|title=The Perils of Calling Trump a Liar|date=January 28, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DBouder">{{cite news|last=Bouder|first=David|url=https://apnews.com/article/88675d3fdd674c7c9ec70f170f6e4a1a/News-media-hesitate-to-use-'lie'-for-Trump's-misstatements|title=News media hesitate to use 'lie' for Trump's misstatements|date=August 29, 2018|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> Nevertheless, in August 2018, ''The Washington Post'' declared for the first time that some of Trump's misstatements (statements concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and ''Playboy'' model Karen McDougal) were lies.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kessler|first=Glenn|author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist)|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/08/23/not-just-misleading-not-merely-false-lie/|title=Not just misleading. Not merely false. A lie.|date=August 23, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="DBouder"/>
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on national voting practices and the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="USAT-Disinfo">{{cite news|last=Guynn|first=Jessica|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/10/05/trump-covid-19-coronavirus-disinformation-facebook-twitter-election/3632194001/|title=From COVID-19 to voting: Trump is nation's single largest spreader of disinformation, studies say|date=October 5, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> Trump's attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,<ref name="Politico-Rigged"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Riccardi|first=Nicholas|url=https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-election-2020-ap-fact-check-elections-voting-fraud-and-irregularities-8c5db90960815f91f39fe115579570b4|title=AP Fact Check: Trump's big distortions on mail-in voting|date=September 17, 2020|work=[[AP News]]|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it.<ref name="USAT-Disinfo"/><ref name="NYT 4 11 20"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bergengruen|first1=Vera|last2=Hennigan|first2=W.J.|url=https://time.com/5896709/trump-covid-campaign/|title='You're Gonna Beat It.' How Donald Trump's COVID-19 Battle Has Only Fueled Misinformation|date=October 6, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref>
Some view the nature and frequency of Trump's falsehoods as having profound and corrosive consequences on democracy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Tomasky|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Tomasky|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/11/opinion/trump-lies.html|title=Why Does Trump Lie?|date=June 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 13, 2020}}</ref> James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes [[liberal democracy]], wrote Pfiffner.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pfiffner|first=James P.|editor-last1=Lamb|editor-first1=Charles M.|editor-last2=Neiheisel|editor-first2=Jacob R.|title=Presidential Leadership and the Trump Presidency: Executive Power and Democratic Government|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2019|pages=17–40|chapter=The Lies of Donald Trump: A Taxonomy|url=https://pfiffner.gmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pfiffner-The-Lies-of-Donald-Trump-A-Taxonomy.pdf|isbn=978-3-030-18979-2}}</ref>
=== Promotion of conspiracy theories ===
{{Main|List of conspiracy theories promoted by Donald Trump}}
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump has promoted numerous [[Conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]], including [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|Obama birtherism]], the [[Clinton Body Count]] theory, [[QAnon]], the [[Global warming conspiracy theory|Global warming hoax]] theory, [[Trump Tower wiretapping allegations]], a [[John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories|John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory]] involving [[Rafael Cruz]], linking talk show host [[Joe Scarborough]] to the death of a staffer,<ref name="history">{{cite web |last1=Fichera |first1=Angelo |last2=Spencer |first2=Saranec Hale |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/10/trumps-long-history-with-conspiracy-theories/ |title=Trump’s Long History With Conspiracy Theories |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=October 20, 2020 |access-date=September 15, 2021}}</ref> alleged foul-play in the death of [[Antonin Scalia]], [[Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal|alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections]], and that [[Osama bin Laden]] was alive and Obama and Biden had members of [[Navy SEAL Team 6]] killed.<ref name="history"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/15/politics/donald-trump-osama-bin-laden-conspiracy-theory-fact-check/index.html |title=Fact-checking the dangerous bin Laden conspiracy theory that Trump touted |first1=Tara |last1=Subramaniam |first2=Holmes |last2=Lybrand |work=[[CNN]] |date=October 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">Multiple sources:
*{{cite news|last=Haberman|first=Maggie|author-link=Maggie Haberman|date=February 29, 2016|title=Even as He Rises, Donald Trump Entertains Conspiracy Theories|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/01/us/politics/donald-trump-conspiracy-theories.html}}
*{{cite news|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=November 26, 2019|title=President Trump loves conspiracy theories. Has he ever been right?|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/26/president-trump-loves-conspiracy-theories-has-he-ever-been-right/}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-conspiracy-theorists-qanon/index.html|title=The Conspiracy-Theorist-in-Chief clears the way for fringe candidates to become mainstream|first=Maeve|last=Reston|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 2, 2020}}
*{{cite news|last1=Baker|first1=Peter|author-link1=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Astor|first2=Maggie|date=May 26, 2020|title=Trump Pushes a Conspiracy Theory That Falsely Accuses a TV Host of Murder|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/26/us/politics/klausutis-letter-jack-dorsey.html}}
</ref> In at least two instances Trump clarified to press that he also believed the conspiracy theory in question.<ref name=":0" />
During and since the 2020 presidential election, Trump has promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting,<ref>{{cite news|title=The dead voter conspiracy theory peddled by Trump voters, debunked|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/18/dead-voter-conspiracy-theory-debunked|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Tom|last=Perkins|date=November 18, 2020}}</ref> voting machines changing or deleting Trump votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out Trump votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Timm |first=Jane C. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/presidential-election-2020-conspiracy-theories-debunked/ |title=6 conspiracy theories about the 2020 election – debunked |work=[[CBS News]] |date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Cohen |first=Li |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/12/17/these-are-the-voter-fraud-claims-trump-tried-and-failed-to-overturn-the-election-with/ |title=These Are The Voter Fraud Claims Trump Tried (And Failed) To Overturn The Election With |work=[[Forbes]] |date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=September 13, 2021}}</ref>
=== Relationship with the press ===
{{Further|Presidency of Donald Trump#Relationship with the news media}}
[[File:President Trump's First 100 Days- 45 (33573172373).jpg|thumb|Trump talking to the press, March 2017]]
Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention, with a "love–hate" relationship with the press.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/385245-trumps-love-hate-relationship-with-the-press|title=Trump's love-hate relationship with the press|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=April 28, 2018|access-date=July 4, 2018|last=Parnes|first=Amy}}</ref> Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite interview|title=Who is Donald Trump?|date=July 10, 2016|access-date=July 4, 2018|last=D'Antonio|first=Michael|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/07/10/opinions/donald-trump-biography-michael-dantonio/index.html}}</ref> Fox News anchor [[Bret Baier]] and former House speaker [[Paul Ryan]] have characterized Trump as a "[[internet troll|troll]]" who makes controversial statements to see people's "heads explode."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mediaite.com/tv/bret-baier-trump-likes-trolling-the-left-to-watch-heads-explode-even-if-he-contradicts-himself/|title=Bret Baier: Trump Likes Trolling the Left to Watch 'Heads Explode', Even If He Contradicts Himself|work=[[Mediaite]]|date=July 24, 2018|first=Josh|last=Feldman}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/07/magazine/paul-ryan-speakership-end-trump.html|title=This Is the Way Paul Ryan's Speakership Ends|first=Mark|last=Leibovich|author-link=Mark Leibovich|date=August 7, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.<ref name=Cillizza-160614/> ''New York Times'' writer [[Amy Chozick]] wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance, which enthralls the public and creates "can't miss" reality television-type coverage, was politically beneficial for him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/29/sunday-review/trump-2020-reality-tv.html|title=Why Trump Will Win a Second Term|last=Chozick|first=Amy|author-link=Amy Chozick|date=September 29, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref>
As a candidate and as president, Trump frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the [[enemy of the people]]."<ref>{{cite news|first1=Marc|last1=Hetherington|author-link1=Marc Hetherington |first2=Jonathan M.|last2=Ladd|title=Destroying trust in the media, science, and government has left America vulnerable to disaster|date=May 1, 2020|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/05/01/destroying-trust-in-the-media-science-and-government-has-left-america-vulnerable-to-disaster/|publisher=Brookings Institution}}</ref> In 2018, journalist [[Lesley Stahl]] recounted Trump's saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."<ref>{{cite news|last=Thomsen|first=Jacqueline|title='60 Minutes' correspondent: Trump said he attacks the press so no one believes negative coverage|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/388855-60-minutes-correspondent-trump-said-he-attacks-the-press-so-no-one|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=May 23, 2018}}</ref>
As president, Trump privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/index.html|title=Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'|first1=Brian|last1=Stelter|author-link1=Brian Stelter|first2=Kaitlan|last2=Collins|author-link2=Kaitlan Collins|work=[[CNN Money]]|access-date=May 9, 2018}}</ref> His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.<ref name="auto2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/30/business/media/trump-media-2019.html|title=After Another Year of Trump Attacks, 'Ominous Signs' for the American Press|first=Michael M.|last=Grynbaum|date=December 30, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/20/as-a-foreign-reporter-visiting-the-us-i-was-stunned-by-trumps-press-conference|title=As a foreign reporter visiting the US I was stunned by Trump's press conference|last=Taylor|first=Lenore|author-link=Lenore Taylor|date=September 20, 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref> The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.<ref name="auto2"/>
As president, Trump deployed the legal system to intimidate the press.<ref name="Atlantic_Press">{{cite news|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=March 11, 2020|first1=Joshua A.|last1=Geltzer|first2=Neal K.|last2=Katyal|title=The True Danger of the Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuits|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/true-danger-trump-campaigns-libel-lawsuits/607753/|access-date=October 1, 2020}}</ref> In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued ''The New York Times'', ''The Washington Post'', and CNN for alleged defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[NPR]]|date=March 3, 2020|first=David|last=Folkenflik|author-link=David Folkenflik|title=Trump 2020 Sues 'Washington Post,' Days After 'N.Y. Times' Defamation Suit|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/03/811735554/trump-2020-sues-washington-post-days-after-ny-times-defamation-suit}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Fox News Channel]]|date=March 6, 2020|first1=Brian|last1=Flood|first2=Brooke|last2=Singman|title=Trump campaign sues CNN over 'false and defamatory' statements, seeks millions in damages|url=https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-campaign-sues-cnn-false-defamatory-statements-millions-damages.amp}}</ref> Legal experts said that the lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed.<ref name="Atlantic_Press"/><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|date=March 8, 2020|first=Justin|last=Wise|title=Trump escalates fight against press with libel lawsuits|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/486273-trump-escalates-fight-against-press-with-libel-lawsuits|access-date=October 1, 2020}}</ref> By March 2021, the lawsuits against ''The New York Times'' and CNN had been dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darcy |first=Oliver |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/12/media/trump-campaign-cnn-lawsuit-dismissed/index.html |title=Judge dismisses Trump campaign's lawsuit against CNN |work=[[CNN]] |date=November 12, 2020 |access-date=June 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/new-york-times-beats-the-trump-campaigns-defamation-suit-over-russia-editorial/|title=Judge Throws Out Trump Campaign's Defamation Lawsuit Against Mew York Times Over Russia 'Quid Pro Quo' Op-Ed |date=March 10, 2021}}</ref>
=== Racial views ===
{{Main|Racial views of Donald Trump}}
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been considered racist.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|last=Lopez|first=German|title=Donald Trump's long history of racism, from the 1970s to 2019|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump-racist-racism-history|access-date=June 15, 2019|date=February 14, 2019}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/every-moment-donald-trumps-long-complicated-history-race|title=Every moment in Trump's charged relationship with race|date=January 12, 2018|work=[[PBS NewsHour]]|access-date=January 13, 2018}}
* {{cite news|title=A history of Donald Trump's racially charged statements|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/a-history-of-donald-trump-s-racially-charged-statements|access-date=October 3, 2019|work=[[SBS News]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=July 16, 2019}}
* {{cite news|last=Dawsey|first=Josh|author-link=Josh Dawsey|title=Trump's history of making offensive comments about nonwhite immigrants|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 11, 2018|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-attacks-protections-for-immigrants-from-shithole-countries-in-oval-office-meeting/2018/01/11/bfc0725c-f711-11e7-91af-31ac729add94_story.html|access-date=January 11, 2018}}
* {{cite news|title=Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 12, 2018|first=Aubree Eliza|last=Weaver}}
* {{cite news|last1=Stoddard|first1=Ed|last2=Mfula|first2=Chris|title=Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-reaction/africa-calls-trump-racist-after-shithole-remark-idUSKBN1F11VC|access-date=October 1, 2019|work=[[Reuters]]|date=January 12, 2018|quote=African politicians and diplomats labeled U.S. President Donald Trump a racist on Friday.}}</ref> He has repeatedly denied this, asserting: "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/trump-denies-racism-most-americans-dont-believe-him|title=As Trump denies racism, most Americans don't believe him|last=Benen|first=Steve|date=August 1, 2019|work=[[MSNBC]]}}</ref> In national polling, about half of respondents say that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believe that he has emboldened racists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-racist-44-percent-white-americans-poll-survey-new-1007434|title=44 Percent Of White Americans Think Donald Trump Is Racist, New Poll Finds|last=Marcin|first=Tim|date=July 5, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018|work=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://poll.qu.edu/national/release-detail?ReleaseID=2554|title=Harsh Words For U.S. Family Separation Policy, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Voters Have Dim View Of Trump, Dems On Immigration|publisher=[[Quinnipiac University Polling Institute]]|date=July 3, 2018|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=William|last=Cummins|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/07/31/donald-trump-racist-majority-say-quinnipiac-university-poll/1877168001/|title=A majority of voters say President Donald Trump is a racist, Quinnipiac University poll finds|work=[[USA Today]]|date=July 31, 2019}}</ref> Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascent and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Economic Anxiety Didn't Make People Vote Trump, Racism Did|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/economic-anxiety-didnt-make-people-vote-trump-racism-did/|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[The Nation]]|date=May 8, 2017|first1=Sean|last1=McElwee|first2=Jason|last2=McDaniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The past year of research has made it very clear: Trump won because of racial resentment|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/15/16781222/trump-racism-economic-anxiety-study|access-date=January 14, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=December 15, 2017|first=German|last=Lopez}}</ref> Racist and [[Islamophobic]] attitudes are a strong indicator of support for Trump.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lajevardi|first1=Nazita|last2=Oskooii|first2=Kassra A. R.|year=2018|title=Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump|journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics|volume=3|issue=1|pages=112–152|doi=10.1017/rep.2017.37|s2cid=158559765}}</ref>
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.<ref name=Mahler/> He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 [[Central Park jogger case]], even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ransom|first=Jan|title=Trump Will Not Apologize for Calling for Death Penalty Over Central Park Five|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/nyregion/central-park-five-trump.html|access-date=June 29, 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>
Trump relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of [[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|"birther" conspiracy theories]] alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Farley|first=Robert|url=https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/feb/14/donald-trump/donald-trump-says-people-who-went-school-obama-nev/|title=Donald Trump says people who went to school with Obama never saw him|work=[[PolitiFact]]|date=February 14, 2011|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Moody|first=Chris|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-first-speech-to-cpac/index.html|title=Gay conservatives who helped kickstart Trump's GOP career have serious regrets|work=[[CNN]]|date=March 3, 2016|access-date=February 1, 2020}}</ref> In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-takes-credit-for-obama-birth-certificate-release-but-wonders-is-it-real/|title=Trump takes credit for Obama birth certificate release, but wonders 'is it real?'|last=Madison|first=Lucy|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=May 9, 2011|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-history-raising-birther-questions-president-obama/story?id=33861832|title=Donald Trump's History of Raising Birther Questions About President Obama|work=[[ABC News]]|last=Keneally|first=Meghan|date=September 18, 2015|access-date=August 27, 2016}}</ref> In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during [[Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign|her 2008 presidential campaign]].<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Trump Drops False 'Birther' Theory, but Floats a New One: Clinton Started It|first1=Maggie|last1=Haberman|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|first2=Alan|last2=Rappeport|author-link2=Alan Rappeport|date=September 16, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/17/us/politics/donald-trump-birther-obama.html}}</ref> In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|author-link1=Maggie Haberman|last2=Martin|first2=Jonathan|author-link2=Jonathan Martin (journalist)|date=November 28, 2017|title=Trump Once Said the 'Access Hollywood' Tape Was Real. Now He's Not Sure.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/28/us/politics/trump-access-hollywood-tape.html|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
According to an analysis in ''[[Political Science Quarterly]]'', Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schaffner|first1=Brian F.|author-link1=Brian Schaffner|last2=Macwilliams|first2=Matthew|last3=Nteta|first3=Tatishe|title=Understanding White Polarization in the 2016 Vote for President: The Sobering Role of Racism and Sexism|journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]]|date=March 2018|volume=133|issue=1|pages=9–34|doi=10.1002/polq.12737|doi-access=free }}</ref> In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists."<ref>{{cite news|first=Katie|last=Reilly|title=Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico|url=https://time.com/4473972/donald-trump-mexico-meeting-insult/|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=August 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Five Insults Donald Trump Has Fired at Mexicans in the Presidential Race|url=https://news.sky.com/story/five-insults-donald-trump-has-fired-at-mexicans-in-the-presidential-race-10559438|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Sky News]]|date=September 1, 2016}}</ref> His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding [[Trump University]] were also criticized as racist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/08/us/politics/paul-ryan-donald-trump-gonzalo-curiel.html|title=Paul Ryan Calls Donald Trump's Attack on Judge 'Racist', but Still Backs Him|date=June 7, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Jennifer|last1=Steinhauer|author-link1=Jennifer Steinhauer|first2=Jonathan|last2=Martin|author-link2=Jonathan Martin (journalist)|first3=David M.|last3=Herszenhorn|access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref>
[[File:President Trump Gives a Statement on the Infrastructure Discussion.webm|thumb|start=13:11|Trump answers questions from reporters about the [[Unite the Right rally]] in Charlottesville.]]
Trump's comment on the [[Unite the Right rally|2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia]]—that there were "very fine people on both sides"—was widely criticized as implying a [[moral equivalence]] between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters at the rally.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/trump-charlottesville-delay/index.html|title=Trump: 'Both sides' to blame for Charlottesville|last=Merica|first=Dan|date=August 26, 2017|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of American Jews|first=Herbert F.|last=Weisberg|date=2019|page=223|publisher=University of Michigan Press|quote=His creating a moral equivalence between neo-Nazi marchers and those protesting the Charlottesville march further distressed Jews}}</ref><ref name=KruzelCharlottesville>{{Cite web|first=John|last=Kruzel|title=Trump says Lindsey Graham 'lied' about Trump's Charlottesville comments. Did he?|quote=Trump's words drew an implicit moral equivalence between the groups that fell short of a literally saying they were morally equivalent|url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2017/aug/18/trump-says-lindsey-graham-lied-about-trumps-charlo/|date=August 18, 2017|work=PolitiFact}}</ref>
In a January 2018 [[Oval Office]] meeting to discuss immigration legislation, Trump reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/1/11/16880804/trump-shithole-countries-racism|title=Trump's "shithole countries" comment exposes the core of Trumpism|last=Beauchamp|first=Zack|date=January 11, 2018|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=January 11, 2018}}</ref> His remarks were condemned as racist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump's 'shithole' comment denounced across the globe|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926|access-date=January 13, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 12, 2018|first=Aubree Eliza|last=Weaver}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/12/unkind-divisive-elitist-international-outcry-over-trumps-shithole-countries-remark|title='There's no other word but racist': Trump's global rebuke for 'shithole' remark|date=January 13, 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|first1=Patrick|last1=Wintour|author-link1=Patrick Wintour|first2=Jason|last2=Burke|author-link2=Jason Burke|first3=Anna|last3=Livsey|access-date=January 13, 2018}}</ref>
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "[[Go back where you came from|go back]]" to the countries they "came from".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 14, 2019|first1=Katie|last1=Rogers|first2=Nicholas|last2=Fandos|author-link2=Nicholas Fandos|title=Trump Tells Congresswomen to 'Go Back' to the Countries They Came From|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/14/us/politics/trump-twitter-squad-congress.html}}</ref> Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742236610/condemnation-of-president-delayed-by-debate-can-lawmakers-call-trump-tweets-raci|title=House Votes To Condemn Trump's 'Racist Comments'|last=Mak|first=Tim|date=July 16, 2019|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref> [[White nationalist]] publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/white-supremacists-cheer-trump-racist-tweets-soh/index.html|title=Trump said 'many people agree' with his racist tweets. These white supremacists certainly do.|last1=Simon|first1=Mallory|last2=Sidner|first2=Sara|author-link2=Sara Sidner|date=July 16, 2019|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/22/trump-attacks-ilhan-omar-420267|work=[[Politico]]|title='She's telling us how to run our country': Trump again goes after Ilhan Omar's Somali roots|date=September 22, 2020|first=Matthew|last=Choi}}</ref>
=== Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct ===
{{Main|Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations}}
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and on social media. He made lewd comments, demeaned women's looks, and called them names like 'dog', 'crazed, 'crying lowlife', 'face of a pig', or 'horseface'.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Michael D.|last1=Shear|author-link1=Michael D. Shear|first2=Eileen|last2=Sullivan|author-link2=Eileen Sullivan|title='Horseface,' 'Lowlife,' 'Fat, Ugly': How the President Demeans Women|date=October 16, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/16/us/politics/trump-women-insults.html|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ritu|last=Prasad|title=How Trump talks about women – and does it matter?|date=November 29, 2019|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50563106|access-date=August 5, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fieldstadt|first=Elisha|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-consistently-made-lewd-comments-howard-stern-show-n662581|title=Donald Trump Consistently Made Lewd Comments on 'The Howard Stern Show'|work=[[NBC News]]|date=October 9, 2016|access-date=November 27, 2020}}</ref>
In October 2016, two days before the [[2016 United States presidential debates#Second presidential debate (Washington University in St. Louis)|second presidential debate]], a 2005 "[[hot mic]]" [[Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape|recording]] surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything... grab 'em by the [[Pussy#Female genitalia|pussy]]."<ref>{{cite news|last=Timm|first=Jane C.|title=Trump caught on hot mic making lewd comments about women in 2005|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-hot-mic-when-you-re-star-you-can-do-n662116|work=[[NBC News]]|date=October 7, 2016|access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref> The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html|title=Donald Trump Apology Caps Day of Outrage Over Lewd Tape|date=October 7, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 8, 2016|last1=Burns|first1=Alexander|author-link1=Alex Burns (journalist)|last2=Haberman|first2=Maggie|author-link2=Maggie Haberman|last3=Martin|first3=Jonathan|author-link3=Jonathan Martin (journalist)}}</ref> and caused outrage across the political spectrum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/299895-kaine-on-lewd-trump-tapes-makes-me-sick-to-my-stomach|title=Kaine on lewd Trump tapes: 'Makes me sick to my stomach'|last=Hagen|first=Lisa|date=October 7, 2016|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=October 8, 2016}}</ref>
At least twenty-six women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct {{as of|2020|09|lc=y}}, including his then-wife Ivana. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked women.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Libby|last2=McGann|first2=Laura|title=E. Jean Carroll joins at least 21 other women in publicly accusing Trump of sexual assault or misconduct|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/21/18701098/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-rape-e-jean-carroll|access-date=June 25, 2019|date=June 21, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rupar|first=Aaron|title=Trump faces a new allegation of sexually assaulting a woman at Mar-a-Lago|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/9/20906567/trump-karen-johnson-sexual-assault-mar-a-lago-barry-levine-monique-el-faizy-book|access-date=April 27, 2020|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=October 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Osborne|first=Lucy|date=September 17, 2020|title='It felt like tentacles': the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/amy-dorris-donald-trump-women-who-accuse-sexual-misconduct|access-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears," and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/14/us/politics/donald-trump-women.html|title=Donald Trump Calls Allegations by Women 'False Smears'|last1=Healy|first1=Patrick|last2=Rappeport|first2=Alan|author-link2=Alan Rappeport|date=October 13, 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 13, 2016}}</ref>
=== Allegations of inciting violence ===
Research suggests Trump's rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/7d0949974b1648a2bb592cab1f85aa16|title=Trump words linked to more hate crime? Some experts think so|last1=Kunzelman|first1=Michael|last2=Galvan|first2=Astrid|date=August 7, 2019|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/03/22/trumps-rhetoric-does-inspire-more-hate-crimes/|title=Analysis | Counties that hosted a 2016 Trump rally saw a 226 percent increase in hate crimes|work=[[The Washington Post]]|first1=Ayal|last1=Feinberg|first2=Regina|last2=Branton|first3=Valerie|last3=Martinez-Ebers}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Social Science Research Network]]|last1=Rushin|first1=Stephen|last2=Edwards|first2=Griffin Sims|date=January 14, 2018|title=The Effect of President Trump's Election on Hate Crimes|ssrn=3102652}}</ref> During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/4203094/donald-trump-hecklers/|title=Donald Trump Tells Crowd To "Knock the Crap Out Of" Hecklers|last=White|first=Daniel|date=February 1, 2016|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoerner/trump-gianforte-congressman-assault-journalist-montana|title=Trump Thinks It's Totally Cool That A Congressman Assaulted A Journalist For Asking A Question|last=Koerner|first=Claudia|date=October 18, 2018|work=[[BuzzFeed News]]|access-date=August 9, 2019}}</ref> Since then, some defendants prosecuted for hate crimes or violent acts cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/08/donald-trump-domestic-terrorism-el-paso|title="The President of the United States Says It's Okay": The Rise of the Trump Defense|last=Tracy|first=Abigail|date=August 8, 2019|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> In May 2020, a nationwide review by ABC News identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence by mostly white men against mostly members of minority groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/blame-abc-news-finds-17-cases-invoking-trump/story?id=58912889|title='No Blame?' ABC News finds 54 cases invoking 'Trump' in connection with violence, threats, alleged assaults.|date=May 30, 2020|first=Mike|last=Levine|work=[[ABC News]]|access-date=February 4, 2021}}</ref> On January 13, 2021, the House of Representatives impeached Trump for incitement of insurrection for his actions prior to the storming of the U.S. Capitol by a violent mob of his supporters<ref name=SecondImpeachment/> who acted in his name.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-rioters-testimony/2021/01/16/01b3d5c6-575b-11eb-a931-5b162d0d033d_story.html|title='Trump said to do so': Accounts of rioters who say the president spurred them to rush the Capitol could be pivotal testimony|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 16, 2021|first1=Rosalind S.|last1=Helderman|first2=Spencer S.|last2=Hsu|first3=Rachel|last3=Weine}}</ref>
=== Popular culture ===
{{Main|Donald Trump in popular culture|Donald Trump in music}}
Trump has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature. He has been parodied regularly on [[Saturday Night Live parodies of Donald Trump|''Saturday Night Live'']] by [[Phil Hartman]], [[Darrell Hammond]], and [[Alec Baldwin]], and on ''[[South Park]]'' via [[Mr. Garrison]]'s presidency. Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] lyrics since the 1980s; he was named in hundreds of songs, most often with a positive tone.<ref name=538-hiphop>{{cite news|url=https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/clinton-trump-hip-hop-lyrics|title=Hip-Hop Is Turning On Donald Trump|work=[[FiveThirtyEight]]|date=July 14, 2016|first=Allison|last=McCann}}</ref> Mentions of Trump in hip-hop largely turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.<ref name=538-hiphop/>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== Works cited ===
<!-- This section is ONLY for books that are cited in footnotes of this Wikipedia article. -->
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|title=The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015b|orig-year=2001|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00mitc|url-access=registration|title=Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle for an American Icon|last=Pacelle|first=Mitchell|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-471-23865-2}}
* {{cite book|title=Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Kranish|last2=Fisher|first2=Marc|author-link2=Marc Fisher|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2017|orig-year=2016|isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6|title-link=Trump Revealed}}
* {{cite book|title=Trumped!|last1=O'Donnell|first1=John R.|last2=Rutherford|first2=James|publisher=Crossroad Press Trade Edition|year=1991|isbn=978-1-946025-26-5|title-link=Trumped! (book)}}
* {{cite book|title=Too Much and Never Enough|last=Trump|first=Mary L.|author-link=Mary L. Trump|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=2020|isbn=978-1-982141-46-2|title-link=Too Much and Never Enough}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIPOonZnkDEC|title=Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV|last=Wooten|first=Sara|publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7660-2890-6}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Library resources box|by=yes}}
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* [https://www.thetrumparchive.com/ Archive of Donald Trump's Tweets] <!-- DO NOT CHANGE without prior consensus; see [[Talk:Donald Trump#Current consensus]], item 9. --> <!-- Link of his suspended Twitter account: [https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump Donald Trump] on Twitter (personal account, permanently suspended as of January 8, 2021) -->
* [https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news Trump's news blog]
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607230 Donald Trump] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/donald-trump Donald Trump collected news and commentary] from ''[[The New York Times]]''
* {{C-SPAN|20967}}
* [https://archive.org/details/trumparchive Donald Trump] on the [[Internet Archive]]
* [https://interviews.televisionacademy.com/people/donald-j-trump Talking About Donald Trump] at [[The Interviews: An Oral History of Television]]
* [https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/donald-j-trump/ Donald Trump's page on WhiteHouse.gov]
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All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
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289 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/tracking-deregulation-in-the-trump-era/',
290 => 'https://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-first-congressional-review-act-disapproval-resolution-16-years',
291 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html',
292 => 'https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284',
293 => 'https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations',
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296 => 'https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/331937-house-passes-obamacare-repeal',
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305 => '//www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660',
306 => 'https://www.politifact.com/health-check/statements/2020/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-claim-he-saved-pre-ex-conditions-part-fanta/',
307 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/26/us/politics/obamacare-trump-administration-supreme-court.html',
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309 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/us/politics/medicare-trump.html',
310 => 'https://www.npr.org/2020/10/29/927859091/opioid-crisis-critics-say-trump-fumbled-response-to-another-deadly-epidemic',
311 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/',
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315 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/',
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317 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/marijuana/sns-tft-trump-anti-marijuana-stance-20200221-jfdx4urbb5bhrf6ldtfpxleopi-story.html',
318 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/politics/donald-trump-police-officers-death-penalty/',
319 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/14/supreme-court-federal-execution-injunction-360490',
320 => 'https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-wildlife-coronavirus-pandemic-crime-terre-haute-28e44cc5c026dc16472751bbde0ead50',
321 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture',
322 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/video/ted-cruz-donald-trump-advocate-bringing-back-waterboarding-36764410',
323 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951?journalCode=ujic20',
324 => '//doi.org/10.1080%2F08850607.2019.1660951',
325 => 'https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213244706',
326 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-issues-26-more-pardons-including-to-paul-manafort-roger-stone-11608769926',
327 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-pardon-power-russia-probe-mueller/2020/12/24/c55000c8-45fd-11eb-b0e4-0f182923a025_story.html',
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329 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/03/09/592440282/trump-pardons-ex-navy-sailor-sentenced-for-photos-of-submarine',
330 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/13/president-trump-plans-to-pardon-former-cheney-chief-of-staff-scooter-libby.html',
331 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-offers-pardon-to-conservative-pundit-dinesh-dsouza-for-campaign-finance-violations/2018/05/31/b4939a08-64d5-11e8-a768-ed043e33f1dc_story.html',
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335 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/18/us/politics/trump-pardon-debartolo.html',
336 => 'https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2020/2/18/20792391/rod-blagojevich-trump-clemency-illinois-governor-patti',
337 => 'https://www.npr.org/2020/12/23/949820820/trump-pardons-roger-stone-paul-manafort-and-charles-kushner',
338 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/20/us/politics/trump-pardons.html',
339 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/barr-personally-ordered-removal-of-protesters-near-white-house-leading-to-use-of-force-against-largely-peaceful-crowd/2020/06/02/0ca2417c-a4d5-11ea-b473-04905b1af82b_story.html',
340 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/02/timeline-clearing-lafayette-square/',
341 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/national-guard-troops-deployed-white-house-trump-calls/story?id=71004151',
342 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/03/us/politics/trump-protests.html',
343 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/religious-leaders-condemn-gassing-protesters-to-clear-street-for-trump-192800782.html',
344 => 'https://apnews.com/article/252914f8a989a740544be6d4992d044c',
345 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/11/pentagons-top-general-apologizes-appearing-alongside-trump-lafayette-square/',
346 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-37243269',
347 => 'https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807',
348 => 'https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution',
349 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/08/08/trump-immigrants-rhetoric-criticized-el-paso-dayton-shootings/1936742001/',
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352 => 'https://thehill.com/policy/defense/427519-pentagon-to-send-a-few-thousand-more-troops-to-southern-border',
353 => 'https://apnews.com/article/e069e5a84057752a8535b1abe5d2ba6d',
354 => 'https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/04/donald-trump-has-cut-refugee-admissions-to-america-to-a-record-low',
355 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/01/us/politics/trump-refugees.html',
356 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/11/trump-refugee-decrease-immigration-044186',
357 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting',
358 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/06/25/trump-now-says-muslim-ban-only-applies-to-those-from-terrorism-heavy-countries/',
359 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39183153',
360 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump',
361 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/legal-feud-over-trump-immigration-order-turns-to-visa-revocations-1486153216',
362 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-court-idUSKBN16M17N',
363 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-travel-ban-supreme-court-20170626-story.html',
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365 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-immigration/supreme-court-lets-trumps-latest-travel-ban-go-into-full-effect-idUSKBN1DY2NY',
366 => 'https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-travel-ban/index.html',
367 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/US/trump-administration-unsure-thousands-migrant-families-separated-originally/story?id=60797633',
368 => 'https://apnews.com/article/c654e652a4674cf19304a4a4ff599feb',
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372 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/donald-trump-s-family-separations-bedevil-gop-as-public-outrage-grows-20180618-p4zm9h.html',
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375 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/us/politics/trump-democrats-immigrant-families.html',
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378 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/06/27/politics/family-separation-federal-judge-personal-property-comment/index.html',
379 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/27/us-immigration-must-reunite-families-separated-at-border-federal-judge-rules',
380 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats',
381 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html',
382 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/us/politics/trump-congress-shutdown.html',
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384 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-has-wide-impact-numbers/2666872002/',
385 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html',
386 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html',
387 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/466313-senate-fails-to-override-trumps-emergency-declaration-veto',
388 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-judge-blocks-trump-administration-from-using-pentagon-funds-for-wall/',
389 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649',
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391 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2019/01/08/trump-wall-concept-timeline/2503855002/',
392 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-01-21/defense-department-pauses-border-wall-construction-to-review-bidens-executive-order',
393 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/',
394 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/opinions/donald-trump-speech-amanpour/',
395 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/world/europe/germany-troop-withdrawal-america.html',
396 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/03/21/donald-trump-reveals-foreign-policy-team-in-meeting-with-the-washington-post/',
397 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/23/opinion/trump-foreign-policy-america-first.html',
398 => 'https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/10/01/can-u.s.-democracy-policy-survive-trump-pub-77381',
399 => 'https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy',
400 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/business/economy/trump-european-union-trade.html',
401 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/26/world/europe/nato-trump-spending.html',
402 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/us/politics/nato-president-trump.html',
403 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-signs-110-billion-arms-deal-saudi-arabia/story?id=47531180',
404 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-idUSKBN1GW2CA',
405 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-whitehouse-idUSKBN1GX1PP',
406 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-tells-saudi-arabia-oil-attacks-were-launched-from-iran-11568644126',
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408 => 'https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-how-trump-and-netanyahu-became-each-other-s-most-effective-political-weapon-1.7569757',
409 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973',
410 => 'https://www.npr.org/2019/03/25/706588932/trump-formally-recognizes-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights?t=1617622343037',
411 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/21/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-united-nations.html',
412 => 'https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/22/outcry-as-trump-backs-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights',
413 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/up-to-1000-more-us-troops-could-be-headed-to-afghanistan-this-spring/2018/01/21/153930b6-fd1b-11e7-a46b-a3614530bd87_story.html',
414 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/20/world/asia/trump-afghanistan-strategy-mattis.html',
415 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/afghanistan-us-taliban-peace-deal-signing/2020/02/29/b952fb04-5a67-11ea-8efd-0f904bdd8057_story.html',
416 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/29/world/asia/us-taliban-deal.html',
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418 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-39529605',
419 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-strikes-syria-after-suspected-chemical-attack-by-assad-regime',
420 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/19/us/politics/trump-syria-turkey-troop-withdrawal.html',
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423 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/bolton-promises-no-troop-withdrawal-from-syria-until-isis-contained-kurds-safety-guaranteed/2019/01/06/ee219bba-11c5-11e9-b6ad-9cfd62dbb0a8_story.html',
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425 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/house-condemns-trumps-syria-pull-out-000286',
426 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/us/politics/house-vote-trump-syria.html',
427 => 'https://apnews.com/article/cead755353a1455bbef08ef289448994/Trump-decides-to-exit-nuclear-accord-with-Iran',
428 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/world/middleeast/trump-iran-nuclear-deal.html',
429 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/despite-us-pressure-europeans-remain-united-russia-china-preserve-iran-nuclear-deal-1529024',
430 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/iran-trump-michael-flynn-on-notice',
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434 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/02/world/middleeast/qassem-soleimani-iraq-iran-attack.html',
435 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/trump-tweets-international-law-200107064935688.html',
436 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/10/world/middleeast/missile-iran-plane-crash.html',
437 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1UX1WO',
438 => 'https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy',
439 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-11/how-china-won-trump-s-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war',
440 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/',
441 => 'https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-did-donald-trumps-trade-war-china-fail',
442 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/24/economy/us-china-trade-war-intl-hnk/index.html',
443 => 'https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/trump-china-trade-deal-exports-failed-spectacularly/',
444 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-s-economic-legacy-trade-wars-tariffs-tax-breaks-n1254716',
445 => 'https://reason.com/2021/01/19/trump-promised-a-good-and-easy-to-win-trade-war-then-lost-it/',
446 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-protectionist-failure-11614709570',
447 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2019/05/21/huawei-why-facing-sanctions-and-who-get-hurt-most/3750738002/',
448 => 'https://time.com/5600299/donald-trump-china-trade-war-students/',
449 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/trade-war-china-responds-to-us-after-claim-of-being-a-currency-manipulator.html',
450 => 'https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/22025453/trump-praises-chinas-xis-trade-speech-easing-tariff-tensions',
451 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/amid-trade-war-trump-drops-pretense-of-friendship-with-chinas-xi-jinping-calls-him-an-enemy/2019/08/23/2063e80e-c5bb-11e9-b5e4-54aa56d5b7ce_story.html',
452 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/a4529344-6808-4f33-902e-4fc47218df56',
453 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/trump-china-coronavirus-188736',
454 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-china-idUSKBN2153N5',
455 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53138833',
456 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/09/world/asia/trump-china-sanctions-uighurs.html',
457 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/12/21/what-made-north-koreas-weapons-programs-so-much-scarier-in-2017/',
458 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-crisis-how-events-have-unfolded-under-trump-n753996',
459 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/19/donald-trump-threatens-totally-destroy-north-korea-un-speech',
460 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-s-kim-jong-un-calls-president-trump-frightened-n803631',
461 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/transcripts-kim-jong-un-letters-trump/index.html',
462 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/kim-jong-un-trump-letters-rage-book/index.html',
463 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/30/world/asia/trump-north-korea-dmz.html',
464 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/22/world/asia/north-korea-sanctions.html',
465 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/asia/korea-nuclear-trump-kim.html',
466 => 'https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-us-news-ap-top-news-north-korea-vietnam-c66474b67b3e41cdad6d21ba3385ddc2',
467 => 'https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-28/four-ways-kim-jong-un-got-more-dangerous-under-trump-sanctions',
468 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-kim-north-korea-nuclear/2020/09/30/2b7305c8-032b-11eb-b7ed-141dd88560ea_story.html',
469 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/10/world/europe/putin-trump-embassy-russia.html',
470 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223',
471 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50875935',
472 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/26/politics/us-expel-russian-diplomats/index.html',
473 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions/bid-to-keep-u-s-sanctions-on-russias-rusal-fails-in-senate-idUSKCN1PA2JB',
474 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/16/rare-rebuke-trump-administration-some-gop-lawmakers-advance-measure-oppose-lifting-russian-sanctions/',
475 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-claims-crimea-is-part-of-russia-since-people-speak-russian-g7-summit-2018-6',
476 => 'https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-mark-levin-coronavirus-pandemic-hacking-6080f156125a4a46edef2a6dcf826611',
477 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/20/trump-us-nuclear-arms-treaty-russia',
478 => 'https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2019-09/news/us-completes-inf-treaty-withdrawal',
479 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44830012',
480 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/',
481 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/congress-reaction-trump-putin-comments/index.html',
482 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/us/politics/jeff-sessions-donald-trump-attorney-general.html',
483 => 'https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38141686',
484 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-has-chosen-retired-marine-gen-james-mattis-for-secretary-of-defense/2016/12/01/6c6b3b74-aff9-11e6-be1c-8cec35b1ad25_story.html',
485 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/12/us/politics/rex-tillerson-secretary-of-state-trump.html',
486 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/05/us/politics/ben-carson-housing-urban-development-trump.html',
487 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/sc-gov-nikki-haley-tapped-to-be-trumps-un-ambassador/2016/11/23/c1395cb6-b144-11e6-8616-52b15787add0_story.html',
488 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-12-28/trumps-white-house-has-highest-turnover-rate-in-40-years',
489 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/395222-ap-trump-admin-sets-record-for-white-house-turnover',
490 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-white-house-sets-turnover-records-analysis-shows-n888396',
491 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591372397/white-house-staff-turnover-was-already-record-setting-then-more-advisers-left',
492 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/research/tracking-turnover-in-the-trump-administration/',
493 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump.html',
494 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/19/politics/trump-mulvaney-bolton-hiring/index.html',
495 => 'https://www.npr.org/2020/03/06/766025774/mick-mulvaney-out-as-white-house-chief-of-staff',
496 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/politics/reince-priebus-white-house-trump.html',
497 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/09/04/trump-gen-john-kelly-couldnt-handle-pressure-chief-staff/5720974002/',
498 => 'https://theweek.com/speedreads/698368/president-trump-just-completely-contradicted-official-white-house-account-comey-firing',
499 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-asked-comey-to-drop-flynn-investigation-according-to-memo-written-by-former-fbi-director-1494974774',
500 => 'https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf',
501 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/us/politics/james-comey-statement-testimony.html',
502 => 'https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-incredibly-and-historically-unstable-first-year-of-trumps-cabinet/',
503 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/07/05/594078923/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa',
504 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-ryan-zinke-resigns-interior-secretary-20181215-story.html',
505 => 'https://www.npr.org/2017/10/12/557122200/trump-leaves-top-administration-positions-unfilled-says-hollow-government-by-des',
506 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/',
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508 => 'https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/oct/02/donald-trump/fact-check-why-barack-obama-failed-fill-over-100-j/',
509 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/26/trumps-200th-judicial-appointment-less-than-meets-the-eye/',
510 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/24/us/trump-senate-judges-wilson.html',
511 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/01/13/how-trump-compares-with-other-recent-presidents-in-appointing-federal-judges/',
512 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/14/us/trump-appeals-court-judges.html',
513 => 'https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/trump-and-mcconnells-overwhelmingly-white-male-judicial-appointments',
514 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/neil-gorsuch-confirmed-supreme-court-after-senate-uses-nuclear-option-n743766',
515 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/06/us/politics/brett-kavanaugh-supreme-court.html',
516 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/us/politics/senate-confirms-barrett.html?searchResultPosition=1',
517 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/supreme-court-nominee-gorsuch-says-trumps-attacks-on-judiciary-are-demoralizing/2017/02/08/64e03fe2-ee3f-11e6-9662-6eedf1627882_story.html',
518 => 'https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/his-own-words-presidents-attacks-courts',
519 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/08/judge-says-trump-violates-democratic-norms-judiciary-speech/',
520 => 'https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020',
521 => 'https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019',
522 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092802',
523 => '//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2001191',
524 => '//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32004427',
525 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-declared-public-health-emergency-in-us',
526 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/',
527 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54094559',
528 => 'https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-woodward-book-09-09-2020/h_5bb44945ec0cf0eba9cdd92ab28fde3c',
529 => 'https://apnews.com/article/908d7a004c316baceb916112c0a35ed0',
530 => 'https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-19/coronavirus-outbreak-president-trump-slow-response',
531 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/11/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-response.html',
532 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/us-intelligence-reports-trump-coronavirus/index.html',
533 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/09/global-stock-markets-post-biggest-falls-since-2008-financial-crisis',
534 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/coronavirus-trump-vaccine-rhetoric-121796',
535 => 'https://khn.org/news/donald-trumps-wrong-claim-that-anybody-can-get-tested-for-coronavirus/',
536 => 'https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/trump-signs-billion-emergency-funding-package-fight-coronavirus-legislation-covid19-020-3-1028972206',
537 => 'https://www.thelocal.dk/20200312/trump-imposes-travel-ban-from-europe-over-coronavirus-outbreak',
538 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-address.html',
539 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html',
540 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/politics/trump-usaid-prevent-program-coronavirus/index.html',
541 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/health/predict-usaid-viruses.html',
542 => 'https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection',
543 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/health/predict-pandemic-usaid.html',
544 => 'https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/trump-immigration-executive-order-200423185402661.html',
545 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/18/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-response-failure-leadership.html',
546 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/',
547 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-briefing.html',
548 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-malaria-drug.html',
549 => 'https://time.com/5812588/donald-trump-coronavirus-briefings-message-campaign/',
550 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/17/politics/fact-check-trump-always-knew-pandemic-coronavirus/index.html',
551 => 'https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus',
552 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/who-langauge-stigmatizing-coronavirus-trump-chinese-1493172',
553 => 'https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/488311-us-china-relationship-worsens-over-coronavirus',
554 => 'https://apnews.com/article/58f1b869354970689d55ccae37c540f3',
555 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/16/more-news-outlets-are-bailing-trumps-coronavirus-briefings/',
556 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52407177',
557 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/05/white-house-coronavirus-taskforce-winding-down-why',
558 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52563577',
559 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/06/politics/trump-task-force-vaccine/index.html',
560 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/28/politics/donald-trump-coronavirus-task-force/index.html',
561 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786',
562 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2020/07/07/politics/us-withdrawing-world-health-organization/index.html',
563 => 'https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53327906',
564 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-threatens-defund-world-health-organization/610030/',
565 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/04/08/why-exactly-is-president-trump-lashing-out-world-health-organization/',
566 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/14/trump-says-us-would-have-half-the-number-of-coronavirus-cases-if-it-did-half-the-testing.html',
567 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/23/trumps-right-that-with-less-testing-we-record-fewer-cases-fact-thats-already-happening/',
568 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/26/cdc-quietly-revises-coronavirus-guidance-to-downplay-importance-of-testing-for-asymptomatic-people.html',
569 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/25/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html',
570 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/26/politics/cdc-coronavirus-testing-guidance/index.html',
571 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/world/covid-19-coronavirus.html#link-3392d8f0',
572 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/18/health/covid-19-testing-guidance-cdc-hhs/index.html',
573 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions',
574 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/us/protests-coronavirus-stay-home-orders/index.html',
575 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-governors.html',
576 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/493701-trump-support-for-protests-threatens-to-undermine-social-distancing',
577 => 'https://apnews.com/article/a031d395d414ffa655fdc65e6760d6a0',
578 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/18/trump-reopening-economy-193885',
579 => 'https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/trump-finally-wears-a-face-mask-in-public-covid-19.html',
580 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/25/trumps-dumbfounding-refusal-encourage-wearing-masks/',
581 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/07/06/trump-throws-caution-wind-coronavirus/',
582 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/05/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-factcheck.html',
583 => 'https://www.npr.org/2020/07/07/888157257/white-house-pushes-to-reopen-schools-despite-a-surge-in-coronavirus-cases',
584 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/15/hydroxychloroquine-authorization-revoked-coronavirus/',
585 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/12/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-treatment-vaccine.html',
586 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809',
587 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/12/trump-control-over-cdc-reports/',
588 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/22/trump-without-evidence-accuses-deep-state-fda-slow-walking-coronavirus-vaccines-treatments/',
589 => 'https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/02/politics/timeline-trump-coronavirus/index.html',
590 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813',
591 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201004210646/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-didnt-disclose-first-positive-covid-19-test-while-awaiting-a-second-test-on-thursday-11601844813',
592 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-walter-reed-discharge-mask/2020/10/05/91edbe9a-071a-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html',
593 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/warning-signs-flash-trump-wisconsin-pandemic-response-fuels-disapproval-n1232646',
594 => 'https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-biden-enter-a-contentious-stage-in-the-presidential-race-11599485222',
595 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/deep-skepticism-trumps-coronavirus-response-endures-poll/story?id=72974847',
596 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-us-rounding-turn-covid-trump-claims-1542145',
597 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-record/u-s-reports-world-record-of-more-than-100000-covid-19-cases-in-single-day-idUSKBN27G07S',
598 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/13/us/politics/trump-investigations.html',
599 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/publisher-of-the-national-enquirer-admits-to-hush-money-payments-made-on-trumps-behalf/2018/12/12/ebf24b76-fe49-11e8-83c0-b06139e540e5_story.html',
600 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/08/21/how-the-campaign-finance-charges-against-michael-cohen-may-implicate-trump',
601 => 'https://apnews.com/article/74aaf72511d64fceb1d64529207bde64',
602 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/trump-stormy-daniels-payment-444133',
603 => 'http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2018/08/22/trump-insists-learned-michael-cohen-payments-later-on-in-fox-friends-exclusive.html',
604 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/federal-prosecutors-recommend-substantial-prison-term-for-former-trump-lawyer-michael-cohen/2018/12/07/e144f248-f7f3-11e8-8c9a-860ce2a8148f_story.html',
605 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cohen/documents-detail-trump-teams-efforts-to-arrange-payment-to-porn-star-idUSKCN1UD18D',
606 => 'https://apnews.com/article/2d4138abfd0b4e71a63c94d3203e435a',
607 => 'https://apnews.com/article/0543a381b39a42d09c27567274477983',
608 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/01/nyregion/trump-cohen-stormy-daniels-vance.html',
609 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/nyregion/trump-tax-returns-cy-vance.html',
610 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/us/politics/trump-russia-intelligence-agencies-cia-fbi-nsa.html',
611 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/06/us/politics/document-russia-hacking-report-intelligence-agencies.html',
612 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/',
613 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack',
614 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/03/03/the-web-of-relationships-between-team-trump-and-russia/',
615 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/08/19/paul-manaforts-complicated-ties-to-ukraine-explained/',
616 => 'https://theintercept.com/2019/01/26/roger-stone-made-his-name-as-a-dirty-trickster-but-the-trump-russia-coverup-may-finally-bring-him-down/',
617 => 'https://time.com/4433880/donald-trump-ties-to-russia/',
618 => 'https://thehill.com/policy/national-security/335035-nyt-russians-discussed-using-manafort-flynn-to-influence-trump',
619 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/we-still-dont-know-what-happened-between-trump-and-russia/602116/',
620 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106',
621 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/',
622 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-told-russian-officials-in-2017-he-wasnt-concerned-about-moscows-interference-in-us-election/2019/09/27/b20a8bc8-e159-11e9-b199-f638bf2c340f_story.html',
623 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/22/us/politics/ukraine-russia-interference.html',
624 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-crowdstrike-ukraine-server-conspiracy-theory-60-minutes-2020-02-16/',
625 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/30/us/politics/trump-russia-justice-department.html',
626 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/us/politics/robert-mueller-special-counsel-russia-investigation.html',
627 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/06/15/the-president-is-under-investigation-for-obstruction-of-justice-how-did-we-get-here/',
628 => 'https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/03/mueller-investigation-spreads-to-qatar-israel-uae-china-turkey.html',
629 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/01/11/trump-and-the-white-house-have-denied-russian-collusion-more-than-140-times/',
630 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/10/us/politics/trump-sought-to-fire-mueller-in-december.html',
631 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-sessions-twitter-stop-rigged-witch-hunt/story?id=56962100',
632 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/robert-mueller-submits-special-counsels-russia-probe-report-to-attorney-general-william-barr.html',
633 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/mueller-complained-that-barrs-letter-did-not-capture-context-of-trump-probe/2019/04/30/d3c8fdb6-6b7b-11e9-a66d-a82d3f3d96d5_story.html',
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646 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/attorney-general-to-provide-overview-of-mueller-report-at-news-conference-before-its-release/2019/04/17/8dcc9440-54b9-11e9-814f-e2f46684196e_story.html',
647 => 'https://www.factcheck.org/2019/04/what-the-mueller-report-says-about-obstruction/',
648 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/',
649 => 'https://apnews.com/article/35829a2b010248f193d1efd00c4de7e5',
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659 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/whistleblower-complaint-released/index.html',
660 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/24/donald-trump-ukraine-military-aid-1509070',
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662 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/24/us/politics/democrats-impeachment-trump.html',
663 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/transcript-trump-call-ukraine-includes-talk-giuliani-barr/story?id=65848768',
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667 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/house-judiciary-committee-set-vote-trump-impeachment-articles/story?id=67706093',
668 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196',
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676 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/22/us/politics/trump-disloyalty-turnover.html',
677 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170202210255/http://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election',
678 => 'https://www.azfamily.com/story/34380443/trump-breaks-precedent-files-on-first-day-as-candidate-for-re-election',
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698 => 'https://abcnews.go.com/Elections/2020-us-presidential-election-results-live-map',
699 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/14/us/elections/electoral-college-results.html',
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731 => 'https://www.npr.org/sections/trump-impeachment-effort-live-updates/2021/01/11/955631105/impeachment-resolution-cites-trumps-incitement-of-capitol-insurrection',
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751 => 'https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/02/18/how-the-right-co-opted-fake-news',
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753 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/03/trump-says-hell-appropriate-the-big-lie-to-refer-to-his-election-loss/',
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767 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-barack-obama-tie-2019-most-admired-man-gallup-2019-12',
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770 => 'https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/09/15/us-image-plummets-internationally-as-most-say-country-has-handled-coronavirus-badly/',
771 => 'https://static.c-span.org/assets/documents/presidentSurvey/2021+Press+Release.pdf',
772 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/',
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774 => 'https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/16/technology/twitter-donald-trump-jack-dorsey.html',
775 => 'https://apnews.com/article/twitter-donald-trump-ban-cea450b1f12f4ceb8984972a120018d5',
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788 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-joins-video-platform-rumble-ahead-ohio-rally-2021-06-26/',
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793 => 'https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html',
794 => 'https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-10/Taksdal%20Skjeseth,%20All%20the%20President's%20Lies%20-%20Media%20Coverage%20of%20lies%20in%20the%20US%20and%20France.pdf',
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805 => 'https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/the-perils-of-calling-trump-a-liar-214704',
806 => 'https://apnews.com/article/88675d3fdd674c7c9ec70f170f6e4a1a/News-media-hesitate-to-use-'lie'-for-Trump's-misstatements',
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95 => 'https://apnews.com/article/a031d395d414ffa655fdc65e6760d6a0',
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97 => 'https://apnews.com/article/c654e652a4674cf19304a4a4ff599feb',
98 => 'https://apnews.com/article/cead755353a1455bbef08ef289448994/Trump-decides-to-exit-nuclear-accord-with-Iran',
99 => 'https://apnews.com/article/dd93ecd3cafc5df88a8f9f4a61693b07',
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107 => 'https://apnews.com/article/mt-state-wire-climate-ap-top-news-climate-change-ca-state-wire-2b44ced0e892d7e988e40a486d875b5d',
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165 => 'https://fortune.com/2016/03/10/trump-hotel-casinos-pay-failure/',
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189 => 'https://money.cnn.com/2018/05/09/media/president-trump-press-credentials/index.html',
190 => 'https://musicbrainz.org/artist/13dc1600-baca-4aaf-beee-fb000b66ae24',
191 => 'https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/lara-and-eric-trump-welcome-second-child',
192 => 'https://newrepublic.com/article/123228/how-donald-trump-evolved-joke-almost-serious-candidate',
193 => 'https://news.gallup.com/poll/1678/most-admired-man-woman.aspx',
194 => 'https://news.gallup.com/poll/328637/last-trump-job-approval-average-record-low.aspx',
195 => 'https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1899&dat=19880527&id=LiEgAAAAIBAJ&pg=5053,3823442',
196 => 'https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/03/how-trump-is-changing-science-environment',
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198 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/religious-leaders-condemn-gassing-protesters-to-clear-street-for-trump-192800782.html',
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202 => 'https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/07/trump-finally-wears-a-face-mask-in-public-covid-19.html',
203 => 'https://pbs.twimg.com/media/ESsA5nTXYAA562e?format=png',
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225 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/media/486273-trump-escalates-fight-against-press-with-libel-lawsuits',
226 => 'https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/466313-senate-fails-to-override-trumps-emergency-declaration-veto',
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303 => 'https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/607230',
304 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/26/trumps-200th-judicial-appointment-less-than-meets-the-eye/',
305 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/05/01/destroying-trust-in-the-media-science-and-government-has-left-america-vulnerable-to-disaster/',
306 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/',
307 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/interactives/tracking-deregulation-in-the-trump-era/',
308 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/votervital/did-the-2017-tax-cut-the-tax-cuts-and-jobs-act-pay-for-itself/',
309 => 'https://www.brookings.edu/research/tracking-turnover-in-the-trump-administration/',
310 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sells-miss-universe-img-2015-9',
311 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-barack-obama-tie-2019-most-admired-man-gallup-2019-12',
312 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-claims-crimea-is-part-of-russia-since-people-speak-russian-g7-summit-2018-6',
313 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-deutsche-bank-mueller-2017-12',
314 => 'https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-forbes-wealthiest-people-in-the-us-list-2018-10',
315 => 'https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/claudiakoerner/trump-gianforte-congressman-assault-journalist-montana',
316 => 'https://www.c-span.org/person/?20967',
317 => 'https://www.c-span.org/presidentsurvey2021/',
318 => 'https://www.cato.org/commentary/why-did-donald-trumps-trade-war-china-fail',
319 => 'https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/donald-trump-emphasizes-plans-to-build-real-wall-at-mexico-border-1.3196807',
320 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/robert-mueller-statement-today-report-investigation-trump-2016-election-live-updates-2019-05/',
321 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-25th-amendment-house-pence/',
322 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/trump-impeachment-trial-senate-constitutional-day-1/',
323 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-outbreak-task-force-created-by-trump-to-lead-us-government-response-to-wuhan-virus/',
324 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-avoided-vietnam-with-deferments-records-show',
325 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/donald-trump-gets-regular-fox-news-spot/',
326 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/federal-judge-blocks-trump-administration-from-using-pentagon-funds-for-wall/',
327 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/mitch-mcconnell-trump-impeachment-vote-senate-speech/',
328 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/presidential-election-2020-conspiracy-theories-debunked/',
329 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/protests-airports-immigration-action-president-trump/',
330 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/timeline-president-donald-trump-changing-statements-on-coronavirus/',
331 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-calls-nafta-a-disaster/',
332 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-crowdstrike-ukraine-server-conspiracy-theory-60-minutes-2020-02-16/',
333 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-i-feel-im-an-honest-person/',
334 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-office-former-president-florida/',
335 => 'https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-takes-credit-for-obama-birth-certificate-release-but-wonders-is-it-real/',
336 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/marijuana/sns-tft-trump-anti-marijuana-stance-20200221-jfdx4urbb5bhrf6ldtfpxleopi-story.html',
337 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-travel-ban-supreme-court-20170626-story.html',
338 => 'https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/politics/ct-ryan-zinke-resigns-interior-secretary-20181215-story.html',
339 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/26/donald-trump-my-dad-gave-me-a-small-loan-of-1-million-to-get-started.html',
340 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2016/07/15/donald-trump-officially-names-mike-pence-as-his-vp.html',
341 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/13/president-trump-plans-to-pardon-former-cheney-chief-of-staff-scooter-libby.html',
342 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/30/giuliani-is-right-collusion-isnt-a-crime-but-that-wont-help-trump.html',
343 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/trump-forbes-400-spot-tumbles-as-net-worth-declines.html',
344 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/25/senate-votes-to-reopen-government-and-end-shutdown-without-border-wall.html',
345 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/28/government-shutdown-cost-the-economy-11-billion-cbo.html',
346 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/trump-national-emergency-declaration-border-wall-spending-bill.html',
347 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/22/robert-mueller-submits-special-counsels-russia-probe-report-to-attorney-general-william-barr.html',
348 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/12/kudlow-says-us-will-pay-for-china-tariffs-contradicting-trump.html',
349 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/06/trade-war-china-responds-to-us-after-claim-of-being-a-currency-manipulator.html',
350 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/05/trump-acquitted-in-impeachment-trial.html',
351 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/14/trump-says-us-would-have-half-the-number-of-coronavirus-cases-if-it-did-half-the-testing.html',
352 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/26/cdc-quietly-revises-coronavirus-guidance-to-downplay-importance-of-testing-for-asymptomatic-people.html',
353 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/06/twitter-pledges-action-on-any-calls-for-violence-in-capitol-riot.html',
354 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/10/georgia-da-opens-criminal-probe-of-trump-call-to-secretary-of-state.html',
355 => 'https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/15/mark-milley-feared-coup-after-trump-lost-to-biden-book.html',
356 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2012/02/02/politics/campaign-wrap/index.html',
357 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/',
358 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2015/12/10/politics/donald-trump-police-officers-death-penalty/',
359 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/03/politics/donald-trump-disavows-david-duke-kkk/index.html',
360 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/21/politics/donald-trump-republican-platform-abortion/',
361 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/20/politics/donald-trump-gun-positions-nra-orlando/',
362 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/07/22/opinions/donald-trump-speech-amanpour/',
363 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/25/politics/alt-right-explained-hillary-clinton-donald-trump/',
364 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/13/politics/eric-schneiderman-donald-trump-foundation/',
365 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/politics/trump-tpp-things-to-know/index.html',
366 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/13/politics/michael-flynn-white-house-national-security-adviser/',
367 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/15/politics/trump-charlottesville-delay/index.html',
368 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/01/politics/harold-bornstein-trump-letter/index.html',
369 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/16/politics/congress-reaction-trump-putin-comments/index.html',
370 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/16/politics/white-supremacists-cheer-trump-racist-tweets-soh/index.html',
371 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/26/politics/whistleblower-complaint-released/index.html',
372 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/31/politics/senate-impeachment-trial-last-day/index.html',
373 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html',
374 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/20/politics/us-intelligence-reports-trump-coronavirus/index.html',
375 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/10/politics/trump-usaid-prevent-program-coronavirus/index.html',
376 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/us/protests-coronavirus-stay-home-orders/index.html',
377 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/14/politics/appeals-court-emoluments-trump-hotel/index.html',
378 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-conspiracy-theorists-qanon/index.html',
379 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/26/politics/cdc-coronavirus-testing-guidance/index.html',
380 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/politics/trump-kenosha-briefing-fact-check/index.html',
381 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/kim-jong-un-trump-letters-rage-book/index.html',
382 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/09/politics/transcripts-kim-jong-un-letters-trump/index.html',
383 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/18/health/covid-19-testing-guidance-cdc-hhs/index.html',
384 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/25/politics/pentagon-election-insurrection-act/index.html',
385 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/15/politics/donald-trump-osama-bin-laden-conspiracy-theory-fact-check/index.html',
386 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/24/economy/us-china-trade-war-intl-hnk/index.html',
387 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/16/politics/trump-approval-analysis/index.html',
388 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/29/politics/legal-review-trump-mar-a-lago/index.html',
389 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/30/politics/trump-broken-promises/index.html',
390 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/22/politics/supreme-court-trump-taxes-vance/index.html',
391 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/14/politics/donald-trump-election-coup-new-book-excerpt/index.html',
392 => 'https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/14/politics/woodward-book-trump-nuclear/index.html',
393 => 'https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/supreme-court-travel-ban/index.html',
394 => 'https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-woodward-book-09-09-2020/h_5bb44945ec0cf0eba9cdd92ab28fde3c',
395 => 'https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-resolution/755',
396 => 'https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3480299-10-Examples-Industries-Push-Followed-by-Trump.html#document/p60/a341284',
397 => 'https://www.donaldjtrump.com/news',
398 => 'https://www.dw.com/en/donald-trump-loses-social-media-megaphone/a-56158414',
399 => 'https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2017/03/family-affair',
400 => 'https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/11/04/donald-trump-has-cut-refugee-admissions-to-america-to-a-record-low',
401 => 'https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/02/10/new-data-show-the-failures-of-donald-trumps-china-trade-strategy',
402 => 'https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21693230-enigma-presidential-candidates-business-affairs-tower-white',
403 => 'https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13255737/five-things-know-donald-trump-usfl-experience',
404 => 'https://www.euronews.com/2019/03/22/outcry-as-trump-backs-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights',
405 => 'https://www.factcheck.org/2015/12/the-king-of-whoppers-donald-trump/',
406 => 'https://www.factcheck.org/2019/04/what-the-mueller-report-says-about-obstruction/',
407 => 'https://www.factcheck.org/2020/10/trumps-long-history-with-conspiracy-theories/',
408 => 'https://www.factcheck.org/2021/08/timeline-of-u-s-withdrawal-from-afghanistan/',
409 => 'https://www.fastcompany.com/4023036/why-the-heck-does-donald-trump-have-a-walk-of-fame-star-anyway-its-not-the-reason-you-think',
410 => 'https://www.forbes.com/profile/donald-trump/?list=billionaires',
411 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2021/05/03/trump-says-hell-appropriate-the-big-lie-to-refer-to-his-election-loss/',
412 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/chasewithorn/2018/04/23/donald-trump-has-gained-more-than-100-million-on-mar-a-lago/',
413 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2011/04/29/fourth-times-a-charm-how-donald-trump-made-bankruptcy-work-for-him/',
414 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2020/10/16/donald-trump-has-at-least-1-billion-in-debt-more-than-twice-the-amount-he-suggested/',
415 => 'https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/12/17/these-are-the-voter-fraud-claims-trump-tried-and-failed-to-overturn-the-election-with/',
416 => 'https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy',
417 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/health/coronavirus-declared-public-health-emergency-in-us',
418 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/media/trump-campaign-sues-cnn-false-defamatory-statements-millions-damages.amp',
419 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/07/19/republicans-start-process-to-nominate-trump-for-president.html',
420 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf',
421 => 'https://www.foxnews.com/world/us-strikes-syria-after-suspected-chemical-attack-by-assad-regime',
422 => 'https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e148d930-6cdb-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.html',
423 => 'https://www.ft.com/content/a4529344-6808-4f33-902e-4fc47218df56',
424 => 'https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500082105',
425 => 'https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-how-trump-and-netanyahu-became-each-other-s-most-effective-political-weapon-1.7569757',
426 => 'https://www.hrdive.com/news/trump-signs-bill-repealing-aca-cadillac-tax-granting-relief-for-employer/569551/',
427 => 'https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/entry/trump-obamacare-sabotage-enrollment-cuts_us_59a87bffe4b0b5e530fd5751',
428 => 'https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/11/donald-trump-cpac-president-act_n_821923.html',
429 => 'https://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/ny-court-refuses-to-dismi_b_9358360.html',
430 => 'https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-cpac_n_58adc0f4e4b03d80af7141cf',
431 => 'https://www.idref.fr/145942198',
432 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-books-tweet-ghostwriter-tim-o-brien-tony-schwartz-writer-response-a8431271.html',
433 => 'https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-federal-state-regulations-month-oval-office-white-house-us-president-deregulate-a7614031.html',
434 => 'https://www.industryweek.com/the-economy/article/22025453/trump-praises-chinas-xis-trade-speech-easing-tariff-tensions',
435 => 'https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/washington-protest-trump-capitol-pennsylvania-ben-philips-20210107.html',
436 => 'https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/os-jcomey-060817.pdf',
437 => 'https://www.justice.gov/storage/report.pdf',
438 => 'https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-false-statements-20160925-snap-story.html',
439 => 'https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection',
440 => 'https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-19/coronavirus-outbreak-president-trump-slow-response',
441 => 'https://www.lawfareblog.com/trump-legal-team-files-brief-mazars-appeal',
442 => 'https://www.mediaite.com/tv/bret-baier-trump-likes-trolling-the-left-to-watch-heads-explode-even-if-he-contradicts-himself/',
443 => 'https://www.miamiherald.com/news/article248842049.html',
444 => 'https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2015/08/donald-trump-has-some-thoughts-about-the-constitution',
445 => 'https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/trump-denies-racism-most-americans-dont-believe-him',
446 => 'https://www.natlawreview.com/article/president-trump-signs-first-congressional-review-act-disapproval-resolution-16-years',
447 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-s-economic-legacy-trade-wars-tariffs-tax-breaks-n1254716',
448 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/business/economy/trump-signs-usmca-trade-deal-replace-nightmare-nafta-n1125526',
449 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/lgbtq-advocates-say-trump-s-news-executive-order-makes-them-n740301',
450 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376',
451 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-crisis-how-events-have-unfolded-under-trump-n753996',
452 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-s-kim-jong-un-calls-president-trump-frightened-n803631',
453 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/full-list-donald-trump-s-rapidly-changing-policy-positions-n547801',
454 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/donald-trump-consistently-made-lewd-comments-howard-stern-show-n662581',
455 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-hot-mic-when-you-re-star-you-can-do-n662116',
456 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/warning-signs-flash-trump-wisconsin-pandemic-response-fuels-disapproval-n1232646',
457 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/trump-stonewalling-biden-s-transition-here-s-why-it-matters-n1247768',
458 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2020-election/congress-begin-electoral-vote-count-amid-protests-inside-outside-capitol-n1253013',
459 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-gop-effort-repeal-obamacare-fails-n787311',
460 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/neil-gorsuch-confirmed-supreme-court-after-senate-uses-nuclear-option-n743766',
461 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-doc-says-trump-bodyguard-lawyer-raided-his-office-took-n870351',
462 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/does-being-president-trump-still-mean-never-having-say-you-n952841',
463 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/trump-grants-pardon-former-sheriff-joe-arpaio-n796191',
464 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/trump-impeached-house-abuse-power-n1104196',
465 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-impeachment-inquiry/senate-passes-mcconnell-impeachment-rules-after-nearly-13-hours-debate-n1119861',
466 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-white-house-sets-turnover-records-analysis-shows-n888396',
467 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/presidential-approval-poll-tracker-n1102776',
468 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/data-points/poll-clinton-trump-now-tied-gop-convention-kicks-n611936',
469 => 'https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/immigration-border-crisis/despite-claims-gop-immigration-bill-would-not-end-family-separation-n883701',
470 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/despite-us-pressure-europeans-remain-united-russia-china-preserve-iran-nuclear-deal-1529024',
471 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-racist-44-percent-white-americans-poll-survey-new-1007434',
472 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/exclusive-donald-trumps-martial-law-talk-has-military-red-alert-1557056',
473 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-us-rounding-turn-covid-trump-claims-1542145',
474 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/trump-subpoena-appeal-merrick-garland-court-1431543',
475 => 'https://www.newsweek.com/who-langauge-stigmatizing-coronavirus-trump-chinese-1493172',
476 => 'https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/donald-trumps-ghostwriter-tells-all',
477 => 'https://www.newyorker.com/news/letter-from-trumps-washington/trumps-escalating-war-on-the-truth-is-on-purpose',
478 => 'https://www.npr.org/2016/06/01/480279246/hard-sell-the-potential-political-consequences-of-the-trump-university-documents',
479 => 'https://www.npr.org/2017/10/12/557122200/trump-leaves-top-administration-positions-unfilled-says-hollow-government-by-des',
480 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/01/20/576871315/trump-has-revealed-assumptions-about-handling-presidential-wealth-businesses',
481 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/03/07/591372397/white-house-staff-turnover-was-already-record-setting-then-more-advisers-left',
482 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/03/09/592440282/trump-pardons-ex-navy-sailor-sentenced-for-photos-of-submarine',
483 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/06/19/621065383/what-we-know-family-separation-and-zero-tolerance-at-the-border',
484 => 'https://www.npr.org/2018/07/05/594078923/scott-pruitt-out-at-epa',
485 => 'https://www.npr.org/2019/03/25/706588932/trump-formally-recognizes-israeli-sovereignty-over-golan-heights?t=1617622343037',
486 => 'https://www.npr.org/2019/07/16/742236610/condemnation-of-president-delayed-by-debate-can-lawmakers-call-trump-tweets-raci',
487 => 'https://www.npr.org/2019/10/07/767777899/in-major-policy-shift-u-s-will-stand-aside-as-turkish-forces-extend-reach-in-syr',
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684 => 'https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/the-perils-of-calling-trump-a-liar-214704',
685 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/11/trump-refugee-decrease-immigration-044186',
686 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2019/10/16/house-condemns-trumps-syria-pull-out-000286',
687 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/10/democrats-sidelined-mueller-trump-impeachment-080910',
688 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/05/coronavirus-trump-vaccine-rhetoric-121796',
689 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786',
690 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/trump-china-coronavirus-188736',
691 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/18/trump-reopening-economy-193885',
692 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/05/25/donald-trump-rigged-election-talk-fears-274477',
693 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/14/supreme-court-federal-execution-injunction-360490',
694 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/08/trump-wants-to-cut-mail-in-voting-the-republican-machine-is-helping-him-392428',
695 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/11/exclusive-trump-officials-interfered-with-cdc-reports-on-covid-19-412809',
696 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/22/trump-attacks-ilhan-omar-420267',
697 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/25/trump-supreme-court-abortion-421443',
698 => 'https://www.politico.com/news/2020/12/21/trump-pressure-campaign-overturn-election-449486',
699 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/donald-trump-2016-announcement-10-best-lines-119066',
700 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2015/07/will-the-real-donald-trump-please-stand-up-120607',
701 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2016/11/election-results-2016-clinton-trump-231070',
702 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2017/02/trump-new-york-times-fake-news-234644',
703 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/18/trump-tweet-obamacare-repeal-failure-240664',
704 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2017/12/06/trump-move-embassy-jerusalem-israel-reaction-281973',
705 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/01/12/trump-shithole-comment-reaction-337926',
706 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/07/trump-stormy-daniels-payment-444133',
707 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2018/04/08/trump-putin-syria-attack-508223',
708 => 'https://www.politico.com/story/2019/09/24/donald-trump-ukraine-military-aid-1509070',
709 => 'https://www.politifact.com/article/2017/aug/18/trump-says-lindsey-graham-lied-about-trumps-charlo/',
710 => 'https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/oct/02/donald-trump/fact-check-why-barack-obama-failed-fill-over-100-j/',
711 => 'https://www.politifact.com/florida/statements/2015/aug/24/jeb-bush/bush-says-trump-was-democrat-longer-republican-las/',
712 => 'https://www.politifact.com/health-check/statements/2020/jan/15/donald-trump/trumps-claim-he-saved-pre-ex-conditions-part-fanta/',
713 => 'https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2015/dec/21/2015-lie-year-donald-trump-campaign-misstatements/',
714 => 'https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/oct/05/mike-pence/pences-false-claim-trump-hasnt-broken-tax-return-p/',
715 => 'https://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/feb/14/donald-trump/donald-trump-says-people-who-went-school-obama-nev/',
716 => 'https://www.propublica.org/article/national-debt-trump',
717 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-election-trump-statement/with-results-from-key-states-unclear-trump-declares-victory-idUKKBN27K0U3',
718 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-trump-china-idUSKBN2153N5',
719 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-record/u-s-reports-world-record-of-more-than-100000-covid-19-cases-in-single-day-idUSKBN27G07S',
720 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-usa-sanctions-idUSKBN1AI2N0',
721 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-usa-idUSKBN15H253',
722 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-immigration/supreme-court-lets-trumps-latest-travel-ban-go-into-full-effect-idUSKBN1DY2NY',
723 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-bankruptcies-insig/art-of-the-spin-trump-bankers-question-his-portrayal-of-financial-comeback-idUSKCN0ZX0GP',
724 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-trump-hyperbole-insight-idUSKCN0QX11X20150828',
725 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-energy-brouillette/senate-confirms-brouillette-former-ford-lobbyist-as-energy-secretary-idUSKBN1Y62E6',
726 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-court-idUSKBN16M17N',
727 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-sanctions/bid-to-keep-u-s-sanctions-on-russias-rusal-fails-in-senate-idUSKCN1PA2JB',
728 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-whitehouse-idUSKBN1GX1PP',
729 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-saudi-idUSKBN1GW2CA',
730 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-ministry/trump-sets-tariffs-on-50-billion-in-chinese-goods-beijing-strikes-back-idUSKBN1JB0KC',
731 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-china-idUSKCN1UX1WO',
732 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trade-usmca/new-north-american-trade-pact-to-take-effect-july-1-ustr-idUSKCN2263H0',
733 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-cohen/documents-detail-trump-teams-efforts-to-arrange-payment-to-porn-star-idUSKCN1UD18D',
734 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-contacts-idUSKCN18E106',
735 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-impeachment-benefits-explai-idUSKBN29W238',
736 => 'https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-reaction/africa-calls-trump-racist-after-shithole-remark-idUSKBN1F11VC',
737 => 'https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-joins-video-platform-rumble-ahead-ohio-rally-2021-06-26/',
738 => 'https://www.rev.com/blog/transcripts/donald-trump-speech-save-america-rally-transcript-january-6',
739 => 'https://www.sbs.com.au/news/a-history-of-donald-trump-s-racially-charged-statements',
740 => 'https://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2016/07/20/tiffany_trump_s_sad_vague_rnc_speech.html',
741 => 'https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/donald-trump-s-family-separations-bedevil-gop-as-public-outrage-grows-20180618-p4zm9h.html',
742 => 'https://www.snopes.com/news/2016/08/02/donald-trumps-draft-deferments/',
743 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08850607.2019.1660951?journalCode=ujic20',
744 => 'https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457289.2018.1441844',
745 => 'https://www.techtimes.com/articles/138117/20160304/donald-trumps-history-wwe.htm',
746 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/08/donald-trump-conflicts-of-interests/508382/',
747 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/12/three-decades-of-donald-trump-film-and-tv-cameos/421257/',
748 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/05/trump-taxes/588967/',
749 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/trump-threatens-defund-world-health-organization/610030/',
750 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/11/we-still-dont-know-what-happened-between-trump-and-russia/602116/',
751 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/09/what-the-transcript-of-trumps-insane-call-with-the-ukrainian-president-showed/598780/',
752 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/true-danger-trump-campaigns-libel-lawsuits/607753/',
753 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/07/trump-putin/565238/',
754 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/05/trumps-self-funding-lie/482691/',
755 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/its-official-the-fbi-is-investigating-trumps-links-to-russia/520134/',
756 => 'https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/02/trump-kicks-off-his-2020-reelection-campaign-on-saturday/516909/',
757 => 'https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2017/02/18/how-the-right-co-opted-fake-news',
758 => 'https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-last-time-trump-wrecked-a-party',
759 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/mar/10/war-over-steel-trump-tips-global-trade-turmoil-tariffs',
760 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/mar/09/global-stock-markets-post-biggest-falls-since-2008-financial-crisis',
761 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/sep/20/as-a-foreign-reporter-visiting-the-us-i-was-stunned-by-trumps-press-conference',
762 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/nov/15/breitbart-news-alt-right-stephen-bannon-trump-administration',
763 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/07/donald-trump-ban-all-muslims-entering-us-san-bernardino-shooting',
764 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/24/trump-university-shut-down-conflict-of-interest',
765 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/06/donald-trump-waterboarding-republican-debate-torture',
766 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/13/donald-trump-russia-vladimir-putin-us-election-hack',
767 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/mar/16/ivana-trump-write-memoir-about-raising-us-presidents-donald-children',
768 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/28/airports-us-immigration-ban-muslim-countries-trump',
769 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/25/trump-travel-ban-extended-to-blocks-on-north-korea-and-venezuela',
770 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/feb/03/trump-administration-iran-sanctions',
771 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/sep/19/donald-trump-threatens-totally-destroy-north-korea-un-speech',
772 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/dec/19/us-troops-syria-withdrawal-trump',
773 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/27/us-immigration-must-reunite-families-separated-at-border-federal-judge-rules',
774 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/12/unkind-divisive-elitist-international-outcry-over-trumps-shithole-countries-remark',
775 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/25/shutdown-latest-news-trump-reopens-government-deal-democrats',
776 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/20/us-troops-saudia-arabia-iran-oil-industry-attack',
777 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jun/02/what-do-we-know-about-trumps-love-for-the-bible',
778 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/may/05/white-house-coronavirus-taskforce-winding-down-why',
779 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/21/trump-monumental-sulk-president-retreats-from-public-eye-covid-ravages-us',
780 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/18/dead-voter-conspiracy-theory-debunked',
781 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/amy-dorris-donald-trump-women-who-accuse-sexual-misconduct',
782 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/feb/13/donald-trump-acquitted-impeachment-trial',
783 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/19/new-york-investigation-into-trump-organization-now-criminal-says-attorney-general',
784 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/16/donald-trump-us-presidential-race',
785 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/01/iran-trump-michael-flynn-on-notice',
786 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/20/trump-us-nuclear-arms-treaty-russia',
787 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/far-right-coronavirus-protests-restrictions',
788 => 'https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/06/hydroxychloroquine-trump-coronavirus-drug',
789 => 'https://www.thelocal.dk/20200312/trump-imposes-travel-ban-from-europe-over-coronavirus-outbreak',
790 => 'https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/economic-anxiety-didnt-make-people-vote-trump-racism-did/',
791 => 'https://www.thestar.com/news/world/analysis/2019/06/05/donald-trump-has-now-said-more-than-5000-false-claims-as-president.html',
792 => 'https://www.thetrumparchive.com/',
793 => 'https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/8/22221683/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted',
794 => 'https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/home-decor/a7144/mar-a-lago-history/',
795 => 'https://www.trumplibrary.gov/',
796 => 'https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/04/09/Trump-reaches-agreement-with-bondholders-on-Taj-Mahal/7261671169600/',
797 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/pages/interactives/trump-lawsuits/',
798 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2015/06/29/nbc-dumps-trump/29471971/',
799 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2013/08/26/trump-entrepreneur-initiative-case/2700811/',
800 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/',
801 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2019/08/08/trump-immigrants-rhetoric-criticized-el-paso-dayton-shootings/1936742001/',
802 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/24/government-shutdown-has-wide-impact-numbers/2666872002/',
803 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/24/trump-says-hes-nationalist-what-means-why-its-controversial/1748521002/',
804 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/09/04/trump-gen-john-kelly-couldnt-handle-pressure-chief-staff/5720974002/',
805 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/10/21/donald-trump-mocks-constitution-emoluments-clause-phony/4055162002/',
806 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2017/08/15/david-duke-reaction-trump-news-conference/570517001/',
807 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2019/01/08/trump-wall-concept-timeline/2503855002/',
808 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2016/11/10/trump-tweet-professional-protesters-media/93624612/',
809 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2017/01/21/womens-march-aims-start-movement-trump-inauguration/96864158/',
810 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2020/11/07/joe-biden-victory-president-trump-claims-election-far-over/6202892002/',
811 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/07/31/donald-trump-racist-majority-say-quinnipiac-university-poll/1877168001/',
812 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2019/05/21/huawei-why-facing-sanctions-and-who-get-hurt-most/3750738002/',
813 => 'https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2021/01/06/washington-dc-protest-twitter-facebook-silence-donald-trump/6569864002/',
814 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-08-15/trump-media-is-dishonest-and-corrupt',
815 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2017-12-28/trumps-white-house-has-highest-turnover-rate-in-40-years',
816 => 'https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-01-21/defense-department-pauses-border-wall-construction-to-review-bidens-executive-order',
817 => 'https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/01/trump-university-fraud-scandal',
818 => 'https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/06/donald-trump-roy-cohn-relationship',
819 => 'https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2019/08/donald-trump-domestic-terrorism-el-paso',
820 => 'https://www.vox.com/2016/7/25/12270880/donald-trump-racist-racism-history',
821 => 'https://www.vox.com/2017/8/12/16138358/charlottesville-protests-david-duke-kkk',
822 => 'https://www.vox.com/2018/1/11/16880804/trump-shithole-countries-racism',
823 => 'https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus',
824 => 'https://www.vox.com/2020/9/2/21409364/trump-approval-rating-2020-election-voters-coronavirus-convention-polls',
825 => 'https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/15/16781222/trump-racism-economic-anxiety-study',
826 => 'https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/11/11/13587532/donald-trump-no-experience',
827 => 'https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/8/13/16140504/trump-charlottesville-white-supremacists',
828 => 'https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/6/21/18701098/trump-accusers-sexual-assault-rape-e-jean-carroll',
829 => 'https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/10/9/20906567/trump-karen-johnson-sexual-assault-mar-a-lago-barry-levine-monique-el-faizy-book',
830 => 'https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/1/30/14441430/trump-executive-order-regulations',
831 => 'https://www.vulture.com/2016/06/donald-trump-was-in-the-little-rascals.html',
832 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2002/06/22/there-she-goes-pageants-move-to-nbc/2ba81b9a-bf67-4f3e-b8d6-1c2cc881ed19/',
833 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/02/04/trump-resigns-screen-actors-guild/',
834 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/29/house-subpoenas-trumps-bank-records-put-hold-while-president-appeals/',
835 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/10/25/us-deficit-hit-billion-marking-nearly-percent-increase-during-trump-era/',
836 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/01/16/rare-rebuke-trump-administration-some-gop-lawmakers-advance-measure-oppose-lifting-russian-sanctions/',
837 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/08/trump-jobs-record/',
838 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/08/12/postal-service-ballots-dejoy/',
839 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/20/hospitals-doctors-are-wiping-out-supplies-an-unproven-coronavirus-treatment/',
840 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/a-portrait-of-an-infamous-fixer--and-his-most-famous-pupil--in-wheres-my-roy-cohn/2019/09/24/73013ed0-dca5-11e9-bfb1-849887369476_story.html',
841 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/world/trump-worldwide-licensing/',
842 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-administration-appointee-tracker/database/',
843 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/politics/trump-claims-database/',
844 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/15/hydroxychloroquine-authorization-revoked-coronavirus/',
845 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/12/trump-control-over-cdc-reports/',
846 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/08/22/trump-without-evidence-accuses-deep-state-fda-slow-walking-coronavirus-vaccines-treatments/',
847 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/30/presidential-rankings-2021-cspan-historians/',
848 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/how-trump-got-religion--and-why-his-legendary-ministers-son-now-rejects-him/2016/01/21/37bae16e-bb02-11e5-829c-26ffb874a18d_story.html',
849 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/the-existential-crisis-of-professional-factcheckers-in-the-year-of-trump/2016/02/25/e994f210-db3e-11e5-81ae-7491b9b9e7df_story.html',
850 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/publisher-of-the-national-enquirer-admits-to-hush-money-payments-made-on-trumps-behalf/2018/12/12/ebf24b76-fe49-11e8-83c0-b06139e540e5_story.html',
851 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/roger-stone-sentence-due-thursday-in-federal-court/2020/02/19/2e01bfc8-4c38-11ea-9b5c-eac5b16dafaa_story.html',
852 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/11/08/judge-says-trump-violates-democratic-norms-judiciary-speech/',
853 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/capitol-insurrection-visual-timeline/',
854 => 'https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/06/11/pentagons-top-general-apologizes-appearing-alongside-trump-lafayette-square/',
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