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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Public university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}
{{about|the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa}}
{{distinguish|Alabama State University}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The University of Alabama
| motto = ''The Capstone of Higher Education''
| image = University of Alabama seal.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| established = {{start date|1820|12|18}}<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Flagship university|flagship]] [[research university]]
| endowment = $832.8 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url= https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051 |access-date= December 28, 2020 |title= University of Alabama |archive-date= December 27, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201227230433/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051 |url-status= live}}</ref>
| president = [[Stuart R. Bell]]
| faculty = 1,908 (1,454 full-time & 454 part-time)<ref name="common-data-set">{{cite web|title=Common Data Set|url=http://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type[0][0]=Common%20Data%20Set|publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140842/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type%5b0%5d%5b0%5d=Common%20Data%20Set|url-status=live}}</ref>
| students = 37,840<ref name="common-data-set"/>
| postgrad = 6,170
| undergrad = 31,670
| city = [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
| state = [[Alabama]]
| country = United States
| campus = [[Rural]]/[[College Town]], {{convert|1970|acre|km2}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33|12|39|N|87|32|46|W|region:US-AL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]]|[[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]]}}
| colors = [[Crimson#School colors|Crimson]], Cool Gray, & White<ref>{{cite web|title=Colors – Brand Guidelines|url=https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/|publisher=University of Alabama Division of Strategic Communications|website=Brand.UA.edu|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825011106/https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{color box|#9E1B32}} {{color box|#828A8F}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| sports_nickname = [[Alabama Crimson Tide|Crimson Tide]]
| mascot = [[Big Al (mascot)|Big Al]]
| parent = [[University of Alabama System]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist
|[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|ORAU]]
|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]
|[[National Sea Grant College Program|Sea-grant]]
|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
}}
| website = {{url|www.ua.edu}}
| logo = University of Alabama logo.svg
| logo_upright = .75
| accreditation = [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools|SACS]]
| free_label = Newspaper
| free = ''[[The Crimson White]]''
}}
'''The University of Alabama''' (informally known as '''Alabama''', '''UA''', or '''Bama''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]. Established in 1820 and opened to students in 1831, the University of Alabama is the oldest<ref name="ua.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/history |title=The University of Alabama |website=ua.edu |access-date=June 21, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222403/https://www.ua.edu/about/history |url-status=live}}</ref> and largest of the public [[List of colleges and universities in Alabama|universities in Alabama]] as well as the [[flagship university|flagship]] of the [[University of Alabama System]]. The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, [[Ed.S.|education specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] degrees. The only publicly supported [[University of Alabama School of Law|law school]] in the state is at UA. Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in [[anthropology]], communication and information sciences, metallurgical engineering, music, [[Romance languages]], and social work.
As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the [[American Civil War]] and the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The University of Alabama [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|varsity football program]] (nicknamed the ''Crimson Tide''), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of the ten winningest programs in US history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 winningest NCAA teams |url=http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |access-date=April 8, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927184215/http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1913 speech then-president [[George H. Denny]] extolled the university as the "[[wikt:capstone|capstone]] of the public school system in the state [of Alabama]", lending the university its current nickname, ''The Capstone''. In addition, university alumni and faculty include 59 Goldwater Scholars, 15 Rhodes Scholars, 16 Truman Scholars, 36 Hollings Scholars, and 16 Boren Scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |title=University of Alabama Quick Facts |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811074039/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
==History==
===Establishment===
[[File:University of Alabama 1859.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View of the Quad in 1859. The Rotunda can be seen at center, with the halls visible in the background. All buildings depicted were destroyed on April 4, 1865.]]
{{Main|History of the University of Alabama}}
In 1818, the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]] authorized the newly created [[Alabama Territory]] to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning". When [[Alabama]] was admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] on December 14, 1819, a second township was added to the [[land grant]], bringing it to a total of 46,000 acres (186 km<sup>2</sup>). The General Assembly of Alabama established the seminary on December 18, 1820, named it "The University of the State of Alabama", and created a board of trustees to manage the construction and operation of the university.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama">{{cite encyclopedia |title=University of Alabama (UA) |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |author=Clark E. Center, Jr. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |date= |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025732/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |url-status=live}}</ref> The board selected a construction site and an architect to design the campus. The site the board chose was, at the time, outside the city limits of the erstwhile [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]], Tuscaloosa.<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite book |title=The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History |last=Wolfe |first=Suzanne Rau |year=1983 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |isbn=0-8173-0119-4}}</ref> [[William Nichols (architect)|William Nichols]], the architect of the Alabama State Capitol building and [[Christ Episcopal Church (Tuscaloosa, Alabama)|Christ Episcopal Church]] in Tuscaloosa, was chosen to design the campus. Influenced by [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s plan at the [[University of Virginia]], the Nichols-designed campus featured a {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} wide, {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} high domed [[University of Alabama Quad|Rotunda]] that served as the library and nucleus of the campus.<ref name="alheritage2">{{cite journal |last1=Center |first1=Clark E. |year=1990 |title=The Burning of the University of Alabama |journal=Alabama Heritage |volume=Spring 1990 |issue=16 |pages=30–45 |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917073911/http://alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> The university's charter was presented to the first university president in the nave of Christ Episcopal Church. UA opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831, with the Reverend Alva Woods as president.<ref name="Sellers">{{cite book |title=History of the University of Alabama |volume=Volume 1: 1818–1902 |last=Sellers |first=James B. |year=1953 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}</ref>
[[File:University of Alabama 1907.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A view of either Tuomey Hall or Oliver-Barnard Hall, one of the first buildings constructed after the university reopened after the Civil War, in 1907]]
An academy-style institution during the Antebellum period, the university emphasized the [[classics]] and the social and natural sciences. There were around 100 students per year at UA in the 1830s.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>
As the state and university matured, an active literary culture evolved on campus and in Tuscaloosa. UA had one of the largest libraries in the country on the eve of the Civil War with more than 7,000 volumes. There were several thriving literary societies, including the Erosophic and the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]] societies, which often had lectures by such distinguished politicians and literary figures as United States Supreme Court justice [[John Archibald Campbell]], novelist [[William Gilmore Simms]], and professor [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|Frederick Barnard]].<ref name="Sellers"/> The addresses to those societies reveal a vibrant intellectual culture in Tuscaloosa; they also illustrate the proslavery ideas that were so central to the university and the state.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf The Law of Descent of Thought: Law, History, and Civilization in Antebellum Literary Addresses, Law and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505091251/http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf |date=May 5, 2010}} (2008) 20:343–402</ref>
Discipline and student behavior was a major issue at the university almost from the day it opened. Early presidents attempted to enforce strict rules regarding conduct.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> Students were prohibited from drinking, swearing, making unauthorized visits off-campus, or playing musical instruments outside a one-hour time frame. Yet riots and gunfights were not uncommon. To combat the severe discipline problem, president [[Landon Garland]] lobbied and received approval from the legislature in 1860 to transform the university into a military school.<ref name="Sellers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eckinger |first=H. |year=2013 |title=The Militarization of the University of Alabama |journal=[[Alabama Review]] |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=163–185}}</ref>
===From the Civil War to World War II===
Many of the cadets who graduated from the school served as officers in the [[Confederate Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. As a consequence of that role, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] troops burned down the campus on April 4, 1865 (only 5 days before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9), which was unrelated to [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] several months earlier and farther east, in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Despite a call to arms and defense by the student cadet corps, only four buildings survived the burning: the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]] (1841), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Gorgas House|Gorgas House]] (1829), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Little Round House|Little Round House]] (1860), and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Old Observatory]] (1844).<ref name="alheritage2"/> The university reopened in 1871 and in 1880, Congress granted the university 40,000 acres (162 km<sup>2</sup>) of coal land in partial compensation for $250,000 in war damages.<ref name="Wolfe"/>
The University of Alabama allowed female students beginning in 1892. The Board of Trustees allowed female students largely due to [[Julia S. Tutwiler]], with the condition that they be over eighteen, and would be allowed to enter the sophomore class after completing their first year at another school and passing an exam. Ten women from Tutwiler's Livingston school enrolled for the 1893 fall semester. By 1897, women were allowed to enroll as freshmen.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|title=Julia S. Tutwiler|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama|date=|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111192149/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|url-status=live}}</ref>
During World War II, UA was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="ua-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |title=World War II and the Tech Connection |publisher=Georgia Tech Alumni Association |last=Goettling |first=Gary |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134450/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> During this time the University of Alabama had extensions in other cities including [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]; the [[University of South Alabama]] was opened in 1963 to replace that program.
===Racial integration===
{{Expand section|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Wallace at University of Alabama edit2.jpg|thumb|right|George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" to attempt to stop integration of other races at the University of Alabama.]]
Until the 1960s, the university only admitted white students. The practice of [[racial segregation]] was common in the American South at this time and the university barred all students of color from attending. The first attempt to integrate the university occurred in 1956 when [[Autherine Lucy]] successfully enrolled on February 3 as a graduate student in library sciences after she secured a court order preventing the university from rejecting her application on the basis of race. In the face of violent protests against her attendance, Lucy was suspended (and later outright expelled) three days later by the board of trustees on the basis of being unable to provide a safe learning environment for her. The university was not integrated until 1963 when [[Vivian Malone Jones|Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]] registered for classes on June 11.<ref>MOKRZYCKI, P. (2012). After the Stand Comes the Fall: Racial Integration and White Student Reactions at the University of Alabama, 1963–1976. ''Alabama Review'', ''65''(4), 290–313.</ref>
[[File:Malone Hood Plaza University of Alabama northeast view.jpg|thumb|Foster Auditorium and Malone-Hood Plaza today. Lucy Clock Tower is in the foreground.]]
Governor [[George Wallace]] made his infamous "[[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]]", standing in the front entrance of [[Foster Auditorium]] in a symbolic attempt to stop Malone and Hood's enrollment. When confronted by [[United States Deputy Attorney General|U.S. deputy attorney general]] [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] and [[United States Marshals Service|federal marshal]]s sent in by [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Wallace stepped aside. President [[John F. Kennedy]] had called for the integration of the University of Alabama, as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=1963 Year in Review – Part 1 |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |work=United Press International |access-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-date=July 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726224436/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Hood dropped out of school after two months, he returned and, in 1997, received his PhD in philosophy. Malone persisted in her studies and became the first African American to graduate from the university. In 2000, the university granted her a doctorate of humane letters. Autherine Lucy's expulsion was rescinded in 1980, and she re-enrolled and graduated with a master's degree in 1992. Later in his life, Wallace apologized for his opposition at that time to [[racial integration]]. In 2010, the university formally honored Lucy, Hood and Malone by rechristening the plaza in front of Foster Auditorium as Malone-Hood Plaza and erecting a clock tower – Autherine Lucy Clock Tower – in the plaza.
===2011 tornado===
{{Main|2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado}}
On [[2011 Super Outbreak|April 27, 2011]], Tuscaloosa was hit by a tornado rated EF4 on the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]], which left a large path of complete destruction but spared the campus. Six students who lived on off-campus premises were confirmed dead by the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |title=In Memoriam – April 27, 2011 Storm |work=ua.edu |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616185808/http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the infrastructural damage of the city (approx. 12% of the city) and the loss of life, the university canceled the rest of the spring semester and postponed graduation.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
==Campus==
[[File:Denny Chimes, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 2.jpg|thumb|[[Denny Chimes]] on the Quad]]
[[File:UA President's Mansion 02.jpg|right|thumb|The [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], opposite Denny Chimes]]
From a small campus of seven buildings in the wilderness on the main road between Tuscaloosa and [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] (now University Boulevard) in the 1830s, UA has grown to a massive {{convert|1970|acre|adj=on}} campus in the heart of Tuscaloosa. There are 297 buildings on campus containing some {{convert|10600000|sqft|m2}} of space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facility Facts |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Facilities |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031030754/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the school added 168 acres to its campus by purchasing the land formerly belonging to [[Bryce Hospital]]. It also plans to acquire more land to accommodate the continuing growth of the enrollment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |title=University Planning, 2012 Campus Master Plan Update |access-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092108/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref>
The university maintains the [[University of Alabama Arboretum]] in eastern Tuscaloosa and the [[Dauphin Island Sea Lab]] on [[Dauphin Island, Alabama|Dauphin Island]], just off the Alabama Gulf Coast. In 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave the university a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "B+".<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web |title=College Sustainability Report Card 2011 |publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute |url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |access-date=November 19, 2011 |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105625/http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |url-status=live}}</ref>
===Landmarks===
UA is home to several museums, cultural facilities and historical landmarks.
The [[Alabama Museum of Natural History]] at Smith Hall exhibits Alabama's rich natural history. The oddest artifact there could be the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Sylacauga meteorite]], the largest known extraterrestrial object to strike a human being who survived. The [[Paul W. Bryant Museum]] houses memorabilia and exhibits on the history of UA athletic programs, most notably the tenure of football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]]. Athletic trophies and awards are displayed at the [[Mal Moore]] Athletic Building, named for the university's former athletic director, near the Bryant Museum. The Sarah Moody Gallery of Art at Garland Hall hosts revolving exhibitions of contemporary art, including from the university's own permanent collection. The Ferguson Art Gallery at the Ferguson Center also hosts revolving art exhibitions. The [[Moundville Archaeological Site|Jones Archaeological Museum]] at [[Moundville, Alabama|Moundville]] exhibits the history of [[Mississippian culture]] in Alabama.
Numerous historical landmarks dot the campus, including the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], [[Denny Chimes]], [[Foster Auditorium]] (a [[National Historical Landmark]]), the [[Gorgas–Manly Historic District]], and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Maxwell Observatory]].
A cemetery next to the Biology building includes the graves of two slaves who were owned by faculty members before the Civil War. Both men died in the 1840s, and their graves went unmarked until 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|title=On-campus gravesite recalls antebellum university|work=ua.edu|access-date=August 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174827/http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Campus culture facilities include the Allen Bales Theater, the Marion Gallaway Theater, Morgan Auditorium, and the Frank M. Moody Music Building,<ref>[http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 Frank Moody Music Building (University of Alabama)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081909/http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 |date=July 18, 2011}}. [[Woollen, Molzan and Partners]], architects/planners web site. Retrieved July 20, 2010.</ref> which houses the Tuscaloosa Symphony Orchestra and the UA Opera Theatre, as well as three resident choirs.
==Organization and administration==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''UA Academic Divisions'''
|-
| '''College/school''' || '''Created'''<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>
|-
| colspan="2" |<hr />
|-
| College of Arts and Sciences || 1909
|-
| Culverhouse College of Business || 1919<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |title=Our History |website=The University of Alabama, The Culverhouse College of Business |access-date=2020-10-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021195747/https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[University of Alabama College of Communication and Information Sciences|College of Communication and Information Sciences]] || 1997
|-
| [[UAB School of Medicine#Tuscaloosa|College of Community Health Sciences]]* || 1971
|-
| College of Continuing Studies** || 1983
|-
| College of Education || 1928
|-
| [[University of Alabama College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] || 1909
|-
| Graduate School || 1924
|-
| Honors College** || 2003
|-
| College of Human Environmental Sciences || 1987
|-
| [[University of Alabama School of Law|School of Law]] || 1892
|-
| Capstone College of Nursing || 1975
|-
| School of Social Work || 1975
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | *Degree-granting unit of UAB
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | **Not a degree-granting unit
|}
The University of Alabama is an autonomous institution within the [[University of Alabama System]], which is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama and headed by the chancellor of the University of Alabama. The state legislature created the board to govern the university's operations. Its responsibilities include setting policy for the university, determining the university's mission and scope, and assuming responsibility for the university to the public and the legislature.<ref name="bylaws">{{cite web |title=Board Manual |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515232204/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The board is self-perpetuating and composed of 15 members and two [[ex officio]] members. The [[Constitution of Alabama|Constitution of the State of Alabama]] dictates the board's makeup and requires the board include three members from the [[congressional district]] that contains the Tuscaloosa campus and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. Board members are elected by the board and are confirmed by the [[Alabama Senate|Alabama State Senate]]. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.<ref name="board">{{cite web |title=The Board of Trustees of The University of Alabama, History and Purpose |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515231429/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The president of the University of Alabama is the principal executive officer of the university and is appointed by the chancellor with approval of the board of trustees. The president reports directly to the chancellor, and is responsible for the university's daily operations.<ref name="bylaws"/> The president's office is on the third floor of the Rose Administration Building, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's Mansion on campus. [[Stuart R. Bell]] became the 29th university president on July 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |title=Presidents of the University of Alabama |publisher=W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803203052/http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Academic staff ===
In fall 2015, UA employed 6,687 staff, including 1,868 instructional staff (faculty) and 2,064 professional staff. 19% of the faculty was non-white and 46% were women. 72% of faculty held a doctorate or the highest degree in their field. 32% of faculty were tenured or tenure-tracked. 29% of faculty were adjunct, clinical, or otherwise part-time.<ref name=faculty>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Faculty and Staff |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/faculty-and-staff/ |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=January 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115043742/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/faculty-and-staff/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Colleges and academic divisions===
[[File:UA School of Medicine tuscaloosa.png|thumb|left|School of Medicine – Tuscaloosa Branch]]
[[File:Ua clark hall.jpg|thumb|Clark Hall is home of the College of Arts and Sciences]]
The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is the university's [[college]] for the [[liberal arts]], [[fine arts]], and [[science]]s. It is the largest of the university's 13 colleges, with approximately 8,400 undergraduate students and 1,000 graduate students. Most [[core curriculum]] classes and [[Bachelor's degree|majors and minors]] are part of the college.<ref name="web about page">{{cite web |url=https://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |title=About the College |website=College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124073331/http://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
There are 12 other academic divisions at the University of Alabama (see the table above). Eight divisions (<abbr title="Arts & Sciences">CAS</abbr>, C&BA, C&IS, Education, Engineering, HES, Nursing, and Social Work) grant undergraduate degrees. Degrees in those eight divisions at the master's, [[Ed.S.|specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] level are awarded through the Graduate School. The law school offers [[Juris Doctor|JD]] and [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] degree programs. CHS provides advanced studies in medicine and related disciplines and operates a family medicine residency program. Medical students are also trained in association with the [[University of Alabama School of Medicine]], from which they receive their degree.
The College of Continuing Studies provides correspondence courses and other types of distance education opportunities for non-traditional students. It operates a distance education facility in [[Gadsden, Alabama|Gadsden]].
Founded in 1971 and merged into the College of Arts and Sciences in 1996, the New College's stated objectives were to "create an opportunity for a highly individualized education that enables students to draw from the resources of all University classes and faculty" and to "serve as an experimental unit with the expectation of exporting successful innovations to other sectors of the University."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |title=History |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150700/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The college allows undergraduate students flexibility in choosing their curriculum while completing a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree in interdisciplinary studies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |title=About |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150659/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''New College Review'', a non-fiction cultural journal, is written, edited, designed and published by students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |title=New College Review |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150734/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Honors College is a non-degree granting division that encompasses all the university's selective undergraduate honors programs.
===Endowment===
The University of Alabama System's [[financial endowment]] was valued at $1.520 billion in the National Association of College and University Business Officers' (NACUBO) 2019 listings.<ref name="endowment">{{cite web |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY2014 to FY2015 |work=2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers |url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2018_NCSE_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> UA's portion of the system's endowment was valued at $885.7 million in September 2015.<ref name="financials_2014-15">{{Cite report |title= The University of Alabama Financial Report 2018 |url= https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |year= 2015 |publisher= The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date= June 13, 2019 |archive-date= April 12, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174555/https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |url-status= live}}</ref>
In 2002, the university embarked on a $500 million capital campaign entitled "Our Students. Our Future".<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA Announces $500 Million Capital Campaign |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=April 8, 2006 |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignannouncement.html |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123083157/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignannouncement.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The focus of the campaign was stated to be "student scholarships, faculty support, campus facilities and priority needs" by adding $250 million to university endowment and an additional $250 to the non-endowed funds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/ourpriorities.html |title=Our Goals. Our Priorities. |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121163706/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/ourpriorities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The "quiet phase" (which lasted until 2006) of the campaign raised $299 million. In November 2007, the university announced that it had raised $428 million.<ref name="campaignupdate1107">{{cite press release |title=UA's "Our Students. Our Future." Campaign Reaches $428 Million |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=November 7, 2007 |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignupdate1107.html |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123083202/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignupdate1107.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The $500 million goal was surpassed in May 2008 and when the campaign officially concluded in 2009, it had raised $612 million.<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA Announces Completion of Successful Capital Campaign |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/success.html |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=July 9, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823215029/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/success.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
==Academics==
[[File:Shelby UA.jpg|right|thumb|Shelby Hall is the center of the Science and Engineering Complex, a 1,000,000 sq.ft teaching and research facility.]]
=== Classification ===
The University of Alabama is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |title=The University of Alabama |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |date=2020 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125001514/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a large, four-year primarily residential university accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |title=College Navigator – The University of Alabama |url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615071558/http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> Full-time, four-year undergraduates comprise a large amount of the university enrollment. The undergraduate instructional program emphasizes professional programs of study as well as the liberal arts, and there is a high level of co-existence between the graduate and undergraduate program. The university has a very high level<ref>{{cite web|title=Carnegie Lists UA among Elite Research Institutions|url=https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|publisher=University of Alabama News|access-date=December 18, 2018|archive-date=December 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044416/https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|url-status=live}}</ref> of research activity and has a "comprehensive doctoral" graduate instructional program in the liberal arts, humanities, social sciences. health sciences (medical school), and [[STEM fields]].
UA began offering engineering classes in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |title=2010-2012 Undergraduate Catalog |website=The University of Alabama |access-date=6 December 2010 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222083703/http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was one of the first universities in the nation to offer an engineering degree. Over the last decade, UA has greatly expanded its science and engineering programs, in terms of numbers of students, faculty hired, and number and size of new academic/research facilities (almost 1 million in new square footage).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|title='Vision is Reality' |work= The University of Alabama News – The College of Engineering |date=April 8, 2014|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423210222/http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's College of Engineering enrolls more students than any other engineering program in the state as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website=eng.auburn.edu |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401141147/http://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035019/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's freshman engineering classes have also had the highest average ACT score among all state of Alabama engineering programs for the last several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|title=The University of Alabama – 2015|website=profiles.asee.org|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428091803/http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Degrees conferred ===
Ten of the university's thirteen academic units (see above) offer degree programs in at total of 117 areas of study. Two areas, economics and health care management, are offered jointly by separate units (Commerce and Business Administration and Arts & Sciences for both), and one area (material science) is offered jointly by the other universities in the UA system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degree Programs Offered by College/School |format=table |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degree-programs-offered-by-college-school/ |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913110452/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degree-programs-offered-by-college-school/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
UA conferred 7,905 degrees in the 2014–2015 academic year, including 5,662 bachelor's degrees (2,081 with [[Latin honors]]), 1,672 master's degrees, 379 doctorates and 144 professional degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degrees Awarded |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2015 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422215313/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |url-status=live}}/</ref>
[[Latin honors]] are conferred on graduates completing a bachelor's degree for the first time (including at other universities) with an overall grade point average of at least 3.5. ''Cum laude'' honors are conferred to graduates with a GPA of 3.5 or greater and less than 3.7 (without rounding). ''Magna cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.7 or greater and less than 3.9. ''Summa cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.9 or higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honors |url=http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |work=University of Alabama Undergraduate Catalog 2010–2012 |access-date=May 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814005719/http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Academic calendar ===
The university follows a standard academic calendar based on the [[semester#United States|semester system]], which divides the [[academic year#Academic year|academic year]], starting in mid-August, into two 15-week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in December and the spring term lasts from January to early May. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into a 3-week "mini-semester" in May and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively.<ref name="academic-calender">{{cite web |title=Academic Calendars |url=http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |publisher=The Office of the University Registrar, University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180612/http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Rankings===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{Infobox US university ranking
| ARWU_N = 134-154
| ARWU_W = 501-600
| Forbes = 252
| THE_WSJ = 401-500
| QS_W = 801–1000
| THES_W = 601–800
| USNWR_NU = 148
| USNWR_W = 419
| Wamo_NU = 344
}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|archive-date=September 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905033624/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Biological Sciences || 130
|-
| Business || 41
|-
| Chemistry || 88
|-
| Clinical Psychology || 80
|-
| Computer Science || 111
|-
| Earth Sciences || 114
|-
| Economics || 90
|-
| Education || 84
|-
| Engineering || 119
|-
| English || 116
|-
| Fine Arts || 158
|-
| History || 98
|-
| Law || 31
|-
| Library & Information Studies || 28
|-
| Mathematics || 108
|-
| Physics || 83
|-
| Political Science || 96
|-
| Psychology || 112
|-
| Public Affairs || 101
|-
| Rehabilitation Counseling || 47
|-
| Social Work || 44
|-
| Speech–Language Pathology || 72
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180903/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Chemistry || 434
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 701
|-
| Economics & Business || 205
|-
| Engineering || 669
|-
| Materials Science || 493
|-
| Physics || 176
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 387
|}
{{col-end}}
In the 2021 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings, UA was tied for 143rd in the ''National Universities'' category (tied for 65th among "Top Public Schools").<ref name="USNews-rankings">{{cite web |title=University of Alabama Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |year=2021 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701191804/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, in the 2021 ''U.S. News'' rankings, the [[University of Alabama Law School|law school]] was tied for 31st in the nation, the business school was tied for 41st, the education school tied for 84th, and the engineering school was tied for 119th.<ref name="USNews-rankings"/> In 2016, ''Business Insider'' ranked the UA law school as the third best public law school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016|title=The 25 best public law schools in America|first=Emmie Martin, Tanza Loudenback and Kaitlyn|last=Yarborough|website=Business Insider|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120021439/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2020, the University of Alabama's College of Communication & Information Sciences was recognized for having the nation's top public relations program. The UA Department of Advertising and Public Relations was named the Most Outstanding Education Program by PRWeek during the 2020 PRWeek Awards. It is the department's ninth recognition as a finalist for the award and first selection as the top program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.ua.edu/2020/08/public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/ |title=Public Relations Program Named No. 1 in Country by PRWeek |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130044243/https://news.ua.edu/2020/08/public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/08/16/university-of-alabama-public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/#:~:text=1%20in%20country%20by%20PRWeek,-By%20Rand%20Nelson&text=The%20University%20of%20Alabama%20was,during%20the%202020%20PRWeek%20Awards {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218080701/https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/08/16/university-of-alabama-public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/#:~:text=1%20in%20country%20by%20PRWeek,-By%20Rand%20Nelson&text=The%20University%20of%20Alabama%20was,during%20the%202020%20PRWeek%20Awards |date=December 18, 2020}}.</ref>
As of 2021 ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' ranks University of Alabama first in the nation as a [[party school]], and first for having lots of [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek life]]. The university is also ranked the 8th most [[homophobia|LGBT unfriendly]] school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/university-alabama-tuscaloosa-1023009 |title=The University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=The Princeton Review |access-date=August 29, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
===Libraries===
[[File:Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library and Flags, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 1.jpg|thumb|Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library on the Quad]]
[[File:McLure Library, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 1.jpg|thumb|right|McLure Library in 2016]]
The University of Alabama has 2.9 million document volumes, along with nearly 100,000 uncataloged government documents in its collection; of these 2.5 million volumes are held by the University Libraries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volumes in the University of Alabama Collection, 1998–2008 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports09/0809_factbook/0809_p102.pdf |publisher=University of Alabama Factbook |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090030/https://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports09/0809_factbook/0809_p102.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The University Libraries system has six separate libraries.
The Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library, which sits on the [[University of Alabama Quad|Main Quad]], is the oldest and largest of the university libraries. Gorgas Library holds the university's collections in the humanities and social sciences, as well as the university's depository of US government documents. The library opened in 1939 as a four-story Greek Revival structure on the site of the original university Rotunda and was named after the long-time university librarian and wife of eighth university president Josiah Gorgas. A seven-story addition was built behind the library in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Amelia Gayle Gorgas |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/gorgas/amelia.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |date=June 1999 |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192848/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/gorgas/amelia.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library |url=http://tour.ua.edu/tourstops/gorgaslib.html |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127135356/http://tour.ua.edu/tourstops/gorgaslib.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Angelo Bruno Business Library, in the Business Quad, is named after the co-founder of the [[Bruno's]] grocery chain who gave the university $4 million to create a library focusing on commerce and business studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Angelo Bruno? |url=http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/brunobio.html |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |year=1994 |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812221814/http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/brunobio.html |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Opened in 1994, the {{convert|64000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, three-story facility holds over 170,000 volumes. Bruno Library also houses the {{convert|9500|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Sloan Y. Bashinsky Sr. Computer Center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angelo Bruno Business Library, Description |url=http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/descrip.html |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719014822/http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/descrip.html |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Angelo Bruno Business Library & Sloan Y. Bashinsky, Sr. Computer Center |url=http://www.cba.ua.edu/prospects/virtual_tour/bruno |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132206/http://www.cba.ua.edu/prospects/virtual_tour/bruno |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Eric and Sarah Rodgers Library for Science and Engineering, in the Science and Engineering Quad, is named after two popular, long-time professors of engineering and statistics, respectively. It opened in 1990, combining the Science Library collection in Lloyd Hall and the Engineering Library collection in the Mineral Industries Building (now known as HM Comer Hall). Rodgers Library was designed with help from IBM to incorporate the latest in [[Information technology|informatics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Rodgers Library |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/sel/about/selhistory.htm |publisher=University of Alabama |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192904/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/sel/about/selhistory.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> McLure Education Library was founded in 1954 in a remodeled student union annex (across the street from the old Student Union, now Reese Phifer Hall) and named in 1974 after John Rankin McLure, the longtime dean of the College of Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=McLure Library Description |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/mclure/mclureabout/mcluredescription.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192920/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/mclure/mclureabout/mcluredescription.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library, which holds the university's collection of rare and historical documents and books, is in Mary Harmon Bryant Hall. The Library Annex holds seldom-used books and journals, as well as other volumes which need special protection, that would otherwise take up valuable space in the libraries.
Other libraries on campus are independent of the University Libraries. The {{convert|66000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Bounds Law Library, at the Law Center, holds more than 300,000 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bounds Law Library–Library Information |url=http://www.library.law.ua.edu/libinfo.htm |date=December 14, 2006 |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610103418/http://www.library.law.ua.edu/libinfo.htm |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Established in 1978, the Health Sciences Library, at the University Medical Center, serves students at the College of Community Health Sciences. Its 20,000-volume collection includes clinical medicine, family practice, primary care, medical education, consumer health, and related health care topics. Located in Farah Hall (home of the Department of Geography) the Map Library and Place Names Research Center holds over 270,000 maps and 75,000 aerial photographs.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Map Library |url=http://maplibrary.ua.edu/about_the_map_library.htm |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132619/http://maplibrary.ua.edu/about_the_map_library.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The William E. Winter Reading Room of the College of Communication and Information Sciences is in Reese Phifer Hall and holds over 10,000 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=William E. Winter Reading Room |url=http://www.cis.ua.edu/about/readingroom.html |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230819/http://cis.ua.edu/about/readingroom.html |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The School of Social Work Reading Room is in Little Hall and just around 200 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Work Library |url=http://socialwork.ua.edu/social-work-library |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311090124/http://socialwork.ua.edu/social-work-library |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
UA is one of the 126 members of the [[Association of Research Libraries]], which yearly compiles internal rankings. In 2011, the University of Alabama ranked 56th among all criteria, a marked improvement over a 2003 ranking of 97th.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steady Growth, Investment Raise Rankings of UA Libraries |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/10/steady-growth-investment-raise-rankings-of-ua-libraries/ |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183517/http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/10/steady-growth-investment-raise-rankings-of-ua-libraries/ |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In the fall of 2011, the University of Alabama Trustees approved a resolution to expand Gorgas Library by {{convert|50000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2|abbr=out}}, doubling the seating capacity from 1,139 to 2,278. This expansion also signaled the beginning of the construction of an Academic Honors Plaza, between the library and Clark Hall. The plaza includes green-space, fountains, benches, and decorative lighting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferguson Center to See Big Expansion |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/10/05/ferguson-center-to-see-big-expansion/ |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031734/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/10/05/ferguson-center-to-see-big-expansion/ |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UA to Expand Campus Over Next 5 Years |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/09/01/ua-to-expand-campus-over-next-five-years/ |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031753/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/09/01/ua-to-expand-campus-over-next-five-years/ |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Research===
In academic year 2014–2015, UA received $76 million in research contracts and grants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Expenditures for all Sponsored Programs by Funding |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/financial-information/expenditures-for-all-sponsored-programs-by-funding-source/ |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913172638/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/financial-information/expenditures-for-all-sponsored-programs-by-funding-source/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Alabama International Trade Center]] and the [[Center for Advanced Public Safety]] are two research centers at UA.
The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|US Department of Homeland Security]] has selected The University of Alabama as a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Information Assurance Education and Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsa.gov/resources/students-educators/centers-academic-excellence/|title=National Centers of Academic Excellence|website=www.nsa.gov|access-date=2019-12-09|archive-date=September 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918035032/https://www.nsa.gov/resources/students-educators/centers-academic-excellence/|url-status=live}}</ref>
====SECU: SEC Academic Initiative====
The University of Alabama is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the [[Southeastern Conference#Formation of SECU and SEC academic network|SECU]], the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship and achievement amongst the member universities in the [[Southeastern conference]]. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of [[Southeastern Conference#Member universities|Southeastern Conference universities]]. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC [[Faculty (academic staff)|faculty]], students and its universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=SECU |url=http://www.secsymposium.com/secu.php |publisher=SEC |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124074319/http://www.secsymposium.com/secu.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SECU: The Academic Initiative of the SEC |url=http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/AcademicConsortium |publisher=SEC Digital Network |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721055557/http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/AcademicConsortium |archive-date=July 21, 2012}}</ref>
In 2013, the University of Alabama participated in the SEC Symposium in [[Atlanta]], Georgia which was organized and led by the [[University of Georgia]] and the [[University of Georgia#Bioenergy Systems Research Institute|UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute]]. The topic of the symposium was titled "The Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future".<ref>{{cite web|title=SEC Symposium to address role of Southeast in renewable energy|url=http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/sec-symposium-to-address-role-of-southeast-in-renewable-energy/|publisher=University of Georgia|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-date=February 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212211032/http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/sec-symposium-to-address-role-of-southeast-in-renewable-energy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Student body==
===Admissions===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;"
|+ ''Fall Admission Statistics''<ref name="common-data-set"/>
|-
! !! 2020 !! 2019 !! 2018 !! 2017 !! 2016
|-
! Applicants
| 39,560 || 38,505 || 37,302 || 38,129 || 38,237
|-
! Admits
| 31,804 || 31,835 || 22,032 || 21,344 || 20,107
|-
! % Admitted
| 80.4 || 82.7 || 59.0 || 56.0 || 52.6
|-
! Enrolled
| 6,466 || 6,764 || 6,663 || 7,407 || 7,559
|-
! Avg GPA
| 3.82 || 3.77 || 3.71 || 3.72 || 3.69
|}
In fall 2020, the university received 39,560 applications for first-time freshman enrollment, from which 31,804 applications were accepted (80.4%) and 6,466 freshmen enrolled.<ref name="common-data-set"/> Of the 77% of enrolled freshmen who submitted [[ACT (test)|ACT]] scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 23 and 31 (21–29 Math, 23–33 English, 6–8 Writing). Of the 23% of the incoming freshman class who submitted [[SAT]] scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1070–1330, with 540–660 for evidence-based reading and 530–670 for Math.<ref name="common-data-set"/> The average high school [[GPA]] of incoming freshmen was 3.82; 92% had a GPA of 3.00 or higher.<ref name="common-data-set"/>
===Enrollment===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px"
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;" | Student Body Demographics – Fall 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Enrollment at a Glance 2020|url=https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcd764736214759aa9b09#Total%20Enrollment|publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403185703/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcd764736214759aa9b09t|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | UG
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | GR
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | [[Demographics of Alabama|AL]]
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | [[Demography of the United States|US]]
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 84.0%
| style="text-align: center;" | 71.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 72.14%
| style="text-align: center;" | 63.70%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[African Americans|Black]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 12.1%
| style="text-align: center;" | 14.6%
| style="text-align: center;" | 26.70%
| style="text-align: center;" | 12.60%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.8%
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.0%
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.34%
| style="text-align: center;" | 16.30%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 5.0%
| style="text-align: center;" | 4.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.02%
| style="text-align: center;" | 4.80%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Native Americans in the United States|AINA]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.9%
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.98%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.90%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Pacific Islands Americans|NHPI]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.6%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.07%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.20%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | Not reported
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.2%
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.00%
| style="text-align: center;" | 6.20%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | International
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.9%
| style="text-align: center;" | 10.2%
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|}
In fall 2020, the university had an enrollment of 37,840 students, consisting of 31,670 undergraduates and 6,170 postgraduates, from all [[List of counties in Alabama|67 Alabama counties]], all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and 78 foreign nations. Alabama residents comprised 41.4% of the undergraduate student body; out-of-state residents comprised 55.4%, and international (non-resident alien) students comprised 3.2%.<ref name="census-enrollment">{{cite web|title=Census Enrollment: Fall 2020|url=https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcb044736214759aa9b08|publisher=The Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, University of Alabama|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403183034/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The five Alabama counties with the highest enrollment of students were [[Tuscaloosa County, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] (3,158 students), [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]] (2,836), [[Madison County, Alabama|Madison]] (1,295), [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby]] (1,290) and [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]] (988), while the five states (beside Alabama) with the highest enrollment of students were [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (2,518 students), [[Texas]] (1,709), [[Illinois]] (1,649), Florida (1,550), and [[Tennessee]] (1,465).<ref name="census-enrollment"/>
In 2013, UA ranked 1st in the nation among public universities in the enrollment of [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2013/02/ua-ranks-first-among-public-universities-in-enrollment-of-national-merit-scholars/|title=UA Ranks First Among Public Universities in Enrollment of National Merit Scholars – University of Alabama News|website=uanews.ua.edu|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322030206/http://uanews.ua.edu/2013/02/ua-ranks-first-among-public-universities-in-enrollment-of-national-merit-scholars/|archive-date=March 22, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Student life==
[[File:Campus Scene - University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa - Tuscaloosa - Alabama - USA - 02 (34012835260).jpg|thumb|right|A group of students on campus in 2017]]
===Residential life===
The board of trustees chose to locate the UA campus in a field a mile away from the center of the town of Tuscaloosa (which was a considerable distance in early 19th century Alabama). The board consciously chose to make on-campus residence an integral part of the student experience at UA. Dormitories were among the first buildings erected at Alabama (the remains of one [Franklin Hall] is now the Mound on the Quad), and student residential life has been emphasized at UA ever since. Dormitories at the university include Blount Hall, Bryant Hall, Burke Hall, Harris Hall, John England, Jr. Hall, Lakeside Hall, Parham Hall, Paty Hall, Presidential Village I and II, Riverside Hall, Tutwiler Hall, and Ridgecrest East, West, and South. There are also two on-campus apartment complexes, Bryce Lawn and the Highlands.<ref>title=University of Alabama Halls | url=https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422032350/https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ |date=April 22, 2020}} | access date=May 8, 2020</ref> Today nearly 30% of students live on campus, including over 90% of first-year freshmen.<ref name="common-data-set"/>
===Student government===
The Student Government Association is the primary student advocacy organization at UA. The SGA is governed by the SGA Constitution<ref name="SGA-constitution">{{cite web |title=SGA Constitution |url=http://sga.ua.edu/documents/SGA%20Constitution,%20ratified%2002.01.11.pdf |publisher=The University of Alabama Student Government Association |date=February 1, 2011 |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930225350/http://sga.ua.edu/documents/SGA |url-status=live}}</ref> and consists of a legislative branch, an executive branch and a judicial council.
====SGA controversy====
{{Main|The Machine (social group)}}
Since its founding in 1914, a secretive coalition of fraternities and sororities, commonly known as "[[The Machine (social group)|The Machine]]", has wielded enormous influence over the [[Student Government Association]]. Occurrences of harassment, intimidation, and even criminal activities aimed at opposition candidates have been reported. Many figures in local, state, and national politics have come out of the SGA at the University of Alabama. ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' devoted its April 1992 cover story to an exposé of The Machine. The controversy led to the university disbanding the SGA in 1993, which wasn't undone until 1996.<ref name="Mathews2006">{{cite book|last=Mathews|first=Mary Chapman|title=A Mansion's Memories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139|access-date=January 15, 2013|year=2006|publisher=U of Alabama P|isbn=9780817315351|pages=139–|archive-date=June 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602035735/http://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139|url-status=live}}</ref> "Machine" fraternities and sororities have traditionally accepted only white pledges, with only one documented case of an African American student being offered entry, in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff|first=CW|title=Confirmed facts about the machine |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/30/confirmed-facts-about-the-machine/|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|date=November 30, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913063723/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/30/confirmed-facts-about-the-machine/|archive-date=September 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Scherker|first=Amanda|title=University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=September 12, 2013|archive-date=September 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913182535/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Controversy surrounding The Machine reemerged in August 2013, when sororities and fraternities were mobilized to elect two former SGA presidents, Cason Kirby and Lee Garrison, in closely contested municipal school board races.<ref>{{cite news|last=Enoch|first=Ed|title=Talks of UA's Machine spurred by voting allegations|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130831/NEWS/130839947?p=1&tc=pg|access-date=September 1, 2013|newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106131728/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130831/NEWS/130839947?p=1&tc=pg|url-status=live}}</ref> Before election day, questions about illegal voter registration were raised when evidence emerged that indicated eleven fraternity members fraudulently claimed to be living in a single house in one district.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leder |first=Travis |title=Suspected voter fraud |url=http://www.wvuatv.com/content/suspected-voter-fraud |date=August 24, 2013 |publisher=WVUA TV |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831132403/http://www.wvuatv.com/content/suspected-voter-fraud |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> And on election day, leaked emails suggested that sorority/fraternity members may have been provided incentives to vote—including free drinks at local bars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Klein|first=Rebecca|title=University of Alabama Sorority Reportedly Bribes Members To Vote in Local School Board Election|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/university-of-alabama-sorority-bribes_n_3838720.html|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=August 29, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916184831/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/university-of-alabama-sorority-bribes_n_3838720.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of possible voter fraud, Kirby's opponent filed a lawsuit challenging the election results<ref>{{cite news|last=Robertson|first=Campbell|title=Secret Society Dips Toe in City Politics, Prompting Lawsuit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html|access-date=September 15, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 15, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235731/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and University of Alabama faculty have questioned whether The Machine has corrupted the democratic process in the City of Tuscaloosa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Benstead|first=Jon|title=The Greek system and the meaning of Democracy|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011831/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/|archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CW Staff|title=Law professor, BOE candidate's husband seeks action in wake of voting fraud allegations|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011743/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/|archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Greek life===
<!--{{main|List of fraternities and sororities at the University of Alabama}}-->
[[File:Alabama Frat Row.jpg|thumb|right|Fraternity Row, c. 1943]]
[[File:Pi Kappa Phi Omicron Chapter (University of Alabama).png|thumb|[[Pi Kappa Phi]], Omicron Chapter]]
Greek letter organizations (GLOs) first appeared at the university in 1847 when two men visiting from [[Yale University]] installed a chapter of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Psi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon |url=http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160424/http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14 |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When DKE members began holding secret meetings in the old state capitol building that year, the administration strongly voiced its disapproval.<ref name="Sellers"/> Over a few more decades, 7 other fraternities appeared at UA: [[Alpha Delta Phi]] in 1850, [[Phi Gamma Delta]] in 1855, [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] in 1856 (this was the founding chapter), [[Kappa Sigma]] in 1867, [[Sigma Nu]] in 1874, [[Sigma Chi]] in 1876, and [[Phi Delta Theta]] in 1877.<ref name="GLOs">{{cite web |url=http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf |title=Social Fraternities and Sororities |work=University of Alabama Factbook 2009–2010 |publisher=University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823150742/http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-fraternity laws were imposed that year, but were lifted in the 1890s.<ref name="Sellers"/> Women at the university founded the Zeta chapter of [[Kappa Delta]] sorority in 1903. [[Alpha Delta Pi]] soon followed.<ref name="GLOs" />
[[Hazing]] at UA fraternities, as in most American colleges, has been common. The [[Atlanta Constitution]] newspaper reported students receiving "100 licks with a paddle" by fellow students multiple times in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254|title=William Carlos Jemison, 1850–1901, Mayor of Tuscaloosa from 1880 to 1890 · Tuscaloosa Area Virtual Museum|website=tavm.omeka.net|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214104044/https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254|url-status=live}}</ref>
In fall 2009, the university sanctioned 29 men's and 23 women's GLOs.<ref name="GLOs"/> Additionally, an unknown number of non-sanctioned GLOs existed. Four governing boards oversee the operations of the university-sanctioned GLOs: the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC), the [[National Panhellenic Conference]] (NPC), the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) and the Unified Greek Council (UGC).
The number of men in GLOs more than doubled from 2002 to 2009, with fifteen fraternities reporting active memberships of more than 100 (where as recently as 2001 none reported memberships greater than 100). Following 2008 fall recruitment, almost all Panhellenic sororities participating through all rounds had potential new member class sizes of 80 or more; nearly all Panhellenic sororities also now have more than 200 total members. To accommodate growth in the student population since 2005, the university has sanctioned three new fraternities and two new sororities.<ref name="GLOs"/> Additionally, four new sorority houses were added, built behind the President's Mansion.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ethan Summers |title=Four new sorority houses to be built in 2011 |url=http://www.cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011 |date=July 22, 2010 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807214312/http://cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011/ |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Despite having the first non-white student initiated into a historically white Greek organization on campus in 2000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20010907/News/606125062|title=UA sophomore says she's first black sorority member|first=Chris|last=Sanders|website=Tuscaloosa News|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220250/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20010907/News/606125062/TL|url-status=live}}</ref> high segregation within Alabama's Greek system has long been considered a major point of concern due to many other public college Greek systems becoming more integrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12|title=I Still Think Joining A Fraternity Was One Of The Best Decisions I've Ever Made|first=Peter|last=Jacobs|website=Business Insider|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jbhe">{{cite journal|year=2001|title=The University of Alabama: Where Racial Segregation Remains a Way of Life|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|volume=32|issue=32|pages=22–24|doi=10.2307/2678750|jstor=2678750}}</ref> [[John P. Hermann]], a now-retired English professor, tried in the 1990s and 2000s to end what he referred to as "taxpayer-supported segregation".<ref name="zengerle">{{cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row|title=Sorority Row|last=Zengerle|first=Jason|date=February 4, 2002|work=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105172558/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=/20011107/NEWS/111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA|title=Officials say racial incident wouldn't happen at UA|last=Reeves|first=Steve|date=November 7, 2001|work=[[Tuscaloosa News]]|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106141146/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=%2F20011107%2FNEWS%2F111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Torbenson|first=Craig L.|editor=Craig LaRon Torbenson, Gregory Parks|title=Brothers and Sisters: Diversity in College Fraternities and Sororities|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252|year=2009|publisher=Associated University Presse|isbn=9780838641941|pages=210–36|chapter=Praising God and Maintaining Tradition: Religious Diversity within College Fraternities and Sororities|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-date=May 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521181335/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252|url-status=live}}</ref> Controversy erupted again in September 2013, when a story in the campus paper, ''[[The Crimson White]]'', revealed that alumnae of Greek organizations had prevented a black student from being accepted in an all-white sorority.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/11/the-final-barrier-50-years-later-segregation-still-exists/|title=The Final Barrier: 50 years later, segregation still exists|last=Crain|first=Abby|author2=Matt Ford|date=September 11, 2013|work=[[The Crimson White]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913183922/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/11/the-final-barrier-50-years-later-segregation-still-exists/ |archive-date=September 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|title=University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report|last=Scherker|first=Amanda|date=September 12, 2013|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916160849/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the Alabama Panhellenic Association allowed recruitment to continue through continuous open bidding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/17/sororities-reopen-bidding-process/|title=Sororities reopen bidding process|work=ua.edu|access-date=June 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922053601/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/17/sororities-reopen-bidding-process/|archive-date=September 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''TIME'', a deal that would allow black students to join historically white sororities was announced by the university as "the first step toward ending more than a century of systematic segregation in the school's sorority system".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.time.com/2013/09/16/university-of-alabama-moves-to-end-segregated-sorority-system/|title=University of Alabama Moves to End Segregated Sorority System|last=Luckerson|first=Victor|date=September 16, 2013|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://nation.time.com/2013/09/16/university-of-alabama-moves-to-end-segregated-sorority-system/|url-status=live}}</ref>
With over 10,000 active students, UA has one of the largest Greek systems in the nation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/us/coronavirus-fraternities-sororities.html |title= 'Frats Are Being Frats': Greek Life Is Stoking the Virus on Some Campuses |newspaper= The New York Times |date= August 18, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920061210/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/us/coronavirus-fraternities-sororities.html |url-status=live|last1= Harmon |first1= Amy |last2= Robles |first2= Frances |last3= Blinder |first3= Alan |last4= Fuller |first4= Thomas }}</ref> In 2019, 29% of male undergraduates were in university-sanctioned fraternities; 44% of female undergraduates were in university-sanctioned sororities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life |title= University of Alabama Student Life |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714082915/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=5|Fraternities <small>(NIC)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Alabama Interfraternity Council-Fraternities|url=http://alabamaifc.com/fraternities.html|publisher=Interfraternity Council at The University of Alabama|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611023539/http://alabamaifc.com/fraternities.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
!colspan=3|Sororities <small>(NPC)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Alabama Panhellenic Association – Chapter Profiles|url=http://www.uapanhellenic.com/chapter-profiles.html|publisher=University of Alabama Panhellenic Association|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115151/http://www.uapanhellenic.com/chapter-profiles.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Alpha Delta Phi]]
* [[Alpha Kappa Lambda]]
* [[Alpha Sigma Phi]]
* [[Alpha Tau Omega]]
* [[Beta Theta Pi]]
* [[Beta Upsilon Chi]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Chi Phi]]
* [[Delta Chi]]
* [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]]
* [[Delta Sigma Phi]]
* [[Delta Tau Delta]]
* [[Kappa Alpha Order]]
* [[Kappa Sigma]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Lambda Chi Alpha]]
* Lambda Sigma Phi
* [[Phi Delta Theta]]
* [[Phi Gamma Delta]]
* [[Phi Kappa Psi]]
* [[Phi Kappa Sigma]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Phi Kappa Tau]]
* [[Phi Sigma Kappa]]
* [[Pi Kappa Alpha]]
* [[Pi Kappa Phi]]
* [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]]
* [[Sigma Alpha Mu]]
* [[Sigma Chi]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Sigma Nu]]
* [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]
* [[Sigma Pi]]
* [[Sigma Tau Gamma]]
* [[Theta Chi]]
* [[Zeta Beta Tau]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Alpha Chi Omega]]
* [[Alpha Delta Chi]]
* [[Alpha Delta Pi]]
* [[Alpha Gamma Delta]]
* [[Alpha Omicron Pi]]
* [[Alpha Phi]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Chi Omega]]
* [[Delta Delta Delta]]
* [[Delta Gamma]]
* [[Delta Zeta]]
* [[Gamma Phi Beta]]
* [[Kappa Alpha Theta]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Kappa Delta]]
* [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]]
* [[Phi Mu]]
* [[Pi Beta Phi]]
* [[Sigma Delta Tau]]
* [[Sigma Kappa]]
* [[Zeta Tau Alpha]]
|}
In 1987, the Theta Sigma Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. became the first historically black Greek organization and the only historically black sorority with a [[North American fraternity and sorority housing|traditional house on sorority row]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2019/10/auburn-to-be-second-sec-school-with-nphc-legacy-plaza|title=Auburn to be second SEC school with NPHC Legacy Plaza|website=The Auburn Plainsman|access-date=March 15, 2020|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610190617/https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2019/10/auburn-to-be-second-sec-school-with-nphc-legacy-plaza|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous year before moving on Greek row, the house AKA was making arrangements to acquire had [[Cross burning|burning crosses]] on the front lawn. UA officials claimed it was a distasteful prank but the local black community disputed that claim saying it was a serious threat against integrating Greek row. Two white male students were briefly detained for questioning but they were not charged with anything and their full identity and Greek affiliations were never released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide|title=A Shifting Tide?|website=THE BITTER SOUTHERNER|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=September 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929224753/https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5|title=University Spokesman Says No Charges Filed In Cross Burning|website=AP NEWS|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220305/https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kappa Alpha Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha, Inc. is the first and only historically black fraternity with a traditional house on fraternity row.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/2016/06/alabama_fraternity_row_2016_th.html|title=Alabama Fraternity Row 2016: The houses, new and old|date=June 30, 2016|website=al|access-date=March 18, 2020|archive-date=March 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000642/https://www.al.com/entertainment/2016/06/alabama_fraternity_row_2016_th.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The eight [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] organizations represented on campus are listed below.
;Fraternities
* [[Alpha Phi Alpha]]
* [[Kappa Alpha Psi]]
* [[Omega Psi Phi]]
* [[Phi Beta Sigma]]
;Sororities
*[[Alpha Kappa Alpha]]
*[[Delta Sigma Theta]]
*[[Zeta Phi Beta]]
*[[Sigma Gamma Rho]]
===Honor societies===
Several honor societies are present at the University of Alabama. Some honor societies are national organizations with a local chapter while others are local organizations.
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Alpha Epsilon Delta]]
* [[Alpha Lambda Delta]]
* [[Alpha Psi Omega]]
* [[Arnold Air Society]]
* [[Blue Key]]
* Jasons Senior Men's Honorary<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tides of Tradition: Culture and Reform at the University of Alabama|year=2003|url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243|journal=|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220258/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kappa Kappa Psi]]
* [[Lambda Pi Eta]]
* [[Lambda Sigma]]
* [[Mallet Assembly]]
* [[Mortar Board]]
* [[National Society of Collegiate Scholars]]
* [[Order of Omega]]
* [[Omicron Delta Kappa]]
* [[Phi Alpha Theta]]
* [[Phi Beta Kappa]]
* [[Phi Eta Sigma]]
* [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]]
* [[Phi Kappa Phi]]
* [[Pi Mu Epsilon]]
* [[Sigma Alpha Lambda]]
* [[Sigma Tau Delta]]
* [[Marquis Who's Who|Who's Who]]
{{colend}}
===Student media===
The ''[[The Crimson White|Crimson White]]'' is the student-produced newspaper. Published two times a week during the academic year and weekly during the summer, the ''CW'' normally distributes 15,000 copies per publication. The ''CW'' received a 2010 Mark of Excellence Award for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper at a Four-Year College or University" in the Southeast region by the [[Society of Professional Journalists]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA's Crimson White Takes First Place Honors for Best Student Newspaper |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/04/ua%E2%80%99s-crimson-white-takes-first-place-honors-for-best-student-newspaper/ |date=April 12, 2011 |publisher=University of Alabama News |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144402/http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/04/ua%e2%80%99s-crimson-white-takes-first-place-honors-for-best-student-newspaper/ |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=SPJ announces 2010 Region 3 Mark of Excellence Award Winners |url=http://www.spj.org/news.asp?ref=1042 |date=April 4, 2011 |publisher=SPJ News |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416003146/http://spj.org/news.asp?ref=1042 |url-status=live}}</ref> The CW won the Mark of Excellence Award again in 2011 and a Gold Crown Award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its spring 2011 issues. The Crimson White was also inducted into the College Media Hall of Fame for its coverage of the April 2011 tornado that caused massive damage in Tuscaloosa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reimold |first=Dan |title=College Media Hall of Fame, Class of 2011: Victor Luckerson & The Crimson White |url=http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/ |publisher=College Media Matters |access-date=April 3, 2012 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011435/http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other UA student publications include the "Blount Truth Literary Journal",<ref>{{cite web |title=The Blount Truth Literary Journal |url=https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224711/https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/ |url-status=live}}</ref> "Marr's Field Journal",<ref>{{cite web |title=Marr's Field Journal |url=https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810104936/https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and "Alice".<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice University of Alabama |url=https://alice.ua.edu/magazine/about/ |access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref>
==Athletics and traditions==
{{main|Alabama Crimson Tide|University of Alabama traditions}}
[[File:Alabama Athletics logo.svg|left|thumb|125px|Alabama logo]]
The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the ''Alabama Crimson Tide'' (this name can be shortened to ''Alabama'', the ''Crimson Tide'', or even the ''Tide''). The nickname ''Crimson Tide'' originates from a 1907 football game versus [[Auburn University]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a "Crimson Tide", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.
Alabama competes primarily in the [[Southeastern Conference]] (Western Division) of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[NCAA Division I|Division I]]. Alabama fields men's varsity teams in [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|football]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball|basketball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide baseball|baseball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide golf|golf]], [[Cross country running|cross country]], swimming and [[Diving (sport)|diving]], tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity teams are fielded in [[Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball|basketball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide golf|golf]], cross country, [[Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics|gymnastics]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], soccer, [[Alabama Crimson Tide softball|softball]], swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and [[Alabama Crimson Tide volleyball|volleyball]]. The athletic facilities on campus include the [[Bryant–Denny Stadium]], named after legendary football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] and former UA President George Denny, and the 14,619-seat [[Coleman Coliseum]]. Alabama's women's rowing team competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA's Division I.
Alabama maintains athletic rivalries with [[Auburn University]] and the [[University of Tennessee]]. The rivalry with Auburn is especially heated as it encompasses all sports. The annual Alabama-Auburn football game is nicknamed the ''[[Iron Bowl]]''. While the rivalry with Tennessee is centered around football for the most part, there is no shortage of acrimony, especially given the recent history between then-UT Coach [[Phillip Fulmer]] and his relationship to the Tide's most recent NCAA probation. There are also rivalries with [[Louisiana State University]] (football and baseball), [[University of Mississippi]] (football and men's basketball), [[Mississippi State University]] (football, men's basketball), [[University of Georgia]] (women's gymnastics), and the [[University of Florida]] (football, softball).
===Football===
{{main|Alabama Crimson Tide football}}
[[File:Bryant-Denny Stadium panoramic 2010-10-02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[Bryant–Denny Stadium]] in 2010]]
The [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|University of Alabama football]] program, started in 1892, has won 25 SEC titles and 18 national championships (including 9 awarded by the [[Associated Press]] and 8 by the Coaches Poll).<ref name="nationalchamps">{{cite web |title=Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A) |url=https://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/ncaa/NCAA/Sports+and+Championship/General+Information/ia_football_past_champs.html |publisher=NCAA |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083727/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fncaa%2FNCAA%2FSports+and+Championship%2FGeneral+Information%2Fia_football_past_champs.html |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The program has compiled 36 10-win seasons and 59 bowl appearances, winning 32 of them – all [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] records. Alabama has produced 18 [[Alabama Crimson Tide football#College Football Hall of Fame inductees|hall-of-famers]], 97 [[List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans|All-Americans]] honored 105 times, and 3 Heisman trophy winners ([[Mark Ingram Jr.]], [[Derrick Henry]] and, [[DeVonta Smith]]).
The Crimson Tide's current home venue, [[Bryant–Denny Stadium]], opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the [[Iron Bowl]] against rival [[Auburn University]], at [[Legion Field]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]].
[[File:Thestripuattown.JPG|thumb|left|"The Strip" during a home game in 2006. Located adjacent to Bryant-Denny Stadium and the campus]]
Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach [[Knute Rockne]]. Alabama's current head football coach [[Nick Saban]] has won a total of 7 national titles, including six at Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pickman|first=Ben|title=Nick Saban Passes Bear Bryant for Most Titles in CFB History|url=https://www.si.com/college/2021/01/12/nick-saban-passes-bear-bryant-most-championships-cfb|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us}}</ref> Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a [[1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game|10–10]] tie in what was considered the "Game of the Century" and subsequently split the national championship.<!--somebody more familiar with this should place Bryant's stats during his tenure and nothing more. Anything deeper belongs either at [[University of Alabama athletics]] or [[Bear Bryant]]!-->
[[File:University of Alabama Campus 01.jpg|thumb|right|A view of some campus buildings during seasonal [[Tailgate party|tailgating]], 2008. Denny Chimes visible in the background]]
On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back [[Mark Ingram Jr.|Mark Ingram]] was awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]] as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21–0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015, No. 1 Alabama lost to No. 4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42–35. On December 12, 2015, running back [[Derrick Henry]] was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming only the second winner for the University of Alabama. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45–40. In January 2017, Alabama lost to Clemson 35–31 in the National Championship. They beat SEC rival Georgia 26–23 in overtime during the 2018 National Championship in January 2018. In January 2019, Alabama lost to Clemson 44–16 in the National Championship. In the 2020 season, Alabama earned a 13–0 record against an all-SEC schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic including winning the SEC Championship against Florida, the Rose Bowl against Notre Dame, and the National Championship game against Ohio State. Crimson Tide Wide Receiver [[DeVonta Smith]] was awarded the Heisman Trophy, the program's third winner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2020-schedule.html|title = 2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Schedule and Results}}</ref>
===School songs===
The school's fight song is "[[Yea Alabama]]", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper.<ref>{{cite book|last=Studwell |first=William Emmett |author2=Bruce R. Schueneman |title=College Fight Songs II: A Supplementary Anthology |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |page=21 |isbn=978-0-7890-0920-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T_VguL00J0C&pg=RA1-PA21 |access-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref> Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it is played by the Million Dollar Band during games and known to most people is simply the chorus of the larger song.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sparks |first=Linda |author2=Bruce Emerton |title=American college regalia: a handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-313-26266-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolleger00spar |url-access=registration |quote=yea alabama crimson tide. |access-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tradition – Songs of Alabama |url=http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html |publisher=Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Alabama |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041405/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of ''[[Annie Lisle]]'', a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class.
==Alumni==
{{Main|List of University of Alabama people}}
University of Alabama graduates include 15 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 57 [[Goldwater Scholarship|Goldwater Scholars]], and 16 [[Truman Scholarship|Truman Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts |title=Quick Facts |publisher=The University of Alabama |access-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510235610/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts |url-status=live}}</ref> UA graduates have also been named to the USA Today All-USA College Academic Team.<ref name="academic-all-americans">{{cite web |title=USA Today All-USA Academic Team |url=http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html |publisher=The University of Alabama |access-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184754/http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="USA-Today">{{cite news |title=All-USA Academic Teams |url=http://www.academic.usatoday.com/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131206024443/http://www.usatoday.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |work=USA Today |date=June 8, 2010 |access-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref>
The University of Alabama is the alma mater of numerous notable people in politics, sports, business, entertainment, science, art, and literature. Among UA's alumni are [[Harper Lee]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harper Lee Timeline |url=https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Monroe County Museum |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118040440/https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bear Bryant]],<ref name=DiRoma /> [[Mel Allen]],<ref name="Smith2007">{{cite book|author=Curt Smith|title=The Voice: Mel Allen's Untold Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77MSvgAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-1-59921-094-0|pages=114–}}</ref> [[Joe Namath]],<ref name=DiRoma>{{cite web|url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/namath__joe|title=Joe Namath|author=DiRoma, Frank Joseph|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> [[George Wallace]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html |title=Alabama Governor George Wallace, gubernatorial history |publisher=Archives.state.al.us |access-date=2011-01-08 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022657/http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Nabors]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Nabors June 12, 1930 - November 30, 2017 2001 Inductee |url=https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Alabama Music Hall of Fame |language=en-US |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818155445/https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joe Scarborough]],<ref name=bioguide>{{cite web | title=Scarborough, Charles Joseph | work=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]] | url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106 | access-date=March 18, 2006 | archive-date=October 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152739/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hugo Black]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hugo L. Black |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848 |date=January 31, 2017 |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211053215/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[E. O. Wilson]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Naturalist|last=Wilson|first=Edward O.|publisher=Island Press [for] Shearwater Books|year=2006|isbn=1597260886|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=69669557}}</ref> poet [[Honorée Fanonne Jeffers]],<ref name=haskins>{{cite news |url=https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html |access-date=February 11, 2021 |title=Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award |date=March 11, 2018 |first=Shelly |last=Haskins |newspaper=[[The Huntsville Times]] |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220556/https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Wikipedia founder [[Jimmy Wales]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jimmy Wales |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |date=October 19, 2010 |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203112243/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Jimmy Wales |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/profile/ |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable University of Alabama alumni include:">
File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg|Former [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]] [[Hugo Black]]
File:Photo portrait of Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird dust jacket, 1960).jpg|Author [[Harper Lee]]
File:George C Wallace.jpg|Former Governor of Alabama [[George Wallace]]
File:Joe Scarborough (NBC News).jpg|News anchor and former Congressman [[Joe Scarborough]]
File:Bear Bryant 1977 (cropped).jpg|Football coach [[Bear Bryant]]
File:Gay Talese by David Shankbone.jpg|Writer [[Gay Talese]]
File:Julio Jones Titans.jpg|Football player [[Julio Jones]]
File:Richard Shelby, official portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg|[[U.S. Senator]] [[Richard Shelby]]
File:Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg|Co-founder of [[Wikipedia]] [[Jimmy Wales]]
File:Joe Namath.jpg|Former football player [[Joe Namath]]
File:Jeff Sessions, official portrait.jpg|Former [[United States Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]]
File:C. J. Mosley (linebacker).JPG|Football player [[C. J. Mosley (linebacker)|C. J. Mosley]]
File:Senator Doug Jones official photo (cropped 2).jpg|Former [[U.S. Senator]] [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]]
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|University of Alabama}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.rolltide.com/ University of Alabama Athletics website]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Alabama, University of |short=x}}
{{University of Alabama}}
{{Navboxes
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{{University of Alabama System}}
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{{Southeastern Universities Research Association}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Alabama, University Of}}
[[Category:University of Alabama| ]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1831]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]
[[Category:Education in Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]
[[Category:University of Alabama System|University of Alabama]]
[[Category:Flagship universities in the United States]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama]]
[[Category:1831 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:Public universities and colleges in Alabama|University of Alabama]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | 'JIMEY IS HERMAPHRODITE!!!!!!!!!!!
{{distinguish|Alabama State University}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = The University of Alabama
| motto = ''The Capstone of Higher Education''
| image = University of Alabama seal.svg
| image_upright = 0.8
| established = {{start date|1820|12|18}}<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Flagship university|flagship]] [[research university]]
| endowment = $832.8 million (2019)<ref>As of June 30, 2019. {{cite web |url= https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051 |access-date= December 28, 2020 |title= University of Alabama |archive-date= December 27, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201227230433/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051 |url-status= live}}</ref>
| president = [[Stuart R. Bell]]
| faculty = 1,908 (1,454 full-time & 454 part-time)<ref name="common-data-set">{{cite web|title=Common Data Set|url=http://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type[0][0]=Common%20Data%20Set|publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140842/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type%5b0%5d%5b0%5d=Common%20Data%20Set|url-status=live}}</ref>
| students = 37,840<ref name="common-data-set"/>
| postgrad = 6,170
| undergrad = 31,670
| city = [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]
| state = [[Alabama]]
| country = United States
| campus = [[Rural]]/[[College Town]], {{convert|1970|acre|km2}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33|12|39|N|87|32|46|W|region:US-AL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I FBS]] – [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]]|[[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]]}}
| colors = [[Crimson#School colors|Crimson]], Cool Gray, & White<ref>{{cite web|title=Colors – Brand Guidelines|url=https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/|publisher=University of Alabama Division of Strategic Communications|website=Brand.UA.edu|access-date=June 29, 2020|archive-date=August 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825011106/https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />{{color box|#9E1B32}} {{color box|#828A8F}} {{color box|#FFFFFF}}
| sports_nickname = [[Alabama Crimson Tide|Crimson Tide]]
| mascot = [[Big Al (mascot)|Big Al]]
| parent = [[University of Alabama System]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist
|[[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|ORAU]]
|[[Universities Research Association|URA]]
|[[National Sea Grant College Program|Sea-grant]]
|[[National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program|Space-grant]]
}}
| website = {{url|www.ua.edu}}
| logo = University of Alabama logo.svg
| logo_upright = .75
| accreditation = [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools|SACS]]
| free_label = Newspaper
| free = ''[[The Crimson White]]''
}}
'''The University of Alabama''' JIMEY IS A HERMAPHRODITE!!!!!
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Chemistry || 434
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 701
|-
| Economics & Business || 205
|-
| Engineering || 669
|-
| Materials Science || 493
|-
| Physics || 176
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 387
|}
{{col-end}}
In the 2021 ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings, UA was tied for 143rd in the ''National Universities'' category (tied for 65th among "Top Public Schools").<ref name="USNews-rankings">{{cite web |title=University of Alabama Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |year=2021 |access-date=October 1, 2020 |archive-date=July 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701191804/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings |url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, in the 2021 ''U.S. News'' rankings, the [[University of Alabama Law School|law school]] was tied for 31st in the nation, the business school was tied for 41st, the education school tied for 84th, and the engineering school was tied for 119th.<ref name="USNews-rankings"/> In 2016, ''Business Insider'' ranked the UA law school as the third best public law school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016|title=The 25 best public law schools in America|first=Emmie Martin, Tanza Loudenback and Kaitlyn|last=Yarborough|website=Business Insider|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120021439/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
In August 2020, the University of Alabama's College of Communication & Information Sciences was recognized for having the nation's top public relations program. The UA Department of Advertising and Public Relations was named the Most Outstanding Education Program by PRWeek during the 2020 PRWeek Awards. It is the department's ninth recognition as a finalist for the award and first selection as the top program.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.ua.edu/2020/08/public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/ |title=Public Relations Program Named No. 1 in Country by PRWeek |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130044243/https://news.ua.edu/2020/08/public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/08/16/university-of-alabama-public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/#:~:text=1%20in%20country%20by%20PRWeek,-By%20Rand%20Nelson&text=The%20University%20of%20Alabama%20was,during%20the%202020%20PRWeek%20Awards {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218080701/https://alabamanewscenter.com/2020/08/16/university-of-alabama-public-relations-program-named-no-1-in-country-by-prweek/#:~:text=1%20in%20country%20by%20PRWeek,-By%20Rand%20Nelson&text=The%20University%20of%20Alabama%20was,during%20the%202020%20PRWeek%20Awards |date=December 18, 2020}}.</ref>
As of 2021 ''[[The Princeton Review]]'' ranks University of Alabama first in the nation as a [[party school]], and first for having lots of [[Fraternities and sororities|Greek life]]. The university is also ranked the 8th most [[homophobia|LGBT unfriendly]] school in the nation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/college/university-alabama-tuscaloosa-1023009 |title=The University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=The Princeton Review |access-date=August 29, 2021 |quote=}}</ref>
===Libraries===
[[File:Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library and Flags, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 1.jpg|thumb|Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library on the Quad]]
[[File:McLure Library, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 1.jpg|thumb|right|McLure Library in 2016]]
The University of Alabama has 2.9 million document volumes, along with nearly 100,000 uncataloged government documents in its collection; of these 2.5 million volumes are held by the University Libraries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Volumes in the University of Alabama Collection, 1998–2008 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports09/0809_factbook/0809_p102.pdf |publisher=University of Alabama Factbook |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090030/https://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports09/0809_factbook/0809_p102.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> The University Libraries system has six separate libraries.
The Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library, which sits on the [[University of Alabama Quad|Main Quad]], is the oldest and largest of the university libraries. Gorgas Library holds the university's collections in the humanities and social sciences, as well as the university's depository of US government documents. The library opened in 1939 as a four-story Greek Revival structure on the site of the original university Rotunda and was named after the long-time university librarian and wife of eighth university president Josiah Gorgas. A seven-story addition was built behind the library in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of Amelia Gayle Gorgas |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/gorgas/amelia.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |date=June 1999 |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192848/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/gorgas/amelia.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library |url=http://tour.ua.edu/tourstops/gorgaslib.html |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-date=November 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127135356/http://tour.ua.edu/tourstops/gorgaslib.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
The Angelo Bruno Business Library, in the Business Quad, is named after the co-founder of the [[Bruno's]] grocery chain who gave the university $4 million to create a library focusing on commerce and business studies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Angelo Bruno? |url=http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/brunobio.html |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |year=1994 |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812221814/http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/brunobio.html |archive-date=August 12, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Opened in 1994, the {{convert|64000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}, three-story facility holds over 170,000 volumes. Bruno Library also houses the {{convert|9500|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Sloan Y. Bashinsky Sr. Computer Center.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angelo Bruno Business Library, Description |url=http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/descrip.html |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719014822/http://brunolib.cba.ua.edu/about/descrip.html |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Angelo Bruno Business Library & Sloan Y. Bashinsky, Sr. Computer Center |url=http://www.cba.ua.edu/prospects/virtual_tour/bruno |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132206/http://www.cba.ua.edu/prospects/virtual_tour/bruno |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Eric and Sarah Rodgers Library for Science and Engineering, in the Science and Engineering Quad, is named after two popular, long-time professors of engineering and statistics, respectively. It opened in 1990, combining the Science Library collection in Lloyd Hall and the Engineering Library collection in the Mineral Industries Building (now known as HM Comer Hall). Rodgers Library was designed with help from IBM to incorporate the latest in [[Information technology|informatics]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About Rodgers Library |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/sel/about/selhistory.htm |publisher=University of Alabama |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192904/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/sel/about/selhistory.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> McLure Education Library was founded in 1954 in a remodeled student union annex (across the street from the old Student Union, now Reese Phifer Hall) and named in 1974 after John Rankin McLure, the longtime dean of the College of Education.<ref>{{cite web |title=McLure Library Description |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/mclure/mclureabout/mcluredescription.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Libraries |access-date=June 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192920/http://www.lib.ua.edu/libraries/mclure/mclureabout/mcluredescription.htm |archive-date=July 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library, which holds the university's collection of rare and historical documents and books, is in Mary Harmon Bryant Hall. The Library Annex holds seldom-used books and journals, as well as other volumes which need special protection, that would otherwise take up valuable space in the libraries.
Other libraries on campus are independent of the University Libraries. The {{convert|66000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} Bounds Law Library, at the Law Center, holds more than 300,000 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bounds Law Library–Library Information |url=http://www.library.law.ua.edu/libinfo.htm |date=December 14, 2006 |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610103418/http://www.library.law.ua.edu/libinfo.htm |archive-date=June 10, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Established in 1978, the Health Sciences Library, at the University Medical Center, serves students at the College of Community Health Sciences. Its 20,000-volume collection includes clinical medicine, family practice, primary care, medical education, consumer health, and related health care topics. Located in Farah Hall (home of the Department of Geography) the Map Library and Place Names Research Center holds over 270,000 maps and 75,000 aerial photographs.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Map Library |url=http://maplibrary.ua.edu/about_the_map_library.htm |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132619/http://maplibrary.ua.edu/about_the_map_library.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The William E. Winter Reading Room of the College of Communication and Information Sciences is in Reese Phifer Hall and holds over 10,000 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=William E. Winter Reading Room |url=http://www.cis.ua.edu/about/readingroom.html |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720230819/http://cis.ua.edu/about/readingroom.html |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The School of Social Work Reading Room is in Little Hall and just around 200 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Work Library |url=http://socialwork.ua.edu/social-work-library |access-date=June 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311090124/http://socialwork.ua.edu/social-work-library |archive-date=March 11, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
UA is one of the 126 members of the [[Association of Research Libraries]], which yearly compiles internal rankings. In 2011, the University of Alabama ranked 56th among all criteria, a marked improvement over a 2003 ranking of 97th.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steady Growth, Investment Raise Rankings of UA Libraries |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/10/steady-growth-investment-raise-rankings-of-ua-libraries/ |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183517/http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/10/steady-growth-investment-raise-rankings-of-ua-libraries/ |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In the fall of 2011, the University of Alabama Trustees approved a resolution to expand Gorgas Library by {{convert|50000|sqft|m2|sigfig=2|abbr=out}}, doubling the seating capacity from 1,139 to 2,278. This expansion also signaled the beginning of the construction of an Academic Honors Plaza, between the library and Clark Hall. The plaza includes green-space, fountains, benches, and decorative lighting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferguson Center to See Big Expansion |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/10/05/ferguson-center-to-see-big-expansion/ |date=October 5, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031734/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/10/05/ferguson-center-to-see-big-expansion/ |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UA to Expand Campus Over Next 5 Years |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/09/01/ua-to-expand-campus-over-next-five-years/ |date=September 1, 2011 |access-date=October 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407031753/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/09/01/ua-to-expand-campus-over-next-five-years/ |archive-date=April 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Research===
In academic year 2014–2015, UA received $76 million in research contracts and grants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Expenditures for all Sponsored Programs by Funding |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/financial-information/expenditures-for-all-sponsored-programs-by-funding-source/ |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913172638/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/financial-information/expenditures-for-all-sponsored-programs-by-funding-source/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Alabama International Trade Center]] and the [[Center for Advanced Public Safety]] are two research centers at UA.
The [[United States Department of Homeland Security|US Department of Homeland Security]] has selected The University of Alabama as a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Information Assurance Education and Research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsa.gov/resources/students-educators/centers-academic-excellence/|title=National Centers of Academic Excellence|website=www.nsa.gov|access-date=2019-12-09|archive-date=September 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918035032/https://www.nsa.gov/resources/students-educators/centers-academic-excellence/|url-status=live}}</ref>
====SECU: SEC Academic Initiative====
The University of Alabama is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the [[Southeastern Conference#Formation of SECU and SEC academic network|SECU]], the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship and achievement amongst the member universities in the [[Southeastern conference]]. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of [[Southeastern Conference#Member universities|Southeastern Conference universities]]. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC [[Faculty (academic staff)|faculty]], students and its universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.<ref>{{cite web |title=SECU |url=http://www.secsymposium.com/secu.php |publisher=SEC |access-date=February 13, 2013 |archive-date=January 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124074319/http://www.secsymposium.com/secu.php |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SECU: The Academic Initiative of the SEC |url=http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/AcademicConsortium |publisher=SEC Digital Network |access-date=February 13, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721055557/http://www.secdigitalnetwork.com/AcademicConsortium |archive-date=July 21, 2012}}</ref>
In 2013, the University of Alabama participated in the SEC Symposium in [[Atlanta]], Georgia which was organized and led by the [[University of Georgia]] and the [[University of Georgia#Bioenergy Systems Research Institute|UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute]]. The topic of the symposium was titled "The Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future".<ref>{{cite web|title=SEC Symposium to address role of Southeast in renewable energy|url=http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/sec-symposium-to-address-role-of-southeast-in-renewable-energy/|publisher=University of Georgia|access-date=February 13, 2013|archive-date=February 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212211032/http://news.uga.edu/releases/article/sec-symposium-to-address-role-of-southeast-in-renewable-energy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
==Student body==
===Admissions===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;"
|+ ''Fall Admission Statistics''<ref name="common-data-set"/>
|-
! !! 2020 !! 2019 !! 2018 !! 2017 !! 2016
|-
! Applicants
| 39,560 || 38,505 || 37,302 || 38,129 || 38,237
|-
! Admits
| 31,804 || 31,835 || 22,032 || 21,344 || 20,107
|-
! % Admitted
| 80.4 || 82.7 || 59.0 || 56.0 || 52.6
|-
! Enrolled
| 6,466 || 6,764 || 6,663 || 7,407 || 7,559
|-
! Avg GPA
| 3.82 || 3.77 || 3.71 || 3.72 || 3.69
|}
In fall 2020, the university received 39,560 applications for first-time freshman enrollment, from which 31,804 applications were accepted (80.4%) and 6,466 freshmen enrolled.<ref name="common-data-set"/> Of the 77% of enrolled freshmen who submitted [[ACT (test)|ACT]] scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 23 and 31 (21–29 Math, 23–33 English, 6–8 Writing). Of the 23% of the incoming freshman class who submitted [[SAT]] scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1070–1330, with 540–660 for evidence-based reading and 530–670 for Math.<ref name="common-data-set"/> The average high school [[GPA]] of incoming freshmen was 3.82; 92% had a GPA of 3.00 or higher.<ref name="common-data-set"/>
===Enrollment===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px"
! colspan="5" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;" | Student Body Demographics – Fall 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Enrollment at a Glance 2020|url=https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcd764736214759aa9b09#Total%20Enrollment|publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403185703/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcd764736214759aa9b09t|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | UG
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | GR
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | [[Demographics of Alabama|AL]]
| style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;" | [[Demography of the United States|US]]
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Non-Hispanic whites|White]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 84.0%
| style="text-align: center;" | 71.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 72.14%
| style="text-align: center;" | 63.70%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[African Americans|Black]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 12.1%
| style="text-align: center;" | 14.6%
| style="text-align: center;" | 26.70%
| style="text-align: center;" | 12.60%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.8%
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.0%
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.34%
| style="text-align: center;" | 16.30%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 5.0%
| style="text-align: center;" | 4.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.02%
| style="text-align: center;" | 4.80%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Native Americans in the United States|AINA]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.9%
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.98%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.90%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | [[Pacific Islands Americans|NHPI]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.6%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.07%
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.20%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | Not reported
| style="text-align: center;" | 0.5%
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.2%
| style="text-align: center;" | 2.00%
| style="text-align: center;" | 6.20%
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | International
| style="text-align: center;" | 1.9%
| style="text-align: center;" | 10.2%
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|}
In fall 2020, the university had an enrollment of 37,840 students, consisting of 31,670 undergraduates and 6,170 postgraduates, from all [[List of counties in Alabama|67 Alabama counties]], all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and 78 foreign nations. Alabama residents comprised 41.4% of the undergraduate student body; out-of-state residents comprised 55.4%, and international (non-resident alien) students comprised 3.2%.<ref name="census-enrollment">{{cite web|title=Census Enrollment: Fall 2020|url=https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcb044736214759aa9b08|publisher=The Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, University of Alabama|access-date=April 3, 2021|archive-date=April 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403183034/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/|url-status=live}}</ref>
The five Alabama counties with the highest enrollment of students were [[Tuscaloosa County, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]] (3,158 students), [[Jefferson County, Alabama|Jefferson]] (2,836), [[Madison County, Alabama|Madison]] (1,295), [[Shelby County, Alabama|Shelby]] (1,290) and [[Mobile County, Alabama|Mobile]] (988), while the five states (beside Alabama) with the highest enrollment of students were [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (2,518 students), [[Texas]] (1,709), [[Illinois]] (1,649), Florida (1,550), and [[Tennessee]] (1,465).<ref name="census-enrollment"/>
In 2013, UA ranked 1st in the nation among public universities in the enrollment of [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2013/02/ua-ranks-first-among-public-universities-in-enrollment-of-national-merit-scholars/|title=UA Ranks First Among Public Universities in Enrollment of National Merit Scholars – University of Alabama News|website=uanews.ua.edu|access-date=February 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322030206/http://uanews.ua.edu/2013/02/ua-ranks-first-among-public-universities-in-enrollment-of-national-merit-scholars/|archive-date=March 22, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Student life==
[[File:Campus Scene - University of Alabama-Tuscaloosa - Tuscaloosa - Alabama - USA - 02 (34012835260).jpg|thumb|right|A group of students on campus in 2017]]
===Residential life===
The board of trustees chose to locate the UA campus in a field a mile away from the center of the town of Tuscaloosa (which was a considerable distance in early 19th century Alabama). The board consciously chose to make on-campus residence an integral part of the student experience at UA. Dormitories were among the first buildings erected at Alabama (the remains of one [Franklin Hall] is now the Mound on the Quad), and student residential life has been emphasized at UA ever since. Dormitories at the university include Blount Hall, Bryant Hall, Burke Hall, Harris Hall, John England, Jr. Hall, Lakeside Hall, Parham Hall, Paty Hall, Presidential Village I and II, Riverside Hall, Tutwiler Hall, and Ridgecrest East, West, and South. There are also two on-campus apartment complexes, Bryce Lawn and the Highlands.<ref>title=University of Alabama Halls | url=https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422032350/https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ |date=April 22, 2020}} | access date=May 8, 2020</ref> Today nearly 30% of students live on campus, including over 90% of first-year freshmen.<ref name="common-data-set"/>
===Student government===
The Student Government Association is the primary student advocacy organization at UA. The SGA is governed by the SGA Constitution<ref name="SGA-constitution">{{cite web |title=SGA Constitution |url=http://sga.ua.edu/documents/SGA%20Constitution,%20ratified%2002.01.11.pdf |publisher=The University of Alabama Student Government Association |date=February 1, 2011 |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930225350/http://sga.ua.edu/documents/SGA |url-status=live}}</ref> and consists of a legislative branch, an executive branch and a judicial council.
====SGA controversy====
{{Main|The Machine (social group)}}
Since its founding in 1914, a secretive coalition of fraternities and sororities, commonly known as "[[The Machine (social group)|The Machine]]", has wielded enormous influence over the [[Student Government Association]]. Occurrences of harassment, intimidation, and even criminal activities aimed at opposition candidates have been reported. Many figures in local, state, and national politics have come out of the SGA at the University of Alabama. ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' devoted its April 1992 cover story to an exposé of The Machine. The controversy led to the university disbanding the SGA in 1993, which wasn't undone until 1996.<ref name="Mathews2006">{{cite book|last=Mathews|first=Mary Chapman|title=A Mansion's Memories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139|access-date=January 15, 2013|year=2006|publisher=U of Alabama P|isbn=9780817315351|pages=139–|archive-date=June 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602035735/http://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139|url-status=live}}</ref> "Machine" fraternities and sororities have traditionally accepted only white pledges, with only one documented case of an African American student being offered entry, in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff|first=CW|title=Confirmed facts about the machine |url=http://cw.ua.edu/2011/30/confirmed-facts-about-the-machine/|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|date=November 30, 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913063723/http://cw.ua.edu/2011/30/confirmed-facts-about-the-machine/|archive-date=September 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Scherker|first=Amanda|title=University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|access-date=September 13, 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=September 12, 2013|archive-date=September 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913182535/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Controversy surrounding The Machine reemerged in August 2013, when sororities and fraternities were mobilized to elect two former SGA presidents, Cason Kirby and Lee Garrison, in closely contested municipal school board races.<ref>{{cite news|last=Enoch|first=Ed|title=Talks of UA's Machine spurred by voting allegations|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130831/NEWS/130839947?p=1&tc=pg|access-date=September 1, 2013|newspaper=The Tuscaloosa News|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106131728/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20130831/NEWS/130839947?p=1&tc=pg|url-status=live}}</ref> Before election day, questions about illegal voter registration were raised when evidence emerged that indicated eleven fraternity members fraudulently claimed to be living in a single house in one district.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leder |first=Travis |title=Suspected voter fraud |url=http://www.wvuatv.com/content/suspected-voter-fraud |date=August 24, 2013 |publisher=WVUA TV |access-date=August 31, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130831132403/http://www.wvuatv.com/content/suspected-voter-fraud |archive-date=August 31, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> And on election day, leaked emails suggested that sorority/fraternity members may have been provided incentives to vote—including free drinks at local bars.<ref>{{cite news|last=Klein|first=Rebecca|title=University of Alabama Sorority Reportedly Bribes Members To Vote in Local School Board Election|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/university-of-alabama-sorority-bribes_n_3838720.html|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=HuffPost|date=August 29, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916184831/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/29/university-of-alabama-sorority-bribes_n_3838720.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of possible voter fraud, Kirby's opponent filed a lawsuit challenging the election results<ref>{{cite news|last=Robertson|first=Campbell|title=Secret Society Dips Toe in City Politics, Prompting Lawsuit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html|access-date=September 15, 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 15, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235731/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and University of Alabama faculty have questioned whether The Machine has corrupted the democratic process in the City of Tuscaloosa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Benstead|first=Jon|title=The Greek system and the meaning of Democracy|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011831/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/|archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=CW Staff|title=Law professor, BOE candidate's husband seeks action in wake of voting fraud allegations|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/|access-date=August 30, 2013|newspaper=The Crimson White|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011743/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/|archive-date=September 17, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Greek life===
<!--{{main|List of fraternities and sororities at the University of Alabama}}-->
[[File:Alabama Frat Row.jpg|thumb|right|Fraternity Row, c. 1943]]
[[File:Pi Kappa Phi Omicron Chapter (University of Alabama).png|thumb|[[Pi Kappa Phi]], Omicron Chapter]]
Greek letter organizations (GLOs) first appeared at the university in 1847 when two men visiting from [[Yale University]] installed a chapter of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Psi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon |url=http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14 |access-date=June 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160424/http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14 |archive-date=March 20, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> When DKE members began holding secret meetings in the old state capitol building that year, the administration strongly voiced its disapproval.<ref name="Sellers"/> Over a few more decades, 7 other fraternities appeared at UA: [[Alpha Delta Phi]] in 1850, [[Phi Gamma Delta]] in 1855, [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] in 1856 (this was the founding chapter), [[Kappa Sigma]] in 1867, [[Sigma Nu]] in 1874, [[Sigma Chi]] in 1876, and [[Phi Delta Theta]] in 1877.<ref name="GLOs">{{cite web |url=http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf |title=Social Fraternities and Sororities |work=University of Alabama Factbook 2009–2010 |publisher=University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823150742/http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-fraternity laws were imposed that year, but were lifted in the 1890s.<ref name="Sellers"/> Women at the university founded the Zeta chapter of [[Kappa Delta]] sorority in 1903. [[Alpha Delta Pi]] soon followed.<ref name="GLOs" />
[[Hazing]] at UA fraternities, as in most American colleges, has been common. The [[Atlanta Constitution]] newspaper reported students receiving "100 licks with a paddle" by fellow students multiple times in the 1890s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254|title=William Carlos Jemison, 1850–1901, Mayor of Tuscaloosa from 1880 to 1890 · Tuscaloosa Area Virtual Museum|website=tavm.omeka.net|access-date=February 13, 2017|archive-date=February 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214104044/https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254|url-status=live}}</ref>
In fall 2009, the university sanctioned 29 men's and 23 women's GLOs.<ref name="GLOs"/> Additionally, an unknown number of non-sanctioned GLOs existed. Four governing boards oversee the operations of the university-sanctioned GLOs: the [[Interfraternity Council]] (IFC), the [[National Panhellenic Conference]] (NPC), the [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] (NPHC) and the Unified Greek Council (UGC).
The number of men in GLOs more than doubled from 2002 to 2009, with fifteen fraternities reporting active memberships of more than 100 (where as recently as 2001 none reported memberships greater than 100). Following 2008 fall recruitment, almost all Panhellenic sororities participating through all rounds had potential new member class sizes of 80 or more; nearly all Panhellenic sororities also now have more than 200 total members. To accommodate growth in the student population since 2005, the university has sanctioned three new fraternities and two new sororities.<ref name="GLOs"/> Additionally, four new sorority houses were added, built behind the President's Mansion.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ethan Summers |title=Four new sorority houses to be built in 2011 |url=http://www.cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011 |date=July 22, 2010 |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807214312/http://cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011/ |archive-date=August 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
Despite having the first non-white student initiated into a historically white Greek organization on campus in 2000,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20010907/News/606125062|title=UA sophomore says she's first black sorority member|first=Chris|last=Sanders|website=Tuscaloosa News|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220250/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20010907/News/606125062/TL|url-status=live}}</ref> high segregation within Alabama's Greek system has long been considered a major point of concern due to many other public college Greek systems becoming more integrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12|title=I Still Think Joining A Fraternity Was One Of The Best Decisions I've Ever Made|first=Peter|last=Jacobs|website=Business Insider|access-date=March 14, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jbhe">{{cite journal|year=2001|title=The University of Alabama: Where Racial Segregation Remains a Way of Life|journal=The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education|volume=32|issue=32|pages=22–24|doi=10.2307/2678750|jstor=2678750}}</ref> [[John P. Hermann]], a now-retired English professor, tried in the 1990s and 2000s to end what he referred to as "taxpayer-supported segregation".<ref name="zengerle">{{cite news|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row|title=Sorority Row|last=Zengerle|first=Jason|date=February 4, 2002|work=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=November 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105172558/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=/20011107/NEWS/111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA|title=Officials say racial incident wouldn't happen at UA|last=Reeves|first=Steve|date=November 7, 2001|work=[[Tuscaloosa News]]|access-date=September 16, 2013|archive-date=November 6, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106141146/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=%2F20011107%2FNEWS%2F111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Torbenson|first=Craig L.|editor=Craig LaRon Torbenson, Gregory Parks|title=Brothers and Sisters: Diversity in College Fraternities and Sororities|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252|year=2009|publisher=Associated University Presse|isbn=9780838641941|pages=210–36|chapter=Praising God and Maintaining Tradition: Religious Diversity within College Fraternities and Sororities|access-date=October 27, 2015|archive-date=May 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521181335/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252|url-status=live}}</ref> Controversy erupted again in September 2013, when a story in the campus paper, ''[[The Crimson White]]'', revealed that alumnae of Greek organizations had prevented a black student from being accepted in an all-white sorority.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/11/the-final-barrier-50-years-later-segregation-still-exists/|title=The Final Barrier: 50 years later, segregation still exists|last=Crain|first=Abby|author2=Matt Ford|date=September 11, 2013|work=[[The Crimson White]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913183922/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/11/the-final-barrier-50-years-later-segregation-still-exists/ |archive-date=September 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|title=University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report|last=Scherker|first=Amanda|date=September 12, 2013|work=[[HuffPost]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-date=September 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916160849/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As a result, the Alabama Panhellenic Association allowed recruitment to continue through continuous open bidding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/17/sororities-reopen-bidding-process/|title=Sororities reopen bidding process|work=ua.edu|access-date=June 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922053601/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/09/17/sororities-reopen-bidding-process/|archive-date=September 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to ''TIME'', a deal that would allow black students to join historically white sororities was announced by the university as "the first step toward ending more than a century of systematic segregation in the school's sorority system".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.time.com/2013/09/16/university-of-alabama-moves-to-end-segregated-sorority-system/|title=University of Alabama Moves to End Segregated Sorority System|last=Luckerson|first=Victor|date=September 16, 2013|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=September 18, 2013|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://nation.time.com/2013/09/16/university-of-alabama-moves-to-end-segregated-sorority-system/|url-status=live}}</ref>
With over 10,000 active students, UA has one of the largest Greek systems in the nation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/us/coronavirus-fraternities-sororities.html |title= 'Frats Are Being Frats': Greek Life Is Stoking the Virus on Some Campuses |newspaper= The New York Times |date= August 18, 2020 |access-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-date=September 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920061210/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/us/coronavirus-fraternities-sororities.html |url-status=live|last1= Harmon |first1= Amy |last2= Robles |first2= Frances |last3= Blinder |first3= Alan |last4= Fuller |first4= Thomas }}</ref> In 2019, 29% of male undergraduates were in university-sanctioned fraternities; 44% of female undergraduates were in university-sanctioned sororities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life |title= University of Alabama Student Life |access-date=March 13, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714082915/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=5|Fraternities <small>(NIC)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Alabama Interfraternity Council-Fraternities|url=http://alabamaifc.com/fraternities.html|publisher=Interfraternity Council at The University of Alabama|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=June 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611023539/http://alabamaifc.com/fraternities.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
!colspan=3|Sororities <small>(NPC)</small><ref>{{cite web|title=University of Alabama Panhellenic Association – Chapter Profiles|url=http://www.uapanhellenic.com/chapter-profiles.html|publisher=University of Alabama Panhellenic Association|access-date=June 2, 2017|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115151/http://www.uapanhellenic.com/chapter-profiles.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Alpha Delta Phi]]
* [[Alpha Kappa Lambda]]
* [[Alpha Sigma Phi]]
* [[Alpha Tau Omega]]
* [[Beta Theta Pi]]
* [[Beta Upsilon Chi]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Chi Phi]]
* [[Delta Chi]]
* [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]]
* [[Delta Sigma Phi]]
* [[Delta Tau Delta]]
* [[Kappa Alpha Order]]
* [[Kappa Sigma]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Lambda Chi Alpha]]
* Lambda Sigma Phi
* [[Phi Delta Theta]]
* [[Phi Gamma Delta]]
* [[Phi Kappa Psi]]
* [[Phi Kappa Sigma]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Phi Kappa Tau]]
* [[Phi Sigma Kappa]]
* [[Pi Kappa Alpha]]
* [[Pi Kappa Phi]]
* [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]]
* [[Sigma Alpha Mu]]
* [[Sigma Chi]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Sigma Nu]]
* [[Sigma Phi Epsilon]]
* [[Sigma Pi]]
* [[Sigma Tau Gamma]]
* [[Theta Chi]]
* [[Zeta Beta Tau]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Alpha Chi Omega]]
* [[Alpha Delta Chi]]
* [[Alpha Delta Pi]]
* [[Alpha Gamma Delta]]
* [[Alpha Omicron Pi]]
* [[Alpha Phi]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Chi Omega]]
* [[Delta Delta Delta]]
* [[Delta Gamma]]
* [[Delta Zeta]]
* [[Gamma Phi Beta]]
* [[Kappa Alpha Theta]]
| style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;"|
* [[Kappa Delta]]
* [[Kappa Kappa Gamma]]
* [[Phi Mu]]
* [[Pi Beta Phi]]
* [[Sigma Delta Tau]]
* [[Sigma Kappa]]
* [[Zeta Tau Alpha]]
|}
In 1987, the Theta Sigma Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. became the first historically black Greek organization and the only historically black sorority with a [[North American fraternity and sorority housing|traditional house on sorority row]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2019/10/auburn-to-be-second-sec-school-with-nphc-legacy-plaza|title=Auburn to be second SEC school with NPHC Legacy Plaza|website=The Auburn Plainsman|access-date=March 15, 2020|archive-date=June 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610190617/https://www.theplainsman.com/article/2019/10/auburn-to-be-second-sec-school-with-nphc-legacy-plaza|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous year before moving on Greek row, the house AKA was making arrangements to acquire had [[Cross burning|burning crosses]] on the front lawn. UA officials claimed it was a distasteful prank but the local black community disputed that claim saying it was a serious threat against integrating Greek row. Two white male students were briefly detained for questioning but they were not charged with anything and their full identity and Greek affiliations were never released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide|title=A Shifting Tide?|website=THE BITTER SOUTHERNER|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=September 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929224753/https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5|title=University Spokesman Says No Charges Filed In Cross Burning|website=AP NEWS|access-date=March 16, 2020|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220305/https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kappa Alpha Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha, Inc. is the first and only historically black fraternity with a traditional house on fraternity row.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al.com/entertainment/2016/06/alabama_fraternity_row_2016_th.html|title=Alabama Fraternity Row 2016: The houses, new and old|date=June 30, 2016|website=al|access-date=March 18, 2020|archive-date=March 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318000642/https://www.al.com/entertainment/2016/06/alabama_fraternity_row_2016_th.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The eight [[National Pan-Hellenic Council]] organizations represented on campus are listed below.
;Fraternities
* [[Alpha Phi Alpha]]
* [[Kappa Alpha Psi]]
* [[Omega Psi Phi]]
* [[Phi Beta Sigma]]
;Sororities
*[[Alpha Kappa Alpha]]
*[[Delta Sigma Theta]]
*[[Zeta Phi Beta]]
*[[Sigma Gamma Rho]]
===Honor societies===
Several honor societies are present at the University of Alabama. Some honor societies are national organizations with a local chapter while others are local organizations.
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Alpha Epsilon Delta]]
* [[Alpha Lambda Delta]]
* [[Alpha Psi Omega]]
* [[Arnold Air Society]]
* [[Blue Key]]
* Jasons Senior Men's Honorary<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tides of Tradition: Culture and Reform at the University of Alabama|year=2003|url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243|journal=|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220258/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kappa Kappa Psi]]
* [[Lambda Pi Eta]]
* [[Lambda Sigma]]
* [[Mallet Assembly]]
* [[Mortar Board]]
* [[National Society of Collegiate Scholars]]
* [[Order of Omega]]
* [[Omicron Delta Kappa]]
* [[Phi Alpha Theta]]
* [[Phi Beta Kappa]]
* [[Phi Eta Sigma]]
* [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]]
* [[Phi Kappa Phi]]
* [[Pi Mu Epsilon]]
* [[Sigma Alpha Lambda]]
* [[Sigma Tau Delta]]
* [[Marquis Who's Who|Who's Who]]
{{colend}}
===Student media===
The ''[[The Crimson White|Crimson White]]'' is the student-produced newspaper. Published two times a week during the academic year and weekly during the summer, the ''CW'' normally distributes 15,000 copies per publication. The ''CW'' received a 2010 Mark of Excellence Award for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper at a Four-Year College or University" in the Southeast region by the [[Society of Professional Journalists]].<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA's Crimson White Takes First Place Honors for Best Student Newspaper |url=http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/04/ua%E2%80%99s-crimson-white-takes-first-place-honors-for-best-student-newspaper/ |date=April 12, 2011 |publisher=University of Alabama News |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606144402/http://uanews.ua.edu/2011/04/ua%e2%80%99s-crimson-white-takes-first-place-honors-for-best-student-newspaper/ |archive-date=June 6, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=SPJ announces 2010 Region 3 Mark of Excellence Award Winners |url=http://www.spj.org/news.asp?ref=1042 |date=April 4, 2011 |publisher=SPJ News |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-date=April 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416003146/http://spj.org/news.asp?ref=1042 |url-status=live}}</ref> The CW won the Mark of Excellence Award again in 2011 and a Gold Crown Award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its spring 2011 issues. The Crimson White was also inducted into the College Media Hall of Fame for its coverage of the April 2011 tornado that caused massive damage in Tuscaloosa.<ref>{{cite web |last=Reimold |first=Dan |title=College Media Hall of Fame, Class of 2011: Victor Luckerson & The Crimson White |url=http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/ |publisher=College Media Matters |access-date=April 3, 2012 |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011435/http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Other UA student publications include the "Blount Truth Literary Journal",<ref>{{cite web |title=The Blount Truth Literary Journal |url=https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=February 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224711/https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/ |url-status=live}}</ref> "Marr's Field Journal",<ref>{{cite web |title=Marr's Field Journal |url=https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/ |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810104936/https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and "Alice".<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice University of Alabama |url=https://alice.ua.edu/magazine/about/ |access-date=May 8, 2020}}</ref>
==Athletics and traditions==
{{main|Alabama Crimson Tide|University of Alabama traditions}}
[[File:Alabama Athletics logo.svg|left|thumb|125px|Alabama logo]]
The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the ''Alabama Crimson Tide'' (this name can be shortened to ''Alabama'', the ''Crimson Tide'', or even the ''Tide''). The nickname ''Crimson Tide'' originates from a 1907 football game versus [[Auburn University]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a "Crimson Tide", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.
Alabama competes primarily in the [[Southeastern Conference]] (Western Division) of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]]'s [[NCAA Division I|Division I]]. Alabama fields men's varsity teams in [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|football]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball|basketball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide baseball|baseball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide golf|golf]], [[Cross country running|cross country]], swimming and [[Diving (sport)|diving]], tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity teams are fielded in [[Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball|basketball]], [[Alabama Crimson Tide golf|golf]], cross country, [[Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics|gymnastics]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]], soccer, [[Alabama Crimson Tide softball|softball]], swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and [[Alabama Crimson Tide volleyball|volleyball]]. The athletic facilities on campus include the [[Bryant–Denny Stadium]], named after legendary football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] and former UA President George Denny, and the 14,619-seat [[Coleman Coliseum]]. Alabama's women's rowing team competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA's Division I.
Alabama maintains athletic rivalries with [[Auburn University]] and the [[University of Tennessee]]. The rivalry with Auburn is especially heated as it encompasses all sports. The annual Alabama-Auburn football game is nicknamed the ''[[Iron Bowl]]''. While the rivalry with Tennessee is centered around football for the most part, there is no shortage of acrimony, especially given the recent history between then-UT Coach [[Phillip Fulmer]] and his relationship to the Tide's most recent NCAA probation. There are also rivalries with [[Louisiana State University]] (football and baseball), [[University of Mississippi]] (football and men's basketball), [[Mississippi State University]] (football, men's basketball), [[University of Georgia]] (women's gymnastics), and the [[University of Florida]] (football, softball).
===Football===
{{main|Alabama Crimson Tide football}}
[[File:Bryant-Denny Stadium panoramic 2010-10-02.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.8|[[Bryant–Denny Stadium]] in 2010]]
The [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|University of Alabama football]] program, started in 1892, has won 25 SEC titles and 18 national championships (including 9 awarded by the [[Associated Press]] and 8 by the Coaches Poll).<ref name="nationalchamps">{{cite web |title=Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A) |url=https://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/ncaa/NCAA/Sports+and+Championship/General+Information/ia_football_past_champs.html |publisher=NCAA |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083727/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fncaa%2FNCAA%2FSports+and+Championship%2FGeneral+Information%2Fia_football_past_champs.html |archive-date=June 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The program has compiled 36 10-win seasons and 59 bowl appearances, winning 32 of them – all [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] records. Alabama has produced 18 [[Alabama Crimson Tide football#College Football Hall of Fame inductees|hall-of-famers]], 97 [[List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans|All-Americans]] honored 105 times, and 3 Heisman trophy winners ([[Mark Ingram Jr.]], [[Derrick Henry]] and, [[DeVonta Smith]]).
The Crimson Tide's current home venue, [[Bryant–Denny Stadium]], opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the [[Iron Bowl]] against rival [[Auburn University]], at [[Legion Field]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]].
[[File:Thestripuattown.JPG|thumb|left|"The Strip" during a home game in 2006. Located adjacent to Bryant-Denny Stadium and the campus]]
Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]] whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach [[Knute Rockne]]. Alabama's current head football coach [[Nick Saban]] has won a total of 7 national titles, including six at Alabama.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pickman|first=Ben|title=Nick Saban Passes Bear Bryant for Most Titles in CFB History|url=https://www.si.com/college/2021/01/12/nick-saban-passes-bear-bryant-most-championships-cfb|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Sports Illustrated|language=en-us}}</ref> Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a [[1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game|10–10]] tie in what was considered the "Game of the Century" and subsequently split the national championship.<!--somebody more familiar with this should place Bryant's stats during his tenure and nothing more. Anything deeper belongs either at [[University of Alabama athletics]] or [[Bear Bryant]]!-->
[[File:University of Alabama Campus 01.jpg|thumb|right|A view of some campus buildings during seasonal [[Tailgate party|tailgating]], 2008. Denny Chimes visible in the background]]
On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back [[Mark Ingram Jr.|Mark Ingram]] was awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]] as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21–0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015, No. 1 Alabama lost to No. 4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42–35. On December 12, 2015, running back [[Derrick Henry]] was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming only the second winner for the University of Alabama. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45–40. In January 2017, Alabama lost to Clemson 35–31 in the National Championship. They beat SEC rival Georgia 26–23 in overtime during the 2018 National Championship in January 2018. In January 2019, Alabama lost to Clemson 44–16 in the National Championship. In the 2020 season, Alabama earned a 13–0 record against an all-SEC schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic including winning the SEC Championship against Florida, the Rose Bowl against Notre Dame, and the National Championship game against Ohio State. Crimson Tide Wide Receiver [[DeVonta Smith]] was awarded the Heisman Trophy, the program's third winner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2020-schedule.html|title = 2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Schedule and Results}}</ref>
===School songs===
The school's fight song is "[[Yea Alabama]]", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper.<ref>{{cite book|last=Studwell |first=William Emmett |author2=Bruce R. Schueneman |title=College Fight Songs II: A Supplementary Anthology |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |page=21 |isbn=978-0-7890-0920-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5T_VguL00J0C&pg=RA1-PA21 |access-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref> Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it is played by the Million Dollar Band during games and known to most people is simply the chorus of the larger song.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sparks |first=Linda |author2=Bruce Emerton |title=American college regalia: a handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-313-26266-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolleger00spar |url-access=registration |quote=yea alabama crimson tide. |access-date=February 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tradition – Songs of Alabama |url=http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html |publisher=Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Alabama |access-date=May 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041405/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of ''[[Annie Lisle]]'', a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class.
==Alumni==
{{Main|List of University of Alabama people}}
University of Alabama graduates include 15 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 57 [[Goldwater Scholarship|Goldwater Scholars]], and 16 [[Truman Scholarship|Truman Scholars]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts |title=Quick Facts |publisher=The University of Alabama |access-date=May 4, 2020 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510235610/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts |url-status=live}}</ref> UA graduates have also been named to the USA Today All-USA College Academic Team.<ref name="academic-all-americans">{{cite web |title=USA Today All-USA Academic Team |url=http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html |publisher=The University of Alabama |access-date=June 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184754/http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html |archive-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="USA-Today">{{cite news |title=All-USA Academic Teams |url=http://www.academic.usatoday.com/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131206024443/http://www.usatoday.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 6, 2013 |work=USA Today |date=June 8, 2010 |access-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref>
The University of Alabama is the alma mater of numerous notable people in politics, sports, business, entertainment, science, art, and literature. Among UA's alumni are [[Harper Lee]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harper Lee Timeline |url=https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Monroe County Museum |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118040440/https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bear Bryant]],<ref name=DiRoma /> [[Mel Allen]],<ref name="Smith2007">{{cite book|author=Curt Smith|title=The Voice: Mel Allen's Untold Story|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77MSvgAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Globe Pequot Press|isbn=978-1-59921-094-0|pages=114–}}</ref> [[Joe Namath]],<ref name=DiRoma>{{cite web|url=https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/namath__joe|title=Joe Namath|author=DiRoma, Frank Joseph|access-date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> [[George Wallace]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html |title=Alabama Governor George Wallace, gubernatorial history |publisher=Archives.state.al.us |access-date=2011-01-08 |archive-date=March 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022657/http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Nabors]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jim Nabors June 12, 1930 - November 30, 2017 2001 Inductee |url=https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Alabama Music Hall of Fame |language=en-US |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818155445/https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Joe Scarborough]],<ref name=bioguide>{{cite web | title=Scarborough, Charles Joseph | work=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]] | url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106 | access-date=March 18, 2006 | archive-date=October 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152739/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106 | url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hugo Black]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Hugo L. Black |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848 |date=January 31, 2017 |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211053215/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[E. O. Wilson]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Naturalist|last=Wilson|first=Edward O.|publisher=Island Press [for] Shearwater Books|year=2006|isbn=1597260886|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=69669557}}</ref> poet [[Honorée Fanonne Jeffers]],<ref name=haskins>{{cite news |url=https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html |access-date=February 11, 2021 |title=Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award |date=March 11, 2018 |first=Shelly |last=Haskins |newspaper=[[The Huntsville Times]] |archive-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220556/https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Wikipedia founder [[Jimmy Wales]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Jimmy Wales |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |date=October 19, 2010 |language=en |access-date=February 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203112243/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-05 |title=Jimmy Wales |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/profile/ |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=Wikimedia Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>
<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable University of Alabama alumni include:">
File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg|Former [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice of the Supreme Court]] [[Hugo Black]]
File:Photo portrait of Harper Lee (To Kill a Mockingbird dust jacket, 1960).jpg|Author [[Harper Lee]]
File:George C Wallace.jpg|Former Governor of Alabama [[George Wallace]]
File:Joe Scarborough (NBC News).jpg|News anchor and former Congressman [[Joe Scarborough]]
File:Bear Bryant 1977 (cropped).jpg|Football coach [[Bear Bryant]]
File:Gay Talese by David Shankbone.jpg|Writer [[Gay Talese]]
File:Julio Jones Titans.jpg|Football player [[Julio Jones]]
File:Richard Shelby, official portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg|[[U.S. Senator]] [[Richard Shelby]]
File:Jimmy Wales - August 2019 (cropped).jpg|Co-founder of [[Wikipedia]] [[Jimmy Wales]]
File:Joe Namath.jpg|Former football player [[Joe Namath]]
File:Jeff Sessions, official portrait.jpg|Former [[United States Attorney General]] [[Jeff Sessions]]
File:C. J. Mosley (linebacker).JPG|Football player [[C. J. Mosley (linebacker)|C. J. Mosley]]
File:Senator Doug Jones official photo (cropped 2).jpg|Former [[U.S. Senator]] [[Doug Jones (politician)|Doug Jones]]
</gallery>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Commons category|University of Alabama}}
* {{Official website}}
* [http://www.rolltide.com/ University of Alabama Athletics website]
* {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Alabama, University of |short=x}}
{{University of Alabama}}
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[[Category:University of Alabama| ]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1831]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]
[[Category:Education in Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]
[[Category:University of Alabama System|University of Alabama]]
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[[Category:1831 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:Public universities and colleges in Alabama|University of Alabama]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-{{Short description|Public university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}
-{{about|the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa}}
+JIMEY IS HERMAPHRODITE!!!!!!!!!!!
{{distinguish|Alabama State University}}
{{Use American English|date = April 2019}}
@@ -41,214 +40,5 @@
}}
-'''The University of Alabama''' (informally known as '''Alabama''', '''UA''', or '''Bama''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]. Established in 1820 and opened to students in 1831, the University of Alabama is the oldest<ref name="ua.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/history |title=The University of Alabama |website=ua.edu |access-date=June 21, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222403/https://www.ua.edu/about/history |url-status=live}}</ref> and largest of the public [[List of colleges and universities in Alabama|universities in Alabama]] as well as the [[flagship university|flagship]] of the [[University of Alabama System]]. The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, [[Ed.S.|education specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] degrees. The only publicly supported [[University of Alabama School of Law|law school]] in the state is at UA. Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in [[anthropology]], communication and information sciences, metallurgical engineering, music, [[Romance languages]], and social work.
-
-As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the [[American Civil War]] and the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The University of Alabama [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|varsity football program]] (nicknamed the ''Crimson Tide''), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of the ten winningest programs in US history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 winningest NCAA teams |url=http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |access-date=April 8, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927184215/http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1913 speech then-president [[George H. Denny]] extolled the university as the "[[wikt:capstone|capstone]] of the public school system in the state [of Alabama]", lending the university its current nickname, ''The Capstone''. In addition, university alumni and faculty include 59 Goldwater Scholars, 15 Rhodes Scholars, 16 Truman Scholars, 36 Hollings Scholars, and 16 Boren Scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |title=University of Alabama Quick Facts |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811074039/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-==History==
-===Establishment===
-[[File:University of Alabama 1859.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View of the Quad in 1859. The Rotunda can be seen at center, with the halls visible in the background. All buildings depicted were destroyed on April 4, 1865.]]
-{{Main|History of the University of Alabama}}
-
-In 1818, the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]] authorized the newly created [[Alabama Territory]] to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning". When [[Alabama]] was admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] on December 14, 1819, a second township was added to the [[land grant]], bringing it to a total of 46,000 acres (186 km<sup>2</sup>). The General Assembly of Alabama established the seminary on December 18, 1820, named it "The University of the State of Alabama", and created a board of trustees to manage the construction and operation of the university.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama">{{cite encyclopedia |title=University of Alabama (UA) |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |author=Clark E. Center, Jr. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |date= |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025732/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |url-status=live}}</ref> The board selected a construction site and an architect to design the campus. The site the board chose was, at the time, outside the city limits of the erstwhile [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]], Tuscaloosa.<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite book |title=The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History |last=Wolfe |first=Suzanne Rau |year=1983 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |isbn=0-8173-0119-4}}</ref> [[William Nichols (architect)|William Nichols]], the architect of the Alabama State Capitol building and [[Christ Episcopal Church (Tuscaloosa, Alabama)|Christ Episcopal Church]] in Tuscaloosa, was chosen to design the campus. Influenced by [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s plan at the [[University of Virginia]], the Nichols-designed campus featured a {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} wide, {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} high domed [[University of Alabama Quad|Rotunda]] that served as the library and nucleus of the campus.<ref name="alheritage2">{{cite journal |last1=Center |first1=Clark E. |year=1990 |title=The Burning of the University of Alabama |journal=Alabama Heritage |volume=Spring 1990 |issue=16 |pages=30–45 |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917073911/http://alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> The university's charter was presented to the first university president in the nave of Christ Episcopal Church. UA opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831, with the Reverend Alva Woods as president.<ref name="Sellers">{{cite book |title=History of the University of Alabama |volume=Volume 1: 1818–1902 |last=Sellers |first=James B. |year=1953 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}</ref>
-
-[[File:University of Alabama 1907.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A view of either Tuomey Hall or Oliver-Barnard Hall, one of the first buildings constructed after the university reopened after the Civil War, in 1907]]
-
-An academy-style institution during the Antebellum period, the university emphasized the [[classics]] and the social and natural sciences. There were around 100 students per year at UA in the 1830s.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>
-
-As the state and university matured, an active literary culture evolved on campus and in Tuscaloosa. UA had one of the largest libraries in the country on the eve of the Civil War with more than 7,000 volumes. There were several thriving literary societies, including the Erosophic and the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]] societies, which often had lectures by such distinguished politicians and literary figures as United States Supreme Court justice [[John Archibald Campbell]], novelist [[William Gilmore Simms]], and professor [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|Frederick Barnard]].<ref name="Sellers"/> The addresses to those societies reveal a vibrant intellectual culture in Tuscaloosa; they also illustrate the proslavery ideas that were so central to the university and the state.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf The Law of Descent of Thought: Law, History, and Civilization in Antebellum Literary Addresses, Law and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505091251/http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf |date=May 5, 2010}} (2008) 20:343–402</ref>
-
-Discipline and student behavior was a major issue at the university almost from the day it opened. Early presidents attempted to enforce strict rules regarding conduct.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> Students were prohibited from drinking, swearing, making unauthorized visits off-campus, or playing musical instruments outside a one-hour time frame. Yet riots and gunfights were not uncommon. To combat the severe discipline problem, president [[Landon Garland]] lobbied and received approval from the legislature in 1860 to transform the university into a military school.<ref name="Sellers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eckinger |first=H. |year=2013 |title=The Militarization of the University of Alabama |journal=[[Alabama Review]] |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=163–185}}</ref>
-
-===From the Civil War to World War II===
-Many of the cadets who graduated from the school served as officers in the [[Confederate Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. As a consequence of that role, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] troops burned down the campus on April 4, 1865 (only 5 days before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9), which was unrelated to [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] several months earlier and farther east, in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Despite a call to arms and defense by the student cadet corps, only four buildings survived the burning: the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]] (1841), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Gorgas House|Gorgas House]] (1829), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Little Round House|Little Round House]] (1860), and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Old Observatory]] (1844).<ref name="alheritage2"/> The university reopened in 1871 and in 1880, Congress granted the university 40,000 acres (162 km<sup>2</sup>) of coal land in partial compensation for $250,000 in war damages.<ref name="Wolfe"/>
-
-The University of Alabama allowed female students beginning in 1892. The Board of Trustees allowed female students largely due to [[Julia S. Tutwiler]], with the condition that they be over eighteen, and would be allowed to enter the sophomore class after completing their first year at another school and passing an exam. Ten women from Tutwiler's Livingston school enrolled for the 1893 fall semester. By 1897, women were allowed to enroll as freshmen.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|title=Julia S. Tutwiler|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama|date=|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111192149/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-During World War II, UA was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="ua-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |title=World War II and the Tech Connection |publisher=Georgia Tech Alumni Association |last=Goettling |first=Gary |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134450/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> During this time the University of Alabama had extensions in other cities including [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]; the [[University of South Alabama]] was opened in 1963 to replace that program.
-
-===Racial integration===
-{{Expand section|date=September 2018}}
-[[File:Wallace at University of Alabama edit2.jpg|thumb|right|George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" to attempt to stop integration of other races at the University of Alabama.]]
-
-Until the 1960s, the university only admitted white students. The practice of [[racial segregation]] was common in the American South at this time and the university barred all students of color from attending. The first attempt to integrate the university occurred in 1956 when [[Autherine Lucy]] successfully enrolled on February 3 as a graduate student in library sciences after she secured a court order preventing the university from rejecting her application on the basis of race. In the face of violent protests against her attendance, Lucy was suspended (and later outright expelled) three days later by the board of trustees on the basis of being unable to provide a safe learning environment for her. The university was not integrated until 1963 when [[Vivian Malone Jones|Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]] registered for classes on June 11.<ref>MOKRZYCKI, P. (2012). After the Stand Comes the Fall: Racial Integration and White Student Reactions at the University of Alabama, 1963–1976. ''Alabama Review'', ''65''(4), 290–313.</ref>
-
-[[File:Malone Hood Plaza University of Alabama northeast view.jpg|thumb|Foster Auditorium and Malone-Hood Plaza today. Lucy Clock Tower is in the foreground.]]
-Governor [[George Wallace]] made his infamous "[[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]]", standing in the front entrance of [[Foster Auditorium]] in a symbolic attempt to stop Malone and Hood's enrollment. When confronted by [[United States Deputy Attorney General|U.S. deputy attorney general]] [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] and [[United States Marshals Service|federal marshal]]s sent in by [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Wallace stepped aside. President [[John F. Kennedy]] had called for the integration of the University of Alabama, as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=1963 Year in Review – Part 1 |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |work=United Press International |access-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-date=July 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726224436/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Hood dropped out of school after two months, he returned and, in 1997, received his PhD in philosophy. Malone persisted in her studies and became the first African American to graduate from the university. In 2000, the university granted her a doctorate of humane letters. Autherine Lucy's expulsion was rescinded in 1980, and she re-enrolled and graduated with a master's degree in 1992. Later in his life, Wallace apologized for his opposition at that time to [[racial integration]]. In 2010, the university formally honored Lucy, Hood and Malone by rechristening the plaza in front of Foster Auditorium as Malone-Hood Plaza and erecting a clock tower – Autherine Lucy Clock Tower – in the plaza.
-
-===2011 tornado===
-{{Main|2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado}}
-On [[2011 Super Outbreak|April 27, 2011]], Tuscaloosa was hit by a tornado rated EF4 on the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]], which left a large path of complete destruction but spared the campus. Six students who lived on off-campus premises were confirmed dead by the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |title=In Memoriam – April 27, 2011 Storm |work=ua.edu |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616185808/http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the infrastructural damage of the city (approx. 12% of the city) and the loss of life, the university canceled the rest of the spring semester and postponed graduation.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
-
-==Campus==
-[[File:Denny Chimes, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 2.jpg|thumb|[[Denny Chimes]] on the Quad]]
-[[File:UA President's Mansion 02.jpg|right|thumb|The [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], opposite Denny Chimes]]
-From a small campus of seven buildings in the wilderness on the main road between Tuscaloosa and [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] (now University Boulevard) in the 1830s, UA has grown to a massive {{convert|1970|acre|adj=on}} campus in the heart of Tuscaloosa. There are 297 buildings on campus containing some {{convert|10600000|sqft|m2}} of space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facility Facts |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Facilities |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031030754/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the school added 168 acres to its campus by purchasing the land formerly belonging to [[Bryce Hospital]]. It also plans to acquire more land to accommodate the continuing growth of the enrollment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |title=University Planning, 2012 Campus Master Plan Update |access-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092108/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref>
-
-The university maintains the [[University of Alabama Arboretum]] in eastern Tuscaloosa and the [[Dauphin Island Sea Lab]] on [[Dauphin Island, Alabama|Dauphin Island]], just off the Alabama Gulf Coast. In 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave the university a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "B+".<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web |title=College Sustainability Report Card 2011 |publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute |url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |access-date=November 19, 2011 |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105625/http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-===Landmarks===
-UA is home to several museums, cultural facilities and historical landmarks.
-
-The [[Alabama Museum of Natural History]] at Smith Hall exhibits Alabama's rich natural history. The oddest artifact there could be the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Sylacauga meteorite]], the largest known extraterrestrial object to strike a human being who survived. The [[Paul W. Bryant Museum]] houses memorabilia and exhibits on the history of UA athletic programs, most notably the tenure of football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]]. Athletic trophies and awards are displayed at the [[Mal Moore]] Athletic Building, named for the university's former athletic director, near the Bryant Museum. The Sarah Moody Gallery of Art at Garland Hall hosts revolving exhibitions of contemporary art, including from the university's own permanent collection. The Ferguson Art Gallery at the Ferguson Center also hosts revolving art exhibitions. The [[Moundville Archaeological Site|Jones Archaeological Museum]] at [[Moundville, Alabama|Moundville]] exhibits the history of [[Mississippian culture]] in Alabama.
-
-Numerous historical landmarks dot the campus, including the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], [[Denny Chimes]], [[Foster Auditorium]] (a [[National Historical Landmark]]), the [[Gorgas–Manly Historic District]], and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Maxwell Observatory]].
-
-A cemetery next to the Biology building includes the graves of two slaves who were owned by faculty members before the Civil War. Both men died in the 1840s, and their graves went unmarked until 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|title=On-campus gravesite recalls antebellum university|work=ua.edu|access-date=August 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174827/http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-Campus culture facilities include the Allen Bales Theater, the Marion Gallaway Theater, Morgan Auditorium, and the Frank M. Moody Music Building,<ref>[http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 Frank Moody Music Building (University of Alabama)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081909/http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 |date=July 18, 2011}}. [[Woollen, Molzan and Partners]], architects/planners web site. Retrieved July 20, 2010.</ref> which houses the Tuscaloosa Symphony Orchestra and the UA Opera Theatre, as well as three resident choirs.
-
-==Organization and administration==
-{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"
-! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''UA Academic Divisions'''
-|-
-| '''College/school''' || '''Created'''<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>
-|-
-| colspan="2" |<hr />
-|-
-| College of Arts and Sciences || 1909
-|-
-| Culverhouse College of Business || 1919<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |title=Our History |website=The University of Alabama, The Culverhouse College of Business |access-date=2020-10-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021195747/https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-| [[University of Alabama College of Communication and Information Sciences|College of Communication and Information Sciences]] || 1997
-|-
-| [[UAB School of Medicine#Tuscaloosa|College of Community Health Sciences]]* || 1971
-|-
-| College of Continuing Studies** || 1983
-|-
-| College of Education || 1928
-|-
-| [[University of Alabama College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] || 1909
-|-
-| Graduate School || 1924
-|-
-| Honors College** || 2003
-|-
-| College of Human Environmental Sciences || 1987
-|-
-| [[University of Alabama School of Law|School of Law]] || 1892
-|-
-| Capstone College of Nursing || 1975
-|-
-| School of Social Work || 1975
-|-
-| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | *Degree-granting unit of UAB
-|-
-| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | **Not a degree-granting unit
-|}
-
-The University of Alabama is an autonomous institution within the [[University of Alabama System]], which is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama and headed by the chancellor of the University of Alabama. The state legislature created the board to govern the university's operations. Its responsibilities include setting policy for the university, determining the university's mission and scope, and assuming responsibility for the university to the public and the legislature.<ref name="bylaws">{{cite web |title=Board Manual |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515232204/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The board is self-perpetuating and composed of 15 members and two [[ex officio]] members. The [[Constitution of Alabama|Constitution of the State of Alabama]] dictates the board's makeup and requires the board include three members from the [[congressional district]] that contains the Tuscaloosa campus and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. Board members are elected by the board and are confirmed by the [[Alabama Senate|Alabama State Senate]]. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.<ref name="board">{{cite web |title=The Board of Trustees of The University of Alabama, History and Purpose |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515231429/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-The president of the University of Alabama is the principal executive officer of the university and is appointed by the chancellor with approval of the board of trustees. The president reports directly to the chancellor, and is responsible for the university's daily operations.<ref name="bylaws"/> The president's office is on the third floor of the Rose Administration Building, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's Mansion on campus. [[Stuart R. Bell]] became the 29th university president on July 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |title=Presidents of the University of Alabama |publisher=W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803203052/http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-=== Academic staff ===
-In fall 2015, UA employed 6,687 staff, including 1,868 instructional staff (faculty) and 2,064 professional staff. 19% of the faculty was non-white and 46% were women. 72% of faculty held a doctorate or the highest degree in their field. 32% of faculty were tenured or tenure-tracked. 29% of faculty were adjunct, clinical, or otherwise part-time.<ref name=faculty>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Faculty and Staff |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/faculty-and-staff/ |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=January 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115043742/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/faculty-and-staff/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-===Colleges and academic divisions===
-[[File:UA School of Medicine tuscaloosa.png|thumb|left|School of Medicine – Tuscaloosa Branch]]
-[[File:Ua clark hall.jpg|thumb|Clark Hall is home of the College of Arts and Sciences]]
-
-The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is the university's [[college]] for the [[liberal arts]], [[fine arts]], and [[science]]s. It is the largest of the university's 13 colleges, with approximately 8,400 undergraduate students and 1,000 graduate students. Most [[core curriculum]] classes and [[Bachelor's degree|majors and minors]] are part of the college.<ref name="web about page">{{cite web |url=https://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |title=About the College |website=College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124073331/http://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-There are 12 other academic divisions at the University of Alabama (see the table above). Eight divisions (<abbr title="Arts & Sciences">CAS</abbr>, C&BA, C&IS, Education, Engineering, HES, Nursing, and Social Work) grant undergraduate degrees. Degrees in those eight divisions at the master's, [[Ed.S.|specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] level are awarded through the Graduate School. The law school offers [[Juris Doctor|JD]] and [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] degree programs. CHS provides advanced studies in medicine and related disciplines and operates a family medicine residency program. Medical students are also trained in association with the [[University of Alabama School of Medicine]], from which they receive their degree.
-
-The College of Continuing Studies provides correspondence courses and other types of distance education opportunities for non-traditional students. It operates a distance education facility in [[Gadsden, Alabama|Gadsden]].
-
-Founded in 1971 and merged into the College of Arts and Sciences in 1996, the New College's stated objectives were to "create an opportunity for a highly individualized education that enables students to draw from the resources of all University classes and faculty" and to "serve as an experimental unit with the expectation of exporting successful innovations to other sectors of the University."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |title=History |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150700/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The college allows undergraduate students flexibility in choosing their curriculum while completing a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree in interdisciplinary studies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |title=About |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150659/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''New College Review'', a non-fiction cultural journal, is written, edited, designed and published by students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |title=New College Review |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150734/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-The Honors College is a non-degree granting division that encompasses all the university's selective undergraduate honors programs.
-
-===Endowment===
-The University of Alabama System's [[financial endowment]] was valued at $1.520 billion in the National Association of College and University Business Officers' (NACUBO) 2019 listings.<ref name="endowment">{{cite web |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY2014 to FY2015 |work=2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers |url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2018_NCSE_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> UA's portion of the system's endowment was valued at $885.7 million in September 2015.<ref name="financials_2014-15">{{Cite report |title= The University of Alabama Financial Report 2018 |url= https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |year= 2015 |publisher= The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date= June 13, 2019 |archive-date= April 12, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174555/https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |url-status= live}}</ref>
-
-In 2002, the university embarked on a $500 million capital campaign entitled "Our Students. Our Future".<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA Announces $500 Million Capital Campaign |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=April 8, 2006 |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignannouncement.html |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123083157/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignannouncement.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The focus of the campaign was stated to be "student scholarships, faculty support, campus facilities and priority needs" by adding $250 million to university endowment and an additional $250 to the non-endowed funds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/ourpriorities.html |title=Our Goals. Our Priorities. |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121163706/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/ourpriorities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The "quiet phase" (which lasted until 2006) of the campaign raised $299 million. In November 2007, the university announced that it had raised $428 million.<ref name="campaignupdate1107">{{cite press release |title=UA's "Our Students. Our Future." Campaign Reaches $428 Million |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=November 7, 2007 |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignupdate1107.html |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123083202/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignupdate1107.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The $500 million goal was surpassed in May 2008 and when the campaign officially concluded in 2009, it had raised $612 million.<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA Announces Completion of Successful Capital Campaign |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/success.html |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=July 9, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823215029/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/success.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-==Academics==
-[[File:Shelby UA.jpg|right|thumb|Shelby Hall is the center of the Science and Engineering Complex, a 1,000,000 sq.ft teaching and research facility.]]
-
-=== Classification ===
-The University of Alabama is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |title=The University of Alabama |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |date=2020 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125001514/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a large, four-year primarily residential university accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |title=College Navigator – The University of Alabama |url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615071558/http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> Full-time, four-year undergraduates comprise a large amount of the university enrollment. The undergraduate instructional program emphasizes professional programs of study as well as the liberal arts, and there is a high level of co-existence between the graduate and undergraduate program. The university has a very high level<ref>{{cite web|title=Carnegie Lists UA among Elite Research Institutions|url=https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|publisher=University of Alabama News|access-date=December 18, 2018|archive-date=December 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044416/https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|url-status=live}}</ref> of research activity and has a "comprehensive doctoral" graduate instructional program in the liberal arts, humanities, social sciences. health sciences (medical school), and [[STEM fields]].
-
-UA began offering engineering classes in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |title=2010-2012 Undergraduate Catalog |website=The University of Alabama |access-date=6 December 2010 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222083703/http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was one of the first universities in the nation to offer an engineering degree. Over the last decade, UA has greatly expanded its science and engineering programs, in terms of numbers of students, faculty hired, and number and size of new academic/research facilities (almost 1 million in new square footage).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|title='Vision is Reality' |work= The University of Alabama News – The College of Engineering |date=April 8, 2014|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423210222/http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's College of Engineering enrolls more students than any other engineering program in the state as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website=eng.auburn.edu |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401141147/http://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035019/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's freshman engineering classes have also had the highest average ACT score among all state of Alabama engineering programs for the last several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|title=The University of Alabama – 2015|website=profiles.asee.org|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428091803/http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-=== Degrees conferred ===
-Ten of the university's thirteen academic units (see above) offer degree programs in at total of 117 areas of study. Two areas, economics and health care management, are offered jointly by separate units (Commerce and Business Administration and Arts & Sciences for both), and one area (material science) is offered jointly by the other universities in the UA system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degree Programs Offered by College/School |format=table |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degree-programs-offered-by-college-school/ |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913110452/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degree-programs-offered-by-college-school/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
-
-UA conferred 7,905 degrees in the 2014–2015 academic year, including 5,662 bachelor's degrees (2,081 with [[Latin honors]]), 1,672 master's degrees, 379 doctorates and 144 professional degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degrees Awarded |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2015 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422215313/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |url-status=live}}/</ref>
-
-[[Latin honors]] are conferred on graduates completing a bachelor's degree for the first time (including at other universities) with an overall grade point average of at least 3.5. ''Cum laude'' honors are conferred to graduates with a GPA of 3.5 or greater and less than 3.7 (without rounding). ''Magna cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.7 or greater and less than 3.9. ''Summa cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.9 or higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honors |url=http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |work=University of Alabama Undergraduate Catalog 2010–2012 |access-date=May 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814005719/http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-=== Academic calendar ===
-The university follows a standard academic calendar based on the [[semester#United States|semester system]], which divides the [[academic year#Academic year|academic year]], starting in mid-August, into two 15-week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in December and the spring term lasts from January to early May. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into a 3-week "mini-semester" in May and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively.<ref name="academic-calender">{{cite web |title=Academic Calendars |url=http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |publisher=The Office of the University Registrar, University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180612/http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
-
-===Rankings===
-{{col-begin}}
-{{col-break}}
-{{Infobox US university ranking
-| ARWU_N = 134-154
-| ARWU_W = 501-600
-| Forbes = 252
-| THE_WSJ = 401-500
-| QS_W = 801–1000
-| THES_W = 601–800
-| USNWR_NU = 148
-| USNWR_W = 419
-| Wamo_NU = 344
-}}
-{{col-break}}
-{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
-|-
-! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|archive-date=September 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905033624/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>
-|-
-! Program
-! Ranking
-|-
-| Biological Sciences || 130
-|-
-| Business || 41
-|-
-| Chemistry || 88
-|-
-| Clinical Psychology || 80
-|-
-| Computer Science || 111
-|-
-| Earth Sciences || 114
-|-
-| Economics || 90
-|-
-| Education || 84
-|-
-| Engineering || 119
-|-
-| English || 116
-|-
-| Fine Arts || 158
-|-
-| History || 98
-|-
-| Law || 31
-|-
-| Library & Information Studies || 28
-|-
-| Mathematics || 108
-|-
-| Physics || 83
-|-
-| Political Science || 96
-|-
-| Psychology || 112
-|-
-| Public Affairs || 101
-|-
-| Rehabilitation Counseling || 47
-|-
-| Social Work || 44
-|-
-| Speech–Language Pathology || 72
-|}
-{{col-break}}
-{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"
-|-
-! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180903/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|url-status=live}}</ref>
+'''The University of Alabama''' JIMEY IS A HERMAPHRODITE!!!!!
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0 => '{{Short description|Public university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}',
1 => '{{about|the University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa}}',
2 => ''''The University of Alabama''' (informally known as '''Alabama''', '''UA''', or '''Bama''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[research university]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]]. Established in 1820 and opened to students in 1831, the University of Alabama is the oldest<ref name="ua.edu">{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/history |title=The University of Alabama |website=ua.edu |access-date=June 21, 2016 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222403/https://www.ua.edu/about/history |url-status=live}}</ref> and largest of the public [[List of colleges and universities in Alabama|universities in Alabama]] as well as the [[flagship university|flagship]] of the [[University of Alabama System]]. The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, [[Ed.S.|education specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] degrees. The only publicly supported [[University of Alabama School of Law|law school]] in the state is at UA. Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in [[anthropology]], communication and information sciences, metallurgical engineering, music, [[Romance languages]], and social work.',
3 => '',
4 => 'As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the [[American Civil War]] and the [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The University of Alabama [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|varsity football program]] (nicknamed the ''Crimson Tide''), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of the ten winningest programs in US history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 winningest NCAA teams |url=http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |access-date=April 8, 2013 |archive-date=September 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927184215/http://collegefootball.about.com/od/schools/a/schools-wins.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In a 1913 speech then-president [[George H. Denny]] extolled the university as the "[[wikt:capstone|capstone]] of the public school system in the state [of Alabama]", lending the university its current nickname, ''The Capstone''. In addition, university alumni and faculty include 59 Goldwater Scholars, 15 Rhodes Scholars, 16 Truman Scholars, 36 Hollings Scholars, and 16 Boren Scholars.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |title=University of Alabama Quick Facts |access-date=May 8, 2020 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811074039/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts/know.html |url-status=live}}</ref>',
5 => '',
6 => '==History==',
7 => '===Establishment===',
8 => '[[File:University of Alabama 1859.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|View of the Quad in 1859. The Rotunda can be seen at center, with the halls visible in the background. All buildings depicted were destroyed on April 4, 1865.]]',
9 => '{{Main|History of the University of Alabama}}',
10 => '',
11 => 'In 1818, the [[Congress of the United States|United States Congress]] authorized the newly created [[Alabama Territory]] to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning". When [[Alabama]] was admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] on December 14, 1819, a second township was added to the [[land grant]], bringing it to a total of 46,000 acres (186 km<sup>2</sup>). The General Assembly of Alabama established the seminary on December 18, 1820, named it "The University of the State of Alabama", and created a board of trustees to manage the construction and operation of the university.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama">{{cite encyclopedia |title=University of Alabama (UA) |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |author=Clark E. Center, Jr. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |date= |archive-date=October 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020025732/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1678 |url-status=live}}</ref> The board selected a construction site and an architect to design the campus. The site the board chose was, at the time, outside the city limits of the erstwhile [[List of capitals in the United States|state capital]], Tuscaloosa.<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite book |title=The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History |last=Wolfe |first=Suzanne Rau |year=1983 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |isbn=0-8173-0119-4}}</ref> [[William Nichols (architect)|William Nichols]], the architect of the Alabama State Capitol building and [[Christ Episcopal Church (Tuscaloosa, Alabama)|Christ Episcopal Church]] in Tuscaloosa, was chosen to design the campus. Influenced by [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s plan at the [[University of Virginia]], the Nichols-designed campus featured a {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} wide, {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} high domed [[University of Alabama Quad|Rotunda]] that served as the library and nucleus of the campus.<ref name="alheritage2">{{cite journal |last1=Center |first1=Clark E. |year=1990 |title=The Burning of the University of Alabama |journal=Alabama Heritage |volume=Spring 1990 |issue=16 |pages=30–45 |url=http://www.alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917073911/http://alabamaheritage.com/vault/UAburning.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2010}}</ref> The university's charter was presented to the first university president in the nave of Christ Episcopal Church. UA opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831, with the Reverend Alva Woods as president.<ref name="Sellers">{{cite book |title=History of the University of Alabama |volume=Volume 1: 1818–1902 |last=Sellers |first=James B. |year=1953 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama}}</ref>',
12 => '',
13 => '[[File:University of Alabama 1907.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|A view of either Tuomey Hall or Oliver-Barnard Hall, one of the first buildings constructed after the university reopened after the Civil War, in 1907]]',
14 => '',
15 => 'An academy-style institution during the Antebellum period, the university emphasized the [[classics]] and the social and natural sciences. There were around 100 students per year at UA in the 1830s.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>',
16 => '',
17 => 'As the state and university matured, an active literary culture evolved on campus and in Tuscaloosa. UA had one of the largest libraries in the country on the eve of the Civil War with more than 7,000 volumes. There were several thriving literary societies, including the Erosophic and the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]] societies, which often had lectures by such distinguished politicians and literary figures as United States Supreme Court justice [[John Archibald Campbell]], novelist [[William Gilmore Simms]], and professor [[Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard|Frederick Barnard]].<ref name="Sellers"/> The addresses to those societies reveal a vibrant intellectual culture in Tuscaloosa; they also illustrate the proslavery ideas that were so central to the university and the state.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, [http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf The Law of Descent of Thought: Law, History, and Civilization in Antebellum Literary Addresses, Law and Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505091251/http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/alabamaliteraryaddressesfinal.pdf |date=May 5, 2010}} (2008) 20:343–402</ref>',
18 => '',
19 => 'Discipline and student behavior was a major issue at the university almost from the day it opened. Early presidents attempted to enforce strict rules regarding conduct.<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/> Students were prohibited from drinking, swearing, making unauthorized visits off-campus, or playing musical instruments outside a one-hour time frame. Yet riots and gunfights were not uncommon. To combat the severe discipline problem, president [[Landon Garland]] lobbied and received approval from the legislature in 1860 to transform the university into a military school.<ref name="Sellers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Eckinger |first=H. |year=2013 |title=The Militarization of the University of Alabama |journal=[[Alabama Review]] |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=163–185}}</ref>',
20 => '',
21 => '===From the Civil War to World War II===',
22 => 'Many of the cadets who graduated from the school served as officers in the [[Confederate Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. As a consequence of that role, [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] troops burned down the campus on April 4, 1865 (only 5 days before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9), which was unrelated to [[Sherman's March to the Sea]] several months earlier and farther east, in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Despite a call to arms and defense by the student cadet corps, only four buildings survived the burning: the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]] (1841), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Gorgas House|Gorgas House]] (1829), [[Gorgas-Manly Historic District#Little Round House|Little Round House]] (1860), and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Old Observatory]] (1844).<ref name="alheritage2"/> The university reopened in 1871 and in 1880, Congress granted the university 40,000 acres (162 km<sup>2</sup>) of coal land in partial compensation for $250,000 in war damages.<ref name="Wolfe"/>',
23 => '',
24 => 'The University of Alabama allowed female students beginning in 1892. The Board of Trustees allowed female students largely due to [[Julia S. Tutwiler]], with the condition that they be over eighteen, and would be allowed to enter the sophomore class after completing their first year at another school and passing an exam. Ten women from Tutwiler's Livingston school enrolled for the 1893 fall semester. By 1897, women were allowed to enroll as freshmen.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|title=Julia S. Tutwiler|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Alabama|date=|access-date=July 7, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111192149/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1112|url-status=live}}</ref>',
25 => '',
26 => 'During World War II, UA was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the [[V-12 Navy College Training Program]] which offered students a path to a Navy commission.<ref name="ua-v-12">{{cite web |url=http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |title=World War II and the Tech Connection |publisher=Georgia Tech Alumni Association |last=Goettling |first=Gary |access-date=September 29, 2011 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012134450/http://gtalumni.org/Publications/techtopics/spr95/ww2.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> During this time the University of Alabama had extensions in other cities including [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]; the [[University of South Alabama]] was opened in 1963 to replace that program.',
27 => '',
28 => '===Racial integration===',
29 => '{{Expand section|date=September 2018}}',
30 => '[[File:Wallace at University of Alabama edit2.jpg|thumb|right|George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" to attempt to stop integration of other races at the University of Alabama.]]',
31 => '',
32 => 'Until the 1960s, the university only admitted white students. The practice of [[racial segregation]] was common in the American South at this time and the university barred all students of color from attending. The first attempt to integrate the university occurred in 1956 when [[Autherine Lucy]] successfully enrolled on February 3 as a graduate student in library sciences after she secured a court order preventing the university from rejecting her application on the basis of race. In the face of violent protests against her attendance, Lucy was suspended (and later outright expelled) three days later by the board of trustees on the basis of being unable to provide a safe learning environment for her. The university was not integrated until 1963 when [[Vivian Malone Jones|Vivian Malone]] and [[James Hood]] registered for classes on June 11.<ref>MOKRZYCKI, P. (2012). After the Stand Comes the Fall: Racial Integration and White Student Reactions at the University of Alabama, 1963–1976. ''Alabama Review'', ''65''(4), 290–313.</ref>',
33 => '',
34 => '[[File:Malone Hood Plaza University of Alabama northeast view.jpg|thumb|Foster Auditorium and Malone-Hood Plaza today. Lucy Clock Tower is in the foreground.]]',
35 => 'Governor [[George Wallace]] made his infamous "[[Stand in the Schoolhouse Door]]", standing in the front entrance of [[Foster Auditorium]] in a symbolic attempt to stop Malone and Hood's enrollment. When confronted by [[United States Deputy Attorney General|U.S. deputy attorney general]] [[Nicholas Katzenbach]] and [[United States Marshals Service|federal marshal]]s sent in by [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Robert F. Kennedy]], Wallace stepped aside. President [[John F. Kennedy]] had called for the integration of the University of Alabama, as well.<ref>{{cite news |title=1963 Year in Review – Part 1 |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |work=United Press International |access-date=June 6, 2011 |archive-date=July 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726224436/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1963/University-of-Alabama/12295509434394-4/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Hood dropped out of school after two months, he returned and, in 1997, received his PhD in philosophy. Malone persisted in her studies and became the first African American to graduate from the university. In 2000, the university granted her a doctorate of humane letters. Autherine Lucy's expulsion was rescinded in 1980, and she re-enrolled and graduated with a master's degree in 1992. Later in his life, Wallace apologized for his opposition at that time to [[racial integration]]. In 2010, the university formally honored Lucy, Hood and Malone by rechristening the plaza in front of Foster Auditorium as Malone-Hood Plaza and erecting a clock tower – Autherine Lucy Clock Tower – in the plaza.',
36 => '',
37 => '===2011 tornado===',
38 => '{{Main|2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado}}',
39 => 'On [[2011 Super Outbreak|April 27, 2011]], Tuscaloosa was hit by a tornado rated EF4 on the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]], which left a large path of complete destruction but spared the campus. Six students who lived on off-campus premises were confirmed dead by the university.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |title=In Memoriam – April 27, 2011 Storm |work=ua.edu |access-date=May 14, 2011 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616185808/http://ua.edu/weather/april-27-2011/in-memoriam/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to the infrastructural damage of the city (approx. 12% of the city) and the loss of life, the university canceled the rest of the spring semester and postponed graduation.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}',
40 => '',
41 => '==Campus==',
42 => '[[File:Denny Chimes, UA, Tuscaloosa, South view 20160714 2.jpg|thumb|[[Denny Chimes]] on the Quad]]',
43 => '[[File:UA President's Mansion 02.jpg|right|thumb|The [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], opposite Denny Chimes]]',
44 => 'From a small campus of seven buildings in the wilderness on the main road between Tuscaloosa and [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]] (now University Boulevard) in the 1830s, UA has grown to a massive {{convert|1970|acre|adj=on}} campus in the heart of Tuscaloosa. There are 297 buildings on campus containing some {{convert|10600000|sqft|m2}} of space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Facility Facts |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Facilities |access-date=June 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031030754/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/pages/facts.htm |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, the school added 168 acres to its campus by purchasing the land formerly belonging to [[Bryce Hospital]]. It also plans to acquire more land to accommodate the continuing growth of the enrollment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |title=University Planning, 2012 Campus Master Plan Update |access-date=September 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092108/http://www.uafacilities.ua.edu/planning/pages/cmp-update.htm |archive-date=October 8, 2011}}</ref>',
45 => '',
46 => 'The university maintains the [[University of Alabama Arboretum]] in eastern Tuscaloosa and the [[Dauphin Island Sea Lab]] on [[Dauphin Island, Alabama|Dauphin Island]], just off the Alabama Gulf Coast. In 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave the university a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "B+".<ref name="Sustainable Endowments Institute Report Card">{{cite web |title=College Sustainability Report Card 2011 |publisher=Sustainable Endowments Institute |url=http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |access-date=November 19, 2011 |archive-date=April 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404105625/http://www.greenreportcard.org/report-card-2011/schools/university-of-alabama |url-status=live}}</ref>',
47 => '',
48 => '===Landmarks===',
49 => 'UA is home to several museums, cultural facilities and historical landmarks.',
50 => '',
51 => 'The [[Alabama Museum of Natural History]] at Smith Hall exhibits Alabama's rich natural history. The oddest artifact there could be the [[Sylacauga (meteorite)|Sylacauga meteorite]], the largest known extraterrestrial object to strike a human being who survived. The [[Paul W. Bryant Museum]] houses memorabilia and exhibits on the history of UA athletic programs, most notably the tenure of football coach [[Bear Bryant|Paul "Bear" Bryant]]. Athletic trophies and awards are displayed at the [[Mal Moore]] Athletic Building, named for the university's former athletic director, near the Bryant Museum. The Sarah Moody Gallery of Art at Garland Hall hosts revolving exhibitions of contemporary art, including from the university's own permanent collection. The Ferguson Art Gallery at the Ferguson Center also hosts revolving art exhibitions. The [[Moundville Archaeological Site|Jones Archaeological Museum]] at [[Moundville, Alabama|Moundville]] exhibits the history of [[Mississippian culture]] in Alabama.',
52 => '',
53 => 'Numerous historical landmarks dot the campus, including the [[President's Mansion (University of Alabama)|President's Mansion]], [[Denny Chimes]], [[Foster Auditorium]] (a [[National Historical Landmark]]), the [[Gorgas–Manly Historic District]], and [[Old University of Alabama Observatory|Maxwell Observatory]].',
54 => '',
55 => 'A cemetery next to the Biology building includes the graves of two slaves who were owned by faculty members before the Civil War. Both men died in the 1840s, and their graves went unmarked until 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|title=On-campus gravesite recalls antebellum university|work=ua.edu|access-date=August 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174827/http://cw.ua.edu/2012/01/24/on-campus-gravesite-recalls-antebellum-university/|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>',
56 => '',
57 => 'Campus culture facilities include the Allen Bales Theater, the Marion Gallaway Theater, Morgan Auditorium, and the Frank M. Moody Music Building,<ref>[http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 Frank Moody Music Building (University of Alabama)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081909/http://www.woollenmolzan.com/projectview.asp?pid=18&cid=2&st=3 |date=July 18, 2011}}. [[Woollen, Molzan and Partners]], architects/planners web site. Retrieved July 20, 2010.</ref> which houses the Tuscaloosa Symphony Orchestra and the UA Opera Theatre, as well as three resident choirs.',
58 => '',
59 => '==Organization and administration==',
60 => '{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px;"',
61 => '! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | '''UA Academic Divisions'''',
62 => '|-',
63 => '| '''College/school''' || '''Created'''<ref name="encyclopedia-alabama"/>',
64 => '|-',
65 => '| colspan="2" |<hr />',
66 => '|-',
67 => '| College of Arts and Sciences || 1909',
68 => '|-',
69 => '| Culverhouse College of Business || 1919<ref>{{cite web |url=https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |title=Our History |website=The University of Alabama, The Culverhouse College of Business |access-date=2020-10-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021195747/https://culverhouse.ua.edu/our-college/mission-vision/our-history/ |url-status=live}}</ref>',
70 => '|-',
71 => '| [[University of Alabama College of Communication and Information Sciences|College of Communication and Information Sciences]] || 1997',
72 => '|-',
73 => '| [[UAB School of Medicine#Tuscaloosa|College of Community Health Sciences]]* || 1971',
74 => '|-',
75 => '| College of Continuing Studies** || 1983',
76 => '|-',
77 => '| College of Education || 1928',
78 => '|-',
79 => '| [[University of Alabama College of Engineering|College of Engineering]] || 1909',
80 => '|-',
81 => '| Graduate School || 1924',
82 => '|-',
83 => '| Honors College** || 2003',
84 => '|-',
85 => '| College of Human Environmental Sciences || 1987',
86 => '|-',
87 => '| [[University of Alabama School of Law|School of Law]] || 1892',
88 => '|-',
89 => '| Capstone College of Nursing || 1975',
90 => '|-',
91 => '| School of Social Work || 1975',
92 => '|-',
93 => '| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | *Degree-granting unit of UAB',
94 => '|-',
95 => '| colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 80%" | **Not a degree-granting unit',
96 => '|}',
97 => '',
98 => 'The University of Alabama is an autonomous institution within the [[University of Alabama System]], which is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama and headed by the chancellor of the University of Alabama. The state legislature created the board to govern the university's operations. Its responsibilities include setting policy for the university, determining the university's mission and scope, and assuming responsibility for the university to the public and the legislature.<ref name="bylaws">{{cite web |title=Board Manual |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |publisher=The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515232204/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Combined%20Board%20Manual.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The board is self-perpetuating and composed of 15 members and two [[ex officio]] members. The [[Constitution of Alabama|Constitution of the State of Alabama]] dictates the board's makeup and requires the board include three members from the [[congressional district]] that contains the Tuscaloosa campus and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. Board members are elected by the board and are confirmed by the [[Alabama Senate|Alabama State Senate]]. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.<ref name="board">{{cite web |title=The Board of Trustees of The University of Alabama, History and Purpose |url=http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |access-date=May 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515231429/http://www.uasystem.ua.edu/board/Board%20history.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
99 => '',
100 => 'The president of the University of Alabama is the principal executive officer of the university and is appointed by the chancellor with approval of the board of trustees. The president reports directly to the chancellor, and is responsible for the university's daily operations.<ref name="bylaws"/> The president's office is on the third floor of the Rose Administration Building, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's Mansion on campus. [[Stuart R. Bell]] became the 29th university president on July 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |title=Presidents of the University of Alabama |publisher=W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama |access-date=June 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803203052/http://www.lib.ua.edu/content/libraries/hoole/digital/presidents/pages/list.html |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
101 => '',
102 => '=== Academic staff ===',
103 => 'In fall 2015, UA employed 6,687 staff, including 1,868 instructional staff (faculty) and 2,064 professional staff. 19% of the faculty was non-white and 46% were women. 72% of faculty held a doctorate or the highest degree in their field. 32% of faculty were tenured or tenure-tracked. 29% of faculty were adjunct, clinical, or otherwise part-time.<ref name=faculty>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Faculty and Staff |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/faculty-and-staff/ |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |archive-date=January 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115043742/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/faculty-and-staff/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
104 => '',
105 => '===Colleges and academic divisions===',
106 => '[[File:UA School of Medicine tuscaloosa.png|thumb|left|School of Medicine – Tuscaloosa Branch]]',
107 => '[[File:Ua clark hall.jpg|thumb|Clark Hall is home of the College of Arts and Sciences]]',
108 => '',
109 => 'The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is the university's [[college]] for the [[liberal arts]], [[fine arts]], and [[science]]s. It is the largest of the university's 13 colleges, with approximately 8,400 undergraduate students and 1,000 graduate students. Most [[core curriculum]] classes and [[Bachelor's degree|majors and minors]] are part of the college.<ref name="web about page">{{cite web |url=https://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |title=About the College |website=College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124073331/http://as.ua.edu/about_as/ |url-status=live}}</ref>',
110 => '',
111 => 'There are 12 other academic divisions at the University of Alabama (see the table above). Eight divisions (<abbr title="Arts & Sciences">CAS</abbr>, C&BA, C&IS, Education, Engineering, HES, Nursing, and Social Work) grant undergraduate degrees. Degrees in those eight divisions at the master's, [[Ed.S.|specialist]], and [[doctorate|doctoral]] level are awarded through the Graduate School. The law school offers [[Juris Doctor|JD]] and [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] degree programs. CHS provides advanced studies in medicine and related disciplines and operates a family medicine residency program. Medical students are also trained in association with the [[University of Alabama School of Medicine]], from which they receive their degree.',
112 => '',
113 => 'The College of Continuing Studies provides correspondence courses and other types of distance education opportunities for non-traditional students. It operates a distance education facility in [[Gadsden, Alabama|Gadsden]].',
114 => '',
115 => 'Founded in 1971 and merged into the College of Arts and Sciences in 1996, the New College's stated objectives were to "create an opportunity for a highly individualized education that enables students to draw from the resources of all University classes and faculty" and to "serve as an experimental unit with the expectation of exporting successful innovations to other sectors of the University."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |title=History |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150700/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/history/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The college allows undergraduate students flexibility in choosing their curriculum while completing a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree in interdisciplinary studies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |title=About |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150659/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The ''New College Review'', a non-fiction cultural journal, is written, edited, designed and published by students.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |title=New College Review |website=New College, The University of Alabama |access-date=2019-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150734/https://nc.as.ua.edu/about/new-college-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref>',
116 => '',
117 => 'The Honors College is a non-degree granting division that encompasses all the university's selective undergraduate honors programs.',
118 => '',
119 => '===Endowment===',
120 => 'The University of Alabama System's [[financial endowment]] was valued at $1.520 billion in the National Association of College and University Business Officers' (NACUBO) 2019 listings.<ref name="endowment">{{cite web |title=U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY2014 to FY2015 |work=2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments|publisher=National Association of College and University Business Officers |url=http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2018_NCSE_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> UA's portion of the system's endowment was valued at $885.7 million in September 2015.<ref name="financials_2014-15">{{Cite report |title= The University of Alabama Financial Report 2018 |url= https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |year= 2015 |publisher= The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama |access-date= June 13, 2019 |archive-date= April 12, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190412174555/https://finance-estus.fa.ua.edu/FinancialAccounting/FAPPub/UA%20Financial%20Reports/ua-financial-report%2014-15.pdf |url-status= live}}</ref>',
121 => '',
122 => 'In 2002, the university embarked on a $500 million capital campaign entitled "Our Students. Our Future".<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA Announces $500 Million Capital Campaign |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=April 8, 2006 |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignannouncement.html |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123083157/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignannouncement.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The focus of the campaign was stated to be "student scholarships, faculty support, campus facilities and priority needs" by adding $250 million to university endowment and an additional $250 to the non-endowed funds.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/ourpriorities.html |title=Our Goals. Our Priorities. |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121163706/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/ourpriorities.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The "quiet phase" (which lasted until 2006) of the campaign raised $299 million. In November 2007, the university announced that it had raised $428 million.<ref name="campaignupdate1107">{{cite press release |title=UA's "Our Students. Our Future." Campaign Reaches $428 Million |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=November 7, 2007 |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignupdate1107.html |access-date=November 25, 2007 |archive-date=November 23, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123083202/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/campaignupdate1107.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The $500 million goal was surpassed in May 2008 and when the campaign officially concluded in 2009, it had raised $612 million.<ref>{{cite press release |title=UA Announces Completion of Successful Capital Campaign |url=http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/success.html |publisher=The University of Alabama |date=July 9, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=August 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823215029/http://ourstudentsourfuture.ua.edu/success.html |url-status=live}}</ref>',
123 => '',
124 => '==Academics==',
125 => '[[File:Shelby UA.jpg|right|thumb|Shelby Hall is the center of the Science and Engineering Complex, a 1,000,000 sq.ft teaching and research facility.]]',
126 => '',
127 => '=== Classification ===',
128 => 'The University of Alabama is [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|classified]] among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |title=The University of Alabama |publisher=[[Indiana University]] |date=2020 |access-date=May 19, 2020 |archive-date=November 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125001514/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a large, four-year primarily residential university accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.<ref name="DOE">{{cite web |title=College Navigator – The University of Alabama |url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |publisher=National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615071558/http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?id=100751 |url-status=live}}</ref> Full-time, four-year undergraduates comprise a large amount of the university enrollment. The undergraduate instructional program emphasizes professional programs of study as well as the liberal arts, and there is a high level of co-existence between the graduate and undergraduate program. The university has a very high level<ref>{{cite web|title=Carnegie Lists UA among Elite Research Institutions|url=https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|publisher=University of Alabama News|access-date=December 18, 2018|archive-date=December 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044416/https://www.ua.edu/news/2018/12/carnegie-lists-ua-among-elite-research-institutions/|url-status=live}}</ref> of research activity and has a "comprehensive doctoral" graduate instructional program in the liberal arts, humanities, social sciences. health sciences (medical school), and [[STEM fields]].',
129 => '',
130 => 'UA began offering engineering classes in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |title=2010-2012 Undergraduate Catalog |website=The University of Alabama |access-date=6 December 2010 |archive-date=December 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222083703/http://catalogs.ua.edu/catalog10/501900.html#1 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was one of the first universities in the nation to offer an engineering degree. Over the last decade, UA has greatly expanded its science and engineering programs, in terms of numbers of students, faculty hired, and number and size of new academic/research facilities (almost 1 million in new square footage).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|title='Vision is Reality' |work= The University of Alabama News – The College of Engineering |date=April 8, 2014|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423210222/http://news.eng.ua.edu/2014/04/vision-is-reality-with-the-opening-of-the-final-building-ua-ready-for-a-new-era-of-engineering-and-science/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's College of Engineering enrolls more students than any other engineering program in the state as of 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |title=Fact sheet |website=eng.auburn.edu |access-date=2019-05-15 |archive-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401141147/http://eng.auburn.edu/files/admin/ecm/fact-sheet-print.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|title=By The Numbers|access-date=March 31, 2020|archive-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620035019/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> UA's freshman engineering classes have also had the highest average ACT score among all state of Alabama engineering programs for the last several years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|title=The University of Alabama – 2015|website=profiles.asee.org|access-date=April 14, 2016|archive-date=April 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428091803/http://profiles.asee.org/profiles/6799/screen/19?school_name=The+University+of+Alabama|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers|title=By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-date=January 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112075217/https://eng.ua.edu/about/numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref>',
131 => '',
132 => '=== Degrees conferred ===',
133 => 'Ten of the university's thirteen academic units (see above) offer degree programs in at total of 117 areas of study. Two areas, economics and health care management, are offered jointly by separate units (Commerce and Business Administration and Arts & Sciences for both), and one area (material science) is offered jointly by the other universities in the UA system.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degree Programs Offered by College/School |format=table |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2016 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degree-programs-offered-by-college-school/ |archive-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913110452/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degree-programs-offered-by-college-school/ |url-status=live}}</ref>',
134 => '',
135 => 'UA conferred 7,905 degrees in the 2014–2015 academic year, including 5,662 bachelor's degrees (2,081 with [[Latin honors]]), 1,672 master's degrees, 379 doctorates and 144 professional degrees.<ref>{{cite web |title=Factbook: Degrees Awarded |publisher=The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment |access-date=August 29, 2015 |url=http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level |archive-date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422215313/http://oira.ua.edu/factbook/reports/degrees-awarded/1984-1985/degrees-awarded-by-student-level/ |url-status=live}}/</ref>',
136 => '',
137 => '[[Latin honors]] are conferred on graduates completing a bachelor's degree for the first time (including at other universities) with an overall grade point average of at least 3.5. ''Cum laude'' honors are conferred to graduates with a GPA of 3.5 or greater and less than 3.7 (without rounding). ''Magna cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.7 or greater and less than 3.9. ''Summa cum laude'' honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.9 or higher.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honors |url=http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |work=University of Alabama Undergraduate Catalog 2010–2012 |access-date=May 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814005719/http://courseleaf.ua.edu/introduction/academicpolicies/honors/ |archive-date=August 14, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
138 => '',
139 => '=== Academic calendar ===',
140 => 'The university follows a standard academic calendar based on the [[semester#United States|semester system]], which divides the [[academic year#Academic year|academic year]], starting in mid-August, into two 15-week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in December and the spring term lasts from January to early May. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into a 3-week "mini-semester" in May and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively.<ref name="academic-calender">{{cite web |title=Academic Calendars |url=http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |publisher=The Office of the University Registrar, University of Alabama |access-date=May 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180612/http://registrar.ua.edu/academics/academic-calendars/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>',
141 => '',
142 => '===Rankings===',
143 => '{{col-begin}}',
144 => '{{col-break}}',
145 => '{{Infobox US university ranking',
146 => '| ARWU_N = 134-154',
147 => '| ARWU_W = 501-600',
148 => '| Forbes = 252',
149 => '| THE_WSJ = 401-500',
150 => '| QS_W = 801–1000',
151 => '| THES_W = 601–800',
152 => '| USNWR_NU = 148',
153 => '| USNWR_W = 419',
154 => '| Wamo_NU = 344',
155 => '}}',
156 => '{{col-break}}',
157 => '{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"',
158 => '|-',
159 => '! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |National Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Grad School Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|archive-date=September 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905033624/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/the-university-of-alabama-100751/overall-rankings|url-status=live}}</ref>',
160 => '|-',
161 => '! Program',
162 => '! Ranking',
163 => '|-',
164 => '| Biological Sciences || 130',
165 => '|-',
166 => '| Business || 41',
167 => '|-',
168 => '| Chemistry || 88',
169 => '|-',
170 => '| Clinical Psychology || 80',
171 => '|-',
172 => '| Computer Science || 111',
173 => '|-',
174 => '| Earth Sciences || 114',
175 => '|-',
176 => '| Economics || 90',
177 => '|-',
178 => '| Education || 84',
179 => '|-',
180 => '| Engineering || 119',
181 => '|-',
182 => '| English || 116',
183 => '|-',
184 => '| Fine Arts || 158',
185 => '|-',
186 => '| History || 98',
187 => '|-',
188 => '| Law || 31',
189 => '|-',
190 => '| Library & Information Studies || 28',
191 => '|-',
192 => '| Mathematics || 108',
193 => '|-',
194 => '| Physics || 83',
195 => '|-',
196 => '| Political Science || 96',
197 => '|-',
198 => '| Psychology || 112',
199 => '|-',
200 => '| Public Affairs || 101',
201 => '|-',
202 => '| Rehabilitation Counseling || 47',
203 => '|-',
204 => '| Social Work || 44',
205 => '|-',
206 => '| Speech–Language Pathology || 72',
207 => '|}',
208 => '{{col-break}}',
209 => '{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="float:right" "text-align:center"',
210 => '|-',
211 => '! colspan=4 style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Alabama Crimson Tide|color=white}}" |Global Program Rankings<ref name="USNWR Global Univ Rankings">{{cite web|title=University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings|work=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=October 1, 2020|year=2021|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|archive-date=October 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002180903/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/university-of-alabama-100751|url-status=live}}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [
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87 => 'https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/',
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241 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20201211053215/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848',
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248 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224711/https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/',
249 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220250/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20010907/News/606125062/TL',
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252 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220258/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED476569.pdf#page=243',
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255 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210403183034/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/',
256 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20210403185703/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/5f5bcd764736214759aa9b09t',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>JIMEY IS HERMAPHRODITE!!!!!!!!!!!
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_State_University" title="Alabama State University">Alabama State University</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048617464">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size:125%;">The University of Alabama</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:University_of_Alabama_seal.svg" class="image"><img alt="University of Alabama seal.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/University_of_Alabama_seal.svg/180px-University_of_Alabama_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="177" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/University_of_Alabama_seal.svg/270px-University_of_Alabama_seal.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/University_of_Alabama_seal.svg/360px-University_of_Alabama_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="213" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Capstone of Higher Education</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flagship_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagship university">flagship</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">December 18, 1820<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1820-12-18</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia-alabama_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-alabama-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Parent institution</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System" title="University of Alabama System">University of Alabama System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">SACS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">ORAU</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Sea_Grant_College_Program" title="National Sea Grant College Program">Sea-grant</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$832.8 million (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stuart_R._Bell" title="Stuart R. Bell">Stuart R. Bell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,908 (1,454 full-time & 454 part-time)<sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">37,840<sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31,670</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,170</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r994658806">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Alabama&params=33_12_39_N_87_32_46_W_region:US-AL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°12′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">87°32′46″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.21083°N 87.54611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.21083; -87.54611</span></span></span></a></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r994658806"/><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="/enwiki//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_Alabama&params=33_12_39_N_87_32_46_W_region:US-AL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°12′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">87°32′46″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.21083°N 87.54611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.21083; -87.54611</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">Rural</a>/<a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="College Town">College Town</a>, 1,970 acres (8.0 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Crimson_White" title="The Crimson White">The Crimson White</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimson#School_colors" title="Crimson">Crimson</a>, Cool Gray, & White<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#9E1B32; color:white;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#828A8F; color:black;"> </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"/><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide">Crimson Tide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FBS">NCAA Division I FBS</a> – <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">SEC</a></li><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Al_(mascot)" title="Big Al (mascot)">Big Al</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ua.edu">www<wbr />.ua<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:University_of_Alabama_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="University of Alabama logo.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/University_of_Alabama_logo.svg/170px-University_of_Alabama_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="44" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/University_of_Alabama_logo.svg/255px-University_of_Alabama_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/University_of_Alabama_logo.svg/340px-University_of_Alabama_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="151" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>The University of Alabama</b> JIMEY IS A HERMAPHRODITE!!!!!
|-
! Program
! Ranking
|-
| Chemistry || 434
|-
| Clinical Medicine || 701
|-
| Economics & Business || 205
|-
| Engineering || 669
|-
| Materials Science || 493
|-
| Physics || 176
|-
| Social Sciences & Public Health || 387
|}
 
</p><p>
|}
</p><p>In the 2021 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> rankings, UA was tied for 143rd in the <i>National Universities</i> category (tied for 65th among "Top Public Schools").<sup id="cite_ref-USNews-rankings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNews-rankings-5">[5]</a></sup> Additionally, in the 2021 <i>U.S. News</i> rankings, the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Alabama Law School">law school</a> was tied for 31st in the nation, the business school was tied for 41st, the education school tied for 84th, and the engineering school was tied for 119th.<sup id="cite_ref-USNews-rankings_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNews-rankings-5">[5]</a></sup> In 2016, <i>Business Insider</i> ranked the UA law school as the third best public law school in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>In August 2020, the University of Alabama's College of Communication & Information Sciences was recognized for having the nation's top public relations program. The UA Department of Advertising and Public Relations was named the Most Outstanding Education Program by PRWeek during the 2020 PRWeek Awards. It is the department's ninth recognition as a finalist for the award and first selection as the top program.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>As of 2021 <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></i> ranks University of Alabama first in the nation as a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Party_school" title="Party school">party school</a>, and first for having lots of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Greek life</a>. The university is also ranked the 8th most <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">LGBT unfriendly</a> school in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Libraries"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Libraries</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Research"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Research</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#SECU:_SEC_Academic_Initiative"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">SECU: SEC Academic Initiative</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Student_body"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Student body</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Admissions"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Admissions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Enrollment"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Enrollment</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Student_life"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Student life</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Residential_life"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Residential life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Student_government"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Student government</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#SGA_controversy"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">SGA controversy</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Greek_life"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Greek life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Honor_societies"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Honor societies</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Student_media"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Student media</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Athletics_and_traditions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Athletics and traditions</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Football"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Football</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#School_songs"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">School songs</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Alumni"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Alumni</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries">Libraries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags,_UA,_Tuscaloosa,_South_view_20160714_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg/220px-Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg/330px-Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg/440px-Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6311" data-file-height="4229" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas_Library_and_Flags,_UA,_Tuscaloosa,_South_view_20160714_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library on the Quad</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:McLure_Library,_UA,_Tuscaloosa,_South_view_20160714_1.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/McLure_Library%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg/220px-McLure_Library%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/McLure_Library%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg/330px-McLure_Library%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/McLure_Library%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg/440px-McLure_Library%2C_UA%2C_Tuscaloosa%2C_South_view_20160714_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6901" data-file-height="3957" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:McLure_Library,_UA,_Tuscaloosa,_South_view_20160714_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>McLure Library in 2016</div></div></div>
<p>The University of Alabama has 2.9 million document volumes, along with nearly 100,000 uncataloged government documents in its collection; of these 2.5 million volumes are held by the University Libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> The University Libraries system has six separate libraries.
</p><p>The Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library, which sits on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Quad" title="University of Alabama Quad">Main Quad</a>, is the oldest and largest of the university libraries. Gorgas Library holds the university's collections in the humanities and social sciences, as well as the university's depository of US government documents. The library opened in 1939 as a four-story Greek Revival structure on the site of the original university Rotunda and was named after the long-time university librarian and wife of eighth university president Josiah Gorgas. A seven-story addition was built behind the library in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Angelo Bruno Business Library, in the Business Quad, is named after the co-founder of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bruno%27s" title="Bruno's">Bruno's</a> grocery chain who gave the university $4 million to create a library focusing on commerce and business studies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> Opened in 1994, the 64,000-square-foot (5,900 m<sup>2</sup>), three-story facility holds over 170,000 volumes. Bruno Library also houses the 9,500-square-foot (880 m<sup>2</sup>) Sloan Y. Bashinsky Sr. Computer Center.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Eric and Sarah Rodgers Library for Science and Engineering, in the Science and Engineering Quad, is named after two popular, long-time professors of engineering and statistics, respectively. It opened in 1990, combining the Science Library collection in Lloyd Hall and the Engineering Library collection in the Mineral Industries Building (now known as HM Comer Hall). Rodgers Library was designed with help from IBM to incorporate the latest in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">informatics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> McLure Education Library was founded in 1954 in a remodeled student union annex (across the street from the old Student Union, now Reese Phifer Hall) and named in 1974 after John Rankin McLure, the longtime dean of the College of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup> The William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library, which holds the university's collection of rare and historical documents and books, is in Mary Harmon Bryant Hall. The Library Annex holds seldom-used books and journals, as well as other volumes which need special protection, that would otherwise take up valuable space in the libraries.
</p><p>Other libraries on campus are independent of the University Libraries. The 66,000-square-foot (6,100 m<sup>2</sup>) Bounds Law Library, at the Law Center, holds more than 300,000 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> Established in 1978, the Health Sciences Library, at the University Medical Center, serves students at the College of Community Health Sciences. Its 20,000-volume collection includes clinical medicine, family practice, primary care, medical education, consumer health, and related health care topics. Located in Farah Hall (home of the Department of Geography) the Map Library and Place Names Research Center holds over 270,000 maps and 75,000 aerial photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup> The William E. Winter Reading Room of the College of Communication and Information Sciences is in Reese Phifer Hall and holds over 10,000 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> The School of Social Work Reading Room is in Little Hall and just around 200 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</p><p>UA is one of the 126 members of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a>, which yearly compiles internal rankings. In 2011, the University of Alabama ranked 56th among all criteria, a marked improvement over a 2003 ranking of 97th.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the fall of 2011, the University of Alabama Trustees approved a resolution to expand Gorgas Library by 50,000 square feet (4,600 m<sup>2</sup>), doubling the seating capacity from 1,139 to 2,278. This expansion also signaled the beginning of the construction of an Academic Honors Plaza, between the library and Clark Hall. The plaza includes green-space, fountains, benches, and decorative lighting.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In academic year 2014–2015, UA received $76 million in research contracts and grants.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_International_Trade_Center" title="Alabama International Trade Center">Alabama International Trade Center</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Public_Safety" title="Center for Advanced Public Safety">Center for Advanced Public Safety</a> are two research centers at UA.
</p><p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">US Department of Homeland Security</a> has selected The University of Alabama as a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Information Assurance Education and Research.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup>
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="SECU:_SEC_Academic_Initiative">SECU: SEC Academic Initiative</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: SECU: SEC Academic Initiative">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>The University of Alabama is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Conference#Formation_of_SECU_and_SEC_academic_network" title="Southeastern Conference">SECU</a>, the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship and achievement amongst the member universities in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern conference">Southeastern conference</a>. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Conference#Member_universities" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference universities</a>. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">faculty</a>, students and its universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, the University of Alabama participated in the SEC Symposium in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia which was organized and led by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Georgia#Bioenergy_Systems_Research_Institute" title="University of Georgia">UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute</a>. The topic of the symposium was titled "The Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_body">Student body</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Student body">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Admissions">Admissions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin:10px; text-align:center; font-size:85%; margin:auto;">
<caption><i>Fall Admission Statistics</i><sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup>
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th></th>
<th>2020</th>
<th>2019</th>
<th>2018</th>
<th>2017</th>
<th>2016
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th>Applicants
</th>
<td>39,560</td>
<td>38,505</td>
<td>37,302</td>
<td>38,129</td>
<td>38,237
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Admits
</th>
<td>31,804</td>
<td>31,835</td>
<td>22,032</td>
<td>21,344</td>
<td>20,107
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>% Admitted
</th>
<td>80.4</td>
<td>82.7</td>
<td>59.0</td>
<td>56.0</td>
<td>52.6
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Enrolled
</th>
<td>6,466</td>
<td>6,764</td>
<td>6,663</td>
<td>7,407</td>
<td>7,559
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th>Avg GPA
</th>
<td>3.82</td>
<td>3.77</td>
<td>3.71</td>
<td>3.72</td>
<td>3.69
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In fall 2020, the university received 39,560 applications for first-time freshman enrollment, from which 31,804 applications were accepted (80.4%) and 6,466 freshmen enrolled.<sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup> Of the 77% of enrolled freshmen who submitted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ACT_(test)" title="ACT (test)">ACT</a> scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 23 and 31 (21–29 Math, 23–33 English, 6–8 Writing). Of the 23% of the incoming freshman class who submitted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1070–1330, with 540–660 for evidence-based reading and 530–670 for Math.<sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup> The average high school <a href="/enwiki/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a> of incoming freshmen was 3.82; 92% had a GPA of 3.00 or higher.<sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enrollment">Enrollment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Enrollment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:10px">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="5" style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">Student Body Demographics – Fall 2020<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">UG
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">GR
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demographics_of_Alabama" title="Demographics of Alabama">AL</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Demography_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the United States">US</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">84.0%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">71.5%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">72.14%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">63.70%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">12.1%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">14.6%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">26.70%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">12.60%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.8%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.0%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.34%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">16.30%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">5.0%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4.5%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.02%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">4.80%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">AINA</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.9%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.5%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.98%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.90%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands Americans">NHPI</a>
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.5%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.6%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.07%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.20%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">Not reported
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">0.5%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.2%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">2.00%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">6.20%
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: right;">International
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">1.9%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">10.2%
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">–
</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">–
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In fall 2020, the university had an enrollment of 37,840 students, consisting of 31,670 undergraduates and 6,170 postgraduates, from all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Alabama" title="List of counties in Alabama">67 Alabama counties</a>, all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and 78 foreign nations. Alabama residents comprised 41.4% of the undergraduate student body; out-of-state residents comprised 55.4%, and international (non-resident alien) students comprised 3.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-census-enrollment_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-enrollment-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>The five Alabama counties with the highest enrollment of students were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuscaloosa_County,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa County, Alabama">Tuscaloosa</a> (3,158 students), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Alabama" title="Jefferson County, Alabama">Jefferson</a> (2,836), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama" title="Madison County, Alabama">Madison</a> (1,295), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelby_County,_Alabama" title="Shelby County, Alabama">Shelby</a> (1,290) and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mobile_County,_Alabama" title="Mobile County, Alabama">Mobile</a> (988), while the five states (beside Alabama) with the highest enrollment of students were <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> (2,518 students), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1,709), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (1,649), Florida (1,550), and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> (1,465).<sup id="cite_ref-census-enrollment_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-enrollment-31">[31]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2013, UA ranked 1st in the nation among public universities in the enrollment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Merit_Scholarship_Program" title="National Merit Scholarship Program">National Merit Scholars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_life">Student life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Student life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_(34012835260).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_%2834012835260%29.jpg/220px-Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_%2834012835260%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_%2834012835260%29.jpg/330px-Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_%2834012835260%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_%2834012835260%29.jpg/440px-Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_%2834012835260%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Campus_Scene_-_University_of_Alabama-Tuscaloosa_-_Tuscaloosa_-_Alabama_-_USA_-_02_(34012835260).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A group of students on campus in 2017</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Residential_life">Residential life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Residential life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The board of trustees chose to locate the UA campus in a field a mile away from the center of the town of Tuscaloosa (which was a considerable distance in early 19th century Alabama). The board consciously chose to make on-campus residence an integral part of the student experience at UA. Dormitories were among the first buildings erected at Alabama (the remains of one [Franklin Hall] is now the Mound on the Quad), and student residential life has been emphasized at UA ever since. Dormitories at the university include Blount Hall, Bryant Hall, Burke Hall, Harris Hall, John England, Jr. Hall, Lakeside Hall, Parham Hall, Paty Hall, Presidential Village I and II, Riverside Hall, Tutwiler Hall, and Ridgecrest East, West, and South. There are also two on-campus apartment complexes, Bryce Lawn and the Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> Today nearly 30% of students live on campus, including over 90% of first-year freshmen.<sup id="cite_ref-common-data-set_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-common-data-set-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_government">Student government</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Student government">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The Student Government Association is the primary student advocacy organization at UA. The SGA is governed by the SGA Constitution<sup id="cite_ref-SGA-constitution_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGA-constitution-34">[34]</a></sup> and consists of a legislative branch, an executive branch and a judicial council.
</p>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="SGA_controversy">SGA controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SGA controversy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Machine_(social_group)" title="The Machine (social group)">The Machine (social group)</a></div>
<p>Since its founding in 1914, a secretive coalition of fraternities and sororities, commonly known as "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Machine_(social_group)" title="The Machine (social group)">The Machine</a>", has wielded enormous influence over the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Student_Government_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Student Government Association">Student Government Association</a>. Occurrences of harassment, intimidation, and even criminal activities aimed at opposition candidates have been reported. Many figures in local, state, and national politics have come out of the SGA at the University of Alabama. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a></i> devoted its April 1992 cover story to an exposé of The Machine. The controversy led to the university disbanding the SGA in 1993, which wasn't undone until 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews2006-35">[35]</a></sup> "Machine" fraternities and sororities have traditionally accepted only white pledges, with only one documented case of an African American student being offered entry, in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Controversy surrounding The Machine reemerged in August 2013, when sororities and fraternities were mobilized to elect two former SGA presidents, Cason Kirby and Lee Garrison, in closely contested municipal school board races.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> Before election day, questions about illegal voter registration were raised when evidence emerged that indicated eleven fraternity members fraudulently claimed to be living in a single house in one district.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup> And on election day, leaked emails suggested that sorority/fraternity members may have been provided incentives to vote—including free drinks at local bars.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup> As a result of possible voter fraud, Kirby's opponent filed a lawsuit challenging the election results<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> and University of Alabama faculty have questioned whether The Machine has corrupted the democratic process in the City of Tuscaloosa.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Greek_life">Greek life</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Greek life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg/220px-Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg/330px-Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg/440px-Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="939" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alabama_Frat_Row.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Fraternity Row, c. 1943</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_(University_of_Alabama).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_%28University_of_Alabama%29.png/220px-Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_%28University_of_Alabama%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_%28University_of_Alabama%29.png/330px-Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_%28University_of_Alabama%29.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_%28University_of_Alabama%29.png/440px-Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_%28University_of_Alabama%29.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="232" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Pi_Kappa_Phi_Omicron_Chapter_(University_of_Alabama).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">Pi Kappa Phi</a>, Omicron Chapter</div></div></div>
<p>Greek letter organizations (GLOs) first appeared at the university in 1847 when two men visiting from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> installed a chapter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> When DKE members began holding secret meetings in the old state capitol building that year, the administration strongly voiced its disapproval.<sup id="cite_ref-Sellers_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellers-45">[45]</a></sup> Over a few more decades, 7 other fraternities appeared at UA: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> in 1850, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a> in 1855, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">Sigma Alpha Epsilon</a> in 1856 (this was the founding chapter), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">Kappa Sigma</a> in 1867, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">Sigma Nu</a> in 1874, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> in 1876, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a> in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-GLOs_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOs-46">[46]</a></sup> Anti-fraternity laws were imposed that year, but were lifted in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sellers_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sellers-45">[45]</a></sup> Women at the university founded the Zeta chapter of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">Kappa Delta</a> sorority in 1903. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a> soon followed.<sup id="cite_ref-GLOs_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOs-46">[46]</a></sup>
</p><p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a> at UA fraternities, as in most American colleges, has been common. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atlanta_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta Constitution">Atlanta Constitution</a> newspaper reported students receiving "100 licks with a paddle" by fellow students multiple times in the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>In fall 2009, the university sanctioned 29 men's and 23 women's GLOs.<sup id="cite_ref-GLOs_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOs-46">[46]</a></sup> Additionally, an unknown number of non-sanctioned GLOs existed. Four governing boards oversee the operations of the university-sanctioned GLOs: the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interfraternity_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfraternity Council">Interfraternity Council</a> (IFC), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Panhellenic_Conference" title="National Panhellenic Conference">National Panhellenic Conference</a> (NPC), the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> (NPHC) and the Unified Greek Council (UGC).
</p><p>The number of men in GLOs more than doubled from 2002 to 2009, with fifteen fraternities reporting active memberships of more than 100 (where as recently as 2001 none reported memberships greater than 100). Following 2008 fall recruitment, almost all Panhellenic sororities participating through all rounds had potential new member class sizes of 80 or more; nearly all Panhellenic sororities also now have more than 200 total members. To accommodate growth in the student population since 2005, the university has sanctioned three new fraternities and two new sororities.<sup id="cite_ref-GLOs_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GLOs-46">[46]</a></sup> Additionally, four new sorority houses were added, built behind the President's Mansion.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>Despite having the first non-white student initiated into a historically white Greek organization on campus in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup> high segregation within Alabama's Greek system has long been considered a major point of concern due to many other public college Greek systems becoming more integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbhe_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbhe-51">[51]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_P._Hermann" title="John P. Hermann">John P. Hermann</a>, a now-retired English professor, tried in the 1990s and 2000s to end what he referred to as "taxpayer-supported segregation".<sup id="cite_ref-zengerle_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zengerle-52">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> Controversy erupted again in September 2013, when a story in the campus paper, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Crimson_White" title="The Crimson White">The Crimson White</a></i>, revealed that alumnae of Greek organizations had prevented a black student from being accepted in an all-white sorority.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> As a result, the Alabama Panhellenic Association allowed recruitment to continue through continuous open bidding.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> According to <i>TIME</i>, a deal that would allow black students to join historically white sororities was announced by the university as "the first step toward ending more than a century of systematic segregation in the school's sorority system".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup>
</p><p>With over 10,000 active students, UA has one of the largest Greek systems in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> In 2019, 29% of male undergraduates were in university-sanctioned fraternities; 44% of female undergraduates were in university-sanctioned sororities.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="5">Fraternities <small>(NIC)</small><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup>
</th>
<th colspan="3">Sororities <small>(NPC)</small><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Lambda" title="Alpha Kappa Lambda">Alpha Kappa Lambda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Sigma_Phi" title="Alpha Sigma Phi">Alpha Sigma Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi" title="Beta Theta Pi">Beta Theta Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Beta_Upsilon_Chi" title="Beta Upsilon Chi">Beta Upsilon Chi</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_Phi" title="Chi Phi">Chi Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Chi" title="Delta Chi">Delta Chi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Phi" title="Delta Sigma Phi">Delta Sigma Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">Delta Tau Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">Kappa Alpha Order</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Sigma" title="Kappa Sigma">Kappa Sigma</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambda_Chi_Alpha" title="Lambda Chi Alpha">Lambda Chi Alpha</a></li>
<li>Lambda Sigma Phi</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Gamma_Delta" title="Phi Gamma Delta">Phi Gamma Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Psi" title="Phi Kappa Psi">Phi Kappa Psi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Sigma" title="Phi Kappa Sigma">Phi Kappa Sigma</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Tau" title="Phi Kappa Tau">Phi Kappa Tau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Sigma_Kappa" title="Phi Sigma Kappa">Phi Sigma Kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Alpha" title="Pi Kappa Alpha">Pi Kappa Alpha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pi_Kappa_Phi" title="Pi Kappa Phi">Pi Kappa Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon">Sigma Alpha Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">Sigma Alpha Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">Sigma Nu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon" title="Sigma Phi Epsilon">Sigma Phi Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Pi" title="Sigma Pi">Sigma Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Tau_Gamma" title="Sigma Tau Gamma">Sigma Tau Gamma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theta_Chi" title="Theta Chi">Theta Chi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Chi_Omega" title="Alpha Chi Omega">Alpha Chi Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Chi" title="Alpha Delta Chi">Alpha Delta Chi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Pi" title="Alpha Delta Pi">Alpha Delta Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Gamma_Delta" title="Alpha Gamma Delta">Alpha Gamma Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Omicron_Pi" title="Alpha Omicron Pi">Alpha Omicron Pi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Phi" title="Alpha Phi">Alpha Phi</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chi_Omega" title="Chi Omega">Chi Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Delta_Delta" title="Delta Delta Delta">Delta Delta Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Gamma" title="Delta Gamma">Delta Gamma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Zeta" title="Delta Zeta">Delta Zeta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gamma_Phi_Beta" title="Gamma Phi Beta">Gamma Phi Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Theta" title="Kappa Alpha Theta">Kappa Alpha Theta</a></li></ul>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top; font-size:smaller;">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Delta" title="Kappa Delta">Kappa Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Gamma" title="Kappa Kappa Gamma">Kappa Kappa Gamma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Mu" title="Phi Mu">Phi Mu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pi_Beta_Phi" title="Pi Beta Phi">Pi Beta Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">Sigma Delta Tau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Kappa" title="Sigma Kappa">Sigma Kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeta_Tau_Alpha" title="Zeta Tau Alpha">Zeta Tau Alpha</a></li></ul>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>In 1987, the Theta Sigma Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha, Inc. became the first historically black Greek organization and the only historically black sorority with a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_American_fraternity_and_sorority_housing" title="North American fraternity and sorority housing">traditional house on sorority row</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> The previous year before moving on Greek row, the house AKA was making arrangements to acquire had <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_burning" title="Cross burning">burning crosses</a> on the front lawn. UA officials claimed it was a distasteful prank but the local black community disputed that claim saying it was a serious threat against integrating Greek row. Two white male students were briefly detained for questioning but they were not charged with anything and their full identity and Greek affiliations were never released.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> The Kappa Alpha Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha, Inc. is the first and only historically black fraternity with a traditional house on fraternity row.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup>
</p><p>The eight <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a> organizations represented on campus are listed below.
</p>
<dl><dt>Fraternities</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Psi" title="Kappa Alpha Psi">Kappa Alpha Psi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi" title="Omega Psi Phi">Omega Psi Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma" title="Phi Beta Sigma">Phi Beta Sigma</a></li></ul>
<dl><dt>Sororities</dt></dl>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Kappa_Alpha" title="Alpha Kappa Alpha">Alpha Kappa Alpha</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta" title="Delta Sigma Theta">Delta Sigma Theta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zeta_Phi_Beta" title="Zeta Phi Beta">Zeta Phi Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Gamma_Rho" title="Sigma Gamma Rho">Sigma Gamma Rho</a></li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Honor_societies">Honor societies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Honor societies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Several honor societies are present at the University of Alabama. Some honor societies are national organizations with a local chapter while others are local organizations.
</p>
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<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Delta" title="Alpha Epsilon Delta">Alpha Epsilon Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Lambda_Delta" title="Alpha Lambda Delta">Alpha Lambda Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alpha_Psi_Omega" title="Alpha Psi Omega">Alpha Psi Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnold_Air_Society" title="Arnold Air Society">Arnold Air Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_Key" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Key">Blue Key</a></li>
<li>Jasons Senior Men's Honorary<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kappa_Kappa_Psi" title="Kappa Kappa Psi">Kappa Kappa Psi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambda_Pi_Eta" title="Lambda Pi Eta">Lambda Pi Eta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lambda_Sigma" title="Lambda Sigma">Lambda Sigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mallet_Assembly" title="Mallet Assembly">Mallet Assembly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mortar_Board" title="Mortar Board">Mortar Board</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Society_of_Collegiate_Scholars" title="National Society of Collegiate Scholars">National Society of Collegiate Scholars</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Order_of_Omega" title="Order of Omega">Order of Omega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Omicron_Delta_Kappa" title="Omicron Delta Kappa">Omicron Delta Kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Alpha_Theta" title="Phi Alpha Theta">Phi Alpha Theta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Eta_Sigma" title="Phi Eta Sigma">Phi Eta Sigma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Mu_Alpha_Sinfonia" title="Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia">Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phi_Kappa_Phi" title="Phi Kappa Phi">Phi Kappa Phi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pi_Mu_Epsilon" title="Pi Mu Epsilon">Pi Mu Epsilon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Lambda" title="Sigma Alpha Lambda">Sigma Alpha Lambda</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sigma_Tau_Delta" title="Sigma Tau Delta">Sigma Tau Delta</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marquis_Who%27s_Who" title="Marquis Who's Who">Who's Who</a></li></ul>
</div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Student_media">Student media</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Student media">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Crimson_White" title="The Crimson White">Crimson White</a></i> is the student-produced newspaper. Published two times a week during the academic year and weekly during the summer, the <i>CW</i> normally distributes 15,000 copies per publication. The <i>CW</i> received a 2010 Mark of Excellence Award for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper at a Four-Year College or University" in the Southeast region by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Society_of_Professional_Journalists" title="Society of Professional Journalists">Society of Professional Journalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> The CW won the Mark of Excellence Award again in 2011 and a Gold Crown Award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its spring 2011 issues. The Crimson White was also inducted into the College Media Hall of Fame for its coverage of the April 2011 tornado that caused massive damage in Tuscaloosa.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> Other UA student publications include the "Blount Truth Literary Journal",<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> "Marr's Field Journal",<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup> and "Alice".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Athletics_and_traditions">Athletics and traditions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Athletics and traditions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide">Alabama Crimson Tide</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_traditions" title="University of Alabama traditions">University of Alabama traditions</a></div>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:127px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg/125px-Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg/188px-Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg/250px-Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="240" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alabama_Athletics_logo.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Alabama logo</div></div></div>
<p>The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the <i>Alabama Crimson Tide</i> (this name can be shortened to <i>Alabama</i>, the <i>Crimson Tide</i>, or even the <i>Tide</i>). The nickname <i>Crimson Tide</i> originates from a 1907 football game versus <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a> where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a "Crimson Tide", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.
</p><p>Alabama competes primarily in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a> (Western Division) of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a>. Alabama fields men's varsity teams in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">football</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_men%27s_basketball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_baseball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf" title="Alabama Crimson Tide golf">golf</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country</a>, swimming and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diving</a>, tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity teams are fielded in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_basketball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf" title="Alabama Crimson Tide golf">golf</a>, cross country, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_gymnastics" title="Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing</a>, soccer, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide softball">softball</a>, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_volleyball" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Crimson Tide volleyball">volleyball</a>. The athletic facilities on campus include the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium" title="Bryant–Denny Stadium">Bryant–Denny Stadium</a>, named after legendary football coach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_Bryant" title="Bear Bryant">Paul "Bear" Bryant</a> and former UA President George Denny, and the 14,619-seat <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coleman_Coliseum" title="Coleman Coliseum">Coleman Coliseum</a>. Alabama's women's rowing team competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA's Division I.
</p><p>Alabama maintains athletic rivalries with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a> and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>. The rivalry with Auburn is especially heated as it encompasses all sports. The annual Alabama-Auburn football game is nicknamed the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Bowl" title="Iron Bowl">Iron Bowl</a></i>. While the rivalry with Tennessee is centered around football for the most part, there is no shortage of acrimony, especially given the recent history between then-UT Coach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phillip_Fulmer" title="Phillip Fulmer">Phillip Fulmer</a> and his relationship to the Tide's most recent NCAA probation. There are also rivalries with <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a> (football and baseball), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a> (football and men's basketball), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State University</a> (football, men's basketball), <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> (women's gymnastics), and the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> (football, softball).
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Football">Football</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">Alabama Crimson Tide football</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg/400px-Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="130" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg/600px-Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg/800px-Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="1619" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bryant-Denny_Stadium_panoramic_2010-10-02.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium" title="Bryant–Denny Stadium">Bryant–Denny Stadium</a> in 2010</div></div></div>
<p>The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">University of Alabama football</a> program, started in 1892, has won 25 SEC titles and 18 national championships (including 9 awarded by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> and 8 by the Coaches Poll).<sup id="cite_ref-nationalchamps_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalchamps-74">[74]</a></sup> The program has compiled 36 10-win seasons and 59 bowl appearances, winning 32 of them – all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> records. Alabama has produced 18 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football#College_Football_Hall_of_Fame_inductees" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">hall-of-famers</a>, 97 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_All-Americans" title="List of Alabama Crimson Tide football All-Americans">All-Americans</a> honored 105 times, and 3 Heisman trophy winners (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Ingram_Jr." title="Mark Ingram Jr.">Mark Ingram Jr.</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derrick_Henry" title="Derrick Henry">Derrick Henry</a> and, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeVonta_Smith" title="DeVonta Smith">DeVonta Smith</a>).
</p><p>The Crimson Tide's current home venue, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium" title="Bryant–Denny Stadium">Bryant–Denny Stadium</a>, opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Iron_Bowl" title="Iron Bowl">Iron Bowl</a> against rival <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn University</a>, at <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Legion_Field" title="Legion Field">Legion Field</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>.
</p>
<div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Thestripuattown.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thestripuattown.JPG/220px-Thestripuattown.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thestripuattown.JPG/330px-Thestripuattown.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Thestripuattown.JPG/440px-Thestripuattown.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Thestripuattown.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"The Strip" during a home game in 2006. Located adjacent to Bryant-Denny Stadium and the campus</div></div></div>
<p>Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_Bryant" title="Bear Bryant">Paul "Bear" Bryant</a> whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Knute_Rockne" title="Knute Rockne">Knute Rockne</a>. Alabama's current head football coach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nick_Saban" title="Nick Saban">Nick Saban</a> has won a total of 7 national titles, including six at Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a <a href="/enwiki/wiki/1966_Notre_Dame_vs._Michigan_State_football_game" title="1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan State football game">10–10</a> tie in what was considered the "Game of the Century" and subsequently split the national championship.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg/220px-University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg/330px-University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg/440px-University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:University_of_Alabama_Campus_01.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A view of some campus buildings during seasonal <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">tailgating</a>, 2008. Denny Chimes visible in the background</div></div></div>
<p>On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mark_Ingram_Jr." title="Mark Ingram Jr.">Mark Ingram</a> was awarded the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heisman_Trophy" title="Heisman Trophy">Heisman Trophy</a> as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21–0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015, No. 1 Alabama lost to No. 4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42–35. On December 12, 2015, running back <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Derrick_Henry" title="Derrick Henry">Derrick Henry</a> was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming only the second winner for the University of Alabama. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45–40. In January 2017, Alabama lost to Clemson 35–31 in the National Championship. They beat SEC rival Georgia 26–23 in overtime during the 2018 National Championship in January 2018. In January 2019, Alabama lost to Clemson 44–16 in the National Championship. In the 2020 season, Alabama earned a 13–0 record against an all-SEC schedule during the COVID-19 pandemic including winning the SEC Championship against Florida, the Rose Bowl against Notre Dame, and the National Championship game against Ohio State. Crimson Tide Wide Receiver <a href="/enwiki/wiki/DeVonta_Smith" title="DeVonta Smith">DeVonta Smith</a> was awarded the Heisman Trophy, the program's third winner.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="School_songs">School songs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: School songs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The school's fight song is "<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Yea_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Yea Alabama">Yea Alabama</a>", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup> Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it is played by the Million Dollar Band during games and known to most people is simply the chorus of the larger song.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup> The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Annie_Lisle" title="Annie Lisle">Annie Lisle</a></i>, a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alumni">Alumni</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alumni">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_University_of_Alabama_people" title="List of University of Alabama people">List of University of Alabama people</a></div>
<p>University of Alabama graduates include 15 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholars</a>, 57 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goldwater_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldwater Scholarship">Goldwater Scholars</a>, and 16 <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Truman_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman Scholarship">Truman Scholars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup> UA graduates have also been named to the USA Today All-USA College Academic Team.<sup id="cite_ref-academic-all-americans_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academic-all-americans-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USA-Today_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA-Today-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p><p>The University of Alabama is the alma mater of numerous notable people in politics, sports, business, entertainment, science, art, and literature. Among UA's alumni are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_Bryant" title="Bear Bryant">Bear Bryant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DiRoma_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiRoma-84">[84]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mel_Allen" title="Mel Allen">Mel Allen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2007_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2007-85">[85]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Namath" title="Joe Namath">Joe Namath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DiRoma_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiRoma-84">[84]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jim_Nabors" title="Jim Nabors">Jim Nabors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bioguide_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioguide-88">[88]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a></sup> poet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor%C3%A9e_Fanonne_Jeffers" title="Honorée Fanonne Jeffers">Honorée Fanonne Jeffers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-haskins_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haskins-91">[91]</a></sup> and Wikipedia founder <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></sup>
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center">
<li class="gallerycaption">Notable University of Alabama alumni include:</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg/95px-HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg/143px-HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg/190px-HugoLaFayetteBlack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_(To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket,_1960).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg/87px-Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg/131px-Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg/174px-Photo_portrait_of_Harper_Lee_%28To_Kill_a_Mockingbird_dust_jacket%2C_1960%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="826" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Author <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:George_C_Wallace.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/81px-George_C_Wallace.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/122px-George_C_Wallace.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/George_C_Wallace.jpg/163px-George_C_Wallace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1373" data-file-height="2018" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Former Governor of Alabama <a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joe_Scarborough_(NBC_News).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joe_Scarborough_%28NBC_News%29.jpg/98px-Joe_Scarborough_%28NBC_News%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joe_Scarborough_%28NBC_News%29.jpg/147px-Joe_Scarborough_%28NBC_News%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Joe_Scarborough_%28NBC_News%29.jpg/195px-Joe_Scarborough_%28NBC_News%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="1854" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>News anchor and former Congressman <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Joe Scarborough</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bear_Bryant_1977_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bear_Bryant_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg/91px-Bear_Bryant_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bear_Bryant_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg/137px-Bear_Bryant_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Bear_Bryant_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-Bear_Bryant_1977_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="651" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Football coach <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_Bryant" title="Bear Bryant">Bear Bryant</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/120px-Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/180px-Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/240px-Gay_Talese_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1265" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Writer <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gay_Talese" title="Gay Talese">Gay Talese</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg/114px-Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg/172px-Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg/229px-Julio_Jones_Titans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Football player <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julio_Jones" title="Julio Jones">Julio Jones</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Richard_Shelby,_official_portrait,_112th_Congress_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Richard_Shelby%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/86px-Richard_Shelby%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Richard_Shelby%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Richard_Shelby%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Richard_Shelby%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-Richard_Shelby%2C_official_portrait%2C_112th_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Richard_Shelby" title="Richard Shelby">Richard Shelby</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_(cropped).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/171px-Jimmy_Wales_-_August_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="3578" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Co-founder of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Joe_Namath.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joe_Namath.jpg/96px-Joe_Namath.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joe_Namath.jpg/143px-Joe_Namath.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Joe_Namath.jpg/191px-Joe_Namath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="532" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Former football player <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joe_Namath" title="Joe Namath">Joe Namath</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Jeff_Sessions,_official_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeff_Sessions%2C_official_portrait.jpg/96px-Jeff_Sessions%2C_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeff_Sessions%2C_official_portrait.jpg/144px-Jeff_Sessions%2C_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jeff_Sessions%2C_official_portrait.jpg/192px-Jeff_Sessions%2C_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3716" data-file-height="4645" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:C._J._Mosley_(linebacker).JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/C._J._Mosley_%28linebacker%29.JPG/95px-C._J._Mosley_%28linebacker%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/C._J._Mosley_%28linebacker%29.JPG/143px-C._J._Mosley_%28linebacker%29.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/C._J._Mosley_%28linebacker%29.JPG/190px-C._J._Mosley_%28linebacker%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="1787" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Football player <a href="/enwiki/wiki/C._J._Mosley_(linebacker)" title="C. J. Mosley (linebacker)">C. J. Mosley</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"><div style="width: 125px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_(cropped_2).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/90px-Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/135px-Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/180px-Senator_Doug_Jones_official_photo_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="2508" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Former <a href="/enwiki/wiki/U.S._Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senator">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doug_Jones_(politician)" title="Doug Jones (politician)">Doug Jones</a>
</p>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-alabama-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-alabama_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>encyclopedia-alabama</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of June 30, 2019. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051">"University of Alabama"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227230433/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Funiversity-of-alabama-1051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-common-data-set-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-common-data-set_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type%5b0%5d%5b0%5d=Common%20Data%20Set">"Common Data Set"</a>. The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140842/https://oira.ua.edu/new/reports/?Report%20Type%5b0%5d%5b0%5d=Common%20Data%20Set">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Data+Set&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama+Office+of+Institutional+Research+and+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foira.ua.edu%2Fnew%2Freports%2F%3FReport%2520Type%5B0%5D%5B0%5D%3DCommon%2520Data%2520Set&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/">"Colors – Brand Guidelines"</a>. <i>Brand.UA.edu</i>. University of Alabama Division of Strategic Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200825011106/https://brand.ua.edu/colors-2/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brand.UA.edu&rft.atitle=Colors+%E2%80%93+Brand+Guidelines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrand.ua.edu%2Fcolors-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-USNews-rankings-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USNews-rankings_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USNews-rankings_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings">"University of Alabama Rankings"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701191804/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/overall-rankings">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=University+of+Alabama+Rankings&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Funiversity-of-alabama-1051%2Foverall-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFYarborough" class="citation web cs1">Yarborough, Emmie Martin, Tanza Loudenback and Kaitlyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016">"The 25 best public law schools in America"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120021439/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-public-law-schools-2016">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+25+best+public+law+schools+in+America&rft.aulast=Yarborough&rft.aufirst=Emmie+Martin%2C+Tanza+Loudenback+and+Kaitlyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbest-public-law-schools-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mathews2006-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathews2006_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFMathews2006" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Mary Chapman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139"><i>A Mansion's Memories</i></a>. U of Alabama P. pp. 139–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817315351" title="Special:BookSources/9780817315351"><bdi>9780817315351</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602035735/http://books.google.com/books?id=aFbh9_Pbm78C&pg=PT139">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mansion%27s+Memories&rft.pages=139-&rft.pub=U+of+Alabama+P&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780817315351&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Mary+Chapman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFbh9_Pbm78C%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2013" class="citation news cs1">Robertson, Campbell (September 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html">"Secret Society Dips Toe in City Politics, Prompting Lawsuit"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235731/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/secret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Secret+Society+Dips+Toe+in+City+Politics%2C+Prompting+Lawsuit&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F15%2Fus%2Fsecret-society-dips-toe-in-city-politics-prompting-lawsuit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFBenstead" class="citation news cs1">Benstead, Jon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011831/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/">"The Greek system and the meaning of Democracy"</a>. <i>The Crimson White</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/29/the-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy/">the original</a> on September 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crimson+White&rft.atitle=The+Greek+system+and+the+meaning+of+Democracy&rft.aulast=Benstead&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcw.ua.edu%2F2013%2F08%2F29%2Fthe-greek-system-and-the-meaning-of-democracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCW_Staff" class="citation news cs1">CW Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011743/http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/">"Law professor, BOE candidate's husband seeks action in wake of voting fraud allegations"</a>. <i>The Crimson White</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cw.ua.edu/2013/08/28/law-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations/">the original</a> on September 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Crimson+White&rft.atitle=Law+professor%2C+BOE+candidate%27s+husband+seeks+action+in+wake+of+voting+fraud+allegations&rft.au=CW+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcw.ua.edu%2F2013%2F08%2F28%2Flaw-professor-boe-candidates-husband-seeks-action-in-wake-of-voting-fraud-allegations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320160424/http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14">"Psi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uadke.org/s/index.cfm?SSID=14">the original</a> on March 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Psi+Chapter+of+Delta+Kappa+Epsilon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uadke.org%2Fs%2Findex.cfm%3FSSID%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Sellers-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sellers_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Sellers</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).
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<li id="cite_note-GLOs-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GLOs_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLOs_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLOs_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GLOs_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf">"Social Fraternities and Sororities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Alabama Factbook 2009–2010</i>. University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823150742/http://oira.ua.edu/d/sites/all/files/reports10/0910_factbook/0910_p56.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Alabama+Factbook+2009%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=Social+Fraternities+and+Sororities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foira.ua.edu%2Fd%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Freports10%2F0910_factbook%2F0910_p56.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254">"William Carlos Jemison, 1850–1901, Mayor of Tuscaloosa from 1880 to 1890 · Tuscaloosa Area Virtual Museum"</a>. <i>tavm.omeka.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214104044/https://tavm.omeka.net/items/show/254">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tavm.omeka.net&rft.atitle=William+Carlos+Jemison%2C+1850%E2%80%931901%2C+Mayor+of+Tuscaloosa+from+1880+to+1890+%C2%B7+Tuscaloosa+Area+Virtual+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftavm.omeka.net%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFEthan_Summers2010" class="citation news cs1">Ethan Summers (July 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807214312/http://cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011/">"Four new sorority houses to be built in 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cw.ua.edu/2010/07/22/four-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011">the original</a> on August 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Four+new+sorority+houses+to+be+built+in+2011&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft.au=Ethan+Summers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cw.ua.edu%2F2010%2F07%2F22%2Ffour-new-sorority-houses-to-be-built-in-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSanders" class="citation web cs1">Sanders, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/20010907/News/606125062">"UA sophomore says she's first black sorority member"</a>. <i>Tuscaloosa News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220250/https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/article/DA/20010907/News/606125062/TL">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=UA+sophomore+says+she%27s+first+black+sorority+member&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuscaloosanews.com%2Farticle%2F20010907%2FNews%2F606125062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFJacobs" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12">"I Still Think Joining A Fraternity Was One Of The Best Decisions I've Ever Made"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220259/https://www.businessinsider.com/greek-life-benefits-2014-12">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=I+Still+Think+Joining+A+Fraternity+Was+One+Of+The+Best+Decisions+I%27ve+Ever+Made&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fgreek-life-benefits-2014-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jbhe-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jbhe_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The University of Alabama: Where Racial Segregation Remains a Way of Life". <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i>. <b>32</b> (32): 22–24. 2001. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2678750">10.2307/2678750</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.jstor.org/stable/2678750">2678750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+University+of+Alabama%3A+Where+Racial+Segregation+Remains+a+Way+of+Life&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=22-24&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2678750&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2678750%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-zengerle-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zengerle_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFZengerle2002" class="citation news cs1">Zengerle, Jason (February 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row">"Sorority Row"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105172558/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/politics/sorority-row">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Sorority+Row&rft.date=2002-02-04&rft.aulast=Zengerle&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fpolitics%2Fsorority-row&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReeves2001" class="citation news cs1">Reeves, Steve (November 7, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=/20011107/NEWS/111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA">"Officials say racial incident wouldn't happen at UA"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuscaloosa_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscaloosa News">Tuscaloosa News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106141146/http://www.tuscaloosanews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?p=2&tc=pg&AID=%2F20011107%2FNEWS%2F111070332&Title=Officials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=Officials+say+racial+incident+wouldn%27t+happen+at+UA&rft.date=2001-11-07&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuscaloosanews.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3Fp%3D2%26tc%3Dpg%26AID%3D%2F20011107%2FNEWS%2F111070332%26Title%3DOfficials-say-racial-incident-wouldn-t-happen-at-UA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFTorbenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Torbenson, Craig L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252">"Praising God and Maintaining Tradition: Religious Diversity within College Fraternities and Sororities"</a>. In Craig LaRon Torbenson, Gregory Parks (ed.). <i>Brothers and Sisters: Diversity in College Fraternities and Sororities</i>. Associated University Presse. pp. 210–36. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838641941" title="Special:BookSources/9780838641941"><bdi>9780838641941</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521181335/https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0hFQlKx4oC&pg=PA252">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Praising+God+and+Maintaining+Tradition%3A+Religious+Diversity+within+College+Fraternities+and+Sororities&rft.btitle=Brothers+and+Sisters%3A+Diversity+in+College+Fraternities+and+Sororities&rft.pages=210-36&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780838641941&rft.aulast=Torbenson&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlJ0hFQlKx4oC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFScherker2013" class="citation news cs1">Scherker, Amanda (September 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html">"University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916160849/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/12/university-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=University+of+Alabama+Sorority+Chapters+Allegedly+Discriminate+Against+Black+Women%3A+Report&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft.aulast=Scherker&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F09%2F12%2Funiversity-alabama-sororities-black_n_3909348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide">"A Shifting Tide?"</a>. <i>THE BITTER SOUTHERNER</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929224753/https://bittersoutherner.com/elliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=THE+BITTER+SOUTHERNER&rft.atitle=A+Shifting+Tide%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbittersoutherner.com%2Felliot-spillers-a-shifting-tide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5">"University Spokesman Says No Charges Filed In Cross Burning"</a>. <i>AP NEWS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220305/https://apnews.com/4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=University+Spokesman+Says+No+Charges+Filed+In+Cross+Burning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F4ae542ee57432bccfa80f24ae9e7a3b5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFReimold" class="citation web cs1">Reimold, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/">"College Media Hall of Fame, Class of 2011: Victor Luckerson & The Crimson White"</a>. College Media Matters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929011435/http://collegemediamatters.com/2011/08/25/college-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+Media+Hall+of+Fame%2C+Class+of+2011%3A+Victor+Luckerson+%26+The+Crimson+White&rft.pub=College+Media+Matters&rft.aulast=Reimold&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollegemediamatters.com%2F2011%2F08%2F25%2Fcollege-media-hall-of-fame-class-of-2011-victor-luckerson-the-crimson-white%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/">"The Blount Truth Literary Journal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224711/https://blountlitjournal.wixsite.com/uablountjournal/home/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Blount+Truth+Literary+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblountlitjournal.wixsite.com%2Fuablountjournal%2Fhome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/">"Marr's Field Journal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810104936/https://studentmedia.sa.ua.edu/media/mfj/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marr%27s+Field+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudentmedia.sa.ua.edu%2Fmedia%2Fmfj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alice.ua.edu/magazine/about/">"Alice University of Alabama"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alice+University+of+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falice.ua.edu%2Fmagazine%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-nationalchamps-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalchamps_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611083727/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fncaa%2FNCAA%2FSports+and+Championship%2FGeneral+Information%2Fia_football_past_champs.html">"Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A)"</a>. NCAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncaa.org/wps/portal/ncaahome?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/ncaa/NCAA/Sports+and+Championship/General+Information/ia_football_past_champs.html">the original</a> on June 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Division+I+Football+Bowl+Subdivision+%28Division+I+FBS%29+National+Champions+%28formerly+called+Division+I-A%29&rft.pub=NCAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncaa.org%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Fncaahome%3FWCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT%3D%2Fncaa%2FNCAA%2FSports%2Band%2BChampionship%2FGeneral%2BInformation%2Fia_football_past_champs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFPickman" class="citation web cs1">Pickman, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.com/college/2021/01/12/nick-saban-passes-bear-bryant-most-championships-cfb">"Nick Saban Passes Bear Bryant for Most Titles in CFB History"</a>. <i>Sports Illustrated</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Nick+Saban+Passes+Bear+Bryant+for+Most+Titles+in+CFB+History&rft.aulast=Pickman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.com%2Fcollege%2F2021%2F01%2F12%2Fnick-saban-passes-bear-bryant-most-championships-cfb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2020-schedule.html">"2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Schedule and Results"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Alabama+Crimson+Tide+Schedule+and+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sports-reference.com%2Fcfb%2Fschools%2Falabama%2F2020-schedule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFStudwellBruce_R._Schueneman2001" class="citation book cs1">Studwell, William Emmett; Bruce R. Schueneman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5T_VguL00J0C&pg=RA1-PA21"><i>College Fight Songs II: A Supplementary Anthology</i></a>. Routledge. p. 21. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0920-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-0920-3"><bdi>978-0-7890-0920-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=College+Fight+Songs+II%3A+A+Supplementary+Anthology&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-0920-3&rft.aulast=Studwell&rft.aufirst=William+Emmett&rft.au=Bruce+R.+Schueneman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5T_VguL00J0C%26pg%3DRA1-PA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFSparksBruce_Emerton1988" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Linda; Bruce Emerton (1988). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americancolleger00spar"><i>American college regalia: a handbook</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26266-1"><bdi>978-0-313-26266-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2010</span>. <q>yea alabama crimson tide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+college+regalia%3A+a+handbook&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26266-1&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Bruce+Emerton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericancolleger00spar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041405/http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html">"Tradition – Songs of Alabama"</a>. Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Alabama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolltide.com/trads/song-downloads.html">the original</a> on June 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tradition+%E2%80%93+Songs+of+Alabama&rft.pub=Department+of+Intercollegiate+Athletics%2C+University+of+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rolltide.com%2Ftrads%2Fsong-downloads.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts">"Quick Facts"</a>. The University of Alabama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510235610/https://www.ua.edu/about/quickfacts">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quick+Facts&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ua.edu%2Fabout%2Fquickfacts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-academic-all-americans-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academic-all-americans_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525184754/http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html">"USA Today All-USA Academic Team"</a>. The University of Alabama. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ua.edu/features/allusa.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USA+Today+All-USA+Academic+Team&rft.pub=The+University+of+Alabama&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ua.edu%2Ffeatures%2Fallusa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-USA-Today-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA-Today_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131206024443/http://www.usatoday.com/">"All-USA Academic Teams"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. June 8, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academic.usatoday.com/">the original</a> on December 6, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=All-USA+Academic+Teams&rft.date=2010-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academic.usatoday.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline">"Harper Lee Timeline"</a>. <i>Monroe County Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118040440/https://www.monroecountymuseum.org/harper-lee-timeline">Archived</a> from the original on January 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monroe+County+Museum&rft.atitle=Harper+Lee+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monroecountymuseum.org%2Fharper-lee-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DiRoma-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiRoma_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiRoma_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDiRoma,_Frank_Joseph" class="citation web cs1">DiRoma, Frank Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/namath__joe">"Joe Namath"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+Namath&rft.au=DiRoma%2C+Frank+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpabook.libraries.psu.edu%2Fnamath__joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Smith2007-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2007_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFCurt_Smith2007" class="citation book cs1">Curt Smith (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=77MSvgAACAAJ"><i>The Voice: Mel Allen's Untold Story</i></a>. Globe Pequot Press. pp. 114–. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-094-0"><bdi>978-1-59921-094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice%3A+Mel+Allen%27s+Untold+Story&rft.pages=114-&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-094-0&rft.au=Curt+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D77MSvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html">"Alabama Governor George Wallace, gubernatorial history"</a>. Archives.state.al.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322022657/http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_wallac.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alabama+Governor+George+Wallace%2C+gubernatorial+history&rft.pub=Archives.state.al.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.state.al.us%2Fgovs_list%2Fg_wallac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors">"Jim Nabors June 12, 1930 - November 30, 2017 2001 Inductee"</a>. <i>Alabama Music Hall of Fame</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818155445/https://www.alamhof.org/jimnabors">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alabama+Music+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Jim+Nabors+June+12%2C+1930+-+November+30%2C+2017+2001+Inductee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamhof.org%2Fjimnabors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bioguide-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bioguide_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106">"Scarborough, Charles Joseph"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152739/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000106">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Scarborough%2C+Charles+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848">"Hugo L. Black"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. January 31, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211053215/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1848">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo+L.+Black&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edward O. (2006). <i>Naturalist</i>. Washington, D.C.: Island Press [for] Shearwater Books. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/1597260886" title="Special:BookSources/1597260886"><bdi>1597260886</bdi></a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.worldcat.org/oclc/69669557">69669557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalist&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Island+Press+%5Bfor%5D+Shearwater+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69669557&rft.isbn=1597260886&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-haskins-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haskins_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFHaskins2018" class="citation news cs1">Haskins, Shelly (March 11, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html">"Talladega College grad wins 2018 Harper Lee award"</a>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Huntsville_Times" title="The Huntsville Times">The Huntsville Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307220556/https://www.al.com/opinion/2018/03/talladega_college_grad_wins_20.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huntsville+Times&rft.atitle=Talladega+College+grad+wins+2018+Harper+Lee+award&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft.aulast=Haskins&rft.aufirst=Shelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.com%2Fopinion%2F2018%2F03%2Ftalladega_college_grad_wins_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618">"Jimmy Wales"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i>. October 19, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203112243/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2618">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Wales&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-2618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/profile/">"Jimmy Wales"</a>. <i>Wikimedia Foundation</i>. July 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Wales&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikimediafoundation.org%2Fprofile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=University_of_Alabama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_Alabama" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of Alabama">University of Alabama</a></span>.</td></tr>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ua.edu/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492318#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rolltide.com/">University of Alabama Athletics website</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Alabama, University of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Alabama,_University_of">"Alabama, University of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alabama%2C+University+of&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Alabama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_University_of_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054937957">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:University_of_Alabama" title="Template:University of Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Alabama" title="Template talk:University of Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:University_of_Alabama&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_University_of_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white">The University of Alabama</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;"><div id="Located_in:_Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama" title="Tuscaloosa, Alabama"><span style="color:white">Tuscaloosa, Alabama</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_College_of_Communication_and_Information_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Alabama College of Communication and Information Sciences">College of Communication and Information Sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Law" title="University of Alabama School of Law">School of Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_School_of_Medicine#Tuscaloosa" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Alabama School of Medicine"> College of Community Health Sciences</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG" class="image"><img alt="Top of the Denny Chimes bell tower." src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG/125px-Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="231" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG/188px-Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG/250px-Denny_Chimes_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="2375" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_University_of_Alabama_people" title="List of University of Alabama people"><span style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bear_Bryant" title="Bear Bryant">Bear Bryant</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_H._Denny" title="George H. Denny">George H. Denny</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amelia_Gayle_Gorgas" title="Amelia Gayle Gorgas">Amelia Gayle Gorgas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Autherine_Lucy" title="Autherine Lucy">Autherine Lucy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vivian_Malone" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivian Malone">Vivian Malone</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler" title="Julia Tutwiler">Julia Tutwiler</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Presidents_of_the_University_of_Alabama" title="Presidents of the University of Alabama">Presidents</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Arboretum" title="University of Alabama Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Archaeological Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foster_Auditorium" title="Foster Auditorium">Auditorium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denny_Chimes" title="Denny Chimes">Chimes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insurance_Hall_of_Fame" title="Insurance Hall of Fame">Insurance Hall of Fame</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Alabama Museum of Natural History">Museum of Natural History</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Observatory" title="University of Alabama Observatory">New Observatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_University_of_Alabama_Observatory" title="Old University of Alabama Observatory">Old Observatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_W._Bryant_Museum" title="Paul W. Bryant Museum">Paul W. Bryant Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/President%27s_Mansion_(University_of_Alabama)" title="President's Mansion (University of Alabama)">President's Mansion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Quad" title="University of Alabama Quad">The Quad</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Strode_House" title="Strode House">Strode House</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide"><span style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football" title="Alabama Crimson Tide football">Football</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_men%27s_basketball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_baseball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide baseball">Baseball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_golf" title="Alabama Crimson Tide golf">Golf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_gymnastics" title="Alabama Crimson Tide women's gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_soccer" title="Alabama Crimson Tide women's soccer">Soccer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_softball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide softball">Softball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_volleyball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide women's volleyball">Volleyball</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_women%27s_basketball" title="Alabama Crimson Tide women's basketball">Women's basketball</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Soccer_Stadium" title="Alabama Soccer Stadium">Alabama Soccer Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bryant%E2%80%93Denny_Stadium" title="Bryant–Denny Stadium">Bryant–Denny Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coleman_Coliseum" title="Coleman Coliseum">Coleman Coliseum</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Foster_Auditorium" title="Foster Auditorium">Foster Auditorium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rhoads_Stadium" title="Rhoads Stadium">Rhoads Stadium</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sewell%E2%80%93Thomas_Stadium" title="Sewell–Thomas Stadium">Sewell–Thomas Stadium</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Alabama" title="History of the University of Alabama">Timeline</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gorgas%E2%80%93Manly_Historic_District" title="Gorgas–Manly Historic District">Historic District</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucy_v._Adams" title="Lucy v. Adams">Lucy v. Adams</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment">1963 documentary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_v._Aronov" title="Bishop v. Aronov">Bishop v. Aronov</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Public_Radio" title="Alabama Public Radio">Alabama Public Radio</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Bear_Bryant_Show" title="The Bear Bryant Show">The Bear Bryant Show</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimson_Tide_Sports_Network" title="Crimson Tide Sports Network">Crimson Tide Sports Network</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Crimson_White" title="The Crimson White">The Crimson White</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WVUA-FM" title="WVUA-FM">WVUA-FM</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/WVUA-CD" title="WVUA-CD">WVUA-CD</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Big_Al_(mascot)" title="Big Al (mascot)">Big Al</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Public_Safety" title="Center for Advanced Public Safety">Center for Advanced Public Safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crimsonettes" title="Crimsonettes">Crimsonettes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CrimsonRide" title="CrimsonRide">CrimsonRide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Machine_(social_group)" title="The Machine (social group)">"The Machine"</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Million_Dollar_Band_(marching_band)" title="Million Dollar Band (marching band)">Million Dollar Band</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_traditions" title="University of Alabama traditions">Traditions</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System" title="University of Alabama System">University of Alabama System</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#9E1B32; color:#FFFFFF; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #828A8F, inset -2px -2px 0 #828A8F;"><div>
<ul><li><b>Endowment</b>: $631.95 million</li>
<li><b>Students</b>: 37,100</li>
<li><b>Faculty</b>: 1,175</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Alabama_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CCCC99;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054937957"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:University_of_Alabama_System" title="Template:University of Alabama System"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:#CCCC99;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Alabama_System" title="Template talk:University of Alabama System"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:#CCCC99;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:University_of_Alabama_System&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:#CCCC99;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Alabama_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_System" title="University of Alabama System">University of Alabama System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of Alabama</a> (Tuscaloosa) (<b>UA</b>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">University of Alabama at Birmingham</a> (<b>UAB</b>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">University of Alabama in Huntsville</a> (<b>UAH</b>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southeastern_Conference" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054937957"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Southeastern_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Southeastern Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Southeastern_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Southeastern Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Southeastern_Conference_navbox&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southeastern_Conference" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference"><span style="color:white">Southeastern Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">East Division</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Gators" title="Florida Gators">Florida Gators</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs" title="Georgia Bulldogs">Georgia Bulldogs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kentucky_Wildcats" title="Kentucky Wildcats">Kentucky Wildcats</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Missouri_Tigers" title="Missouri Tigers">Missouri Tigers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks" title="South Carolina Gamecocks">South Carolina Gamecocks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers" title="Tennessee Volunteers">Tennessee Volunteers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores" title="Vanderbilt Commodores">Vanderbilt Commodores</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg" class="image"><img alt="Southeastern Conference logo.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg/75px-Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg/113px-Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg/150px-Southeastern_Conference_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="154" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">West Division</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide" title="Alabama Crimson Tide">Alabama Crimson Tide</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks" title="Arkansas Razorbacks">Arkansas Razorbacks</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_Tigers" title="Auburn Tigers">Auburn Tigers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/LSU_Tigers_and_Lady_Tigers" title="LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers">LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels" title="Ole Miss Rebels">Ole Miss Rebels</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs" title="Mississippi State Bulldogs">Mississippi State Bulldogs</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies" title="Texas A&M Aggies">Texas A&M Aggies</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">Future members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners" title="Oklahoma Sooners">Oklahoma Sooners</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_Longhorns" title="Texas Longhorns">Texas Longhorns</a> (both joining no later than 2025)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">Championships and awards</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Southeastern_Conference_national_championships" title="List of Southeastern Conference national championships">National championships</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_Southeastern_Conference_champions" title="List of Southeastern Conference champions">Conference champions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEC_Network" title="SEC Network">SEC Network</a> (<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEC_Nation" title="SEC Nation">SEC Nation</a></i> - <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEC_Storied" title="SEC Storied">SEC Storied</a></i> - <i><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=SEC_Rewind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SEC Rewind (page does not exist)">SEC Rewind</a></i>)</li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_Football_on_CBS_Sports" title="College Football on CBS Sports">SEC on CBS</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/CBS_Sports" title="CBS Sports">CBS Sports</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">Former media outlets</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Raycom_Sports" title="Raycom Sports">Raycom Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson_Pilot_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Pilot Sports">Jefferson Pilot Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lincoln_Financial_Media" title="Lincoln Financial Media">Lincoln Financial Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SEC_TV" title="SEC TV">SEC TV</a> (<i>defunct</i>) (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_former_SEC_TV_affiliates" title="List of former SEC TV affiliates">list of affiliates</a>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Turner_Sports" title="Turner Sports">Turner Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lorimar_Sports_Network" title="Lorimar Sports Network">Lorimar Sports Network</a> (<i>defunct</i>)</li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/TVS_Television_Network" title="TVS Television Network">TVS Television Network</a> (<i>defunct</i>)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004B8D;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD046, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD046;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/2010%E2%80%9312_Southeastern_Conference_realignment" title="2010–12 Southeastern Conference realignment">2010–12 Southeastern Conference realignment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Colleges_and_universities_in_Alabama" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054937957"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Alabama" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Alabama"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Alabama" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Alabama"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Alabama&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Colleges_and_universities_in_Alabama" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alabama.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Alabama.svg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/20px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/30px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/40px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/College" title="College">Colleges</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> in <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public institutions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University">Alabama A&M</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_State_University" title="Alabama State University">Alabama State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University_at_Montgomery" title="Auburn University at Montgomery">Auburn Montgomery</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacksonville_State_University" title="Jacksonville State University">Jacksonville State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Montevallo" title="University of Montevallo">Montevallo</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama" title="University of North Alabama">North Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_South_Alabama" title="University of South Alabama">South Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Troy_University" title="Troy University">Troy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">UAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">UAH</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_West_Alabama" title="University of West Alabama">West Alabama</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private institutions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine">Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Amridge_University" title="Amridge University">Amridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Law" title="Birmingham School of Law">Birmingham School of Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Birmingham%E2%80%93Southern_College" title="Birmingham–Southern College">Birmingham–Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Columbia_Southern_University" title="Columbia Southern University">Columbia Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Via_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine">VCOM-Auburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Faulkner_University" title="Faulkner University">Faulkner</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Heritage_Christian_University" title="Heritage Christian University">Heritage Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huntingdon_College" title="Huntingdon College">Huntingdon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Huntsville_Bible_College" title="Huntsville Bible College">Huntsville Bible College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miles_College" title="Miles College">Miles</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Miles_Law_School" title="Miles Law School">Miles Law</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Mobile" title="University of Mobile">Mobile</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Oakwood_University" title="Oakwood University">Oakwood</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Samford_University" title="Samford University">Samford</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selma_University" title="Selma University">Selma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spring_Hill_College" title="Spring Hill College">Spring Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stillman_College" title="Stillman College">Stillman</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Talladega_College" title="Talladega College">Talladega</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tuskegee_University" title="Tuskegee University">Tuskegee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/United_States_Sports_Academy" title="United States Sports Academy">United States Sports Academy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community/junior colleges</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alabama_Community_College_System" title="Alabama Community College System">Alabama Community College System</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bevill_State_Community_College" title="Bevill State Community College">Bevill State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bishop_State_Community_College" title="Bishop State Community College">Bishop State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Calhoun_Community_College" title="Calhoun Community College">Calhoun CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Central_Alabama_Community_College" title="Central Alabama Community College">Central Alabama CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chattahoochee_Valley_Community_College" title="Chattahoochee Valley Community College">Chattahoochee Valley CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coastal_Alabama_Community_College" title="Coastal Alabama Community College">Coastal Alabama CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enterprise_State_Community_College" title="Enterprise State Community College">Enterprise State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gadsden_State_Community_College" title="Gadsden State Community College">Gadsden State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H._Councill_Trenholm_State_Community_College" title="H. Councill Trenholm State Community College">H. Council Trenholm State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J.F._Drake_State_Community_and_Technical_College" title="J.F. Drake State Community and Technical College">J. F. Drake State CTC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J._F._Ingram_State_Technical_College" title="J. F. Ingram State Technical College">J. F. Ingram State TC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jefferson_State_Community_College" title="Jefferson State Community College">Jefferson State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lawson_State_Community_College" title="Lawson State Community College">Lawson State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lurleen_B._Wallace_Community_College" title="Lurleen B. Wallace Community College">Lurleen B. Wallace CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marion_Military_Institute" title="Marion Military Institute">Marion Military Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northeast_Alabama_Community_College" title="Northeast Alabama Community College">Northeast Alabama CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Northwest%E2%80%93Shoals_Community_College" title="Northwest–Shoals Community College">Northwest Shoals CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reid_State_Technical_College" title="Reid State Technical College">Reid State TC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Shelton_State_Community_College" title="Shelton State Community College">Shelton State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Snead_State_Community_College" title="Snead State Community College">Snead State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Union_State_Community_College" title="Southern Union State Community College">Southern Union State CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wallace_Community_College" title="Wallace Community College">Wallace CC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wallace_State_Community_College" title="Wallace State Community College">Wallace State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wallace_Community_College_Selma" title="Wallace Community College Selma">Wallace Selma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upper level colleges</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Athens_State_University" title="Athens State University">Athens State University</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Air_University_(United_States_Air_Force)" title="Air University (United States Air Force)">Air University</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Community_College_of_the_Air_Force" title="Community College of the Air Force">Community College of the Air Force</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct colleges</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Concordia_College_Alabama" title="Concordia College Alabama">Concordia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Daniel_Payne_College" title="Daniel Payne College">Daniel Payne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Judson_College_(Alabama)" title="Judson College (Alabama)">Judson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Bible_College" title="Southeastern Bible College">Southeastern Bible College</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southern_Benedictine_College" title="Southern Benedictine College">Southern Benedictine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_College" title="Virginia College">Virginia College</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1054937957"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Template:Southeastern Universities Research Association"><abbr title="View this template" style=";color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Template talk:Southeastern Universities Research Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Southeastern_Universities_Research_Association" title="Southeastern Universities Research Association"><span style="color:white;">Southeastern Universities Research Association</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353; text-align: center;">Standard members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_at_Birmingham" title="University of Alabama at Birmingham">UAB</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Alabama_in_Huntsville" title="University of Alabama in Huntsville">UAHuntsville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auburn_University" title="Auburn University">Auburn</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">UCF</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University" title="Christopher Newport University">Christopher Newport</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">Delaware</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/East_Carolina_University" title="East Carolina University">East Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Atlantic_University" title="Florida Atlantic University">Florida Atlantic</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_Institute_of_Technology" title="Florida Institute of Technology">Florida Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_International_University" title="Florida International University">FIU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">Houston</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette" title="University of Louisiana at Lafayette">UL Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">LSU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louisiana_Tech_University" title="Louisiana Tech University">Louisiana Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">Maryland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore_County" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore County">UMBC</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Memphis" title="University of Memphis">Memphis</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">Miami</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">Ole Miss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_New_Orleans" title="University of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Norfolk_State_University" title="Norfolk State University">Norfolk State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina_A%26T_State_University" title="North Carolina A&T State University">North Carolina A&T</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">North Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">NC State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">Regina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">South Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi" title="University of Southern Mississippi">Southern Miss</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">VCU</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">William & Mary</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #285353; text-align: center;">Affiliate members</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Idaho_State_University" title="Idaho State University">Idaho State</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492318#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492318#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492318#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5004214-2">Integrated Authority File (Germany)</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISNI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISNI (identifier)">ISNI</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107277545">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153307830">1</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79139264">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121486152">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121486152">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79139264">United States</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36562717">Australia</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/17301866">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/MBP_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBP (identifier)">MusicBrainz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/248f0b72-aa41-4ced-abff-1d8952dbd55a">place</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64r1s0j">Social Networks and Archival Context</a></span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029973929">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1636915521 |
