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{{redirect|Dame Gothel|other uses|Gothel (disambiguation)}}
{{italictitle}}
{{short description|German fairy tale}}
{{Infobox book
|name=Rapunzel
|title_orig=
|image=Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1978, MiNr 2383.jpg
|caption=Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 [[East Germany|East German]] stamp
|author= Unknown but collected by the Brothers Grimm
|illustrator=
|cover_artist=
|country= Germany
|language= German
|subject=
|genre= [[Fairy tale]]
|publisher=
|release_date=1812
|english_release_date=
|media_type=Print
|pages=
|isbn=
|oclc=
|italic title=no
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
'''''Rapunzel''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|z|əl}}, {{IPA-de|ʁaˈpʊntsl̩|lang|de-Rapunzel.ogg}}) is a German [[fairy tale]] recorded by the [[Brothers Grimm]] and first published in 1812 as part of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Children's and Household Tales]]'' (KHM 12).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Warner|first=Marina|date=2010|title=After Rapunzel|journal=Marvels & Tales|volume=24|issue=2|pages=329–335|jstor=41388959}}</ref> The Brothers Grimm's story is an adaptation of the fairy tale ''Rapunzel'' by Friedrich Schulz (1790) that was a translation of ''[[Persinette]]'' (1698) by [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]], which was itself influenced by an earlier Italian tale, ''[[Petrosinella]]'' (1634), by [[Giambattista Basile]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loo|first=Oliver|title=Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2015|isbn=978-1507639566|pages=1–66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari|url-access=limited|publisher=Viking|year=1991|isbn=0670830534|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari/page/n828 794]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
The tale is classified as [[Aarne–Thompson classification system|Aarne–Thompson]] type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Rapunzel|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012.html|last=Ashliman|first=D. L.|author-link=D. L. Ashliman|date=2019|website=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Its plot has been used and parodied in various [[Mass media|media]]. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".
== Origin ==
The tale was published by the [[Brothers Grimm]] in ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Kinder- und Hausmärchen]]'' in 1812. Their source was a story published by Friedrich Schulz (1762–1798) in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790). Earlier variants include [[Giambattista Basile]]'s "[[Petrosinella]]" (1634/36), [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force|Mademoiselle de la Force]]'s "[[Persinette]]" (1698), or [[Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching|Johann Gustav Büsching]]'s "[[Puddocky|Das Mährchen von der Padde]]", published a few months before Grimm's version in ''Volks-Sagen, Mährchen und Legenden'' (1812).<ref name=":02" />
==Plot==
[[File:Johnny Gruelle illustration - Rapunzel - Project Gutenberg etext 11027.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Johnny Gruelle]]]]
[[File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg|thumb|Illustration by Paul Hey, created around 1910]]
A lonely couple, who long for a child, live next to a large, extensive, high-walled [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence garden]], belonging to a sorceress.{{efn|In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the owner of the garden is a [[fairy]] (''Fee''), and also appears as such in the Grimms' first edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1812); by the final edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more Teutonic "sorceress" (''Zauberin''), just as they had changed the original "prince" (''Prinz'') to the Germanic "son of a king" (''Königssohn''). At no point, however, do they refer to her as a "[[witch]]" ({{lang-de|Hexe|links=no}}), despite the common modern impression.}} The wife, experiencing the cravings associated with pregnancy, notices some ''rapunzel'' (meaning, either a ''[[Campanula rapunculus]]'' (an edible [[salad green]] and [[root vegetable]]) or a ''[[Valerianella locusta]]'' (a salad green)) growing in the nearby garden and longs for it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://german.berkeley.edu/poetry/rapunzel.php|title=Translating Rapunzel; A very Long Process|last=Rinkes|first=Kathleen J.|date=17 April 2001|website=Department of German: University of California Berkeley|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122211814/http://german.berkeley.edu/poetry/rapunzel.php|archive-date=22 January 2012|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night he breaks into the garden to get some for her. When he returns, she makes a salad out of it and eats it, but she longs for more so her husband returns to the garden to retrieve more. As he scales the wall to return home, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. He begs for mercy and she agrees to be lenient, allowing him to take all the rapunzel he wants on condition that the baby be given to her when it's born.{{efn|In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling form, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim it.<ref>Cf. the Grimms' annotations to ''Rapunzel'' (''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)</ref>}} Desperate, he agrees.
When his wife has a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother craved (in one version, the couple moves away before the birth in an attempt to avoid surrendering the baby, only for the sorceress to turn up at their door upon the baby's birth, unhampered by their attempt at relocation). Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long golden hair.{{efn|In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" ({{lang-de|kostbaren Wasser|links=no}}). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long (112 1/2 feet or 34.29 meters), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', p. 277.</ref> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells (75 feet/22.86 meters) from the window-hook to the ground.<ref>''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</ref>}} When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up inside a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window.{{efn|In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', p. 275.</ref> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.}} In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands beneath the tower and calls out:
:''Rapunzel!''
:''Rapunzel!''
:''Let down your hair''
:''That I may climb thy golden stair!''{{efn|Schulz, "''Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann.''" ("Rapunzel, let down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");<ref>''Kleine Romane'', p. 278.</ref> Grimms, "''Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!''" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").<ref>''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</ref> Jacob Grimm believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as ''[[Stabreim]]''.}}
One day, a [[prince]] rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. He returns often, listening to her beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, he bids Rapunzel let her hair down. When she does so, he climbs up and they fall in love. He eventually asks her to [[Marriage|marry]] him, which she agrees to.
Together they plan a means of escape, wherein he will come each night (thus avoiding the sorceress who visits her by day) and bring Rapunzel a piece of [[silk]] that she will gradually weave into a [[rope ladder|ladder]]. Before the plan can come to fruition, however, she foolishly gives him away. In the first edition (1812) of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (''Children's and Household Tales'', most commonly known in English as ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]''), she innocently says that her dress is growing tighter around her waist, hinting at [[pregnancy]].<ref>This detail is also found in Schulz, ''Kleine Romane'', p. 281.</ref> In later editions, she asks "Dame Gothel",{{efn|{{lang-de|Frau Gothel|links=no}}. Rapunzel refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title only at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of ''Frau'' in early modern German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any woman as in modern German. ''Gothel'' (or ''Göthel'', ''Göthle'', ''Göthe'', etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational one meaning "[[midwife]], [[wet nurse]], [[foster mother]], [[godparent]]".<ref>Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's ''Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe'', Vol. II, p. 150.</ref> The Grimms' use of this archaic term was another example of their attempt to return the story to a primitive Teutonic form.}} in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her.<ref name=facts>Maria Tatar (1987) ''The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales'', Princeton University Press, p. 18, {{ISBN|0-691-06722-8}}</ref> In anger, the sorceress cuts off Rapunzel's hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince calls that night, the sorceress lets the severed hair down to haul him up. To his horror, he finds himself meeting her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. After she tells him in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he leaps or falls from the tower, landing in a thorn bush. Although the thorn bush breaks his fall and saves his life, it scratches his eyes and blinds him.
For years, he wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel now lives with the twins to whom she has given birth, a boy and a girl. One day, as she sings, he hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, her tears immediately restore his sight. He leads her and their twins to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.{{efn|In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family to his father's palace in her flying carriage.<ref>''Kleine Romane'', pp. 287-288.</ref>}}
Another version of the story ends with the revelation that her foster mother had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.<ref name="wbarker">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) ''Household Tales'' (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "[http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html Rapunzel]"</ref>
==Themes and characterization==
[[File:Dresden Altmarkt 14.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Rapunzel in [[Dresden]], [[Saxony]], Germany]]
Many scholars have interpreted “Maiden in the Tower” stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.<ref name=":2" /> Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.<ref name=":1" />
Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after ''[[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force|Persinette]]'' and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Vellenga|first=Carolyn|date=1992|title=Rapunzel's desire. A reading of Mlle de la Force|journal=Merveilles & Contes|volume=6|issue=1|pages=59–73|jstor=41390334}}</ref>
The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of ''Rapunzel'' is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'' when Jack trades a cow for beans or in ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'' when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tatar|first=Maria|title=The Annotated Brothers Grimm|publisher=WW Norton|year=2004|isbn=0393088863|pages=58}}</ref> Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child.<ref name=":4" /> Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for vitamins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2000|isbn=039397636X|pages=474}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE|title=Annotated Rapunzel|last=Heiner|first=Heidi Anne|date=2014|work=SurLaLune Fairy Tales|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
The “Maiden in the Tower” archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost [[Matriarchal religion|matriarchal myth]] connected to the [[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]] between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the [[crone]], representing death and winter.<ref name=":0" />
== Development ==
=== Mythological and religious inspiration ===
Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the “Maiden in the Tower” archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or [[Proto-Indo-European religion|proto-Indo-European]]) [[Solar deity|sun]] or [[dawn goddess]] myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Storl|first=Wolf D.|title=A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2016|isbn=9781623170394|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beresnevičius|first=Gintaras|title=Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija|publisher=Tyto alba|year=2004|isbn=9986163897|location=Vilnius|pages=19}}</ref> Similar myths include that of the [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]] [[solar goddess]], [[Saulė]], who is held captive in a tower by a king.<ref name="9986-16-389-7_p19">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. {{ISBN|9986-16-389-7}}.</ref> Inspiration may also be taken from the [[Classical mythology|classical myth]] of the hero [[Perseus]]; Perseus' mother, the Princess [[Danaë]], was confined to a [[bronze|bronze tower]] by her-own father, [[Acrisius]], the King of [[Ancient Argos|Argos]], in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]] that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.
Inspiration may come from [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]], in Irish myth.
Inspiration may come from the life of [[Saint Barbara]] of [[Nicomedia]], who was a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://folkstory.com/articles/stbabs.html|title=A Day to Honor Saint Barbara|last=Young|first=Jonathan|date=30 November 1997|website=The Center for Story and Symbol|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> While in the tower, she converted to Christianity and is ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Her story was included in ''The Book of City Ladies'' by [[Christine de Pizan]], which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.<ref name=":0" />
=== Literary development ===
The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the epic poem ''[[Shahnameh]]'' by [[Ferdowsi]].<ref name=":0" /> The heroine of the story, [[Rudaba|Rudāba]], offers her hair so that her love interest [[Zāl]] may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.<ref name=":0" />
The first written record of a story that may be recognized as ''Rapunzel'' is [[Giambattista Basile|Giambattista Basile's]] ''[[Petrosinella]]'', translating to parsley, which was published in [[Naples]] in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled ''Lo cunto de li cunti'' (The Story of Stories).<ref name=":1" /> This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end.<ref name=":1" /> Most importantly, this version of the story contains a “flight” scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Getty|first=Laura J|date=1997|title=Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale|journal=Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature|volume=30|issue=2|pages=37–52|jstor=44029886}}</ref> This “flight” scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] region, notably [[Sicily]] (''Angiola''), [[Malta]] (''Little Parsley'' and ''Little Fennel''), and [[Greece]] (''Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair'').<ref name=":2" />
In 1697, [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]] published a variation of the story, ''[[Persinette]]'', while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tatar|first=Maria|title=The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-691-06722-8|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=18, 19, 45}}</ref> Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early ''conteuses'' as a contemporary to [[Charles Perrault]].<ref name=":0" /> This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers.<ref name=":2" /> It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with villain taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> While de la Force's claim that ''Persinette'' was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.<ref name=":3" />
''Persinette'' was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in ''Kleine Romane'' (''Little Novels''). [[Brothers Grimm|Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm]] included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of ''[[Children's and Household Tales]]'' and removed elements that they believed were added to the “original” German fairy tale.<ref name=":2" /> Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the “Maiden in the Tower” in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.<ref name=":2" /> Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version, it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.<ref name=":3" /> It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.<ref name=":3" />
=== Distribution ===
According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.<ref>Megas, Geōrgios A. ''Folktales of Greece''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.</ref>
Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".<ref>Zipes, Jack. ''Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach''. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. {{ISBN|9781135511685}}.</ref> However, Scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East.<ref>Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: ''Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties''. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.</ref> In the same vein, [[Stith Thompson]] argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.<ref>Thompson, Stith (1977). ''The Folktale''. University of California Press. p. 102. {{ISBN|0-520-03537-2}}.</ref>
Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' compilation.<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. ''The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia''. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. {{ISBN|1-85109-640-X}} (e-book)</ref>
==Cultural legacy==
===Literary media===
[[Andrew Lang]] included the story in his 1890 publication ''[[The Red Fairy Book]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|title=The Red Fairy Book|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1890|isbn=978-9389232394|location=London, England|pages=282–285}}</ref> Other versions of the tale also appear in ''[[A Book of Witches]]'' (1965) by [[Ruth Manning-Sanders]] and in [[Paul O. Zelinsky]]'s [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Medal-winning]] picture book, ''[[Rapunzel (book)|Rapunzel]]'' (1997).
[[Anne Sexton]] wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection ''Transformations'' (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the ''Grimm's Fairy tales''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sexton|first=Anne|title=Transformations|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=2001|isbn=978-0395127216|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
''[[Cress (novel)|Cress]]'' is the third book in the ''[[The Lunar Chronicles|Lunar Chronicles]]'', a [[Young adult fiction|young adult]] [[science fiction]] series written by [[Marissa Meyer]] that is an adaptation of ''Rapunzel''. Crescent, [[nickname]]d "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella. The ''Lunar Chronicles'' is a tetralogy with a futuristic take on classic fairy tales that also includes characters such as "Cinder" ([[Cinderella]]), "Scarlet" ([[Little Red Riding Hood|Red Riding Hood]]) and "Winter" ([[Snow White]]).
[[Kate Forsyth]] has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force|Mademoiselle de la Force]] entitled, ''Bitter Greens'', and her second book was [[nonfiction]] describing the development of the tale entitled, ''The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Kate |title=The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower |publisher=FableCroft Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9925534-9-4 }}</ref> She described it as "a story that reverberates very strongly with any individual -- male or female, child or adult -- who has found themselves trapped by their circumstances, whether this is caused by the will of another or their own inability to change and grow".
In [[Nikita Gill]]'s 2018 poetry collection ''Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul'' she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including ''Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel'' and ''Rapunzel, Rapunzel''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Nikita|title=Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul|publisher=Hachette|year=2018|isbn=9780316420730|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
In 2019, Simon Hood published a contemporary retelling of Rapunzel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sooperbooks.com/story/rapunzel-story/|title=The Story Of Rapunzel |last=Hood |first=Simon |date=2019 |website=Sooper Books}}</ref> Both the [[language]] and the [[illustration]]s modernised the story, while the plot itself remained close to traditional versions.
===Film media===
* A live action version was filmed for television as part of [[Shelley Duvall]]'s series ''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'', airing on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. It aired on 5 February 1983. In it, the main character, Rapunzel ([[Shelley Duvall]]), is taken from her mother ([[Shelley Duvall]]) and father ([[Jeff Bridges]]) by an evil witch ([[Gena Rowlands]]), and is brought up in an isolated tower that can only be accessed by climbing her unnaturally long hair. [[Jeff Bridges]] played the prince and also Rapunzel's father, [[Shelley Duvall]] played Rapunzel and also Rapunzel's mother, [[Gena Rowlands]] played the witch, and [[Roddy McDowall]] narrated.
* The story is retold in a second season (1987) episode of ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'', aka ''Grimm Masterpiece Theatre.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0305033/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=Grimm Masterpiece Theatre (TV Series 1987– )|author=Cloud Strife|date=15 January 2008|work=IMDb}}</ref>
* A 1988 German film adaption, ''{{ill|Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen|de}}'' (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale [[Maid Maleen]]. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.
* A 1990 [[straight-to-video]] animated film adaption by [[Hanna-Barbera]] and [[Hallmark Cards]], simply titled ''Rapunzel''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/|title=Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)|date=13 March 1990|work=IMDb}}</ref> featured [[Olivia Newton-John]] narrating the story. The major difference between it and the Grimm fairy tale is that instead of making the prince blind, the evil witch transforms him into a bird, possibly a reference to ''[[The Blue Bird (fairy tale)|The Blue Bird]]'', a French variant of the story.
* ''[[Into the Woods]]'' is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/|title="American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)|author=weymo|date=15 March 1991|work=IMDb}}</ref> in 1991 by ''[[American Playhouse]]''. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch that the Baker (Rapunzel's older brother, unbeknownst to him) is getting some items from who is later rescued by a prince. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. The Witch then grieves for her and sings, "Witch’s Lament."
* A [[Into the Woods (film)|film adaptation]] by [[The Walt Disney Company]] was released late in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/|title=Into the Woods (2014)|author=isaacglover_05|date=25 December 2014|work=IMDb}}</ref> where Rapunzel is portrayed by [[Mackenzie Mauzy]]. The difference from the play is that Rapunzel is not killed by the Giant's Wife. Instead, she rides off into the woods with her prince in order to distance herself from the Witch who raised her.
* In ''[[Barbie as Rapunzel]]'' (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by [[Anjelica Huston]]) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.
* In ''[[Shrek the Third]]'' (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by [[Maya Rudolph]]) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
* [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]' ''[[Tangled]]'' (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Princess Rapunzel]] (voiced by [[Mandy Moore]]) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Her long blonde hair has magical healing and restoration powers. A woman named Mother Gothel (voiced by [[Donna Murphy]]) kidnaps Rapunzel for her magical hair which would help maintain her youth. [[Flynn Rider]]/Eugene Fitzherbert (voiced by [[Zachary Levi]]) is an elusive thief who replaces the prince.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398286/ Tangled (2010)]. IMDb.com</ref> Rapunzel also features in Disney's ''Tangled'' short sequel, ''[[Tangled Ever After]]''. There is also a series based on the events after the movie and before the short named ''[[Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure|Tangled The Series/ Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure]]'' and a movie which leads to the series called ''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]''.
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of ''Tangled'', a whole new adaptation, or a combination of both.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2020/02/disney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1/|title=This Just In: Disney Is Reportedly Making A Live-Action Rapunzel Movie|website=Inside the Magic|last=Coffey|first=Kelly|date=14 February 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
===Television media===
==== Live action television media ====
''[[Shirley Temple's Storybook]]'' (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0699613/?ref_=ttep_ep13|title=Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1961) Rapunzel|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> [[Carol Lynley]] played Rapunzel and [[Agnes Moorehead]] the evil witch.<ref name=":7" />
''[[Sesame Street]]'' (1969–present) has a "News Flash" skit with [[Kermit the Frog]] where he interviews the Prince trying to charm Rapunzel with the famous line. However, she is having a hard time hearing him and when she finally does understand him, she lets all her hair fall down (completely off her head), leaving the prince confused as to what to do now.
The American television animated anthology series, ''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]'' (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full [[African Americans|African-American]] cast and set in [[New Orleans]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1222131/?ref_=ttep_ep8|title=Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Rapunzel|website=IDMb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The episode starred [[Tisha Campbell-Martin]] as Rapunzel, [[Whoopi Goldberg]] as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, [[Meshach Taylor]] as Woodcutter, [[Hazelle Goodman]] as Woodcutter's Wife, [[Donald Fullilove]] as Friend #1, and [[Tico Wells]] as Friend #2.<ref name=":8" />
In the American fairy tale miniseries, ''[[The Tenth Kingdom]]'' (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0207275/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=The 10th Kingdom|website=IDMb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Her only means of escape is by letting her hair down through the window of the tower so that the Wolf can climb up and rescue her. Not before he asks the iconic phrase, in his own way, "Love of my life, let down your lustrous locks!". The character, Rapunzel is also mentioned as being one of the great women who changed history, and she was Queen of the sixth Kingdom before eventually succumbing to old age.
Rapunzel appears in the ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' episode [[The Tower (Once Upon a Time)|''The Tower'']] (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3502872/?ref_=ttep_ep14|title=Once Upon a Time The Tower|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In this show, Rapunzel is a young woman who becomes trapped in a large tower for many years after she searched for a plant called "night-root" that would remove her fear of becoming queen following her brother's death. Because of this, she has extremely long hair. It is revealed that consuming the substance created a doppelgänger fear spirit who represents all of the person's worst fears. After Prince Charming begins to fear that he will not make a good father to his and Snow White's baby, Robin Hood tells him where to find the night-root. He then climbs the tower and eventually helps Rapunzel face her fears by facing what truly scares her, which is herself. Presented with her own doppelganger, she is encouraged by Prince Charming and cuts off her hair, killing the figure and allowing her freedom. She explains to Prince Charming that her brother died trying to save her, and she doubts that her parents will forgive her. Again encouraged by Prince Charming, she returns her to their palace where she reunites with her accepting parents.
A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of ''Once Upon a Time'' (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by [[Gabrielle Anwar]] and [[Meegan Warner]] in flashbacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843230/episodes?season=7|title=Once Upon a Time Season 7|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to [[Cinderella]]. In the past, Rapunzel had two daughters, [[Anastasia Tremaine|Anastasia]] and [[Drizella Tremaine|Drizella]], and made a deal with [[Mother Gothel]] to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family. Six years later, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At some point, Anastasia dies and Rapunzel blames her husband for the incident while Ella blames herself. Gothel plans to put Anastasia in the tower, but Rapunzel managed to turn the tables and lock Gothel in instead. Rapunzel plots to revive Anastasia by using the heart of Drizella, whom she favors least of the two daughters. Drizella discovers this and decides to get revenge on her mother by casting the "Dark Curse". She allies with Mother Gothel and sends the New Enchanted Forest residents to [[Hyperion Heights]] in [[Seattle]]. Rapunzel awakens from the curse, but lives as Victoria Belfrey and is given new memories making her believe she cast the curse to save Anastasia, while Drizella lives as Ivy Belfrey, her assistant and daughter. Cinderella and her daughter are also brought over by the curse. Rapunzel/Victoria manages to lock Gothel away in Belfrey Towers.
==== Animated television media ====
In the [[Mattel]] cartoon ''[[Ever After High]]'' (2013-2017), features Rapunzel's has two daughters: Holly O'Hair and Poppy O'Hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3312378/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=Ever After High (2013–2017) Full Cast & Crew|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
''[[Tangled: The Series]]'' (2017-2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Animation's]] computer animated musical feature film'' [[Tangled]]''. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]] and [[Eugene Fitzherbert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4902964/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|title=Tangled: The Series|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter. The series has a feature-length movie titled ''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]'' released in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5533228/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=Tangled: Before Ever After|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
In one episode of ''[[Happy Tree Friends]]'' (1999–present) entitled ''Dunce Upon a Time'', Petunia has very long hair that Giggles uses to slide down on as a brief Rapunzel reference.
The Japanese anime series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'' (1987-1989) features the tale in its second season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1075683/?ref_=tt_cl_i1|title=Grimm Masterpiece Theatre Rapuntseru|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> It gives more spotlight to Rapunzel's parents, who are the local blacksmith and his wife, and it makes the witch more openly villainous.
==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Children's literature}}
* [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]]
* [[Rapunzel syndrome]]
* [[Danaë]], daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was shut up in a bronze tower or cave.
* [[Puddocky]]
* [[Maid Maleen]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource}}
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website]. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, ''The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography,'' (Helsinki, 1961).
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012a.html Translated comparison of 1812 and 1857 versions]
* [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/index.html The Annotated Rapunzel with variants, illustrations, and annotations]
* [http://www.theoriginalgrimm.com The Original 1812 Grimm] A web site for the Original 1812 Kinder und Hausmärchen featuring references and other useful information related to the 1812 book in English.
* #44 Rapunzel {{Cite web|url=http://www.loyalbooks.com/book/the-fairy-ring-ed-by-wiggin-and-smith|title = The Fairy Ring}}
{{Brothers Grimm|state=expanded}}
{{Rapunzel}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rapunzel| ]]
[[Category:Grimms' Fairy Tales]]
[[Category:European fairy tales]]
[[Category:German fairy tales]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'Rapunzel is actually Snow White
== Origin ==
The tale was published by the [[Brothers Grimm]] in ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Kinder- und Hausmärchen]]'' in 1812. Their source was a story published by Friedrich Schulz (1762–1798) in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790). Earlier variants include [[Giambattista Basile]]'s "[[Petrosinella]]" (1634/36), [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force|Mademoiselle de la Force]]'s "[[Persinette]]" (1698), or [[Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching|Johann Gustav Büsching]]'s "[[Puddocky|Das Mährchen von der Padde]]", published a few months before Grimm's version in ''Volks-Sagen, Mährchen und Legenden'' (1812).<ref name=":02" />
==Plot==
[[File:Johnny Gruelle illustration - Rapunzel - Project Gutenberg etext 11027.jpg|thumb|Illustration by [[Johnny Gruelle]]]]
[[File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg|thumb|Illustration by Paul Hey, created around 1910]]
A lonely couple, who long for a child, live next to a large, extensive, high-walled [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence garden]], belonging to a sorceress.{{efn|In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his ''Kleine Romane'' (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the owner of the garden is a [[fairy]] (''Fee''), and also appears as such in the Grimms' first edition of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1812); by the final edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more Teutonic "sorceress" (''Zauberin''), just as they had changed the original "prince" (''Prinz'') to the Germanic "son of a king" (''Königssohn''). At no point, however, do they refer to her as a "[[witch]]" ({{lang-de|Hexe|links=no}}), despite the common modern impression.}} The wife, experiencing the cravings associated with pregnancy, notices some ''rapunzel'' (meaning, either a ''[[Campanula rapunculus]]'' (an edible [[salad green]] and [[root vegetable]]) or a ''[[Valerianella locusta]]'' (a salad green)) growing in the nearby garden and longs for it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://german.berkeley.edu/poetry/rapunzel.php|title=Translating Rapunzel; A very Long Process|last=Rinkes|first=Kathleen J.|date=17 April 2001|website=Department of German: University of California Berkeley|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122211814/http://german.berkeley.edu/poetry/rapunzel.php|archive-date=22 January 2012|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref> She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night he breaks into the garden to get some for her. When he returns, she makes a salad out of it and eats it, but she longs for more so her husband returns to the garden to retrieve more. As he scales the wall to return home, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. He begs for mercy and she agrees to be lenient, allowing him to take all the rapunzel he wants on condition that the baby be given to her when it's born.{{efn|In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling form, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim it.<ref>Cf. the Grimms' annotations to ''Rapunzel'' (''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)</ref>}} Desperate, he agrees.
When his wife has a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother craved (in one version, the couple moves away before the birth in an attempt to avoid surrendering the baby, only for the sorceress to turn up at their door upon the baby's birth, unhampered by their attempt at relocation). Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long golden hair.{{efn|In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" ({{lang-de|kostbaren Wasser|links=no}}). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long (112 1/2 feet or 34.29 meters), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', p. 277.</ref> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells (75 feet/22.86 meters) from the window-hook to the ground.<ref>''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</ref>}} When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up inside a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window.{{efn|In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<ref>''Kleine Romane'', p. 275.</ref> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.}} In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands beneath the tower and calls out:
:''Rapunzel!''
:''Rapunzel!''
:''Let down your hair''
:''That I may climb thy golden stair!''{{efn|Schulz, "''Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann.''" ("Rapunzel, let down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");<ref>''Kleine Romane'', p. 278.</ref> Grimms, "''Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!''" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").<ref>''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</ref> Jacob Grimm believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as ''[[Stabreim]]''.}}
One day, a [[prince]] rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. He returns often, listening to her beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, he bids Rapunzel let her hair down. When she does so, he climbs up and they fall in love. He eventually asks her to [[Marriage|marry]] him, which she agrees to.
Together they plan a means of escape, wherein he will come each night (thus avoiding the sorceress who visits her by day) and bring Rapunzel a piece of [[silk]] that she will gradually weave into a [[rope ladder|ladder]]. Before the plan can come to fruition, however, she foolishly gives him away. In the first edition (1812) of ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' (''Children's and Household Tales'', most commonly known in English as ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]''), she innocently says that her dress is growing tighter around her waist, hinting at [[pregnancy]].<ref>This detail is also found in Schulz, ''Kleine Romane'', p. 281.</ref> In later editions, she asks "Dame Gothel",{{efn|{{lang-de|Frau Gothel|links=no}}. Rapunzel refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title only at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of ''Frau'' in early modern German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any woman as in modern German. ''Gothel'' (or ''Göthel'', ''Göthle'', ''Göthe'', etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational one meaning "[[midwife]], [[wet nurse]], [[foster mother]], [[godparent]]".<ref>Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's ''Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe'', Vol. II, p. 150.</ref> The Grimms' use of this archaic term was another example of their attempt to return the story to a primitive Teutonic form.}} in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her.<ref name=facts>Maria Tatar (1987) ''The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales'', Princeton University Press, p. 18, {{ISBN|0-691-06722-8}}</ref> In anger, the sorceress cuts off Rapunzel's hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.
When the prince calls that night, the sorceress lets the severed hair down to haul him up. To his horror, he finds himself meeting her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. After she tells him in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he leaps or falls from the tower, landing in a thorn bush. Although the thorn bush breaks his fall and saves his life, it scratches his eyes and blinds him.
For years, he wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel now lives with the twins to whom she has given birth, a boy and a girl. One day, as she sings, he hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, her tears immediately restore his sight. He leads her and their twins to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.{{efn|In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family to his father's palace in her flying carriage.<ref>''Kleine Romane'', pp. 287-288.</ref>}}
Another version of the story ends with the revelation that her foster mother had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.<ref name="wbarker">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) ''Household Tales'' (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "[http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html Rapunzel]"</ref>
==Themes and characterization==
[[File:Dresden Altmarkt 14.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Rapunzel in [[Dresden]], [[Saxony]], Germany]]
Many scholars have interpreted “Maiden in the Tower” stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.<ref name=":2" /> Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.<ref name=":1" />
Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after ''[[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force|Persinette]]'' and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Vellenga|first=Carolyn|date=1992|title=Rapunzel's desire. A reading of Mlle de la Force|journal=Merveilles & Contes|volume=6|issue=1|pages=59–73|jstor=41390334}}</ref>
The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of ''Rapunzel'' is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in ''[[Jack and the Beanstalk]]'' when Jack trades a cow for beans or in ''[[Beauty and the Beast]]'' when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tatar|first=Maria|title=The Annotated Brothers Grimm|publisher=WW Norton|year=2004|isbn=0393088863|pages=58}}</ref> Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child.<ref name=":4" /> Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for vitamins.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2000|isbn=039397636X|pages=474}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE|title=Annotated Rapunzel|last=Heiner|first=Heidi Anne|date=2014|work=SurLaLune Fairy Tales|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
The “Maiden in the Tower” archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost [[Matriarchal religion|matriarchal myth]] connected to the [[Hieros gamos|sacred marriage]] between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the [[crone]], representing death and winter.<ref name=":0" />
== Development ==
=== Mythological and religious inspiration ===
Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the “Maiden in the Tower” archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or [[Proto-Indo-European religion|proto-Indo-European]]) [[Solar deity|sun]] or [[dawn goddess]] myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Storl|first=Wolf D.|title=A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes|publisher=North Atlantic Books|year=2016|isbn=9781623170394|location=Berkeley, CA|pages=360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Beresnevičius|first=Gintaras|title=Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija|publisher=Tyto alba|year=2004|isbn=9986163897|location=Vilnius|pages=19}}</ref> Similar myths include that of the [[Baltic mythology|Baltic]] [[solar goddess]], [[Saulė]], who is held captive in a tower by a king.<ref name="9986-16-389-7_p19">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. {{ISBN|9986-16-389-7}}.</ref> Inspiration may also be taken from the [[Classical mythology|classical myth]] of the hero [[Perseus]]; Perseus' mother, the Princess [[Danaë]], was confined to a [[bronze|bronze tower]] by her-own father, [[Acrisius]], the King of [[Ancient Argos|Argos]], in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]] that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.
Inspiration may come from [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]], in Irish myth.
Inspiration may come from the life of [[Saint Barbara]] of [[Nicomedia]], who was a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://folkstory.com/articles/stbabs.html|title=A Day to Honor Saint Barbara|last=Young|first=Jonathan|date=30 November 1997|website=The Center for Story and Symbol|access-date=6 April 2013}}</ref> While in the tower, she converted to Christianity and is ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> Her story was included in ''The Book of City Ladies'' by [[Christine de Pizan]], which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.<ref name=":0" />
=== Literary development ===
The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the epic poem ''[[Shahnameh]]'' by [[Ferdowsi]].<ref name=":0" /> The heroine of the story, [[Rudaba|Rudāba]], offers her hair so that her love interest [[Zāl]] may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.<ref name=":0" />
The first written record of a story that may be recognized as ''Rapunzel'' is [[Giambattista Basile|Giambattista Basile's]] ''[[Petrosinella]]'', translating to parsley, which was published in [[Naples]] in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled ''Lo cunto de li cunti'' (The Story of Stories).<ref name=":1" /> This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end.<ref name=":1" /> Most importantly, this version of the story contains a “flight” scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Getty|first=Laura J|date=1997|title=Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale|journal=Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature|volume=30|issue=2|pages=37–52|jstor=44029886}}</ref> This “flight” scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the [[Mediterranean Basin|Mediterranean]] region, notably [[Sicily]] (''Angiola''), [[Malta]] (''Little Parsley'' and ''Little Fennel''), and [[Greece]] (''Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair'').<ref name=":2" />
In 1697, [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]] published a variation of the story, ''[[Persinette]]'', while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tatar|first=Maria|title=The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-691-06722-8|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=18, 19, 45}}</ref> Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early ''conteuses'' as a contemporary to [[Charles Perrault]].<ref name=":0" /> This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers.<ref name=":2" /> It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with villain taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> While de la Force's claim that ''Persinette'' was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.<ref name=":3" />
''Persinette'' was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in ''Kleine Romane'' (''Little Novels''). [[Brothers Grimm|Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm]] included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of ''[[Children's and Household Tales]]'' and removed elements that they believed were added to the “original” German fairy tale.<ref name=":2" /> Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the “Maiden in the Tower” in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.<ref name=":2" /> Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version, it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.<ref name=":3" /> It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.<ref name=":3" />
=== Distribution ===
According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.<ref>Megas, Geōrgios A. ''Folktales of Greece''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.</ref>
Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".<ref>Zipes, Jack. ''Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach''. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. {{ISBN|9781135511685}}.</ref> However, Scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East.<ref>Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: ''Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties''. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.</ref> In the same vein, [[Stith Thompson]] argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.<ref>Thompson, Stith (1977). ''The Folktale''. University of California Press. p. 102. {{ISBN|0-520-03537-2}}.</ref>
Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from ''[[The Arabian Nights]]'' compilation.<ref>Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. ''The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia''. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. {{ISBN|1-85109-640-X}} (e-book)</ref>
==Cultural legacy==
===Literary media===
[[Andrew Lang]] included the story in his 1890 publication ''[[The Red Fairy Book]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Andrew|title=The Red Fairy Book|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|year=1890|isbn=978-9389232394|location=London, England|pages=282–285}}</ref> Other versions of the tale also appear in ''[[A Book of Witches]]'' (1965) by [[Ruth Manning-Sanders]] and in [[Paul O. Zelinsky]]'s [[Caldecott Medal|Caldecott Medal-winning]] picture book, ''[[Rapunzel (book)|Rapunzel]]'' (1997).
[[Anne Sexton]] wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection ''Transformations'' (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the ''Grimm's Fairy tales''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sexton|first=Anne|title=Transformations|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=2001|isbn=978-0395127216|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
''[[Cress (novel)|Cress]]'' is the third book in the ''[[The Lunar Chronicles|Lunar Chronicles]]'', a [[Young adult fiction|young adult]] [[science fiction]] series written by [[Marissa Meyer]] that is an adaptation of ''Rapunzel''. Crescent, [[nickname]]d "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella. The ''Lunar Chronicles'' is a tetralogy with a futuristic take on classic fairy tales that also includes characters such as "Cinder" ([[Cinderella]]), "Scarlet" ([[Little Red Riding Hood|Red Riding Hood]]) and "Winter" ([[Snow White]]).
[[Kate Forsyth]] has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force|Mademoiselle de la Force]] entitled, ''Bitter Greens'', and her second book was [[nonfiction]] describing the development of the tale entitled, ''The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Forsyth |first=Kate |title=The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower |publisher=FableCroft Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-9925534-9-4 }}</ref> She described it as "a story that reverberates very strongly with any individual -- male or female, child or adult -- who has found themselves trapped by their circumstances, whether this is caused by the will of another or their own inability to change and grow".
In [[Nikita Gill]]'s 2018 poetry collection ''Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul'' she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including ''Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel'' and ''Rapunzel, Rapunzel''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gill|first=Nikita|title=Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul|publisher=Hachette|year=2018|isbn=9780316420730|location=Boston, MA}}</ref>
In 2019, Simon Hood published a contemporary retelling of Rapunzel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sooperbooks.com/story/rapunzel-story/|title=The Story Of Rapunzel |last=Hood |first=Simon |date=2019 |website=Sooper Books}}</ref> Both the [[language]] and the [[illustration]]s modernised the story, while the plot itself remained close to traditional versions.
===Film media===
* A live action version was filmed for television as part of [[Shelley Duvall]]'s series ''[[Faerie Tale Theatre]]'', airing on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. It aired on 5 February 1983. In it, the main character, Rapunzel ([[Shelley Duvall]]), is taken from her mother ([[Shelley Duvall]]) and father ([[Jeff Bridges]]) by an evil witch ([[Gena Rowlands]]), and is brought up in an isolated tower that can only be accessed by climbing her unnaturally long hair. [[Jeff Bridges]] played the prince and also Rapunzel's father, [[Shelley Duvall]] played Rapunzel and also Rapunzel's mother, [[Gena Rowlands]] played the witch, and [[Roddy McDowall]] narrated.
* The story is retold in a second season (1987) episode of ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'', aka ''Grimm Masterpiece Theatre.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0305033/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=Grimm Masterpiece Theatre (TV Series 1987– )|author=Cloud Strife|date=15 January 2008|work=IMDb}}</ref>
* A 1988 German film adaption, ''{{ill|Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen|de}}'' (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale [[Maid Maleen]]. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.
* A 1990 [[straight-to-video]] animated film adaption by [[Hanna-Barbera]] and [[Hallmark Cards]], simply titled ''Rapunzel''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/|title=Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)|date=13 March 1990|work=IMDb}}</ref> featured [[Olivia Newton-John]] narrating the story. The major difference between it and the Grimm fairy tale is that instead of making the prince blind, the evil witch transforms him into a bird, possibly a reference to ''[[The Blue Bird (fairy tale)|The Blue Bird]]'', a French variant of the story.
* ''[[Into the Woods]]'' is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/|title="American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)|author=weymo|date=15 March 1991|work=IMDb}}</ref> in 1991 by ''[[American Playhouse]]''. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch that the Baker (Rapunzel's older brother, unbeknownst to him) is getting some items from who is later rescued by a prince. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. The Witch then grieves for her and sings, "Witch’s Lament."
* A [[Into the Woods (film)|film adaptation]] by [[The Walt Disney Company]] was released late in 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/|title=Into the Woods (2014)|author=isaacglover_05|date=25 December 2014|work=IMDb}}</ref> where Rapunzel is portrayed by [[Mackenzie Mauzy]]. The difference from the play is that Rapunzel is not killed by the Giant's Wife. Instead, she rides off into the woods with her prince in order to distance herself from the Witch who raised her.
* In ''[[Barbie as Rapunzel]]'' (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by [[Anjelica Huston]]) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.
* In ''[[Shrek the Third]]'' (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by [[Maya Rudolph]]) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.
* [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]' ''[[Tangled]]'' (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Princess Rapunzel]] (voiced by [[Mandy Moore]]) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Her long blonde hair has magical healing and restoration powers. A woman named Mother Gothel (voiced by [[Donna Murphy]]) kidnaps Rapunzel for her magical hair which would help maintain her youth. [[Flynn Rider]]/Eugene Fitzherbert (voiced by [[Zachary Levi]]) is an elusive thief who replaces the prince.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398286/ Tangled (2010)]. IMDb.com</ref> Rapunzel also features in Disney's ''Tangled'' short sequel, ''[[Tangled Ever After]]''. There is also a series based on the events after the movie and before the short named ''[[Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure|Tangled The Series/ Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure]]'' and a movie which leads to the series called ''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]''.
* [[Walt Disney Pictures]] hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of ''Tangled'', a whole new adaptation, or a combination of both.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2020/02/disney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1/|title=This Just In: Disney Is Reportedly Making A Live-Action Rapunzel Movie|website=Inside the Magic|last=Coffey|first=Kelly|date=14 February 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
===Television media===
==== Live action television media ====
''[[Shirley Temple's Storybook]]'' (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0699613/?ref_=ttep_ep13|title=Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1961) Rapunzel|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> [[Carol Lynley]] played Rapunzel and [[Agnes Moorehead]] the evil witch.<ref name=":7" />
''[[Sesame Street]]'' (1969–present) has a "News Flash" skit with [[Kermit the Frog]] where he interviews the Prince trying to charm Rapunzel with the famous line. However, she is having a hard time hearing him and when she finally does understand him, she lets all her hair fall down (completely off her head), leaving the prince confused as to what to do now.
The American television animated anthology series, ''[[Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child]]'' (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full [[African Americans|African-American]] cast and set in [[New Orleans]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1222131/?ref_=ttep_ep8|title=Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Rapunzel|website=IDMb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> The episode starred [[Tisha Campbell-Martin]] as Rapunzel, [[Whoopi Goldberg]] as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, [[Meshach Taylor]] as Woodcutter, [[Hazelle Goodman]] as Woodcutter's Wife, [[Donald Fullilove]] as Friend #1, and [[Tico Wells]] as Friend #2.<ref name=":8" />
In the American fairy tale miniseries, ''[[The Tenth Kingdom]]'' (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0207275/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=The 10th Kingdom|website=IDMb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Her only means of escape is by letting her hair down through the window of the tower so that the Wolf can climb up and rescue her. Not before he asks the iconic phrase, in his own way, "Love of my life, let down your lustrous locks!". The character, Rapunzel is also mentioned as being one of the great women who changed history, and she was Queen of the sixth Kingdom before eventually succumbing to old age.
Rapunzel appears in the ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' episode [[The Tower (Once Upon a Time)|''The Tower'']] (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3502872/?ref_=ttep_ep14|title=Once Upon a Time The Tower|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In this show, Rapunzel is a young woman who becomes trapped in a large tower for many years after she searched for a plant called "night-root" that would remove her fear of becoming queen following her brother's death. Because of this, she has extremely long hair. It is revealed that consuming the substance created a doppelgänger fear spirit who represents all of the person's worst fears. After Prince Charming begins to fear that he will not make a good father to his and Snow White's baby, Robin Hood tells him where to find the night-root. He then climbs the tower and eventually helps Rapunzel face her fears by facing what truly scares her, which is herself. Presented with her own doppelganger, she is encouraged by Prince Charming and cuts off her hair, killing the figure and allowing her freedom. She explains to Prince Charming that her brother died trying to save her, and she doubts that her parents will forgive her. Again encouraged by Prince Charming, she returns her to their palace where she reunites with her accepting parents.
A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of ''Once Upon a Time'' (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by [[Gabrielle Anwar]] and [[Meegan Warner]] in flashbacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843230/episodes?season=7|title=Once Upon a Time Season 7|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to [[Cinderella]]. In the past, Rapunzel had two daughters, [[Anastasia Tremaine|Anastasia]] and [[Drizella Tremaine|Drizella]], and made a deal with [[Mother Gothel]] to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family. Six years later, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At some point, Anastasia dies and Rapunzel blames her husband for the incident while Ella blames herself. Gothel plans to put Anastasia in the tower, but Rapunzel managed to turn the tables and lock Gothel in instead. Rapunzel plots to revive Anastasia by using the heart of Drizella, whom she favors least of the two daughters. Drizella discovers this and decides to get revenge on her mother by casting the "Dark Curse". She allies with Mother Gothel and sends the New Enchanted Forest residents to [[Hyperion Heights]] in [[Seattle]]. Rapunzel awakens from the curse, but lives as Victoria Belfrey and is given new memories making her believe she cast the curse to save Anastasia, while Drizella lives as Ivy Belfrey, her assistant and daughter. Cinderella and her daughter are also brought over by the curse. Rapunzel/Victoria manages to lock Gothel away in Belfrey Towers.
==== Animated television media ====
In the [[Mattel]] cartoon ''[[Ever After High]]'' (2013-2017), features Rapunzel's has two daughters: Holly O'Hair and Poppy O'Hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3312378/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=Ever After High (2013–2017) Full Cast & Crew|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
''[[Tangled: The Series]]'' (2017-2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Animation's]] computer animated musical feature film'' [[Tangled]]''. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of [[Rapunzel (Tangled)|Rapunzel]] and [[Eugene Fitzherbert]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4902964/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2|title=Tangled: The Series|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter. The series has a feature-length movie titled ''[[Tangled: Before Ever After]]'' released in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5533228/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=Tangled: Before Ever After|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
In one episode of ''[[Happy Tree Friends]]'' (1999–present) entitled ''Dunce Upon a Time'', Petunia has very long hair that Giggles uses to slide down on as a brief Rapunzel reference.
The Japanese anime series ''[[Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics]]'' (1987-1989) features the tale in its second season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1075683/?ref_=tt_cl_i1|title=Grimm Masterpiece Theatre Rapuntseru|website=IMDb|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> It gives more spotlight to Rapunzel's parents, who are the local blacksmith and his wife, and it makes the witch more openly villainous.
==See also==
{{Portal|Germany|Children's literature}}
* [[Ethniu]], daughter of [[Balor]]
* [[Rapunzel syndrome]]
* [[Danaë]], daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was shut up in a bronze tower or cave.
* [[Puddocky]]
* [[Maid Maleen]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource}}
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website]. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, ''The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography,'' (Helsinki, 1961).
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012a.html Translated comparison of 1812 and 1857 versions]
* [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/index.html The Annotated Rapunzel with variants, illustrations, and annotations]
* [http://www.theoriginalgrimm.com The Original 1812 Grimm] A web site for the Original 1812 Kinder und Hausmärchen featuring references and other useful information related to the 1812 book in English.
* #44 Rapunzel {{Cite web|url=http://www.loyalbooks.com/book/the-fairy-ring-ed-by-wiggin-and-smith|title = The Fairy Ring}}
{{Brothers Grimm|state=expanded}}
{{Rapunzel}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rapunzel| ]]
[[Category:Grimms' Fairy Tales]]
[[Category:European fairy tales]]
[[Category:German fairy tales]]
[[Category:Witchcraft in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,32 +1,3 @@
-{{About|the traditional fairy tale|the Disney character|Rapunzel (Tangled)|other uses|Rapunzel (disambiguation)}}
-{{redirect|Dame Gothel|other uses|Gothel (disambiguation)}}
-{{italictitle}}
-{{short description|German fairy tale}}
-{{Infobox book
-|name=Rapunzel
-|title_orig=
-|image=Stamps of Germany (DDR) 1978, MiNr 2383.jpg
-|caption=Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 [[East Germany|East German]] stamp
-|author= Unknown but collected by the Brothers Grimm
-|illustrator=
-|cover_artist=
-|country= Germany
-|language= German
-|subject=
-|genre= [[Fairy tale]]
-|publisher=
-|release_date=1812
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-|media_type=Print
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-{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
-
-'''''Rapunzel''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|z|əl}}, {{IPA-de|ʁaˈpʊntsl̩|lang|de-Rapunzel.ogg}}) is a German [[fairy tale]] recorded by the [[Brothers Grimm]] and first published in 1812 as part of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Children's and Household Tales]]'' (KHM 12).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Warner|first=Marina|date=2010|title=After Rapunzel|journal=Marvels & Tales|volume=24|issue=2|pages=329–335|jstor=41388959}}</ref> The Brothers Grimm's story is an adaptation of the fairy tale ''Rapunzel'' by Friedrich Schulz (1790) that was a translation of ''[[Persinette]]'' (1698) by [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]], which was itself influenced by an earlier Italian tale, ''[[Petrosinella]]'' (1634), by [[Giambattista Basile]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loo|first=Oliver|title=Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2015|isbn=978-1507639566|pages=1–66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari|url-access=limited|publisher=Viking|year=1991|isbn=0670830534|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari/page/n828 794]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
-
-The tale is classified as [[Aarne–Thompson classification system|Aarne–Thompson]] type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Rapunzel|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012.html|last=Ashliman|first=D. L.|author-link=D. L. Ashliman|date=2019|website=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Its plot has been used and parodied in various [[Mass media|media]]. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".
+Rapunzel is actually Snow White
== Origin ==
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25 => '{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}',
26 => '',
27 => ''''''Rapunzel''''' ({{IPAc-en|r|ə|ˈ|p|ʌ|n|z|əl}}, {{IPA-de|ʁaˈpʊntsl̩|lang|de-Rapunzel.ogg}}) is a German [[fairy tale]] recorded by the [[Brothers Grimm]] and first published in 1812 as part of ''[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Children's and Household Tales]]'' (KHM 12).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Warner|first=Marina|date=2010|title=After Rapunzel|journal=Marvels & Tales|volume=24|issue=2|pages=329–335|jstor=41388959}}</ref> The Brothers Grimm's story is an adaptation of the fairy tale ''Rapunzel'' by Friedrich Schulz (1790) that was a translation of ''[[Persinette]]'' (1698) by [[Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force]], which was itself influenced by an earlier Italian tale, ''[[Petrosinella]]'' (1634), by [[Giambattista Basile]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Loo|first=Oliver|title=Rapunzel 1790 A New Translation of the Tale by Friedrich Schulz|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2015|isbn=978-1507639566|pages=1–66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Zipes|first=Jack|title=Spells of Enchantment: The Wondrous Fairy Tales of Western Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari|url-access=limited|publisher=Viking|year=1991|isbn=0670830534|pages=[https://archive.org/details/spellsenchantmen00vari/page/n828 794]}}</ref><ref name=":1" />',
28 => '',
29 => 'The tale is classified as [[Aarne–Thompson classification system|Aarne–Thompson]] type 310 ("The Maiden in The Tower").<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Rapunzel|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012.html|last=Ashliman|first=D. L.|author-link=D. L. Ashliman|date=2019|website=University of Pittsburgh}}</ref> Its plot has been used and parodied in various [[Mass media|media]]. Its best known line is, "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>Rapunzel is actually Snow White
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Plot"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Plot</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Themes_and_characterization"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Themes and characterization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Development"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Development</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mythological_and_religious_inspiration"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mythological and religious inspiration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Literary_development"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Distribution"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Distribution</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Cultural_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural legacy</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Literary_media"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Literary media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Film_media"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Film media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Television_media"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Television media</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Live_action_television_media"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Live action television media</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Animated_television_media"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Animated television media</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Origin">Origin</span></h2>
<p>The tale was published by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Kinder- und Hausmärchen</a></i> in 1812. Their source was a story published by Friedrich Schulz (1762–1798) in his <i>Kleine Romane</i> (1790). Earlier variants include <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile</a>'s "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosinella" title="Petrosinella">Petrosinella</a>" (1634/36), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Mademoiselle de la Force</a>'s "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persinette" title="Persinette">Persinette</a>" (1698), or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Gottlieb_B%C3%BCsching" title="Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching">Johann Gustav Büsching</a>'s "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puddocky" title="Puddocky">Das Mährchen von der Padde</a>", published a few months before Grimm's version in <i>Volks-Sagen, Mährchen und Legenden</i> (1812).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Plot">Plot</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Johnny_Gruelle_illustration_-_Rapunzel_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_11027.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Johnny_Gruelle_illustration_-_Rapunzel_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_11027.jpg/220px-Johnny_Gruelle_illustration_-_Rapunzel_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_11027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="950" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Johnny_Gruelle_illustration_-_Rapunzel_-_Project_Gutenberg_etext_11027.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustration by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johnny_Gruelle" title="Johnny Gruelle">Johnny Gruelle</a></div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg/220px-Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="781" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Rapunzel-Paul-Hey.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Illustration by Paul Hey, created around 1910</div></div></div>
<p>A lonely couple, who long for a child, live next to a large, extensive, high-walled <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence garden</a>, belonging to a sorceress.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></sup> The wife, experiencing the cravings associated with pregnancy, notices some <i>rapunzel</i> (meaning, either a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campanula_rapunculus" title="Campanula rapunculus">Campanula rapunculus</a></i> (an edible <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Salad_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Salad green">salad green</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Root_vegetable" class="mw-redirect" title="Root vegetable">root vegetable</a>) or a <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Valerianella_locusta" title="Valerianella locusta">Valerianella locusta</a></i> (a salad green)) growing in the nearby garden and longs for it.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> She refuses to eat anything else and begins to waste away. Her husband fears for her life and one night he breaks into the garden to get some for her. When he returns, she makes a salad out of it and eats it, but she longs for more so her husband returns to the garden to retrieve more. As he scales the wall to return home, the sorceress catches him and accuses him of theft. He begs for mercy and she agrees to be lenient, allowing him to take all the rapunzel he wants on condition that the baby be given to her when it's born.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a></sup> Desperate, he agrees.
</p><p>When his wife has a baby girl, the sorceress takes her to raise as her own and names her "Rapunzel" after the plant her mother craved (in one version, the couple moves away before the birth in an attempt to avoid surrendering the baby, only for the sorceress to turn up at their door upon the baby's birth, unhampered by their attempt at relocation). Rapunzel grows up to be a beautiful child with long golden hair.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[c]</a></sup> When she turns twelve, the sorceress locks her up inside a tower in the middle of the woods, with neither stairs nor a door, and only one room and one window.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a></sup> In order to visit Rapunzel, the sorceress stands beneath the tower and calls out:
</p>
<dl><dd><i>Rapunzel!</i></dd>
<dd><i>Rapunzel!</i></dd>
<dd><i>Let down your hair</i></dd>
<dd><i>That I may climb thy golden stair!</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[e]</a></sup></dd></dl>
<p>One day, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">prince</a> rides through the forest and hears Rapunzel singing from the tower. Entranced by her ethereal voice, he searches for her and discovers the tower, but is unable to enter it. He returns often, listening to her beautiful singing, and one day sees the sorceress visit and learns how to gain access. When the sorceress leaves, he bids Rapunzel let her hair down. When she does so, he climbs up and they fall in love. He eventually asks her to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marry</a> him, which she agrees to.
</p><p>Together they plan a means of escape, wherein he will come each night (thus avoiding the sorceress who visits her by day) and bring Rapunzel a piece of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> that she will gradually weave into a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rope_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rope ladder">ladder</a>. Before the plan can come to fruition, however, she foolishly gives him away. In the first edition (1812) of <i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (<i>Children's and Household Tales</i>, most commonly known in English as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i>), she innocently says that her dress is growing tighter around her waist, hinting at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a></sup> In later editions, she asks "Dame Gothel",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[f]</a></sup> in a moment of forgetfulness, why it is easier for her to draw up the prince than her.<sup id="cite_ref-facts_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-17">[11]</a></sup> In anger, the sorceress cuts off Rapunzel's hair and casts her out into the wilderness to fend for herself.
</p><p>When the prince calls that night, the sorceress lets the severed hair down to haul him up. To his horror, he finds himself meeting her instead of Rapunzel, who is nowhere to be found. After she tells him in a rage that he will never see Rapunzel again, he leaps or falls from the tower, landing in a thorn bush. Although the thorn bush breaks his fall and saves his life, it scratches his eyes and blinds him.
</p><p>For years, he wanders through the wastelands of the country and eventually comes to the wilderness where Rapunzel now lives with the twins to whom she has given birth, a boy and a girl. One day, as she sings, he hears her voice again, and they are reunited. When they fall into each other's arms, her tears immediately restore his sight. He leads her and their twins to his kingdom where they live happily ever after.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[g]</a></sup>
</p><p>Another version of the story ends with the revelation that her foster mother had untied Rapunzel's hair after the prince leapt from the tower, and it slipped from her hands and landed far below, leaving her trapped in the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-wbarker_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbarker-20">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Themes_and_characterization">Themes and characterization</span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg/170px-Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Dresden_Altmarkt_14.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Rapunzel in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Germany</div></div></div>
<p>Many scholars have interpreted “Maiden in the Tower” stories, which Rapunzel is a part of, as a metaphor for the protection of young women from pre-marital relationships by overzealous guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[14]</a></sup> Scholars have drawn comparisons of the confinement of Rapunzel in her tower to that of a convent, where women's lives were highly controlled and they lived in exclusion from outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholars have also noted the strong theme of love conquering all in the story, as the lovers are united after years of searching in all versions after <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Persinette</a></i> and are ultimately happily reunited as a family.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>The seemingly unfair bargain that the husband makes with the sorceress in the opening of <i>Rapunzel</i> is a common convention in fairy tales, which is replicated in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk" title="Jack and the Beanstalk">Jack and the Beanstalk</a></i> when Jack trades a cow for beans or in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast" title="Beauty and the Beast">Beauty and the Beast</a></i> when Beauty comes to the Beast in return for a rose.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a></sup> Furthermore, folkloric beliefs often regarded it as dangerous to deny a pregnant woman any food she craved, making the bargain with the sorceress more understandable since the husband would have perceived his actions as saving his wife at the cost of his child.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23">[16]</a></sup> Family members would often go to great lengths to secure such cravings and such desires for lettuce and other vegetables may indicate a need for vitamins.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a></sup>
</p><p>The “Maiden in the Tower” archetype has drawn comparisons to a possible lost <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">matriarchal myth</a> connected to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">sacred marriage</a> between the prince and the maiden and the rivalry between the maiden, representing life and spring, and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">crone</a>, representing death and winter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mythological_and_religious_inspiration">Mythological and religious inspiration</span></h3>
<p>Some researchers have proposed that the earliest possible inspiration for the “Maiden in the Tower” archetype is to the pre-Christian European (or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">proto-Indo-European</a>) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun</a> or <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dawn_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn goddess">dawn goddess</a> myths, in which the light deity is trapped and is rescued.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a></sup> Similar myths include that of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar goddess">solar goddess</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saul%C4%97" title="Saulė">Saulė</a>, who is held captive in a tower by a king.<sup id="cite_ref-9986-16-389-7_p19_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9986-16-389-7_p19-30">[23]</a></sup> Inspiration may also be taken from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">classical myth</a> of the hero <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a>; Perseus' mother, the Princess <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a>, was confined to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze tower</a> by her-own father, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Acrisius" title="Acrisius">Acrisius</a>, the King of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, in an attempt to prevent her from becoming pregnant, as it was foretold by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Oracle of Delphi</a> that she would bear a son who would kill his grandfather.
</p><p>Inspiration may come from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethniu" title="Ethniu">Ethniu</a>, daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a>, in Irish myth.
</p><p>Inspiration may come from the life of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_Barbara" title="Saint Barbara">Saint Barbara</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, who was a beautiful woman who was confined to a tower by her father to hide her away from suitors.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-31">[24]</a></sup> While in the tower, she converted to Christianity and is ultimately martyred for her faith after a series of miracles delaying her execution.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-31">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup> Her story was included in <i>The Book of City Ladies</i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>, which may have been highly influential on later writers, as it was popular throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_development">Literary development</span></h3>
<p>The earliest surviving reference to a female character with long hair that she offers to a male lover to climb like a ladder appears in the epic poem <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup> The heroine of the story, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudāba</a>, offers her hair so that her love interest <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a> may enter the harem where she lives. Zāl states instead that she should lower a rope so that she will not hurt herself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup>
</p><p>The first written record of a story that may be recognized as <i>Rapunzel</i> is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giambattista_Basile" title="Giambattista Basile">Giambattista Basile's</a> <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosinella" title="Petrosinella">Petrosinella</a></i>, translating to parsley, which was published in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> in the local dialect in 1634 in a collection entitled <i>Lo cunto de li cunti</i> (The Story of Stories).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[15]</a></sup> This version of the story differs from later versions as it is the wife not the husband who steals the plant, the maiden is taken by the villain as a child rather than a baby, and the maiden and the prince are not separated for years to be reunited in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22">[15]</a></sup> Most importantly, this version of the story contains a “flight” scene in which Petrosinella uses magic acorns that turn into animals to distract the ogress while she pursues the couple fleeing the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[14]</a></sup> This “flight” scene, with three magic objects used as distraction, is found in oral variants in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> region, notably <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (<i>Angiola</i>), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (<i>Little Parsley</i> and <i>Little Fennel</i>), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<i>Anthousa the Fair with Golden Hair</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[14]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 1697, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_de_La_Force" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force">Charlotte-Rose de Caumont de La Force</a> published a variation of the story, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Persinette" title="Persinette">Persinette</a></i>, while confined to an abbey due to perceived misconduct during service in the court of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[25]</a></sup> Before her imprisonment, de la Force was a prominent figure in the Parisian salons and considered one of the early <i>conteuses</i> as a contemporary to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup> This version of the story includes almost all elements that were found in later versions by the Grimm Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[14]</a></sup> It is the first version to include the maiden's out of wedlock pregnancy, the villain's trickery leading to the prince's blinding, the birth of twins, and the tears of the maiden restoring the prince's sight. The tale ends with villain taking pity on the couple and transporting them to the prince's kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup> While de la Force's claim that <i>Persinette</i> was an original story cannot be substantiated, her version was the most complex at the time and did introduce original elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[25]</a></sup>
</p><p><i>Persinette</i> was translated into German by Friedrich Schulz and appeared in 1790 in <i>Kleine Romane</i> (<i>Little Novels</i>). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm</a> included the story in their first (1812) and seventh (1857) edition publications of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's and Household Tales">Children's and Household Tales</a></i> and removed elements that they believed were added to the “original” German fairy tale.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[14]</a></sup> Although the Grimms' recounting of the fairy tale is the most prevalent version of the “Maiden in the Tower” in the western literary canon, the story does not appear to have connections to a Germanic oral folktale tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[14]</a></sup> Notably, the 1812 publication retains the out of wedlock pregnancy that reveals the prince's visits to the witch, whereas in the 1857 version, it is Rapunzel's slip of the tongue to address criticism that the tale was not appropriate for children.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[25]</a></sup> It can be argued that the 1857 version of the story was the first written for a primarily child-aged audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[25]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></h3>
<p>According to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas, fellow folklorist Michael Meracles concluded that the tale type originated in Southeastern Europe, by analysing 22 Greek variants, 2 Serbo-Croatian and 1 from Corsica.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholar Jack Zipes stated that the tale type is "extremely popular throughout Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a></sup> However, Scholar Ton Deker remarked that the tale type is "mainly known" in Central and South Europe, and in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a></sup> In the same vein, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stith_Thompson" title="Stith Thompson">Stith Thompson</a> argued for a Mediterranean origin for the story, due to "its great popularity" in Italy and nearby countries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a></sup>
</p><p>Scholar Ulrich Marzolph remarked that the tale type AT 310 was one of "the most frequently encountered tales in Arab oral tradition", albeit missing from <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Arabian_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arabian Nights">The Arabian Nights</a></i> compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_media">Literary media</span></h3>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a> included the story in his 1890 publication <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Red_Fairy_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="The Red Fairy Book">The Red Fairy Book</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a></sup> Other versions of the tale also appear in <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/A_Book_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="A Book of Witches">A Book of Witches</a></i> (1965) by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ruth_Manning-Sanders" title="Ruth Manning-Sanders">Ruth Manning-Sanders</a> and in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_O._Zelinsky" title="Paul O. Zelinsky">Paul O. Zelinsky</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldecott_Medal" title="Caldecott Medal">Caldecott Medal-winning</a> picture book, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(book)" title="Rapunzel (book)">Rapunzel</a></i> (1997).
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anne_Sexton" title="Anne Sexton">Anne Sexton</a> wrote a poem called "Rapunzel" in her collection <i>Transformations</i> (1971), a book in which she re-envisions sixteen of the <i>Grimm's Fairy tales</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cress_(novel)" title="Cress (novel)">Cress</a></i> is the third book in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Lunar_Chronicles" title="The Lunar Chronicles">Lunar Chronicles</a></i>, a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" title="Young adult fiction">young adult</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> series written by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marissa_Meyer" title="Marissa Meyer">Marissa Meyer</a> that is an adaptation of <i>Rapunzel</i>. Crescent, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nicknamed</a> "Cress", is a prisoner on a satellite who is rescued and falls in love with her hero "Captain Thorne" amidst the story about "Cinder" a cyborg version of Cinderella. The <i>Lunar Chronicles</i> is a tetralogy with a futuristic take on classic fairy tales that also includes characters such as "Cinder" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>), "Scarlet" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Red Riding Hood</a>) and "Winter" (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>).
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kate_Forsyth" title="Kate Forsyth">Kate Forsyth</a> has written two books about Rapunzel, one is a fictional retelling of the tale and of the life of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte-Rose_de_Caumont_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte-Rose de Caumont La Force">Mademoiselle de la Force</a> entitled, <i>Bitter Greens</i>, and her second book was <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nonfiction" title="Nonfiction">nonfiction</a> describing the development of the tale entitled, <i>The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27">[20]</a></sup> She described it as "a story that reverberates very strongly with any individual -- male or female, child or adult -- who has found themselves trapped by their circumstances, whether this is caused by the will of another or their own inability to change and grow".
</p><p>In <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nikita_Gill" title="Nikita Gill">Nikita Gill</a>'s 2018 poetry collection <i>Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul</i> she has several poems that reference Rapunzel or Rapunzel's story including <i>Rapunzel's Note Left for Mother Gothel</i> and <i>Rapunzel, Rapunzel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2019, Simon Hood published a contemporary retelling of Rapunzel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a></sup> Both the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustrations</a> modernised the story, while the plot itself remained close to traditional versions.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film_media">Film media</span></h3>
<ul><li>A live action version was filmed for television as part of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</a>'s series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faerie_Tale_Theatre" title="Faerie Tale Theatre">Faerie Tale Theatre</a></i>, airing on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a>. It aired on 5 February 1983. In it, the main character, Rapunzel (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</a>), is taken from her mother (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</a>) and father (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a>) by an evil witch (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a>), and is brought up in an isolated tower that can only be accessed by climbing her unnaturally long hair. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Bridges" title="Jeff Bridges">Jeff Bridges</a> played the prince and also Rapunzel's father, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelley_Duvall" title="Shelley Duvall">Shelley Duvall</a> played Rapunzel and also Rapunzel's mother, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> played the witch, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roddy_McDowall" title="Roddy McDowall">Roddy McDowall</a> narrated.</li>
<li>The story is retold in a second season (1987) episode of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tale_Classics" title="Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics">Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics</a></i>, aka <i>Grimm Masterpiece Theatre.</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a></sup></li>
<li>A 1988 German film adaption, <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Rapunzel_oder_Der_Zauber_der_Tr%C3%A4nen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen (page does not exist)">Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapunzel_oder_Der_Zauber_der_Tr%C3%A4nen" class="extiw" title="de:Rapunzel oder Der Zauber der Tränen">de</a>]</span></i> (meaning "Rapunzel or the Magic of Tears"), combines the story with the lesser-known Grimm fairy tale <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maid_Maleen" title="Maid Maleen">Maid Maleen</a>. After escaping the tower, Rapunzel finds work as a kitchen maid in the prince's court, where she must contend with an evil princess who aims to marry him.</li>
<li>A 1990 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Straight-to-video" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-to-video">straight-to-video</a> animated film adaption by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hanna-Barbera" title="Hanna-Barbera">Hanna-Barbera</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark Cards</a>, simply titled <i>Rapunzel</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a></sup> featured <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olivia_Newton-John" title="Olivia Newton-John">Olivia Newton-John</a> narrating the story. The major difference between it and the Grimm fairy tale is that instead of making the prince blind, the evil witch transforms him into a bird, possibly a reference to <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(fairy_tale)" title="The Blue Bird (fairy tale)">The Blue Bird</a></i>, a French variant of the story.</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a></i> is a musical combining elements from several classic fairy tales, in which Rapunzel is one of the main characters; it was also filmed for television<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a></sup> in 1991 by <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_Playhouse" title="American Playhouse">American Playhouse</a></i>. The story depicts Rapunzel as the adoptive daughter of the Witch that the Baker (Rapunzel's older brother, unbeknownst to him) is getting some items from who is later rescued by a prince. In the second half of the play, Rapunzel is killed by the Giant's Wife. The Witch then grieves for her and sings, "Witch’s Lament."</li>
<li>A <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)" title="Into the Woods (film)">film adaptation</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> was released late in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a></sup> where Rapunzel is portrayed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mackenzie_Mauzy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie Mauzy">Mackenzie Mauzy</a>. The difference from the play is that Rapunzel is not killed by the Giant's Wife. Instead, she rides off into the woods with her prince in order to distance herself from the Witch who raised her.</li>
<li>In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbie_as_Rapunzel" title="Barbie as Rapunzel">Barbie as Rapunzel</a></i> (2002), Rapunzel was raised by the evil witch Gothel (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anjelica_Huston" title="Anjelica Huston">Anjelica Huston</a>) and she acted as a servant for her. She uses a magic paintbrush to get out of captivity, but Gothel locks her away in a tower.</li>
<li>In <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shrek_the_Third" title="Shrek the Third">Shrek the Third</a></i> (2007), Rapunzel (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maya_Rudolph" title="Maya Rudolph">Maya Rudolph</a>) was friends with Princess Fiona. She is shown to be the true love of the evil Prince Charming and helps to fool Princess Fiona and her group when they try to escape from Prince Charming's wrath.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a>' <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i> (2010), which is a loose retelling and a computer-animated musical feature film. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Princess Rapunzel</a> (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandy_Moore" title="Mandy Moore">Mandy Moore</a>) is more assertive in character, and was born a princess. Her long blonde hair has magical healing and restoration powers. A woman named Mother Gothel (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donna_Murphy" title="Donna Murphy">Donna Murphy</a>) kidnaps Rapunzel for her magical hair which would help maintain her youth. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flynn_Rider" class="mw-redirect" title="Flynn Rider">Flynn Rider</a>/Eugene Fitzherbert (voiced by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zachary_Levi" title="Zachary Levi">Zachary Levi</a>) is an elusive thief who replaces the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a></sup> Rapunzel also features in Disney's <i>Tangled</i> short sequel, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled_Ever_After" title="Tangled Ever After">Tangled Ever After</a></i>. There is also a series based on the events after the movie and before the short named <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel%27s_Tangled_Adventure" title="Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure">Tangled The Series/ Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure</a></i> and a movie which leads to the series called <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_Before_Ever_After" title="Tangled: Before Ever After">Tangled: Before Ever After</a></i>.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Pictures</a> hired Ashleigh Powell to write the script for a live action Rapunzel movie. It is unknown if the film will be a remake of <i>Tangled</i>, a whole new adaptation, or a combination of both.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television_media">Television media</span></h3>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Live_action_television_media">Live action television media</span></h4>
<p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shirley_Temple%27s_Storybook" title="Shirley Temple's Storybook">Shirley Temple's Storybook</a></i> (1958-1961) featured an media of Rapunzel in an episode which aired on 27 October 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-48">[41]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Carol_Lynley" title="Carol Lynley">Carol Lynley</a> played Rapunzel and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead" title="Agnes Moorehead">Agnes Moorehead</a> the evil witch.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-48">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a></i> (1969–present) has a "News Flash" skit with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog" title="Kermit the Frog">Kermit the Frog</a> where he interviews the Prince trying to charm Rapunzel with the famous line. However, she is having a hard time hearing him and when she finally does understand him, she lets all her hair fall down (completely off her head), leaving the prince confused as to what to do now.
</p><p>The American television animated anthology series, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Happily_Ever_After:_Fairy_Tales_for_Every_Child" title="Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child">Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child</a></i> (1995-2000), the classic story is retold with a full <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> cast and set in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[42]</a></sup> The episode starred <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tisha_Campbell-Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisha Campbell-Martin">Tisha Campbell-Martin</a> as Rapunzel, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg" title="Whoopi Goldberg">Whoopi Goldberg</a> as Zenobia the Hoodoo Diva, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meshach_Taylor" title="Meshach Taylor">Meshach Taylor</a> as Woodcutter, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazelle_Goodman" title="Hazelle Goodman">Hazelle Goodman</a> as Woodcutter's Wife, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Donald_Fullilove" title="Donald Fullilove">Donald Fullilove</a> as Friend #1, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tico_Wells" title="Tico Wells">Tico Wells</a> as Friend #2.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-49">[42]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the American fairy tale miniseries, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tenth_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tenth Kingdom">The Tenth Kingdom</a></i> (2000), the main character, Virginia Lewis is cursed by a Gypsy witch. As a result, she grows hair reminiscent of Rapunzel's and is locked away by the Huntsman in a tower.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a></sup> Her only means of escape is by letting her hair down through the window of the tower so that the Wolf can climb up and rescue her. Not before he asks the iconic phrase, in his own way, "Love of my life, let down your lustrous locks!". The character, Rapunzel is also mentioned as being one of the great women who changed history, and she was Queen of the sixth Kingdom before eventually succumbing to old age.
</p><p>Rapunzel appears in the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i> episode <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tower_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Tower (Once Upon a Time)"><i>The Tower</i></a> (2014), portrayed by Alexandra Metz.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a></sup> In this show, Rapunzel is a young woman who becomes trapped in a large tower for many years after she searched for a plant called "night-root" that would remove her fear of becoming queen following her brother's death. Because of this, she has extremely long hair. It is revealed that consuming the substance created a doppelgänger fear spirit who represents all of the person's worst fears. After Prince Charming begins to fear that he will not make a good father to his and Snow White's baby, Robin Hood tells him where to find the night-root. He then climbs the tower and eventually helps Rapunzel face her fears by facing what truly scares her, which is herself. Presented with her own doppelganger, she is encouraged by Prince Charming and cuts off her hair, killing the figure and allowing her freedom. She explains to Prince Charming that her brother died trying to save her, and she doubts that her parents will forgive her. Again encouraged by Prince Charming, she returns her to their palace where she reunites with her accepting parents.
</p><p>A second iteration of Rapunzel appears as one of the main antagonists in the seventh season of <i>Once Upon a Time</i> (Season 7, 2018), portrayed by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gabrielle_Anwar" title="Gabrielle Anwar">Gabrielle Anwar</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meegan_Warner" title="Meegan Warner">Meegan Warner</a> in flashbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a></sup> In this season, Rapunzel is Lady Tremaine, the wicked stepmother to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>. In the past, Rapunzel had two daughters, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anastasia_Tremaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasia Tremaine">Anastasia</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Drizella_Tremaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Drizella Tremaine">Drizella</a>, and made a deal with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mother_Gothel" title="Mother Gothel">Mother Gothel</a> to be locked in a tower in exchange for the safety of her family. Six years later, Rapunzel frees herself and when she returns to her family, she discovers she has gained a stepdaughter named Ella. At some point, Anastasia dies and Rapunzel blames her husband for the incident while Ella blames herself. Gothel plans to put Anastasia in the tower, but Rapunzel managed to turn the tables and lock Gothel in instead. Rapunzel plots to revive Anastasia by using the heart of Drizella, whom she favors least of the two daughters. Drizella discovers this and decides to get revenge on her mother by casting the "Dark Curse". She allies with Mother Gothel and sends the New Enchanted Forest residents to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hyperion_Heights" title="Hyperion Heights">Hyperion Heights</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>. Rapunzel awakens from the curse, but lives as Victoria Belfrey and is given new memories making her believe she cast the curse to save Anastasia, while Drizella lives as Ivy Belfrey, her assistant and daughter. Cinderella and her daughter are also brought over by the curse. Rapunzel/Victoria manages to lock Gothel away in Belfrey Towers.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Animated_television_media">Animated television media</span></h4>
<p>In the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> cartoon <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ever_After_High" title="Ever After High">Ever After High</a></i> (2013-2017), features Rapunzel's has two daughters: Holly O'Hair and Poppy O'Hair.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_The_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangled: The Series">Tangled: The Series</a></i> (2017-2020) is a 2D animated TV show based on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Animation's</a> computer animated musical feature film<i> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i>. Mandy Moore and Zachary Levi reprise their roles of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Rapunzel</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eugene_Fitzherbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Fitzherbert">Eugene Fitzherbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a></sup> A new main character named Cassandra appears, who is Rapunzel's feisty lady-in-waiting, and later revealed to be Mother Gothel's biological daughter. The series has a feature-length movie titled <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_Before_Ever_After" title="Tangled: Before Ever After">Tangled: Before Ever After</a></i> released in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>In one episode of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Happy_Tree_Friends" title="Happy Tree Friends">Happy Tree Friends</a></i> (1999–present) entitled <i>Dunce Upon a Time</i>, Petunia has very long hair that Giggles uses to slide down on as a brief Rapunzel reference.
</p><p>The Japanese anime series <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tale_Classics" title="Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics">Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics</a></i> (1987-1989) features the tale in its second season.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a></sup> It gives more spotlight to Rapunzel's parents, who are the local blacksmith and his wife, and it makes the witch more openly villainous.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright">
<ul>
<li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li>
<li><span><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="noviewer" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></span></li></ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ethniu" title="Ethniu">Ethniu</a>, daughter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Balor" title="Balor">Balor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_syndrome" title="Rapunzel syndrome">Rapunzel syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a>, daughter of King Acrisius and Queen Eurydice, who was shut up in a bronze tower or cave.</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Puddocky" title="Puddocky">Puddocky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maid_Maleen" title="Maid Maleen">Maid Maleen</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2>
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<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the version of the story given by J. Achim Christoph Friedrich Schulz in his <i>Kleine Romane</i> (1790), which was the Grimms' direct source, the owner of the garden is a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> (<i>Fee</i>), and also appears as such in the Grimms' first edition of <i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (1812); by the final edition of 1857 the Grimms had deliberately Germanized the story by changing her to the more Teutonic "sorceress" (<i>Zauberin</i>), just as they had changed the original "prince" (<i>Prinz</i>) to the Germanic "son of a king" (<i>Königssohn</i>). At no point, however, do they refer to her as a "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witch</a>" (German: <i lang="de">Hexe</i>), despite the common modern impression.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In some variants of the story, the request takes a more riddling form, e.g. the foster mother demands "that which is under your belt." In other variants, the mother, worn out by the squalling of the child, wishes for someone to take it away, whereupon the figure of the foster-mother appears to claim it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Schulz, this is caused by the fairy herself, who sprinkles the child with a "precious liquid/perfume/ointment" (German: <i lang="de">kostbaren Wasser</i>). Her hair according to Schulz is thirty ells long (112 1/2 feet or 34.29 meters), but not at all uncomfortable for her to wear;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a></sup> in the Grimms, it hangs twenty ells (75 feet/22.86 meters) from the window-hook to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></sup></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Schulz's 1790 version of the story, the purpose of the fairy in doing so is to protect Rapunzel from an "unlucky star" which threatens her;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a></sup> the Grimms (deliberately seeking to return to a more archaic form of the story and perhaps influenced by Basile's Italian variant) make the fairy/sorceress a much more threatening figure.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schulz, "<i>Rapunzel, laß deine Haare 'runter, daß ich 'rauf kann.</i>" ("Rapunzel, let down thy hairs, so I can [climb] up.");<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></sup> Grimms, "<i>Rapunzel, Rapunzel, laß dein Haar herunter!</i>" ("Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let downwards thy hair!").<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a></sup> Jacob Grimm believed that the strong alliteration of the rhyme indicated that it was a survival of the ancient form of Germanic poetry known as <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stabreim" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabreim">Stabreim</a></i>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: <i lang="de">Frau Gothel</i>. Rapunzel refers to the previously unnamed sorceress by this title only at this point in the Grimms' story. The use of <i>Frau</i> in early modern German was more restricted, and referred only to a woman of noble birth, rather than to any woman as in modern German. <i>Gothel</i> (or <i>Göthel</i>, <i>Göthle</i>, <i>Göthe</i>, etc.) was originally not a personal name, but an occupational one meaning "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foster_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster mother">foster mother</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godparent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[10]</a></sup> The Grimms' use of this archaic term was another example of their attempt to return the story to a primitive Teutonic form.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Schulz, the fairy, relenting from her anger, transports the whole family to his father's palace in her flying carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:02</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRinkes2001" class="citation web cs1">Rinkes, Kathleen J. (17 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://german.berkeley.edu/poetry/rapunzel.php">"Translating Rapunzel; A very Long Process"</a>. <i>Department of German: University of California Berkeley</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122211814/http://german.berkeley.edu/poetry/rapunzel.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+German%3A+University+of+California+Berkeley&rft.atitle=Translating+Rapunzel%3B+A+very+Long+Process&rft.date=2001-04-17&rft.aulast=Rinkes&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgerman.berkeley.edu%2Fpoetry%2Frapunzel.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. the Grimms' annotations to <i>Rapunzel</i> (<i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (1856), Vol. III, p. 22.)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 277.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 275.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 278.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kinder- und Hausmärchen</i> (1857) Vol. I., p. 66.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This detail is also found in Schulz, <i>Kleine Romane</i>, p. 281.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Ludwig Rochholz's <i>Deutsche Arbeits-Entwürfe</i>, Vol. II, p. 150.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-facts-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facts_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maria Tatar (1987) <i>The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales</i>, Princeton University Press, p. 18, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8">0-691-06722-8</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kleine Romane</i>, pp. 287-288.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wbarker-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wbarker_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm (1884) <i>Household Tales</i> (English translation by Margaretmm Hunt), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myweb.dal.ca/barkerb/fairies/grimm/012.html">Rapunzel</a>"</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGetty1997" class="citation journal cs1">Getty, Laura J (1997). "Maidens and their guardians: Reinterpreting the Rapunzel tale". <i>Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 37–52. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/44029886">44029886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mosaic%3A+A+Journal+for+the+Interdisciplinary+Study+of+Literature&rft.atitle=Maidens+and+their+guardians%3A+Reinterpreting+the+Rapunzel+tale&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-52&rft.date=1997&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44029886%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Getty&rft.aufirst=Laura+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>:1</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-:4-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFVellenga1992" class="citation journal cs1">Vellenga, Carolyn (1992). "Rapunzel's desire. A reading of Mlle de la Force". <i>Merveilles & Contes</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 59–73. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/41390334">41390334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Merveilles+%26+Contes&rft.atitle=Rapunzel%27s+desire.+A+reading+of+Mlle+de+la+Force&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-73&rft.date=1992&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41390334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vellenga&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTatar2004" class="citation book cs1">Tatar, Maria (2004). <i>The Annotated Brothers Grimm</i>. WW Norton. p. 58. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393088863" title="Special:BookSources/0393088863"><bdi>0393088863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Brothers+Grimm&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0393088863&rft.aulast=Tatar&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZipes2000" class="citation book cs1">Zipes, Jack (2000). <i>The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers</i>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 474. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/039397636X" title="Special:BookSources/039397636X"><bdi>039397636X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Fairy+Tale+Tradition%3A+From+Straparola+and+Basile+to+the+Brothers&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=039397636X&rft.aulast=Zipes&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHeiner2014" class="citation web cs1">Heiner, Heidi Anne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/notes.html#FIVE">"Annotated Rapunzel"</a>. <i>SurLaLune Fairy Tales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SurLaLune+Fairy+Tales&rft.atitle=Annotated+Rapunzel&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Heiner&rft.aufirst=Heidi+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surlalunefairytales.com%2Frapunzel%2Fnotes.html%23FIVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2016" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Kate (2016). <i>The Rebirth of Rapunzel: A Mythic Biography of the Maiden in the Tower</i>. FableCroft Publishing. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9925534-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9925534-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9925534-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Rapunzel%3A+A+Mythic+Biography+of+the+Maiden+in+the+Tower&rft.pub=FableCroft+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9925534-9-4&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStorl2016" class="citation book cs1">Storl, Wolf D. (2016). <i>A Curious History of Vegetables: Aphrodisiacal and Healing Properties, Folk Tales, Garden Tips, and Recipes</i>. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. p. 360. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623170394" title="Special:BookSources/9781623170394"><bdi>9781623170394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Curious+History+of+Vegetables%3A+Aphrodisiacal+and+Healing+Properties%2C+Folk+Tales%2C+Garden+Tips%2C+and+Recipes&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781623170394&rft.aulast=Storl&rft.aufirst=Wolf+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBeresnevičius2004" class="citation book cs1">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). <i>Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija</i>. Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986163897" title="Special:BookSources/9986163897"><bdi>9986163897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lietuvi%C5%B3+religija+ir+mitologija%3A+sistemin%C4%97+studija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Tyto+alba&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9986163897&rft.aulast=Beresnevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Gintaras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9986-16-389-7_p19-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9986-16-389-7_p19_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beresnevičius, Gintaras (2004). Lietuvių religija ir mitologija: sisteminė studija (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Tyto alba. p. 19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-16-389-7" title="Special:BookSources/9986-16-389-7">9986-16-389-7</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYoung1997" class="citation web cs1">Young, Jonathan (30 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkstory.com/articles/stbabs.html">"A Day to Honor Saint Barbara"</a>. <i>The Center for Story and Symbol</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Center+for+Story+and+Symbol&rft.atitle=A+Day+to+Honor+Saint+Barbara&rft.date=1997-11-30&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkstory.com%2Farticles%2Fstbabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTatar1987" class="citation book cs1">Tatar, Maria (1987). <i>The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 18, 19, 45. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06722-8"><bdi>0-691-06722-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hard+Facts+of+the+Grimms%27+Fairy+Tales&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=18%2C+19%2C+45&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-691-06722-8&rft.aulast=Tatar&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Megas, Geōrgios A. <i>Folktales of Greece</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1970. p. 223.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zipes, Jack. <i>Beautiful Angiola: The Lost Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Laura Gonzenbach</i>. Routledge, 2004. p. 343. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135511685" title="Special:BookSources/9781135511685">9781135511685</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deker, Ton. "Raponsje (rapunzel)". In: <i>Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties</i>. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 293.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Stith (1977). <i>The Folktale</i>. University of California Press. p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03537-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03537-2">0-520-03537-2</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marzolph, Ulrich; van Leewen, Richard. <i>The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I. California: ABC-Clio. 2004. p. 12. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-640-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-640-X">1-85109-640-X</a> (e-book)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFLang1890" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Andrew (1890). <i>The Red Fairy Book</i>. London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 282–285. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9389232394" title="Special:BookSources/978-9389232394"><bdi>978-9389232394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Fairy+Book&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=282-285&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-9389232394&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSexton2001" class="citation book cs1">Sexton, Anne (2001). <i>Transformations</i>. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395127216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395127216"><bdi>978-0395127216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0395127216&rft.aulast=Sexton&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFGill2018" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Nikita (2018). <i>Fierce Fairytales: & Other Stories to Stir Your Soul</i>. Boston, MA: Hachette. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316420730" title="Special:BookSources/9780316420730"><bdi>9780316420730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fierce+Fairytales%3A+%26+Other+Stories+to+Stir+Your+Soul&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780316420730&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHood2019" class="citation web cs1">Hood, Simon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sooperbooks.com/story/rapunzel-story/">"The Story Of Rapunzel"</a>. <i>Sooper Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sooper+Books&rft.atitle=The+Story+Of+Rapunzel&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsooperbooks.com%2Fstory%2Frapunzel-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCloud_Strife2008" class="citation web cs1">Cloud Strife (15 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0305033/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">"Grimm Masterpiece Theatre (TV Series 1987– )"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Grimm+Masterpiece+Theatre+%28TV+Series+1987%E2%80%93+%29&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft.au=Cloud+Strife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0305033%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1217949/">"Timeless Tales from Hallmark Rapunzel (TV Episode 1990)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 13 March 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Timeless+Tales+from+Hallmark+Rapunzel+%28TV+Episode+1990%29&rft.date=1990-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1217949%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFweymo1991" class="citation web cs1">weymo (15 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099851/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left">"</span>American Playhouse" Into the Woods (TV Episode 1991)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=%22American+Playhouse%22+Into+the+Woods+%28TV+Episode+1991%29&rft.date=1991-03-15&rft.au=weymo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0099851%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFisaacglover_052014" class="citation web cs1">isaacglover_05 (25 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2180411/">"Into the Woods (2014)"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Into+the+Woods+%282014%29&rft.date=2014-12-25&rft.au=isaacglover_05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2180411%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398286/">Tangled (2010)</a>. IMDb.com</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2020" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Kelly (14 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insidethemagic.net/2020/02/disney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1/">"This Just In: Disney Is Reportedly Making A Live-Action Rapunzel Movie"</a>. <i>Inside the Magic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+the+Magic&rft.atitle=This+Just+In%3A+Disney+Is+Reportedly+Making+A+Live-Action+Rapunzel+Movie&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsidethemagic.net%2F2020%2F02%2Fdisney-live-action-rapunzel-kc1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:7-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0699613/?ref_=ttep_ep13">"Shirley Temple's Storybook (1958–1961) Rapunzel"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Shirley+Temple%27s+Storybook+%281958%E2%80%931961%29+Rapunzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0699613%2F%3Fref_%3Dttep_ep13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:8-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1222131/?ref_=ttep_ep8">"Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Rapunzel"</a>. <i>IDMb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDMb&rft.atitle=Happily+Ever+After%3A+Fairy+Tales+for+Every+Child+Rapunzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1222131%2F%3Fref_%3Dttep_ep8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0207275/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">"The 10th Kingdom"</a>. <i>IDMb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IDMb&rft.atitle=The+10th+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0207275%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3502872/?ref_=ttep_ep14">"Once Upon a Time The Tower"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+The+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3502872%2F%3Fref_%3Dttep_ep14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1843230/episodes?season=7">"Once Upon a Time Season 7"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time+Season+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1843230%2Fepisodes%3Fseason%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3312378/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast">"Ever After High (2013–2017) Full Cast & Crew"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Ever+After+High+%282013%E2%80%932017%29+Full+Cast+%26+Crew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3312378%2Ffullcredits%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_sm%23cast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4902964/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2">"Tangled: The Series"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Tangled%3A+The+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt4902964%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5533228/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">"Tangled: Before Ever After"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Tangled%3A+Before+Ever+After&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt5533228%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1075683/?ref_=tt_cl_i1">"Grimm Masterpiece Theatre Rapuntseru"</a>. <i>IMDb</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Grimm+Masterpiece+Theatre+Rapuntseru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1075683%2F%3Fref_%3Dtt_cl_i1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rapunzel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rapunzel">Rapunzel</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rapunzel" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Rapunzel">Rapunzel</a></b></div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimmtales.html">D.L. Ashliman's Grimm Brothers website</a>. The classification is based on Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson, <i>The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography,</i> (Helsinki, 1961).</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/grimm012a.html">Translated comparison of 1812 and 1857 versions</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/rapunzel/index.html">The Annotated Rapunzel with variants, illustrations, and annotations</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoriginalgrimm.com">The Original 1812 Grimm</a> A web site for the Original 1812 Kinder und Hausmärchen featuring references and other useful information related to the 1812 book in English.</li>
<li>#44 Rapunzel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loyalbooks.com/book/the-fairy-ring-ed-by-wiggin-and-smith">"The Fairy Ring"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Ring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loyalbooks.com%2Fbook%2Fthe-fairy-ring-ed-by-wiggin-and-smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARapunzel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Brothers_Grimm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Brothers_Grimm" title="Template:Brothers Grimm"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Brothers_Grimm" title="Template talk:Brothers Grimm"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Brothers_Grimm&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Brothers_Grimm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">The Brothers Grimm</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Jacob_Grimm_·_Wilhelm_Grimm"><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></b> · <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Deutsche_Mythologie" title="Deutsche Mythologie">Deutsche Mythologie</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br /> tales</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bearskin_(German_fairy_tale)" title="Bearskin (German fairy tale)">Bearskin</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Tailor" title="The Brave Little Tailor">The Brave Little Tailor</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brother_and_Sister" title="Brother and Sister">Brother and Sister</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_in_Partnership" title="Cat and Mouse in Partnership">Cat and Mouse in Partnership</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Devil_with_the_Three_Golden_Hairs" title="The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs">The Devil with the Three Golden Hairs</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doctor_Know-all" title="Doctor Know-all">Doctor Know-all</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Dog_and_the_Sparrow" title="The Dog and the Sparrow">The Dog and the Sparrow</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker" title="The Elves and the Shoemaker">The Elves and the Shoemaker</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Fisherman_and_His_Wife" title="The Fisherman and His Wife">The Fisherman and His Wife</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Four_Skillful_Brothers" title="The Four Skillful Brothers">The Four Skillful Brothers</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Frog_Prince" title="The Frog Prince">The Frog Prince</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Godfather_Death" title="Godfather Death">Godfather Death</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Bird" title="The Golden Bird">The Golden Bird</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Golden_Goose" title="The Golden Goose">The Golden Goose</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Goose_Girl" title="The Goose Girl">The Goose Girl</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Goose-Girl_at_the_Well" title="The Goose-Girl at the Well">The Goose-Girl at the Well</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Grave_Mound" title="The Grave Mound">The Grave Mound</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hans_My_Hedgehog" title="Hans My Hedgehog">Hans My Hedgehog</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" title="Hansel and Gretel">Hansel and Gretel</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Hut_in_the_Forest" title="The Hut in the Forest">The Hut in the Forest</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Jew_Among_Thorns" title="The Jew Among Thorns">The Jew Among Thorns</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jorinde_and_Joringel" title="Jorinde and Joringel">Jorinde and Joringel</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Juniper_Tree_(fairy_tale)" title="The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)">The Juniper Tree</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_Mountain" title="The King of the Golden Mountain">The King of the Golden Mountain</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/King_Thrushbeard" title="King Thrushbeard">King Thrushbeard</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Little_Red_Riding_Hood" title="Little Red Riding Hood">Little Red Riding Hood</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary%27s_Child" title="Mary's Child">Mary's Child</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frau_Holle" title="Frau Holle">Mother Holle</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Hildebrand" title="Old Hildebrand">Old Hildebrand</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Sultan" title="Old Sultan">Old Sultan</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Queen_Bee" title="The Queen Bee">The Queen Bee</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapunzel</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Riddle_(fairy_tale)" title="The Riddle (fairy tale)">The Riddle</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Robber_Bridegroom_(fairy_tale)" title="The Robber Bridegroom (fairy tale)">The Robber Bridegroom</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin" title="Rumpelstiltskin">Rumpelstiltskin</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Seven_Ravens" title="The Seven Ravens">The Seven Ravens</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Singing,_Springing_Lark" title="The Singing, Springing Lark">The Singing, Springing Lark</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Six_Servants" title="The Six Servants">The Six Servants</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Six_Swans" title="The Six Swans">The Six Swans</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty" title="Sleeping Beauty">Sleeping Beauty</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow_White" title="Snow White">Snow White</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snow-White_and_Rose-Red" title="Snow-White and Rose-Red">Snow-White and Rose-Red</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Youth_Who_Went_Forth_to_Learn_What_Fear_Was" title="The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was">The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Little_Men_in_the_Wood" title="The Three Little Men in the Wood">The Three Little Men in the Wood</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Three_Spinners" title="The Three Spinners">The Three Spinners</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thumbling" title="Thumbling">Thumbling</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Town_Musicians_of_Bremen" title="Town Musicians of Bremen">Town Musicians of Bremen</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trusty_John" title="Trusty John">Trusty John</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Turnip" title="The Turnip">The Turnip</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Twelve_Brothers" title="The Twelve Brothers">The Twelve Brothers</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Twelve_Dancing_Princesses" title="The Twelve Dancing Princesses">The Twelve Dancing Princesses</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Water_of_Life_(German_fairy_tale)" title="The Water of Life (German fairy tale)">The Water of Life</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_White_Snake" title="The White Snake">The White Snake</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wolf_and_the_Seven_Young_Goats" title="The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats">The Wolf and the Seven Young Goats</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wonderful_Musician" title="The Wonderful Musician">The Wonderful Musician</a>"</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Seven" title="Göttingen Seven">Göttingen Seven</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grim_Tales" title="Grim Tales">Grim Tales</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_the_Brothers_Grimm" title="The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm">The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Brothers_Grimm" title="Once Upon a Brothers Grimm">Once Upon a Brothers Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm%27s_Fairy_Tale_Classics" title="Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics">Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Brothers_Grimm_(film)" title="The Brothers Grimm (film)">The Brothers Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm_Tales_(play)" title="Grimm Tales (play)">Grimm Tales</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Sisters_Grimm" title="The Sisters Grimm">The Sisters Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/American_McGee%27s_Grimm" title="American McGee's Grimm">American McGee's Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/German_Fairy_Tale_Route" title="German Fairy Tale Route">German Fairy Tale Route</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimm_(TV_series)" title="Grimm (TV series)">Grimm</a></i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Brothers_Grimm" title="Category:Brothers Grimm">Category</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="Commons page" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brothers_Grimm" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brothers Grimm">Commons</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Rapunzel&quot;_by_the_Brothers_Grimm" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Rapunzel" title="Template:Rapunzel"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Rapunzel" title="Template talk:Rapunzel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Rapunzel&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Rapunzel&quot;_by_the_Brothers_Grimm" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rapunzel</a>" by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></i> (1812)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(book)" title="Rapunzel (book)">Rapunzel</a></i> (1998)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related myths<br />and tales</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dana%C3%AB" title="Danaë">Danaë</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petrosinella" title="Petrosinella">Petrosinella</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barbie_as_Rapunzel" title="Barbie as Rapunzel">Barbie as Rapunzel</a></i> (2002)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled" title="Tangled">Tangled</a></i> (2010)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled_Ever_After" title="Tangled Ever After">Tangled Ever After</a></i> (2012)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_Before_Ever_After" title="Tangled: Before Ever After">Tangled: Before Ever After</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(book)" title="Rapunzel (book)">Rapunzel</a></i> (1998)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cress_(novel)" title="Cress (novel)">Cress</a></i> (2014)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mind_Robber" title="The Mind Robber">The Mind Robber</a></i> (1968)</li>
<li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Tower_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Tower (Once Upon a Time)">The Tower</a>" (2014)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel%27s_Tangled_Adventure" title="Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure">Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure</a></i> (2017)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tangled:_The_Video_Game" title="Tangled: The Video Game">Tangled: The Video Game</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_III" title="Kingdom Hearts III">Kingdom Hearts III</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/M%C3%A4rchenbilder_(Schumann)" class="mw-redirect" title="Märchenbilder (Schumann)">Märchenbilder</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Golem_in_the_Gears" title="Golem in the Gears">Golem in the Gears</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_(Tangled)" title="Rapunzel (Tangled)">Rapunzel (<i>Tangled</i>)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rapunzel_syndrome" title="Rapunzel syndrome">Rapunzel syndrome</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods" title="Into the Woods">Into the Woods</a></i> (stage)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Into_the_Woods_(film)" title="Into the Woods (film)">Into the Woods</a></i> (film)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273585#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273585#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273585#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh91004673">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MBW_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBW (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/97164fea-30a9-443e-a61e-fd40ad231fd7">work</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1634539331 |
