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Old page wikitext, before the edit (`old_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|Political party in South Africa}} {{for\|the meetings of African political leaders in the 20th century\|Pan-African Congress}} {{Use South African English\|date=August 2015}} {{Infobox political party \| name = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania \| abbreviation = PAC \| logo = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania logo.svg \| colorcode = {{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}} \| president = [[Narius Moloto]] \| founder = [[Robert Sobukwe\|Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe]] \| slogan = ''Izwe Lethu!!''<br/>Our Land!! \| founded = {{Start date\|1959\|04\|06\|df=y}} \| split = [[African National Congress]] \| headquarters = 2nd Floor, The Main Change Bld, 20 Kruger Street, [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]]<ref name="PACHQ">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|author=Pan Africanist Congress of Azania\|title=Contacts\|website=www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za\|access-date=14 September 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172353/http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> \| student_wing = [[Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania]] \| youth_wing = [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] \| womens_wing = Pan Africanist Women's Organisation \| wing1_title = Paramilitary wing \| wing1 = [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] (POQO) (''formerly'') {{small\|(integrated into [[South African National Defence Force\|SANDF]])}} \| ideology = [[Black nationalism]]<br>[[Pan-Africanism]]<br>[[African socialism]]<ref name=":4" /> \| position = [[Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics\|left-wing]]{{cn\|date=June 2020}} \| international = \| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of South Africa\|National Assembly]] \| seats1 = {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| seats2_title = [[National Council of Provinces]] \| seats2 = {{Composition bar\|0\|90\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| seats3_title = [[Pan-African Parliament]] \| seats3 = {{Composition bar\|0\|5\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| flag = [[File:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania flag.svg\|200px]] \| website = {{url\|www.pac.org.za}} \| country = South Africa \| High school wing = \| Pupil wing = \| deputy_leader = Lunga Mantashe \| secretary_general = Phillip Dlhamini }} The '''Pan Africanist Congress of Azania''' (known as the '''Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)''') is a South African national liberation [[Pan-Africanism\|Pan-Africanist]] movement that is now a political party. It was founded by an Africanist group, led by [[Robert Sobukwe]], that broke away from the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), as the PAC objected to the ANC's "the land belongs to all who live in it both white and black" and also rejected a multiracialist worldview, instead advocating a South Africa based on African nationalism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia\|title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) (South African organization)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=2014-07-06\|date=2014-05-12\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440552/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania-PAC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.702.co.za/articles/260287/why-the-pac-wants-south-africa-renamed-azania Why the PAC wants South Africa renamed Azania]</ref> ==History== {{Main\|History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}} The PAC was formally launched on 6 April 1959 at Orlando Communal Hall in [[Soweto]]. A number of [[African National Congress]] (ANC) members broke away because they objected to the substitution of the 1949 ''Programme of Action'' with the [[Freedom Charter]] adopted in 1955, which used [[multiracialism\|multiracialist]] language as opposed to [[ African nationalism\| Africanist]] affirmations. The PAC at the time considered South Africa to be an African state by right an "inalienable right of the indigenous African people" and refused to support equal rights of the oppresed and oppressor, exploiter and exploited, the land dispossessor and landless Africans "the dispossessed". Historic Mission of the PAC of The People of Azania is "The complete freedom, liberation and independence of Afrika." This entails political, social, economic and military independence. [[Robert Sobukwe]] was elected as the first president, and [[Potlako Leballo]] as the Secretary General.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania {{!}} South African organization\|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|title=Pan Africanist Congress Of Azania (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives\|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv03445/04lv03446/05lv03488.htm\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org\|quote="They feared that the liberation struggle would be taken over by white and Indian communists and rejected the aspects of the Freedom Charter* that protected minority interests rather than those of Africans throughout the continent."}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|title=Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) {{!}} South African History Online\|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-pac\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|title=South Africa – Political Parties\|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/78.htm\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=countrystudies.us\|quote="...1959 prompted a split by black nationalists from the ANC to form the militant Africanist, anticommunist PAC." ... "The PAC also opposed the ANC's alliance with the SACP because most PAC leaders rejected Marxist economic dogma."}}</ref> On 21 March 1960, the PAC organised a campaign against [[pass laws]]. People gathered in the townships of [[Sharpeville]] and [[Langa, Cape Town\|Langa]] where Sobukwe and other top leaders were arrested and later convicted for incitement. Sobukwe was sentenced to three years and Potlako Leballo to two years in prison. Sobukwe died in Kimberley, Cape Province, 1978 of lung cancer. Immediately after the [[Sharpeville massacre]] the National Party Government banned both the ANC and PAC on 8 April 1960. The PAC responded by founding its armed wing, the [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]]. [[File:RSA 1994 PAC.png\|left\|thumb\|350x350px\|Share of PAC votes per district in 1994 election]] ==Ideology== The PAC followed the idea that the South African Government should be constituted by the African people owing their allegiance only to Africa, as stated by Sobukwe in the inaugural speech of the PAC: <blockquote> "We aim, politically, at government of the Africans by the Africans, for the Africans, with everybody who owes his only loyalty to Africa and who is prepared to accept the democratic rule of an African majority being regarded as an African."<ref>{{Cite web \| title = Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 \| work = South African History Online – Towards a People's History \| access-date = 2014-07-06 \| url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/robert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959 }}</ref> </blockquote> It is Pan Africanism with three principles of African [[nationalism]], [[socialism]], and continental [[wikt:unity\|unity]]. Its body of ideas drew largely from the teachings of [[Anton Lembede]], [[George Padmore]], [[Marcus Garvey]], [[Martin Delany]], [[Kwame Nkrumah]], and [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]. The PAC initially advocated for a form of "Africanist Socialist Democracy", based on African and Black Identity, with the aim of creating a South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for Black South Africans, to the exclusion of other nationalities or ethnicities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Unlike the [[African National Congress]]' view on socialism, the PAC was stated to have rejected the concept of [[class oppression]], instead focusing exclusively on national liberation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book\|last=Fatton\|first=Robert\|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%2520uploads%2520/robert_fatton_black_consciousness_in_south_africbook4you.org_.pdf\|title=Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy SUNY Series in African Politics and Society\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|year=1986\|isbn=9780887061295}}</ref> Nevertheless, their initial manifesto lists the "black working class" as the "driving force in the struggle" against white capitalists and "reactionary" middle-class groups. These socialist elements were strongly toned down by the 1990s, instead adopting a more "conservative" stance that sought not to restrict market forces and a commitment not to implement socialism "for the sake of it". The [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] described the new program as the "work of an element which is on the [[CIA]] payroll".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives\|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03214.htm\|access-date=2020-06-29\|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> However, by April 1992, the PAC's party leadership in the Annual Congress no longer showed opposition to taking part in the [[multiracial]] [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa\|negotiations to end the apartheid]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-timeline-1959-2011\|title=Pan Africanist Congress timeline 1959–2011\|publisher=South African History Online\|accessdate=April 30, 2021}}</ref> The PAC historically rejected [[Marxism]], opposed [[communism]] (though it itself had borrowed from some [[Maoism\|Maoist]] tenents) and the inclusion of ethnic minorities within the liberation struggle, instead advocating black liberation exclusively within a [[Black nationalism\|Black nationalist]] concept.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> ==Leadership struggles== The PAC has been beset by infighting and has had numerous changes of leadership since its transition to a political party. In 1996, [[Clarence Makwetu]], who led the party in the [[South African general election, 1994\|1994 elections]], was removed on the basis of "bringing the party into disrepute'.<ref name="mg_backwards">{{cite web \| url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-24-sa-has-moved-backwards-says-pac-stalwart-makwetu \| title=SA has moved backwards, says PAC stalwart Makwetu \| publisher=Mail and Guardian \| access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> In August 2013, the PAC elected Alton Mphethi as president, after previous leader Letlapa Mphahlele was expelled in May amidst allegations of attempting to cause division in the party, financial impropriety and poor quality leadership.<ref>{{Cite web \| last = Ntokozo Sindane \| title = PAC Announces New Party President \| work = The Public News Hub \| access-date = 2014-07-06 \| date = 2013-08-11 \| url = http://www.publicnewshub.com/pac-announces-new-party-president/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| title = PAC to plot a new path \| work = The Citizen \| access-date = 2014-07-06 \| date = 2013-06-09 \| url = http://citizen.co.za/39025/pac-to-plot-a-new-path/ }}</ref> A faction of the PAC continued to regard Mphahlele as leader. The matter was resolved in the courts, with Mpheti eventually being confirmed as party leader for the 2014 election.<ref name="hl1">{{cite web \| url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/pac-hits-campaign-trail-after-leadership-fight-ends/ \| title=PAC hits campaign trail after leadership fight ends \| publisher=Herald Live \| access-date=20 March 2015 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113124/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/pac-hits-campaign-trail-after-leadership-fight-ends/ \| archive-date=2 April 2015 \| url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kb">{{cite web \| url=http://kids.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9058193 \| title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) \| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica \| access-date=20 March 2015 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095727/http://kids.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9058193 \| archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Mpheti has since been charged with murder for the death of a Swazi national, Mthunzi Mavundla.<ref name="cp_murder">{{cite web \| url=http://www.citypress.co.za/news/i-lied-about-murder-to-protect-my-wifes-dignity-alton-mphethi/ \| title=I lied about murder to protect my wife's dignity – Alton Mphethi \| publisher=City Press \| access-date=20 March 2015 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320091832/http://www.citypress.co.za/news/i-lied-about-murder-to-protect-my-wifes-dignity-alton-mphethi/ \| archive-date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> Luthando Mbinda was elected president at the 2014 congress in Botshabelo, while Letlapa Mphahlele was elected in July 2015 in Manguang. Mbinda claimed that Mphahlele's election was not valid, as he was not a valid member, while Mphahlele challenged his expulsion in court. The Independent Electoral Commission suspended the party's statutory fund’s allocations until there was clarity about who led the party, and in October 2015 the high court confirmed that Mbinda was the recognised leader.<ref name="iol_iec2015">{{cite web \| url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/pac-court-bid-to-get-its-iec-funding-1.1883507 \| title=PAC court bid to get its IEC funding \| publisher=Independent Online \| date=10 July 2015 \| access-date=10 July 2015 \| author=Marianne Merten}}</ref><ref name="pac_highcourt">{{cite web \| url=http://pac.org.za/2015/10/15/latest-news/ \| title=High Court Ruling \| publisher=pac.org.za \| access-date=3 April 2016 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331140754/http://pac.org.za/2015/10/15/latest-news/ \| archive-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> Conflict then arose between Mbinda and Chief Executive Officer Narius Moloto. Mbinda was subsequently charged by the PAC and later expelled for bringing the organisation into disrepute. Narius Moloto was elected party leader in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1498661/mbinda-moloto-war-threatening-to-tear-pac-apart/ \|title=Mbinda, Moloto war threatening to tear PAC apart \|last=Naki \|first=Eric \|date=28 April 2017 \|website=citizen.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/12/10/pac-elects-narius-moloto-as-new-party-president \|title=PAC elects Narius Moloto as new party president \|last=Motau \|first=Koketšo \|website=ewn.co.za}}</ref> Infighting continued after the [[South African general election, 2019\|2019 elections]], with leader Narius Moloto unilaterally dissolving the party's structures, a decision which was later set aside by the courts.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/07/22/pac-leader-narius-moloto-dismisses-suspension-reports \|title=PAC leader Narius Moloto dismisses suspension reports \|last=Ntshidi \|first=Edwin \|website=ewn.co.za \|language=en \|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> In August 2019, in Limpopo, one faction elected Moloto as leader, while a week later in Bloemfontein, another faction elected Mzwanele Nyhontso as leader. In October 2019, the [[Electoral Commission of South Africa\|Independent Electoral Commission]] recognised Nyhontso as the legitimate party leader.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/pac-re-elects-mzwanele-nyhontso-as-president/ \|title=PAC re-elects Mzwanele Nyhontso as president \|date=2019-09-01 \|website=SABC News \|language=en-US \|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> In November 2020, speaker of the National Assembly [[Thandi Modise]] received notice that the PAC had expelled Nyhontso, and notified him that he had therefore lost his seat in parliament as the PAC's sole representative.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Toit \|first=Christelle du \|title=PAC's sole MP loses his seat in Parliament \|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2402563/pacs-sole-mp-loses-his-seat-in-parliament/ \|access-date=2020-12-05 \|website=The Citizen \|language=en}}</ref> The opposing faction got a court order in December 2020 to reinstate Nyhontso, pending a court order challenging his removal from the party.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Western Cape High Court Orders Reinstatement of PAC MP – Parliament of South Africa \|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/index.php/press-releases/western-cape-high-court-orders-reinstatement-pac-mp \|access-date=2020-12-05 \|website=www.parliament.gov.za}}</ref> In August 2021, the court confirmed that Moloto's election was invalid, confirming Nyhontso as president, and in September 2021 Nyhontso was again sworn in as the party's sole MP.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-08-23 \|title=Mzwanele Nyhontso declared PAC's lawful leader \|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2596748/mzwanele-nyhontso-declared-pacs-lawful-leader/ \|access-date=2021-09-09 \|website=The Citizen \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-09-04 \|title=Return of PAC’s voice: New president swearing in a victory for embattled party \|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2604989/return-of-pacs-voice-new-president-sworn-in/ \|access-date=2021-09-09 \|website=The Citizen \|language=en}}</ref> ==Election results== ===National elections=== {{election table}} \|- ! Election ! Total votes ! Share of vote ! Seats ! +/– ! Government \|- ! [[South African general election, 1994\|1994]] \| 243,478 \| 1.25% \| {{Composition bar\|5\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| – \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 1999\|1999]] \| 113,125 \| 0.78% \| {{Composition bar\|3\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{decrease}} 2 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2004\|2004]] \| 113,512 \| 0.73% \| {{Composition bar\|3\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{steady}} ±0 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2009\|2009]] \| 48,530 \| 0.27% \| {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{decrease}} 2 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2014\|2014]] \| 37,784 \| 0.21% \| {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{steady}} ±0 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2019\|2019]] \| 32,677 \| 0.19% \| {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{steady}} ±0 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|} ===Provincial elections=== {{election table}} ! rowspan=2 \| Election<ref name="dash">{{Cite web \|url=https://www.elections.org.za/NPEDashboard/app/dashboard.html \|title=Results Dashboard\| website=www.elections.org.za \|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> ! colspan=2 \| [[Eastern Cape]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Free State (South African province)\|Free State]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Gauteng]] ! colspan=2 \| [[KwaZulu-Natal\|Kwazulu-Natal]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Limpopo]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Mpumalanga]] ! colspan=2 \| [[North West (South African province)\|North-West]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Northern Cape]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Western Cape]] \|- ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats \|- ! [[South African general election, 1994\|1994]] \| 2.04% \|\| 1/56 \| 1.81% \|\| 0/30 \| 1.47% \|\| 1/86 \| 0.73% \|\| 1/81 \| 1.27% \|\| 1/40 \| 1.63% \|\| 0/30 \| 1.73% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.93% \|\| 0/30 \| 1.06% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 1999\|1999]] \| 1.14% \|\| 1/63 \| 1.15% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.73% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.26% \|\| 0/80 \| 1.41% \|\| 1/49 \| 0.66% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.74% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.66% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.49% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2004\|2004]] \| 1.00% \|\| 1/63 \| 1.18% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.85% \|\| 1/73 \| 0.19% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.94% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.69% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.84% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.43% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.42% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2009\|2009]] \| 0.54% \|\| 0/63 \| 0.33% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.31% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.07% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.53% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.32% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.26% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.22% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.23% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2014\|2014]] \| 0.44% \|\| 0/63 \| 0.21% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.26% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.08% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.29% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.23% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.14% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.11% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.17% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2019\|2019]] \| 0.41% \|\| 0/63 \| 0.17% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.24% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.07% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.17% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.14% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.11% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.11% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.19% \|\| 0/42 \|} ===Municipal elections=== {{election table}} \|- ! Election ! Votes ! % \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 1995–1996\|1995–96]] \| 104,455 \| 1.2% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2000\|2000]] \| \| 1.2% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2006\|2006]] \| 306,747 \| 1.2% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2011\|2011]] \| 118,822 \| 0.4% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2016\|2016]]<ref name="iec_summary">{{cite web \| url=http://www.elections.org.za/content/LGEPublicReports/402/Detailed%20Results/National.pdf \| title=Results Summary – All Ballots \| publisher=elections.org.za \| access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> \| 74,607 \| 0.19% \|- \|} ==See also== {{Portal\|South Africa\|Politics}} * [[Azanian National Youth Unity]] * [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] * [[Freedom Charter]] * [[History of South Africa]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821144749/http://pac.org.za/ Website of the Pan Africanist Congress] [http://www.pacofazania.org.za/ Alternative Website of the Pan Africanist Congress] [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014163503/http://www.si.umich.edu/fort-hare/pac_pub.htm Pan Africanist Congress Publications Collection 1958-1995] Archival Information can be found at the [[Borthwick Institute for Archives]], University of York: [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=193-128&cid=-1#-1\|Pan-Africanist Congress of South Africa] {{South Africa political parties}} {{Politics of South Africa navbox}} {{Political history of South Africa}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania\| ]] [[Category:African and Black nationalist organizations in Africa]] [[Category:Political parties in South Africa]]'
New page wikitext, after the edit (`new_wikitext`)	'{{short description\|Political party in South Africa}} {{for\|the meetings of African political leaders in the 20th century\|Pan-African Congress}} {{Use South African English\|date=August 2015}} {{Infobox political party \| name = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania \| abbreviation = PAC \| logo = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania logo.svg \| colorcode = {{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}} \| president = [[Mzwanele Nyhontso]] \| founder = [[Robert Sobukwe\|Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe]] \| slogan = ''Izwe Lethu!!''<br/>Our Land!! \| founded = {{Start date\|1959\|04\|06\|df=y}} \| split = [[African National Congress]] \| headquarters = 2nd Floor, The Main Change Bld, 20 Kruger Street, [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]]<ref name="PACHQ">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|author=Pan Africanist Congress of Azania\|title=Contacts\|website=www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za\|access-date=14 September 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172353/http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> \| student_wing = [[Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania]] \| youth_wing = [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] \| womens_wing = Pan Africanist Women's Organisation \| wing1_title = Paramilitary wing \| wing1 = [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] (POQO) (''formerly'') {{small\|(integrated into [[South African National Defence Force\|SANDF]])}} \| ideology = [[Black nationalism]]<br>[[Pan-Africanism]]<br>[[African socialism]]<ref name=":4" /> \| position = [[Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics\|left-wing]]{{cn\|date=June 2020}} \| international = \| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of South Africa\|National Assembly]] \| seats1 = {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| seats2_title = [[National Council of Provinces]] \| seats2 = {{Composition bar\|0\|90\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| seats3_title = [[Pan-African Parliament]] \| seats3 = {{Composition bar\|0\|5\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| flag = [[File:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania flag.svg\|200px]] \| website = {{url\|www.pacofazania.org.za}} \| country = South Africa \| High school wing = Pan Africanist Student Organization (PASO) \| Pupil wing = Pan Africanist Student Organization (PASO) \| deputy_leader = Lunga Mantashe \| secretary_general = Apa Pooe }} The '''Pan Africanist Congress of Azania''' (known as the '''Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)''') is a South African national liberation [[Pan-Africanism\|Pan-Africanist]] movement that is now a political party. It was founded by an Africanist group, led by [[Robert Sobukwe]], that broke away from the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), as the PAC objected to the ANC's "the land belongs to all who live in it both white and black" and also rejected a multiracialist worldview, instead advocating a South Africa based on African nationalism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia\|title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) (South African organization)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=2014-07-06\|date=2014-05-12\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440552/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania-PAC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.702.co.za/articles/260287/why-the-pac-wants-south-africa-renamed-azania Why the PAC wants South Africa renamed Azania]</ref> ==History== {{Main\|History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania}} The PAC was formally launched on 6 April 1959 at Orlando Communal Hall in [[Soweto]]. A number of [[African National Congress]] (ANC) members broke away because they objected to the substitution of the 1949 ''Programme of Action'' with the [[Freedom Charter]] adopted in 1955, which used [[multiracialism\|multiracialist]] language as opposed to [[ African nationalism\| Africanist]] affirmations. The PAC at the time considered South Africa to be an African state by right an "inalienable right of the indigenous African people" and refused to support equal rights of the oppresed and oppressor, exploiter and exploited, the land dispossessor and landless Africans "the dispossessed". Historic Mission of the PAC of The People of Azania is "The complete freedom, liberation and independence of Afrika." This entails political, social, economic and military independence. [[Robert Sobukwe]] was elected as the first president, and [[Potlako Leballo]] as the Secretary General.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web\|title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania {{!}} South African organization\|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=Encyclopedia Britannica\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web\|title=Pan Africanist Congress Of Azania (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives\|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv03445/04lv03446/05lv03488.htm\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org\|quote="They feared that the liberation struggle would be taken over by white and Indian communists and rejected the aspects of the Freedom Charter* that protected minority interests rather than those of Africans throughout the continent."}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web\|title=Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) {{!}} South African History Online\|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-pac\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web\|title=South Africa – Political Parties\|url=http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/78.htm\|access-date=2020-06-15\|website=countrystudies.us\|quote="...1959 prompted a split by black nationalists from the ANC to form the militant Africanist, anticommunist PAC." ... "The PAC also opposed the ANC's alliance with the SACP because most PAC leaders rejected Marxist economic dogma."}}</ref> On 21 March 1960, the PAC organised a campaign against [[pass laws]]. People gathered in the townships of [[Sharpeville]] and [[Langa, Cape Town\|Langa]] where Sobukwe and other top leaders were arrested and later convicted for incitement. Sobukwe was sentenced to three years and Potlako Leballo to two years in prison. Sobukwe died in Kimberley, Cape Province, 1978 of lung cancer. Immediately after the [[Sharpeville massacre]] the National Party Government banned both the ANC and PAC on 8 April 1960. The PAC responded by founding its armed wing, the [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]]. [[File:RSA 1994 PAC.png\|left\|thumb\|350x350px\|Share of PAC votes per district in 1994 election]] ==Ideology== The PAC followed the idea that the South African Government should be constituted by the African people owing their allegiance only to Africa, as stated by Sobukwe in the inaugural speech of the PAC: <blockquote> "We aim, politically, at government of the Africans by the Africans, for the Africans, with everybody who owes his only loyalty to Africa and who is prepared to accept the democratic rule of an African majority being regarded as an African."<ref>{{Cite web \| title = Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959 \| work = South African History Online – Towards a People's History \| access-date = 2014-07-06 \| url = http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/robert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959 }}</ref> </blockquote> It is Pan Africanism with three principles of African [[nationalism]], [[socialism]], and continental [[wikt:unity\|unity]]. Its body of ideas drew largely from the teachings of [[Anton Lembede]], [[George Padmore]], [[Marcus Garvey]], [[Martin Delany]], [[Kwame Nkrumah]], and [[W. E. B. Du Bois]]. The PAC initially advocated for a form of "Africanist Socialist Democracy", based on African and Black Identity, with the aim of creating a South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for Black South Africans, to the exclusion of other nationalities or ethnicities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Unlike the [[African National Congress]]' view on socialism, the PAC was stated to have rejected the concept of [[class oppression]], instead focusing exclusively on national liberation.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book\|last=Fatton\|first=Robert\|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%2520uploads%2520/robert_fatton_black_consciousness_in_south_africbook4you.org_.pdf\|title=Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy SUNY Series in African Politics and Society\|publisher=State University of New York Press\|year=1986\|isbn=9780887061295}}</ref> Nevertheless, their initial manifesto lists the "black working class" as the "driving force in the struggle" against white capitalists and "reactionary" middle-class groups. These socialist elements were strongly toned down by the 1990s, instead adopting a more "conservative" stance that sought not to restrict market forces and a commitment not to implement socialism "for the sake of it". The [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] described the new program as the "work of an element which is on the [[CIA]] payroll".<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives\|url=https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03214.htm\|access-date=2020-06-29\|website=omalley.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> However, by April 1992, the PAC's party leadership in the Annual Congress no longer showed opposition to taking part in the [[multiracial]] [[Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa\|negotiations to end the apartheid]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-timeline-1959-2011\|title=Pan Africanist Congress timeline 1959–2011\|publisher=South African History Online\|accessdate=April 30, 2021}}</ref> The PAC historically rejected [[Marxism]], opposed [[communism]] (though it itself had borrowed from some [[Maoism\|Maoist]] tenents) and the inclusion of ethnic minorities within the liberation struggle, instead advocating black liberation exclusively within a [[Black nationalism\|Black nationalist]] concept.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> ==Leadership struggles== The PAC has been beset by infighting and has had numerous changes of leadership since its transition to a political party. In 1996, [[Clarence Makwetu]], who led the party in the [[South African general election, 1994\|1994 elections]], was removed on the basis of "bringing the party into disrepute'.<ref name="mg_backwards">{{cite web \| url=http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-24-sa-has-moved-backwards-says-pac-stalwart-makwetu \| title=SA has moved backwards, says PAC stalwart Makwetu \| publisher=Mail and Guardian \| access-date=3 April 2016}}</ref> In August 2013, the PAC elected Alton Mphethi as president, after previous leader Letlapa Mphahlele was expelled in May amidst allegations of attempting to cause division in the party, financial impropriety and poor quality leadership.<ref>{{Cite web \| last = Ntokozo Sindane \| title = PAC Announces New Party President \| work = The Public News Hub \| access-date = 2014-07-06 \| date = 2013-08-11 \| url = http://www.publicnewshub.com/pac-announces-new-party-president/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \| title = PAC to plot a new path \| work = The Citizen \| access-date = 2014-07-06 \| date = 2013-06-09 \| url = http://citizen.co.za/39025/pac-to-plot-a-new-path/ }}</ref> A faction of the PAC continued to regard Mphahlele as leader. The matter was resolved in the courts, with Mpheti eventually being confirmed as party leader for the 2014 election.<ref name="hl1">{{cite web \| url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/pac-hits-campaign-trail-after-leadership-fight-ends/ \| title=PAC hits campaign trail after leadership fight ends \| publisher=Herald Live \| access-date=20 March 2015 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113124/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/pac-hits-campaign-trail-after-leadership-fight-ends/ \| archive-date=2 April 2015 \| url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="kb">{{cite web \| url=http://kids.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9058193 \| title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) \| publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica \| access-date=20 March 2015 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095727/http://kids.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9058193 \| archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> Mpheti has since been charged with murder for the death of a Swazi national, Mthunzi Mavundla.<ref name="cp_murder">{{cite web \| url=http://www.citypress.co.za/news/i-lied-about-murder-to-protect-my-wifes-dignity-alton-mphethi/ \| title=I lied about murder to protect my wife's dignity – Alton Mphethi \| publisher=City Press \| access-date=20 March 2015 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320091832/http://www.citypress.co.za/news/i-lied-about-murder-to-protect-my-wifes-dignity-alton-mphethi/ \| archive-date=20 March 2015 }}</ref> Luthando Mbinda was elected president at the 2014 congress in Botshabelo, while Letlapa Mphahlele was elected in July 2015 in Manguang. Mbinda claimed that Mphahlele's election was not valid, as he was not a valid member, while Mphahlele challenged his expulsion in court. The Independent Electoral Commission suspended the party's statutory fund’s allocations until there was clarity about who led the party, and in October 2015 the high court confirmed that Mbinda was the recognised leader.<ref name="iol_iec2015">{{cite web \| url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/pac-court-bid-to-get-its-iec-funding-1.1883507 \| title=PAC court bid to get its IEC funding \| publisher=Independent Online \| date=10 July 2015 \| access-date=10 July 2015 \| author=Marianne Merten}}</ref><ref name="pac_highcourt">{{cite web \| url=http://pac.org.za/2015/10/15/latest-news/ \| title=High Court Ruling \| publisher=pac.org.za \| access-date=3 April 2016 \| url-status=dead \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331140754/http://pac.org.za/2015/10/15/latest-news/ \| archive-date=31 March 2016 }}</ref> Conflict then arose between Mbinda and Chief Executive Officer Narius Moloto. Mbinda was subsequently charged by the PAC and later expelled for bringing the organisation into disrepute. Narius Moloto was elected party leader in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1498661/mbinda-moloto-war-threatening-to-tear-pac-apart/ \|title=Mbinda, Moloto war threatening to tear PAC apart \|last=Naki \|first=Eric \|date=28 April 2017 \|website=citizen.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/12/10/pac-elects-narius-moloto-as-new-party-president \|title=PAC elects Narius Moloto as new party president \|last=Motau \|first=Koketšo \|website=ewn.co.za}}</ref> Infighting continued after the [[South African general election, 2019\|2019 elections]], with leader Narius Moloto unilaterally dissolving the party's structures, a decision which was later set aside by the courts.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/07/22/pac-leader-narius-moloto-dismisses-suspension-reports \|title=PAC leader Narius Moloto dismisses suspension reports \|last=Ntshidi \|first=Edwin \|website=ewn.co.za \|language=en \|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> In August 2019, in Limpopo, one faction elected Moloto as leader, while a week later in Bloemfontein, another faction elected Mzwanele Nyhontso as leader. In October 2019, the [[Electoral Commission of South Africa\|Independent Electoral Commission]] recognised Nyhontso as the legitimate party leader.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/pac-re-elects-mzwanele-nyhontso-as-president/ \|title=PAC re-elects Mzwanele Nyhontso as president \|date=2019-09-01 \|website=SABC News \|language=en-US \|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> In November 2020, speaker of the National Assembly [[Thandi Modise]] received notice that the PAC had expelled Nyhontso, and notified him that he had therefore lost his seat in parliament as the PAC's sole representative.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Toit \|first=Christelle du \|title=PAC's sole MP loses his seat in Parliament \|url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2402563/pacs-sole-mp-loses-his-seat-in-parliament/ \|access-date=2020-12-05 \|website=The Citizen \|language=en}}</ref> The opposing faction got a court order in December 2020 to reinstate Nyhontso, pending a court order challenging his removal from the party.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Western Cape High Court Orders Reinstatement of PAC MP – Parliament of South Africa \|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/index.php/press-releases/western-cape-high-court-orders-reinstatement-pac-mp \|access-date=2020-12-05 \|website=www.parliament.gov.za}}</ref> In August 2021, the court confirmed that Moloto's election was invalid, confirming Nyhontso as president, and in September 2021 Nyhontso was again sworn in as the party's sole MP.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-08-23 \|title=Mzwanele Nyhontso declared PAC's lawful leader \|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2596748/mzwanele-nyhontso-declared-pacs-lawful-leader/ \|access-date=2021-09-09 \|website=The Citizen \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|date=2021-09-04 \|title=Return of PAC’s voice: New president swearing in a victory for embattled party \|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/politics/2604989/return-of-pacs-voice-new-president-sworn-in/ \|access-date=2021-09-09 \|website=The Citizen \|language=en}}</ref> ==Election results== ===National elections=== {{election table}} \|- ! Election ! Total votes ! Share of vote ! Seats ! +/– ! Government \|- ! [[South African general election, 1994\|1994]] \| 243,478 \| 1.25% \| {{Composition bar\|5\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| – \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 1999\|1999]] \| 113,125 \| 0.78% \| {{Composition bar\|3\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{decrease}} 2 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2004\|2004]] \| 113,512 \| 0.73% \| {{Composition bar\|3\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{steady}} ±0 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2009\|2009]] \| 48,530 \| 0.27% \| {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{decrease}} 2 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2014\|2014]] \| 37,784 \| 0.21% \| {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{steady}} ±0 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|- ! [[South African general election, 2019\|2019]] \| 32,677 \| 0.19% \| {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} \| {{steady}} ±0 \| {{no2\|in opposition}} \|} ===Provincial elections=== {{election table}} ! rowspan=2 \| Election<ref name="dash">{{Cite web \|url=https://www.elections.org.za/NPEDashboard/app/dashboard.html \|title=Results Dashboard\| website=www.elections.org.za \|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref> ! colspan=2 \| [[Eastern Cape]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Free State (South African province)\|Free State]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Gauteng]] ! colspan=2 \| [[KwaZulu-Natal\|Kwazulu-Natal]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Limpopo]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Mpumalanga]] ! colspan=2 \| [[North West (South African province)\|North-West]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Northern Cape]] ! colspan=2 \| [[Western Cape]] \|- ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats ! % !! Seats \|- ! [[South African general election, 1994\|1994]] \| 2.04% \|\| 1/56 \| 1.81% \|\| 0/30 \| 1.47% \|\| 1/86 \| 0.73% \|\| 1/81 \| 1.27% \|\| 1/40 \| 1.63% \|\| 0/30 \| 1.73% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.93% \|\| 0/30 \| 1.06% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 1999\|1999]] \| 1.14% \|\| 1/63 \| 1.15% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.73% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.26% \|\| 0/80 \| 1.41% \|\| 1/49 \| 0.66% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.74% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.66% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.49% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2004\|2004]] \| 1.00% \|\| 1/63 \| 1.18% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.85% \|\| 1/73 \| 0.19% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.94% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.69% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.84% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.43% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.42% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2009\|2009]] \| 0.54% \|\| 0/63 \| 0.33% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.31% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.07% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.53% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.32% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.26% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.22% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.23% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2014\|2014]] \| 0.44% \|\| 0/63 \| 0.21% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.26% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.08% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.29% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.23% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.14% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.11% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.17% \|\| 0/42 \|- ! [[South African general election, 2019\|2019]] \| 0.41% \|\| 0/63 \| 0.17% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.24% \|\| 0/73 \| 0.07% \|\| 0/80 \| 0.17% \|\| 0/49 \| 0.14% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.11% \|\| 0/33 \| 0.11% \|\| 0/30 \| 0.19% \|\| 0/42 \|} ===Municipal elections=== {{election table}} \|- ! Election ! Votes ! % \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 1995–1996\|1995–96]] \| 104,455 \| 1.2% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2000\|2000]] \| \| 1.2% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2006\|2006]] \| 306,747 \| 1.2% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2011\|2011]] \| 118,822 \| 0.4% \|- ! [[South African municipal election, 2016\|2016]]<ref name="iec_summary">{{cite web \| url=http://www.elections.org.za/content/LGEPublicReports/402/Detailed%20Results/National.pdf \| title=Results Summary – All Ballots \| publisher=elections.org.za \| access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> \| 74,607 \| 0.19% \|- \|} ==See also== {{Portal\|South Africa\|Politics}} * [[Azanian National Youth Unity]] * [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] * [[Freedom Charter]] * [[History of South Africa]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== [https://web.archive.org/web/20180821144749/http://pac.org.za/ Website of the Pan Africanist Congress] [http://www.pacofazania.org.za/ Alternative Website of the Pan Africanist Congress] [https://web.archive.org/web/20041014163503/http://www.si.umich.edu/fort-hare/pac_pub.htm Pan Africanist Congress Publications Collection 1958-1995] Archival Information can be found at the [[Borthwick Institute for Archives]], University of York: [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=193-128&cid=-1#-1\|Pan-Africanist Congress of South Africa] {{South Africa political parties}} {{Politics of South Africa navbox}} {{Political history of South Africa}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania\| ]] [[Category:African and Black nationalist organizations in Africa]] [[Category:Political parties in South Africa]]'
Unified diff of changes made by edit (`edit_diff`)	'@@ -3,35 +3,35 @@ {{Use South African English\|date=August 2015}} {{Infobox political party -\| name = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania -\| abbreviation = PAC -\| logo = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania logo.svg -\| colorcode = {{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}} -\| president = [[Narius Moloto]] -\| founder = [[Robert Sobukwe\|Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe]] -\| slogan = ''Izwe Lethu!!''<br/>Our Land!! -\| founded = {{Start date\|1959\|04\|06\|df=y}} -\| split = [[African National Congress]] -\| headquarters = 2nd Floor, The Main Change Bld, 20 Kruger Street, [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]]<ref name="PACHQ">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|author=Pan Africanist Congress of Azania\|title=Contacts\|website=www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za\|access-date=14 September 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172353/http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> -\| student_wing = [[Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania]] -\| youth_wing = [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] -\| womens_wing = Pan Africanist Women's Organisation -\| wing1_title = Paramilitary wing -\| wing1 = [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] (POQO) (''formerly'') {{small\|(integrated into [[South African National Defence Force\|SANDF]])}} -\| ideology = [[Black nationalism]]<br>[[Pan-Africanism]]<br>[[African socialism]]<ref name=":4" /> -\| position = [[Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics\|left-wing]]{{cn\|date=June 2020}} -\| international = -\| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of South Africa\|National Assembly]] -\| seats1 = {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} -\| seats2_title = [[National Council of Provinces]] -\| seats2 = {{Composition bar\|0\|90\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} -\| seats3_title = [[Pan-African Parliament]] -\| seats3 = {{Composition bar\|0\|5\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} -\| flag = [[File:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania flag.svg\|200px]] -\| website = {{url\|www.pac.org.za}} -\| country = South Africa -\| High school wing = -\| Pupil wing = -\| deputy_leader = Lunga Mantashe -\| secretary_general = Phillip Dlhamini +\| name = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania +\| abbreviation = PAC +\| logo = Pan Africanist Congress of Azania logo.svg +\| colorcode = {{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}} +\| president = [[Mzwanele Nyhontso]] +\| founder = [[Robert Sobukwe\|Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe]] +\| slogan = ''Izwe Lethu!!''<br/>Our Land!! +\| founded = {{Start date\|1959\|04\|06\|df=y}} +\| split = [[African National Congress]] +\| headquarters = 2nd Floor, The Main Change Bld, 20 Kruger Street, [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]]<ref name="PACHQ">{{cite web\|url=http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|author=Pan Africanist Congress of Azania\|title=Contacts\|website=www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za\|access-date=14 September 2013\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172353/http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/\|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> +\| student_wing = [[Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania]] +\| youth_wing = [[Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania]] +\| womens_wing = Pan Africanist Women's Organisation +\| wing1_title = Paramilitary wing +\| wing1 = [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] (POQO) (''formerly'') {{small\|(integrated into [[South African National Defence Force\|SANDF]])}} +\| ideology = [[Black nationalism]]<br>[[Pan-Africanism]]<br>[[African socialism]]<ref name=":4" /> +\| position = [[Centre-left]] to [[Left-wing politics\|left-wing]]{{cn\|date=June 2020}} +\| international = +\| seats1_title = [[National Assembly of South Africa\|National Assembly]] +\| seats1 = {{Composition bar\|1\|400\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} +\| seats2_title = [[National Council of Provinces]] +\| seats2 = {{Composition bar\|0\|90\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} +\| seats3_title = [[Pan-African Parliament]] +\| seats3 = {{Composition bar\|0\|5\|hex={{Pan Africanist Congress of Azania/meta/color}}}} +\| flag = [[File:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania flag.svg\|200px]] +\| website = {{url\|www.pacofazania.org.za}} +\| country = South Africa +\| High school wing = Pan Africanist Student Organization (PASO) +\| Pupil wing = Pan Africanist Student Organization (PASO) +\| deputy_leader = Lunga Mantashe +\| secretary_general = Apa Pooe }} The '''Pan Africanist Congress of Azania''' (known as the '''Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)''') is a South African national liberation [[Pan-Africanism\|Pan-Africanist]] movement that is now a political party. It was founded by an Africanist group, led by [[Robert Sobukwe]], that broke away from the [[African National Congress]] (ANC), as the PAC objected to the ANC's "the land belongs to all who live in it both white and black" and also rejected a multiracialist worldview, instead advocating a South Africa based on African nationalism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia\|title=Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) (South African organization)\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=2014-07-06\|date=2014-05-12\|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440552/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania-PAC}}</ref><ref>[http://www.702.co.za/articles/260287/why-the-pac-wants-south-africa-renamed-azania Why the PAC wants South Africa renamed Azania]</ref> '
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (`new_html`)	'<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the meetings of African political leaders in the 20th century, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-African_Congress" title="Pan-African Congress">Pan-African Congress</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party in South Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048617464">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008718; border-bottom:2px solid #008718; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania logo.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg/180px-Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg/270px-Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg/360px-Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">PAC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mzwanele_Nyhontso" title="Mzwanele Nyhontso">Mzwanele Nyhontso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Secretary-General</span></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Apa Pooe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6 April 1959<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1959-04-06</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;">2nd Floor, The Main Change Bld, 20 Kruger Street, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a><sup id="cite_ref-PACHQ_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACHQ-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">Student wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Student_Movement_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania">Pan Africanist Student Movement of Azania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Youth_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Pan Africanist Women's Organisation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Paramilitary wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a> (POQO) (<i>formerly</i>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_National_Defence_Force" title="South African National Defence Force">SANDF</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">Centre-left</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Izwe Lethu!!</i><br />Our Land!!</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 90</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 5</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg" class="image"><img alt="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania flag.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg/200px-Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg/300px-Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg/400px-Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacofazania.org.za">www<wbr />.pacofazania<wbr />.org<wbr />.za</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008718;"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</b> (known as the <b>Pan Africanist Congress (PAC)</b>) is a South African national liberation <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanist</a> movement that is now a political party. It was founded by an Africanist group, led by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a>, that broke away from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC), as the PAC objected to the ANC's "the land belongs to all who live in it both white and black" and also rejected a multiracialist worldview, instead advocating a South Africa based on African nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Ideology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Ideology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Leadership_struggles"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Leadership struggles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Election_results"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Election results</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#National_elections"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">National elections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Provincial_elections"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Provincial elections</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Municipal_elections"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Municipal elections</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></div> <p>The PAC was formally launched on 6 April 1959 at Orlando Communal Hall in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>. A number of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (ANC) members broke away because they objected to the substitution of the 1949 <i>Programme of Action</i> with the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a> adopted in 1955, which used <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">multiracialist</a> language as opposed to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism"> Africanist</a> affirmations. The PAC at the time considered South Africa to be an African state by right an "inalienable right of the indigenous African people" and refused to support equal rights of the oppresed and oppressor, exploiter and exploited, the land dispossessor and landless Africans "the dispossessed". Historic Mission of the PAC of The People of Azania is "The complete freedom, liberation and independence of Afrika." This entails political, social, economic and military independence. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Robert_Sobukwe" title="Robert Sobukwe">Robert Sobukwe</a> was elected as the first president, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Potlako_Leballo" title="Potlako Leballo">Potlako Leballo</a> as the Secretary General.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>On 21 March 1960, the PAC organised a campaign against <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pass_laws" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a>. People gathered in the townships of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharpeville" title="Sharpeville">Sharpeville</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langa,_Cape_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Langa, Cape Town">Langa</a> where Sobukwe and other top leaders were arrested and later convicted for incitement. Sobukwe was sentenced to three years and Potlako Leballo to two years in prison. Sobukwe died in Kimberley, Cape Province, 1978 of lung cancer. Immediately after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a> the National Party Government banned both the ANC and PAC on 8 April 1960. The PAC responded by founding its armed wing, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:RSA_1994_PAC.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/RSA_1994_PAC.png/350px-RSA_1994_PAC.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="309" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1628" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:RSA_1994_PAC.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Share of PAC votes per district in 1994 election</div></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ideology">Ideology</span></h2> <p>The PAC followed the idea that the South African Government should be constituted by the African people owing their allegiance only to Africa, as stated by Sobukwe in the inaugural speech of the PAC: </p> <blockquote> <p>"We aim, politically, at government of the Africans by the Africans, for the Africans, with everybody who owes his only loyalty to Africa and who is prepared to accept the democratic rule of an African majority being regarded as an African."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>It is Pan Africanism with three principles of African <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, and continental <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unity" class="extiw" title="wikt:unity">unity</a>. Its body of ideas drew largely from the teachings of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anton_Lembede" title="Anton Lembede">Anton Lembede</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">George Padmore</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Martin_Delany" title="Martin Delany">Martin Delany</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>. </p><p>The PAC initially advocated for a form of "Africanist Socialist Democracy", based on African and Black Identity, with the aim of creating a South Africa (which they would rename Azania) for Black South Africans, to the exclusion of other nationalities or ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9">[9]</a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a>' view on socialism, the PAC was stated to have rejected the concept of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Class_oppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Class oppression">class oppression</a>, instead focusing exclusively on national liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9">[9]</a></sup> Nevertheless, their initial manifesto lists the "black working class" as the "driving force in the struggle" against white capitalists and "reactionary" middle-class groups. These socialist elements were strongly toned down by the 1990s, instead adopting a more "conservative" stance that sought not to restrict market forces and a commitment not to implement socialism "for the sake of it". The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Youth_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Youth Congress of Azania</a> described the new program as the "work of an element which is on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> payroll".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> However, by April 1992, the PAC's party leadership in the Annual Congress no longer showed opposition to taking part in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">negotiations to end the apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>The PAC historically rejected <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, opposed <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> (though it itself had borrowed from some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> tenents) and the inclusion of ethnic minorities within the liberation struggle, instead advocating black liberation exclusively within a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalist</a> concept.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Leadership_struggles">Leadership struggles</span></h2> <p>The PAC has been beset by infighting and has had numerous changes of leadership since its transition to a political party. In 1996, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clarence_Makwetu" title="Clarence Makwetu">Clarence Makwetu</a>, who led the party in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1994">1994 elections</a>, was removed on the basis of "bringing the party into disrepute'.<sup id="cite_ref-mg_backwards_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg_backwards-12">[12]</a></sup> </p><p>In August 2013, the PAC elected Alton Mphethi as president, after previous leader Letlapa Mphahlele was expelled in May amidst allegations of attempting to cause division in the party, financial impropriety and poor quality leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>A faction of the PAC continued to regard Mphahlele as leader. The matter was resolved in the courts, with Mpheti eventually being confirmed as party leader for the 2014 election.<sup id="cite_ref-hl1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hl1-15">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kb_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kb-16">[16]</a></sup> </p><p>Mpheti has since been charged with murder for the death of a Swazi national, Mthunzi Mavundla.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_murder_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp_murder-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>Luthando Mbinda was elected president at the 2014 congress in Botshabelo, while Letlapa Mphahlele was elected in July 2015 in Manguang. Mbinda claimed that Mphahlele's election was not valid, as he was not a valid member, while Mphahlele challenged his expulsion in court. </p><p>The Independent Electoral Commission suspended the party's statutory fund’s allocations until there was clarity about who led the party, and in October 2015 the high court confirmed that Mbinda was the recognised leader.<sup id="cite_ref-iol_iec2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iol_iec2015-18">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pac_highcourt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pac_highcourt-19">[19]</a></sup> </p><p>Conflict then arose between Mbinda and Chief Executive Officer Narius Moloto. Mbinda was subsequently charged by the PAC and later expelled for bringing the organisation into disrepute. Narius Moloto was elected party leader in December 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> </p><p>Infighting continued after the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2019">2019 elections</a>, with leader Narius Moloto unilaterally dissolving the party's structures, a decision which was later set aside by the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, in Limpopo, one faction elected Moloto as leader, while a week later in Bloemfontein, another faction elected Mzwanele Nyhontso as leader. In October 2019, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Electoral_Commission_of_South_Africa" title="Electoral Commission of South Africa">Independent Electoral Commission</a> recognised Nyhontso as the legitimate party leader.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p><p>In November 2020, speaker of the National Assembly <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Thandi Modise</a> received notice that the PAC had expelled Nyhontso, and notified him that he had therefore lost his seat in parliament as the PAC's sole representative.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> The opposing faction got a court order in December 2020 to reinstate Nyhontso, pending a court order challenging his removal from the party.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p><p>In August 2021, the court confirmed that Moloto's election was invalid, confirming Nyhontso as president, and in September 2021 Nyhontso was again sworn in as the party's sole MP.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Election_results">Election results</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="National_elections">National elections</span></h3> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Total votes </th> <th>Share of vote </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Government </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1994">1994</a> </th> <td>243,478 </td> <td>1.25% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="background: #ffdddd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">in opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1999">1999</a> </th> <td>113,125 </td> <td>0.78% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0.8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td style="background: #ffdddd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">in opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2004">2004</a> </th> <td>113,512 </td> <td>0.73% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0.8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Steady" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ±0 </td> <td style="background: #ffdddd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">in opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2009">2009</a> </th> <td>48,530 </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Decrease" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2 </td> <td style="background: #ffdddd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">in opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2014">2014</a> </th> <td>37,784 </td> <td>0.21% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Steady" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ±0 </td> <td style="background: #ffdddd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">in opposition </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2019">2019</a> </th> <td>32,677 </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 400</span><div role="img" style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008718; width: 0.3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Steady" width="11" height="11" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> ±0 </td> <td style="background: #ffdddd; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">in opposition </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Provincial_elections">Provincial elections</span></h3> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election<sup id="cite_ref-dash_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dash-28">[28]</a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eastern_Cape" title="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_State_(South_African_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State (South African province)">Free State</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">Kwazulu-Natal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mpumalanga" title="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)" title="North West (South African province)">North-West</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northern_Cape" title="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th> <th>%</th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1994">1994</a> </th> <td>2.04%</td> <td>1/56 </td> <td>1.81%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>1.47%</td> <td>1/86 </td> <td>0.73%</td> <td>1/81 </td> <td>1.27%</td> <td>1/40 </td> <td>1.63%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>1.73%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.93%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>1.06%</td> <td>0/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 1999">1999</a> </th> <td>1.14%</td> <td>1/63 </td> <td>1.15%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.73%</td> <td>0/73 </td> <td>0.26%</td> <td>0/80 </td> <td>1.41%</td> <td>1/49 </td> <td>0.66%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.74%</td> <td>0/33 </td> <td>0.66%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.49%</td> <td>0/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2004">2004</a> </th> <td>1.00%</td> <td>1/63 </td> <td>1.18%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.85%</td> <td>1/73 </td> <td>0.19%</td> <td>0/80 </td> <td>0.94%</td> <td>0/49 </td> <td>0.69%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.84%</td> <td>0/33 </td> <td>0.43%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.42%</td> <td>0/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2009">2009</a> </th> <td>0.54%</td> <td>0/63 </td> <td>0.33%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.31%</td> <td>0/73 </td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>0/80 </td> <td>0.53%</td> <td>0/49 </td> <td>0.32%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.26%</td> <td>0/33 </td> <td>0.22%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.23%</td> <td>0/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2014">2014</a> </th> <td>0.44%</td> <td>0/63 </td> <td>0.21%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.26%</td> <td>0/73 </td> <td>0.08%</td> <td>0/80 </td> <td>0.29%</td> <td>0/49 </td> <td>0.23%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.14%</td> <td>0/33 </td> <td>0.11%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.17%</td> <td>0/42 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_general_election,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="South African general election, 2019">2019</a> </th> <td>0.41%</td> <td>0/63 </td> <td>0.17%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.24%</td> <td>0/73 </td> <td>0.07%</td> <td>0/80 </td> <td>0.17%</td> <td>0/49 </td> <td>0.14%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.11%</td> <td>0/33 </td> <td>0.11%</td> <td>0/30 </td> <td>0.19%</td> <td>0/42 </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Municipal_elections">Municipal elections</span></h3> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_municipal_election,_1995%E2%80%931996" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal election, 1995–1996">1995–96</a> </th> <td>104,455 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_municipal_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal election, 2000">2000</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_municipal_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal election, 2006">2006</a> </th> <td>306,747 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_municipal_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal election, 2011">2011</a> </th> <td>118,822 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_municipal_election,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="South African municipal election, 2016">2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-iec_summary_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iec_summary-29">[29]</a></sup> </th> <td>74,607 </td> <td>0.19% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r936637989">.mw-parser-output .portal{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portal.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portal>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright"> <ul> <li><span><img alt="flag" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa portal</a></span></li> <li><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><span><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azanian_National_Youth_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Azanian National Youth Unity">Azanian National Youth Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">Azanian People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_Africa" title="History of South Africa">History of South Africa</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PACHQ-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PACHQ_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFPan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" class="citation web cs1">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019172353/http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/">"Contacts"</a>. <i>www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za/contacts/">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pacofazania.org.za.org.za&rft.atitle=Contacts&rft.au=Pan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacofazania.org.za.org.za%2Fcontacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/78.htm">"South Africa – Political Parties"</a>. <i>countrystudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span></span>. <q>...1959 prompted a split by black nationalists from the ANC to form the militant Africanist, anticommunist PAC." ... "The PAC also opposed the ANC's alliance with the SACP because most PAC leaders rejected Marxist economic dogma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countrystudies.us&rft.atitle=South+Africa+%E2%80%93+Political+Parties&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fsouth-africa%2F78.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440552/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania-PAC">"Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) (South African organization)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2014-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pan-Africanist+Congress+of+Azania+%28PAC%29+%28South+African+organization%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F440552%2FPan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania-PAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.702.co.za/articles/260287/why-the-pac-wants-south-africa-renamed-azania">Why the PAC wants South Africa renamed Azania</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania">"Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania \| South African organization"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pan-Africanist+Congress+of+Azania+%7C+South+African+organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPan-Africanist-Congress-of-Azania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv03445/04lv03446/05lv03488.htm">"Pan Africanist Congress Of Azania (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives"</a>. <i>omalley.nelsonmandela.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span></span>. <q>They feared that the liberation struggle would be taken over by white and Indian communists and rejected the aspects of the Freedom Charter* that protected minority interests rather than those of Africans throughout the continent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omalley.nelsonmandela.org&rft.atitle=Pan+Africanist+Congress+Of+Azania+%28PAC%29+%E2%80%93+The+O%27Malley+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomalley.nelsonmandela.org%2Fomalley%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Fq%2F03lv03445%2F04lv03446%2F05lv03488.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-pac">"Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) \| South African History Online"</a>. <i>www.sahistory.org.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Pan+Africanist+Congress+%28PAC%29+%7C+South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fpan-africanist-congress-pac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/robert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959">"Robert Sobukwe Inaugural Speech, April 1959"</a>. <i>South African History Online – Towards a People's History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online+%E2%80%93+Towards+a+People%27s+History&rft.atitle=Robert+Sobukwe+Inaugural+Speech%2C+April+1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farchive%2Frobert-sobukwe-inaugural-speech-april-1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFFatton1986" class="citation book cs1">Fatton, Robert (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%2520uploads%2520/robert_fatton_black_consciousness_in_south_africbook4you.org_.pdf"><i>Black Consciousness in South Africa: The Dialectics of Ideological Resistance to White Supremacy SUNY Series in African Politics and Society</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887061295" title="Special:BookSources/9780887061295"><bdi>9780887061295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Consciousness+in+South+Africa%3A+The+Dialectics+of+Ideological+Resistance+to+White+Supremacy+SUNY+Series+in+African+Politics+and+Society&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780887061295&rft.aulast=Fatton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%252520uploads%252520%2Frobert_fatton_black_consciousness_in_south_africbook4you.org_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv02730/05lv03188/06lv03214.htm">"Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) – The O'Malley Archives"</a>. <i>omalley.nelsonmandela.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omalley.nelsonmandela.org&rft.atitle=Pan+Africanist+Congress+%28PAC%29+%E2%80%93+The+O%27Malley+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomalley.nelsonmandela.org%2Fomalley%2Findex.php%2Fsite%2Fq%2F03lv02424%2F04lv02730%2F05lv03188%2F06lv03214.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/pan-africanist-congress-timeline-1959-2011">"Pan Africanist Congress timeline 1959–2011"</a>. South African History Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+Africanist+Congress+timeline+1959%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=South+African+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Fpan-africanist-congress-timeline-1959-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mg_backwards-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mg_backwards_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-24-sa-has-moved-backwards-says-pac-stalwart-makwetu">"SA has moved backwards, says PAC stalwart Makwetu"</a>. Mail and Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SA+has+moved+backwards%2C+says+PAC+stalwart+Makwetu&rft.pub=Mail+and+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2014-04-24-sa-has-moved-backwards-says-pac-stalwart-makwetu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFNtokozo_Sindane2013" class="citation web cs1">Ntokozo Sindane (2013-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicnewshub.com/pac-announces-new-party-president/">"PAC Announces New Party President"</a>. <i>The Public News Hub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public+News+Hub&rft.atitle=PAC+Announces+New+Party+President&rft.date=2013-08-11&rft.au=Ntokozo+Sindane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicnewshub.com%2Fpac-announces-new-party-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citizen.co.za/39025/pac-to-plot-a-new-path/">"PAC to plot a new path"</a>. <i>The Citizen</i>. 2013-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Citizen&rft.atitle=PAC+to+plot+a+new+path&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcitizen.co.za%2F39025%2Fpac-to-plot-a-new-path%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hl1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hl1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113124/http://www.heraldlive.co.za/pac-hits-campaign-trail-after-leadership-fight-ends/">"PAC hits campaign trail after leadership fight ends"</a>. Herald Live. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PAC+hits+campaign+trail+after+leadership+fight+ends&rft.pub=Herald+Live&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldlive.co.za%2Fpac-hits-campaign-trail-after-leadership-fight-ends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kb-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kb_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095727/http://kids.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-9058193">"Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Citizen&rft.atitle=Return+of+PAC%E2%80%99s+voice%3A+New+president+swearing+in+a+victory+for+embattled+party&rft.date=2021-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizen.co.za%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa%2Fpolitics%2F2604989%2Freturn-of-pacs-voice-new-president-sworn-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dash-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dash_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.org.za/NPEDashboard/app/dashboard.html">"Results Dashboard"</a>. <i>www.elections.org.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elections.org.za&rft.atitle=Results+Dashboard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.za%2FNPEDashboard%2Fapp%2Fdashboard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iec_summary-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iec_summary_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.za/content/LGEPublicReports/402/Detailed%20Results/National.pdf">"Results Summary – All Ballots"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. elections.org.za<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+Summary+%E2%80%93+All+Ballots&rft.pub=elections.org.za&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.za%2Fcontent%2FLGEPublicReports%2F402%2FDetailed%2520Results%2FNational.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Africanist+Congress+of+Azania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821144749/http://pac.org.za/">Website of the Pan Africanist Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacofazania.org.za/">Alternative Website of the Pan Africanist Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041014163503/http://www.si.umich.edu/fort-hare/pac_pub.htm">Pan Africanist Congress Publications Collection 1958-1995</a></li> <li>Archival Information can be found at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Borthwick_Institute_for_Archives" title="Borthwick Institute for Archives">Borthwick Institute for Archives</a>, University of York: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=193-128&cid=-1#-1%7CPan-Africanist">Congress of South Africa</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r992953826">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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political parties"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template talk:South Africa political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:South_Africa_political_parties&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Africa" title="National Assembly of South Africa">National Assembly</a><br /><small>(with number of seats held)</small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (230)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> (84)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> (44)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (14)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="African Christian Democratic Party">African Christian Democratic Party</a> (4)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Democratic_Movement" title="United Democratic Movement">United Democratic Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(South_African_political_party)" title="Congress of the People (South African political party)">Congress of the People</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Independent_Congress" title="African Independent Congress">African Independent Congress</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Freedom_Party" title="National Freedom Party">National Freedom Party</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Good_(political_party)" title="Good (political party)">Good</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Transformation_Movement" title="African Transformation Movement">African Transformation Movement</a> (2)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan Africanist Congress</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Al_Jama-ah" title="Al Jama-ah">Al Jama-ah</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Council_of_Provinces" title="National Council of Provinces">National Council of Provinces</a><br /><small>(with number of seats held)</small></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> (54)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a> (20)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Freedom_Fighters" title="Economic Freedom Fighters">Economic Freedom Fighters</a> (11)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a> (2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other parties</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist & Socialist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Content_Movement" title="African Content Movement">African Content Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Organisation" title="Azanian People's Organisation">Azanian People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bolsheviks_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Bolsheviks Party of South Africa">Bolsheviks Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_People%27s_Ambassadors" title="National People's Ambassadors">National People's Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Workers_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party (South Africa)">Socialist Revolutionary Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Workers_International_Vanguard_Party" title="Workers International Vanguard Party">Workers International Vanguard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Workers_and_Socialist_Party" title="Workers and Socialist Party">Workers and Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Congress_(South_Africa)" title="United Congress (South Africa)">United Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social Democrats</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="African Congress of Democrats">African Congress of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Democratic_Change" title="African Democratic Change">African Democratic Change</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikan_Alliance_of_Social_Democrats" title="Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats">Afrikan Alliance of Social Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Agang_South_Africa" title="Agang South Africa">Agang South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Patriotic Alliance (South Africa)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Power_of_Africans_Unity" title="Power of Africans Unity">Power of Africans Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Africanist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_People%27s_Convention" title="African People's Convention">African People's Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abantu_Batho_Congress" title="Abantu Batho Congress">Abantu Batho Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_First_Land_First" title="Black First Land First">Black First Land First</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Movement" title="Pan Africanist Movement">Pan Africanist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority Rights</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Africa_Muslim_Party" title="Africa Muslim Party">Africa Muslim Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Muslim_Congress" title="Cape Muslim Congress">Cape Muslim Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Compatriots_of_South_Africa" title="Compatriots of South Africa">Compatriots of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Minority_Front" title="Minority Front">Minority Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agrarian</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civic_Warriors_of_Maruleng" title="Civic Warriors of Maruleng">Civic Warriors of Maruleng</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Land_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Land Party (South Africa)">Land Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Democrats</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Covenant" title="African Covenant">African Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Party (South Africa)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Political_Movement" title="Christian Political Movement">Christian Political Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Economic_Emancipation_Forum" title="Economic Emancipation Forum">Economic Emancipation Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_Governance_Movement" title="Kingdom Governance Movement">Kingdom Governance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Christian_Democratic_Party" title="United Christian Democratic Party">United Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uniting_People_First" title="Uniting People First">Uniting People First</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmentalist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Green_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Green Party of South Africa">Green Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single Issue</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Security_Congress" title="African Security Congress">African Security Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dagga_Party" title="Dagga Party">Dagga Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_Forward" title="Women Forward">Women Forward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local Issues & Regionalist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Better_Residents_Association" title="Better Residents Association">Better Residents Association</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Independence_Party" title="Cape Independence Party">Cape Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dabalorivhuwa_Patriotic_Front" title="Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front">Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gazankulu_Liberation_Congress" title="Gazankulu Liberation Congress">Gazankulu Liberation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karoo_Gemeenskap_Party" title="Karoo Gemeenskap Party">Karoo Gemeenskap Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plaaslike_Besorgde_Inwoners" title="Plaaslike Besorgde Inwoners">Plaaslike Besorgde Inwoners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afrikaner Nationalist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_self-determination_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner self-determination Party">Afrikaner self-determination Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">Herstigte Nasionale Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" title="National Conservative Party of South Africa">National Conservative Party of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncategorised</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ActionSA" title="ActionSA">ActionSA</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Change_Academy" title="African Change Academy">African Change Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Mantungwa_Community" title="African Mantungwa Community">African Mantungwa Community</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Renaissance_Unity_Party" title="African Renaissance Unity Party">African Renaissance Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/All_Things_Are_Possible_(political_party)" title="All Things Are Possible (political party)">All Things Are Possible</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alliance_for_Transformation_for_All" title="Alliance for Transformation for All">Alliance for Transformation for All</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Capitalist_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Capitalist Party of South Africa">Capitalist Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Independent Party (South Africa)">Democratic Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Congress" title="Democratic Liberal Congress">Democratic Liberal Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dikwankwetla_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa">Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Free Democrats (South Africa)">Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Forum_for_Service_Delivery" title="Forum for Service Delivery">Forum for Service Delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Civic_Organisation_of_South_Africa" title="Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa">Independent Civic Organisation of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Revelation_Congress" title="International Revelation Congress">International Revelation Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Party_South_Africa" title="National Party South Africa">National Party South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_People%27s_Front_(South_Africa)" title="National People's Front (South Africa)">National People's Front</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Religious_Freedom_Party" title="National Religious Freedom Party">National Religious Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Africa_Party" title="New South Africa Party">New South Africa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Peoples_Independent_Civic_Organisation" title="The Peoples Independent Civic Organisation">The Peoples Independent Civic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Maintenance_and_Estate_Beneficiaries_Association" title="South African Maintenance and Estate Beneficiaries Association">South African Maintenance and Estate Beneficiaries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_National_Congress_of_Traditional_Authorities" title="South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities">South African National Congress of Traditional Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Political_Party" title="South African Political Party">South African Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Independent_Movement" title="United Independent Movement">United Independent Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ximoko_Party" title="Ximoko Party">Ximoko Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communist</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Azania" title="Socialist Party of Azania">Socialist Party of Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socialist & Social Democratic</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">New Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Independent_Front" title="United Independent Front">United Independent Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberal & Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">Democratic Party (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">Democratic Party (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">Democratic Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Reform Party (South Africa)">Democratic Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">Federal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">Independent Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">Progressive Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">Progressive Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">South African Business Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Congress" title="South African Democratic Congress">South African Democratic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">Union Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservative</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Christian Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Front_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Front (South Africa)">Christian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christen_Party/Christian_Party" title="Christen Party/Christian Party">Christen Party/Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">Federation of Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">Herenigde Nasionale Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">National Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">National People's Party (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Union_(South_Africa)" title="National Union (South Africa)">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">New National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">New Republic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solidarity_(South_African_political_party)" title="Solidarity (South African political party)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner Nationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Eenheidsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging">Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">Afrikaner Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Conservative Party (South Africa)">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Front_National_(South_Africa)" title="Front National (South Africa)">Front National</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">National Action</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">Purified National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">South African Gentile National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Keep_It_Straight_and_Simple_Party" title="Keep It Straight and Simple Party">Keep It Straight and Simple Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoisan_Aboriginal_and_Others_Movement" title="Khoisan Aboriginal and Others Movement">Khoisan Aboriginal and Others Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="National Alliance (South Africa)">National Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Democratic_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Democratic Convention (South Africa)">National Democratic Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National People's Party (South Africa)">National People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_and_Justice_Congress" title="Peace and Justice Congress">Peace and Justice Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pro-death_Penalty_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Pro-death Penalty Party (South Africa)">Pro-death Penalty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">Transkei National Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubuntu_Party" title="Ubuntu Party">Ubuntu Party</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universal_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Universal Party (South Africa)">Universal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">List of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Free_State_(province)#Law_and_government" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><div class="floatright"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="image" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">CONTRALESA</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">COSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">LGEP</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">SALSA</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">SASCO</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vry_Afrikaner_Movement" title="Vry Afrikaner Movement">VAB</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">ZACF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/PASSOP" title="PASSOP">PASSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">LPM</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">SJC</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">TAC</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">UPM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i>see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and<br />periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Independence" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marikana_killings#The_16_August_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r992953826"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;;text-decoration:inherit;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1075</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780</span>–1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boer_Republics" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pass_laws" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_reform_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional reform referendum">1983 constitutional reform referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post-<br />apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of National Unity (South Africa)">Government of National Unity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Independence" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Political_Organization" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and<br />social movements</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and<br />terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of<br />political parties</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="Category" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775460#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775460#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775460#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145448289">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82239467">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137567304">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137567304">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82239467">United States</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/133272389">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> '
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (`tor_exit_node`)	false
Unix timestamp of change (`timestamp`)	1635669768