Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Public death of the French monarch}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Execution of Louis XVI.jpg|thumb|300px|"Day of 21 January 1793 the death of Louis Capet on the [[Place de la Concorde|Place de la Révolution]]" – French engraving.]]
The execution of [[Louis XVI]] by [[guillotine]], a major event of the [[French Revolution]], took place publicly on 21 January 1793 at the ''Place de la Révolution'' ("Revolution Square", formerly ''Place Louis XV'', and renamed ''[[Place de la Concorde]]'' in 1795) in Paris. At [[Trial of Louis XVI|a trial]] on 17 January 1793, the [[National Convention]] had convicted [[Louis XVI of France|the king]] of [[high treason]] in a near-unanimous vote; while no one voted "not guilty", several deputies abstained. Ultimately, they condemned him to death by a [[Plurality voting|simple majority]]. The execution was performed four days later by [[Charles-Henri Sanson]], then High Executioner of the [[French First Republic]] and previously royal executioner under Louis.
Often viewed as a turning point in both French and European history, Louis' death inspired various reactions around the world. To some, his death at the hands of his former subjects symbolised the long-awaited end of an unbroken thousand-year period of [[absolute monarchy]] in France and the true beginning of democracy within the nation, although Louis would not be the last king of France. Others (even some who had supported major political reform) condemned the execution as an act of senseless bloodshed and saw it as a sign that France had devolved into a state of violent, amoral chaos.
Louis' death emboldened revolutionaries within France, who would continue to alter the country's political and social structure radically over the next several years. Nine months after Louis' death, his wife [[Marie Antoinette]], herself the former queen of France, met her own death at the guillotine at the same location in Paris.
== Journey from the Temple prison to the Place de la Révolution ==
[[Louis XVI of France|Louis XVI]] awoke early in the morning. After dressing with the aid of his valet [[Jean-Baptiste Cléry]], he went to meet with the [[Civil Constitution of the Clergy|non-juring]] Irish priest [[Henry Essex Edgeworth]] to make his confession. He heard his last Mass, served by Cléry, and received Communion. The Mass requisites were provided by special direction of the authorities. On Edgeworth's advice, Louis avoided a last farewell scene with his family. At 7 o'clock he confided his last wishes to the priest. His [[royal seal]] was to go to the Dauphin and his wedding ring to the Queen. After receiving the priest's blessing, he went to meet [[Antoine Joseph Santerre]], Commander of the Guard. A green carriage waited in the second court. He seated himself in it with the priest, with two militiamen sitting opposite them. The carriage left the [[Temple Prison|Temple]] at approximately 9 o'clock. For more than an hour the carriage, preceded by drummers playing to drown out any support for the King and escorted by a cavalry troop with drawn sabres, made its way through Paris along a route lined with 80,000 men-at-arms (soldiers of the [[National Guard (France)|National Guard]] and [[sans-culottes]]).
In the neighbourhood of the present-day ''rue de Cléry'', [[Jean, Baron de Batz|the Baron de Batz]], a supporter of the Royal family who had financed the [[flight to Varennes]], had summoned 300 Royalists to enable the King's escape. Louis was to be hidden in a house in the ''rue de Cléry'' belonging to the [[Count of Marsan]]. The Baron leaped forward calling "Follow me, my friends, let us save the King!", but his associates had been denounced and only a few had been able to turn up. Three of them were killed, but de Batz managed to escape.
At 10 o'clock, the carriage arrived at ''Place de la Révolution'' and proceeded to an area where a scaffold had been erected, in a space surrounded by guns and drums, and by a crowd carrying pikes and bayonets.
==Execution==
After initially refusing to permit Sanson and his assistants to bind his hands together, Louis XVI relented when Sanson proposed to use his handkerchief instead of rope. The executioner's men cut the king's hair, removed his shirt's collar, and followed him up the scaffold. Upon the platform, Louis proclaimed his innocence to the crowd and expressed his concern for the future of France. He tried to give an extensive speech, but a drum roll was ordered by [[Antoine Joseph Santerre]] and the resulting noise made his final words difficult to understand.
The executioners fastened him to the guillotine's bench (''bascule''), positioning his neck beneath the device's yoke (''lunette'') to hold it in place, and the blade swiftly decapitated him. Sanson grabbed his severed head out of the receptacle into which it fell and exhibited it to the cheering crowd. According to one witness report, the blade did not sever his neck but instead cut through the back of his skull and into his jaw.<ref> [[Stephen Clarke (writer)|Stephen Clarke]], ''The French Revolution & what went wrong'', Century, 2018, p.452, {{ISBN| 9781780895512}}.</ref> Some accounts state that members of the crowd rushed towards the scaffold with handkerchiefs to dip them in his blood and keep as souvenirs.
==Witness quotes==
[[File:Louis XVI - Execution.jpg|thumb|right | 250px | "The Death of Louis XVI King of France from an English engraving, published 1798.]]
===Henry Essex Edgeworth===
{{further|Henry Essex Edgeworth}}
Edgeworth, Louis' Irish confessor, wrote in his memoirs:
{{quote|The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pass; the King was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded, I feared for a moment that his courage might fail; but what was my astonishment, when arrived at the last step, I felt that he suddenly let go my arm, and I saw him cross with a firm foot the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were placed opposite to me; and in a voice so loud, that it must have been heard at the Pont Tournant, I heard him pronounce distinctly these memorable words: "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France."<ref>From his Memoirs, published 1815.</ref>}}
=== Press of the day ===
The 13 February issue of the ''Thermomètre du jour'' ('Daily Thermometer'), a moderate Republican newspaper, described the King as shouting "I am lost!", citing as its source the executioner, [[Charles-Henri Sanson]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
=== Charles-Henri Sanson ===
The executioner [[Charles-Henri Sanson]] responded to the story by offering his own version of events in a letter dated 20 February 1793. The account of Sanson states:
{{quote|Arriving at the foot of the guillotine, Louis XVI looked for a moment at the instruments of his execution and asked Sanson why the drums had stopped beating. He came forward to speak, but there were shouts to the executioners to get on with their work. As he was strapped down, he exclaimed "My people, I die innocent!" Then, turning towards his executioners, Louis XVI declared "Gentlemen, I am innocent of everything of which I am accused. I hope that my blood may cement the good fortune of the French." The blade fell. It was 10:22 am. One of the assistants of Sanson showed the head of Louis XVI to the people, whereupon a huge cry of "Vive la Nation! Vive la République!" arose and an artillery salute rang out which reached the ears of the imprisoned Royal family.}}
In his letter, published along with its French mistakes in the ''Thermomètre'' of Thursday, 21 February 1793, Sanson emphasises that the King "bore all this with a composure and a firmness which has surprised us all. I remained strongly convinced that he derived this firmness from the principles of the religion by which he seemed penetrated and persuaded as no other man."
=== Henri Sanson ===
[[File:Hinrichtung Ludwig des XVI.png|thumb|250px|"Execution of Louis XVI" – German copperplate engraving, 1793, by [[Georg Heinrich Sieveking]]]]
In his [[Causerie]]s, [[Alexandre Dumas]] refers to a meeting circa 1830 with Henri Sanson, eldest son of Charles-Henri Sanson, who had also been present at the execution.
{{poemquote|text={{in5}}"Now then, you were saying you wanted something, Monsieur Dumas?"
{{in5}}"You know how much playwrights need accurate information, Monsieur Sanson. The moment may come for me to put Louis XVI on the stage. How much truth is there in the story of the wrestling bout between him and your father's assistants at the foot of the scaffold?"
{{in5}}"Oh, I can tell you that, Monsieur, I was there."
{{in5}}"I know, that's why it is you I'm asking."
{{in5}}"Well listen. The King had been driven to the scaffold in his own carriage and his hands were free. At the foot of the scaffold we decided to tie his hands, but less because we feared that he might defend himself than because we thought he might by an involuntary movement spoil his execution or make it more painful. So one assistant waited with a rope, while another said to him 'It is necessary to tie your hands'. On hearing these unexpected words, at the unexpected sight of that rope, Louis XVI made an involuntary gesture of repulsion. 'Never!' he cried, 'never!' and pushed back the man holding the rope. The other three assistants, believing that a struggle was imminent, dashed forward. That is the explanation of the moment of confusion interpreted after their fashion by the historians. It was then that my father approached and said, in the most respectful tone of voice imaginable, 'With a handkerchief, Sire'. At the word 'Sire', which he had not heard for so long, Louis XVI winced, and at the same moment his confessor had addressed a few words to him from the carriage,<ref>Father Edgeworth had reminded the King that on Good Friday Jesus had offered his hands to be tied.</ref> said 'So be it, then, that too, my God!' and held out his hands."}}
Henri Sanson was appointed Executioner of Paris from April 1793, and would later execute Marie Antoinette.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
===Leboucher===
Speaking to [[Victor Hugo]] in 1840, a man called Leboucher, who had arrived in Paris from Bourges in December 1792 and was present at the execution of Louis XVI, recalled vividly:
{{quote|Here are some unknown details. The executioners numbered four; two only performed the execution; the third stayed at the foot of the ladder, and the fourth was on the wagon which was to convey the King's body to the Madeleine Cemetery and which was waiting a few feet from the scaffold.
The executioners wore breeches, coats in the French style as the Revolution had modified it, and three-cornered hats with enormous tri-colour cockades.
They executed the King with their hats on, and it was without taking his hat off that Samson,{{sic}} seizing by the hair the severed head of Louis XVI., showed it to the people, and for a few moments let the blood from it trickle upon the scaffold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/memoirs-of-hugo/2/|title=The Memoirs of Victor Hugo}}</ref>}}
===Louis-Sébastien Mercier===
In ''Le nouveau Paris'', [[Louis-Sébastien Mercier|Mercier]] describes the execution of Louis XVI in these words:
{{quote|... is this really the same man that I see being jostled by four assistant executioners, forcibly undressed, his voice drowned out by the drums, trussed to a plank, still struggling, and receiving the heavy blade so badly that the cut does not go through his neck, but through the back of his head and his jaw, horribly?}}
== Jacques de Molay ==
A popular but apocryphal legend holds that as soon as the guillotine fell, an anonymous [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] leaped on the scaffolding, plunged his hand into the blood, splashed drips of it onto the crown, and shouted, "''[[Jacques de Molay]], tu es vengé!''" (usually translated as, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged"). De Molay (died 1314), the last [[Grand Master of the Knights Templar]], had reportedly cursed Louis' ancestor [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]], after the latter had sentenced him to [[Death by burning|burn at the stake]] based on false confessions. The story spread widely and the phrase remains in use today to indicate the triumph of reason and logic over "religious superstition".<ref name="DuQuette2006">{{cite book|last=DuQuette|first=Lon Milo|title=The Key to Solomon's Key: Secrets of Magic and Masonry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z15J8lgCqxYC&pg=PA47|year=2006|publisher=CCC Publishing|isbn=978-1-888729-14-6|pages=47–48}}</ref>
== Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine ==
The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old [[Church of the Madeleine]] (demolished in 1799), since the legislation in force forbade burial of his remains beside those of his father, the Dauphin [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)|Louis de France]], at Sens. Two curates who had sworn fealty to the Revolution held a short memorial service at the church. One of them, Damoureau, stated in evidence:
{{quote|Arriving at the cemetery, I called for silence. A detachment of [[Gendarme (historical)|Gendarmes]] showed us the body. It was clothed in a white vest and grey silk breeches with matching stockings. We chanted [[Vespers]] and the service for the dead. In pursuance of an executive order, the body lying in its open coffin was thrown onto a bed of [[quicklime]] at the bottom of the pit and covered by one of earth, the whole being firmly and thoroughly tamped down. Louis XVI's head was placed at his feet.}}
On 21 January 1815 Louis XVI and his wife's remains were re-buried in the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]] where in 1816 his brother, King [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], had a funerary monument erected by [[Edme Gaulle]].
== Today ==
The area where Louis XVI and later (16 October 1793) [[Marie Antoinette]] were buried, in the churchyard of St. Mary Magdaleine's, is today the "Square Louis XVI" greenspace, containing the classically self-effacing [[Chapelle expiatoire|Expiatory Chapel]] completed in 1826 during the reign of Louis's youngest brother [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. The crypt altar stands above the exact spot where the remains of the Royal couple were originally laid to rest. The chapel narrowly escaped destruction on politico-ideological grounds during the violently [[Anti-clericalism#Third Republic|anti-clerical period]] at the beginning of the 20th century.
== Bibliography ==
* [[Germaine de Staël|Necker, Anne Louise Germaine]], ''Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution'' (1818)
* Hugo, Victor, ''The Memoirs of Victor Hugo'' (1899)
* Thompson, J.M., ''English Witnesses of the French Revolution'' (1938)
[[Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac]] have written a number of works on Louis XVI, including:
* ''Louis XVI, Roi Martyr'' (1982) Tequi
* ''Louis XVI, un Visage retrouvé'' (1990) O.E.I.L.
== Notes ==
<references />
{{French Revolution}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 16, Execution}}
[[Category:1793 events of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution|Louis XVI]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Paris|Louis XVI]]
[[Category:Louis XVI]]
[[Category:18th century in Paris]]
[[Category:Public executions]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '
sherk 3 is a good movie
In the neighbourhood of the present-day ''rue de Cléry'', [[Jean, Baron de Batz|the Baron de Batz]], a supporter of the Royal family who had financed the [[flight to Varennes]], had summoned 300 Royalists to enable the King's escape. Louis was to be hidden in a house in the ''rue de Cléry'' belonging to the [[Count of Marsan]]. The Baron leaped forward calling "Follow me, my friends, let us save the King!", but his associates had been denounced and only a few had been able to turn up. Three of them were killed, but de Batz managed to escape.
At 10 o'clock, the carriage arrived at ''Place de la Révolution'' and proceeded to an area where a scaffold had been erected, in a space surrounded by guns and drums, and by a crowd carrying pikes and bayonets.
==Execution==
After initially refusing to permit Sanson and his assistants to bind his hands together, Louis XVI relented when Sanson proposed to use his handkerchief instead of rope. The executioner's men cut the king's hair, removed his shirt's collar, and followed him up the scaffold. Upon the platform, Louis proclaimed his innocence to the crowd and expressed his concern for the future of France. He tried to give an extensive speech, but a drum roll was ordered by [[Antoine Joseph Santerre]] and the resulting noise made his final words difficult to understand.
The executioners fastened him to the guillotine's bench (''bascule''), positioning his neck beneath the device's yoke (''lunette'') to hold it in place, and the blade swiftly decapitated him. Sanson grabbed his severed head out of the receptacle into which it fell and exhibited it to the cheering crowd. According to one witness report, the blade did not sever his neck but instead cut through the back of his skull and into his jaw.<ref> [[Stephen Clarke (writer)|Stephen Clarke]], ''The French Revolution & what went wrong'', Century, 2018, p.452, {{ISBN| 9781780895512}}.</ref> Some accounts state that members of the crowd rushed towards the scaffold with handkerchiefs to dip them in his blood and keep as souvenirs.
==Witness quotes==
[[File:Louis XVI - Execution.jpg|thumb|right | 250px | "The Death of Louis XVI King of France from an English engraving, published 1798.]]
===Henry Essex Edgeworth===
{{further|Henry Essex Edgeworth}}
Edgeworth, Louis' Irish confessor, wrote in his memoirs:
{{quote|The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pass; the King was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded, I feared for a moment that his courage might fail; but what was my astonishment, when arrived at the last step, I felt that he suddenly let go my arm, and I saw him cross with a firm foot the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were placed opposite to me; and in a voice so loud, that it must have been heard at the Pont Tournant, I heard him pronounce distinctly these memorable words: "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France."<ref>From his Memoirs, published 1815.</ref>}}
=== Press of the day ===
The 13 February issue of the ''Thermomètre du jour'' ('Daily Thermometer'), a moderate Republican newspaper, described the King as shouting "I am lost!", citing as its source the executioner, [[Charles-Henri Sanson]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
=== Charles-Henri Sanson ===
The executioner [[Charles-Henri Sanson]] responded to the story by offering his own version of events in a letter dated 20 February 1793. The account of Sanson states:
{{quote|Arriving at the foot of the guillotine, Louis XVI looked for a moment at the instruments of his execution and asked Sanson why the drums had stopped beating. He came forward to speak, but there were shouts to the executioners to get on with their work. As he was strapped down, he exclaimed "My people, I die innocent!" Then, turning towards his executioners, Louis XVI declared "Gentlemen, I am innocent of everything of which I am accused. I hope that my blood may cement the good fortune of the French." The blade fell. It was 10:22 am. One of the assistants of Sanson showed the head of Louis XVI to the people, whereupon a huge cry of "Vive la Nation! Vive la République!" arose and an artillery salute rang out which reached the ears of the imprisoned Royal family.}}
In his letter, published along with its French mistakes in the ''Thermomètre'' of Thursday, 21 February 1793, Sanson emphasises that the King "bore all this with a composure and a firmness which has surprised us all. I remained strongly convinced that he derived this firmness from the principles of the religion by which he seemed penetrated and persuaded as no other man."
=== Henri Sanson ===
[[File:Hinrichtung Ludwig des XVI.png|thumb|250px|"Execution of Louis XVI" – German copperplate engraving, 1793, by [[Georg Heinrich Sieveking]]]]
In his [[Causerie]]s, [[Alexandre Dumas]] refers to a meeting circa 1830 with Henri Sanson, eldest son of Charles-Henri Sanson, who had also been present at the execution.
{{poemquote|text={{in5}}"Now then, you were saying you wanted something, Monsieur Dumas?"
{{in5}}"You know how much playwrights need accurate information, Monsieur Sanson. The moment may come for me to put Louis XVI on the stage. How much truth is there in the story of the wrestling bout between him and your father's assistants at the foot of the scaffold?"
{{in5}}"Oh, I can tell you that, Monsieur, I was there."
{{in5}}"I know, that's why it is you I'm asking."
{{in5}}"Well listen. The King had been driven to the scaffold in his own carriage and his hands were free. At the foot of the scaffold we decided to tie his hands, but less because we feared that he might defend himself than because we thought he might by an involuntary movement spoil his execution or make it more painful. So one assistant waited with a rope, while another said to him 'It is necessary to tie your hands'. On hearing these unexpected words, at the unexpected sight of that rope, Louis XVI made an involuntary gesture of repulsion. 'Never!' he cried, 'never!' and pushed back the man holding the rope. The other three assistants, believing that a struggle was imminent, dashed forward. That is the explanation of the moment of confusion interpreted after their fashion by the historians. It was then that my father approached and said, in the most respectful tone of voice imaginable, 'With a handkerchief, Sire'. At the word 'Sire', which he had not heard for so long, Louis XVI winced, and at the same moment his confessor had addressed a few words to him from the carriage,<ref>Father Edgeworth had reminded the King that on Good Friday Jesus had offered his hands to be tied.</ref> said 'So be it, then, that too, my God!' and held out his hands."}}
Henri Sanson was appointed Executioner of Paris from April 1793, and would later execute Marie Antoinette.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}
===Leboucher===
Speaking to [[Victor Hugo]] in 1840, a man called Leboucher, who had arrived in Paris from Bourges in December 1792 and was present at the execution of Louis XVI, recalled vividly:
{{quote|Here are some unknown details. The executioners numbered four; two only performed the execution; the third stayed at the foot of the ladder, and the fourth was on the wagon which was to convey the King's body to the Madeleine Cemetery and which was waiting a few feet from the scaffold.
The executioners wore breeches, coats in the French style as the Revolution had modified it, and three-cornered hats with enormous tri-colour cockades.
They executed the King with their hats on, and it was without taking his hat off that Samson,{{sic}} seizing by the hair the severed head of Louis XVI., showed it to the people, and for a few moments let the blood from it trickle upon the scaffold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/memoirs-of-hugo/2/|title=The Memoirs of Victor Hugo}}</ref>}}
===Louis-Sébastien Mercier===
In ''Le nouveau Paris'', [[Louis-Sébastien Mercier|Mercier]] describes the execution of Louis XVI in these words:
{{quote|... is this really the same man that I see being jostled by four assistant executioners, forcibly undressed, his voice drowned out by the drums, trussed to a plank, still struggling, and receiving the heavy blade so badly that the cut does not go through his neck, but through the back of his head and his jaw, horribly?}}
== Jacques de Molay ==
A popular but apocryphal legend holds that as soon as the guillotine fell, an anonymous [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] leaped on the scaffolding, plunged his hand into the blood, splashed drips of it onto the crown, and shouted, "''[[Jacques de Molay]], tu es vengé!''" (usually translated as, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged"). De Molay (died 1314), the last [[Grand Master of the Knights Templar]], had reportedly cursed Louis' ancestor [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]], after the latter had sentenced him to [[Death by burning|burn at the stake]] based on false confessions. The story spread widely and the phrase remains in use today to indicate the triumph of reason and logic over "religious superstition".<ref name="DuQuette2006">{{cite book|last=DuQuette|first=Lon Milo|title=The Key to Solomon's Key: Secrets of Magic and Masonry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z15J8lgCqxYC&pg=PA47|year=2006|publisher=CCC Publishing|isbn=978-1-888729-14-6|pages=47–48}}</ref>
== Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine ==
The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old [[Church of the Madeleine]] (demolished in 1799), since the legislation in force forbade burial of his remains beside those of his father, the Dauphin [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)|Louis de France]], at Sens. Two curates who had sworn fealty to the Revolution held a short memorial service at the church. One of them, Damoureau, stated in evidence:
{{quote|Arriving at the cemetery, I called for silence. A detachment of [[Gendarme (historical)|Gendarmes]] showed us the body. It was clothed in a white vest and grey silk breeches with matching stockings. We chanted [[Vespers]] and the service for the dead. In pursuance of an executive order, the body lying in its open coffin was thrown onto a bed of [[quicklime]] at the bottom of the pit and covered by one of earth, the whole being firmly and thoroughly tamped down. Louis XVI's head was placed at his feet.}}
On 21 January 1815 Louis XVI and his wife's remains were re-buried in the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]] where in 1816 his brother, King [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]], had a funerary monument erected by [[Edme Gaulle]].
== Today ==
The area where Louis XVI and later (16 October 1793) [[Marie Antoinette]] were buried, in the churchyard of St. Mary Magdaleine's, is today the "Square Louis XVI" greenspace, containing the classically self-effacing [[Chapelle expiatoire|Expiatory Chapel]] completed in 1826 during the reign of Louis's youngest brother [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. The crypt altar stands above the exact spot where the remains of the Royal couple were originally laid to rest. The chapel narrowly escaped destruction on politico-ideological grounds during the violently [[Anti-clericalism#Third Republic|anti-clerical period]] at the beginning of the 20th century.
== Bibliography ==
* [[Germaine de Staël|Necker, Anne Louise Germaine]], ''Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution'' (1818)
* Hugo, Victor, ''The Memoirs of Victor Hugo'' (1899)
* Thompson, J.M., ''English Witnesses of the French Revolution'' (1938)
[[Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac]] have written a number of works on Louis XVI, including:
* ''Louis XVI, Roi Martyr'' (1982) Tequi
* ''Louis XVI, un Visage retrouvé'' (1990) O.E.I.L.
== Notes ==
<references />
{{French Revolution}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Louis 16, Execution}}
[[Category:1793 events of the French Revolution]]
[[Category:French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution|Louis XVI]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in Paris|Louis XVI]]
[[Category:Louis XVI]]
[[Category:18th century in Paris]]
[[Category:Public executions]]' |
Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><p>sherk 3 is a good movie
</p><p>In the neighbourhood of the present-day <i>rue de Cléry</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean,_Baron_de_Batz" title="Jean, Baron de Batz">the Baron de Batz</a>, a supporter of the Royal family who had financed the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">flight to Varennes</a>, had summoned 300 Royalists to enable the King's escape. Louis was to be hidden in a house in the <i>rue de Cléry</i> belonging to the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Count_of_Marsan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count of Marsan (page does not exist)">Count of Marsan</a>. The Baron leaped forward calling "Follow me, my friends, let us save the King!", but his associates had been denounced and only a few had been able to turn up. Three of them were killed, but de Batz managed to escape.
</p><p>At 10 o'clock, the carriage arrived at <i>Place de la Révolution</i> and proceeded to an area where a scaffold had been erected, in a space surrounded by guns and drums, and by a crowd carrying pikes and bayonets.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Execution"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Execution</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Witness_quotes"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Witness quotes</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Henry_Essex_Edgeworth"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Henry Essex Edgeworth</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Press_of_the_day"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Press of the day</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Charles-Henri_Sanson"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Charles-Henri Sanson</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Henri_Sanson"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Henri Sanson</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Leboucher"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Leboucher</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Louis-Sébastien_Mercier"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Louis-Sébastien Mercier</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Jacques_de_Molay"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Jacques de Molay</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Burial_in_the_cemetery_of_the_Madeleine"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Today"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Today</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Execution">Execution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Execution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>After initially refusing to permit Sanson and his assistants to bind his hands together, Louis XVI relented when Sanson proposed to use his handkerchief instead of rope. The executioner's men cut the king's hair, removed his shirt's collar, and followed him up the scaffold. Upon the platform, Louis proclaimed his innocence to the crowd and expressed his concern for the future of France. He tried to give an extensive speech, but a drum roll was ordered by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Joseph_Santerre" title="Antoine Joseph Santerre">Antoine Joseph Santerre</a> and the resulting noise made his final words difficult to understand.
</p><p>The executioners fastened him to the guillotine's bench (<i>bascule</i>), positioning his neck beneath the device's yoke (<i>lunette</i>) to hold it in place, and the blade swiftly decapitated him. Sanson grabbed his severed head out of the receptacle into which it fell and exhibited it to the cheering crowd. According to one witness report, the blade did not sever his neck but instead cut through the back of his skull and into his jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> Some accounts state that members of the crowd rushed towards the scaffold with handkerchiefs to dip them in his blood and keep as souvenirs.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Witness_quotes">Witness quotes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Witness quotes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/250px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/375px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg/500px-Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="868" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Louis_XVI_-_Execution.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"The Death of Louis XVI King of France from an English engraving, published 1798.</div></div></div>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Henry_Essex_Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Henry Essex Edgeworth">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henry_Essex_Edgeworth" title="Henry Essex Edgeworth">Henry Essex Edgeworth</a></div>
<p>Edgeworth, Louis' Irish confessor, wrote in his memoirs:
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996844942">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The path leading to the scaffold was extremely rough and difficult to pass; the King was obliged to lean on my arm, and from the slowness with which he proceeded, I feared for a moment that his courage might fail; but what was my astonishment, when arrived at the last step, I felt that he suddenly let go my arm, and I saw him cross with a firm foot the breadth of the whole scaffold; silence, by his look alone, fifteen or twenty drums that were placed opposite to me; and in a voice so loud, that it must have been heard at the Pont Tournant, I heard him pronounce distinctly these memorable words: "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Press_of_the_day">Press of the day</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Press of the day">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The 13 February issue of the <i>Thermomètre du jour</i> ('Daily Thermometer'), a moderate Republican newspaper, described the King as shouting "I am lost!", citing as its source the executioner, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Charles-Henri_Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Charles-Henri Sanson">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>The executioner <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Henri_Sanson" title="Charles-Henri Sanson">Charles-Henri Sanson</a> responded to the story by offering his own version of events in a letter dated 20 February 1793. The account of Sanson states:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arriving at the foot of the guillotine, Louis XVI looked for a moment at the instruments of his execution and asked Sanson why the drums had stopped beating. He came forward to speak, but there were shouts to the executioners to get on with their work. As he was strapped down, he exclaimed "My people, I die innocent!" Then, turning towards his executioners, Louis XVI declared "Gentlemen, I am innocent of everything of which I am accused. I hope that my blood may cement the good fortune of the French." The blade fell. It was 10:22 am. One of the assistants of Sanson showed the head of Louis XVI to the people, whereupon a huge cry of "Vive la Nation! Vive la République!" arose and an artillery salute rang out which reached the ears of the imprisoned Royal family.</p></blockquote>
<p>In his letter, published along with its French mistakes in the <i>Thermomètre</i> of Thursday, 21 February 1793, Sanson emphasises that the King "bore all this with a composure and a firmness which has surprised us all. I remained strongly convinced that he derived this firmness from the principles of the religion by which he seemed penetrated and persuaded as no other man."
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Henri_Sanson">Henri Sanson</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Henri Sanson">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/250px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/375px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png/500px-Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png 2x" data-file-width="2749" data-file-height="1783" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Hinrichtung_Ludwig_des_XVI.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>"Execution of Louis XVI" – German copperplate engraving, 1793, by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georg_Heinrich_Sieveking" title="Georg Heinrich Sieveking">Georg Heinrich Sieveking</a></div></div></div>
<p>In his <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Causerie" title="Causerie">Causeries</a>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> refers to a meeting circa 1830 with Henri Sanson, eldest son of Charles-Henri Sanson, who had also been present at the execution.
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem">
<p>     "Now then, you were saying you wanted something, Monsieur Dumas?"<br />
     "You know how much playwrights need accurate information, Monsieur Sanson. The moment may come for me to put Louis XVI on the stage. How much truth is there in the story of the wrestling bout between him and your father's assistants at the foot of the scaffold?"<br />
     "Oh, I can tell you that, Monsieur, I was there."<br />
     "I know, that's why it is you I'm asking."<br />
     "Well listen. The King had been driven to the scaffold in his own carriage and his hands were free. At the foot of the scaffold we decided to tie his hands, but less because we feared that he might defend himself than because we thought he might by an involuntary movement spoil his execution or make it more painful. So one assistant waited with a rope, while another said to him 'It is necessary to tie your hands'. On hearing these unexpected words, at the unexpected sight of that rope, Louis XVI made an involuntary gesture of repulsion. 'Never!' he cried, 'never!' and pushed back the man holding the rope. The other three assistants, believing that a struggle was imminent, dashed forward. That is the explanation of the moment of confusion interpreted after their fashion by the historians. It was then that my father approached and said, in the most respectful tone of voice imaginable, 'With a handkerchief, Sire'. At the word 'Sire', which he had not heard for so long, Louis XVI winced, and at the same moment his confessor had addressed a few words to him from the carriage,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> said 'So be it, then, that too, my God!' and held out his hands."
</p>
</div></blockquote>
<p>Henri Sanson was appointed Executioner of Paris from April 1793, and would later execute Marie Antoinette.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Leboucher">Leboucher</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leboucher">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Speaking to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in 1840, a man called Leboucher, who had arrived in Paris from Bourges in December 1792 and was present at the execution of Louis XVI, recalled vividly:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here are some unknown details. The executioners numbered four; two only performed the execution; the third stayed at the foot of the ladder, and the fourth was on the wagon which was to convey the King's body to the Madeleine Cemetery and which was waiting a few feet from the scaffold.
</p><p>The executioners wore breeches, coats in the French style as the Revolution had modified it, and three-cornered hats with enormous tri-colour cockades.
</p><p>
They executed the King with their hats on, and it was without taking his hat off that Samson, [<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] seizing by the hair the severed head of Louis XVI., showed it to the people, and for a few moments let the blood from it trickle upon the scaffold.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h3><span id="Louis-S.C3.A9bastien_Mercier"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Louis-Sébastien_Mercier">Louis-Sébastien Mercier</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Louis-Sébastien Mercier">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In <i>Le nouveau Paris</i>, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-S%C3%A9bastien_Mercier" title="Louis-Sébastien Mercier">Mercier</a> describes the execution of Louis XVI in these words:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... is this really the same man that I see being jostled by four assistant executioners, forcibly undressed, his voice drowned out by the drums, trussed to a plank, still struggling, and receiving the heavy blade so badly that the cut does not go through his neck, but through the back of his head and his jaw, horribly?</p></blockquote>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Jacques_de_Molay">Jacques de Molay</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jacques de Molay">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>A popular but apocryphal legend holds that as soon as the guillotine fell, an anonymous <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a> leaped on the scaffolding, plunged his hand into the blood, splashed drips of it onto the crown, and shouted, "<i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a>, tu es vengé!</i>" (usually translated as, "Jacques de Molay, thou art avenged"). De Molay (died 1314), the last <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master of the Knights Templar">Grand Master of the Knights Templar</a>, had reportedly cursed Louis' ancestor <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip the Fair</a>, after the latter had sentenced him to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burn at the stake</a> based on false confessions. The story spread widely and the phrase remains in use today to indicate the triumph of reason and logic over "religious superstition".<sup id="cite_ref-DuQuette2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuQuette2006-5">[5]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Burial_in_the_cemetery_of_the_Madeleine">Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burial in the cemetery of the Madeleine">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The body of Louis XVI was immediately transported to the old <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Church_of_the_Madeleine" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Madeleine">Church of the Madeleine</a> (demolished in 1799), since the legislation in force forbade burial of his remains beside those of his father, the Dauphin <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis de France</a>, at Sens. Two curates who had sworn fealty to the Revolution held a short memorial service at the church. One of them, Damoureau, stated in evidence:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996844942"/><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arriving at the cemetery, I called for silence. A detachment of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gendarme_(historical)" title="Gendarme (historical)">Gendarmes</a> showed us the body. It was clothed in a white vest and grey silk breeches with matching stockings. We chanted <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> and the service for the dead. In pursuance of an executive order, the body lying in its open coffin was thrown onto a bed of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a> at the bottom of the pit and covered by one of earth, the whole being firmly and thoroughly tamped down. Louis XVI's head was placed at his feet.</p></blockquote>
<p>On 21 January 1815 Louis XVI and his wife's remains were re-buried in the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a> where in 1816 his brother, King <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a>, had a funerary monument erected by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edme_Gaulle" title="Edme Gaulle">Edme Gaulle</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Today">Today</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Today">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The area where Louis XVI and later (16 October 1793) <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> were buried, in the churchyard of St. Mary Magdaleine's, is today the "Square Louis XVI" greenspace, containing the classically self-effacing <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chapelle_expiatoire" title="Chapelle expiatoire">Expiatory Chapel</a> completed in 1826 during the reign of Louis's youngest brother <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>. The crypt altar stands above the exact spot where the remains of the Royal couple were originally laid to rest. The chapel narrowly escaped destruction on politico-ideological grounds during the violently <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anti-clericalism#Third_Republic" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical period</a> at the beginning of the 20th century.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Necker, Anne Louise Germaine</a>, <i>Considerations on the principal events of the French Revolution</i> (1818)</li>
<li>Hugo, Victor, <i>The Memoirs of Victor Hugo</i> (1899)</li>
<li>Thompson, J.M., <i>English Witnesses of the French Revolution</i> (1938)</li></ul>
<p><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_and_Pierrette_Girault_de_Coursac" title="Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac">Paul and Pierrette Girault de Coursac</a> have written a number of works on Louis XVI, including:
</p>
<ul><li><i>Louis XVI, Roi Martyr</i> (1982) Tequi</li>
<li><i>Louis XVI, un Visage retrouvé</i> (1990) O.E.I.L.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Execution_of_Louis_XVI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stephen_Clarke_(writer)" title="Stephen Clarke (writer)">Stephen Clarke</a>, <i>The French Revolution & what went wrong</i>, Century, 2018, p.452, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r999302996">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780895512" title="Special:BookSources/9781780895512">9781780895512</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From his Memoirs, published 1815.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Father Edgeworth had reminded the King that on Good Friday Jesus had offered his hands to be tied.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/victor_hugo/memoirs-of-hugo/2/">"The Memoirs of Victor Hugo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Victor+Hugo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fvictor_hugo%2Fmemoirs-of-hugo%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DuQuette2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuQuette2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r999302996"/><cite id="CITEREFDuQuette2006" class="citation book cs1">DuQuette, Lon Milo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z15J8lgCqxYC&pg=PA47"><i>The Key to Solomon's Key: Secrets of Magic and Masonry</i></a>. CCC Publishing. pp. 47–48. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888729-14-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888729-14-6"><bdi>978-1-888729-14-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+to+Solomon%27s+Key%3A+Secrets+of+Magic+and+Masonry&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=CCC+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-888729-14-6&rft.aulast=DuQuette&rft.aufirst=Lon+Milo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ15J8lgCqxYC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecution+of+Louis+XVI" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1057682214">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox th,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output th.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054937957">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:French_Revolution&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background-color:#C3D6EF;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div id="*_Causes_*_Timeline_*_Ancien_Régime_*_Revolution_*_Constitutional_monarchy_*_Republic_*_Directory_*_Consulate_*_Glossary_*_Journals_*_Museum">
<ul><li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4-11 Aug 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1789)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Abolition of the Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Jun 1790)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Legislative_Assembly_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Commune (French Revolution)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li>
<li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacobin#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobin">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li>
<li>Royalist Revolts
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li>
<li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Namur_(1792)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Namur (1792) (page does not exist)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Apr 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Jun 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281794%E2%80%931815%2C_1830%E2%80%931958%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><span class="flagicon"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li>
<li>Father <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_X" title="Charles X">Charles X</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine" title="Empress Joséphine">Empress Joséphine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li>
<li><i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li>
<li><i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li>
<li><i lang="fr" title="French-language text"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li>
<li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
