Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Infobox settlement
| name=Portland
| official_name = City of Portland
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname = <!-- do not add nicknames without reviewing discussion on talk page first --> "Rose City", "Stumptown", "[[P-town]]", "[[PDX]]", and "Little Beirut"<ref name="Oregonian1">{{cite news
| last = McCall
| first = William
| title = 'Little Beirut' nickname has stuck
| work = [[The Oregonian]]
| date = August 19, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-21
}}</ref> See [[Nicknames of Portland, Oregon]] for a complete listing.
| website = [http://www.portlandonline.com/ www.portlandonline.com]
| image_skyline = TE-Collage Portland.png
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Montage of Portland
| image_flag = Flag of Portland, Oregon.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Portland OR.png
<!-- see http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&_county=Portland&_cityTown=Portland&_state=04000US41&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 for more detailed map that is public domain -->
| image_map = Multnomah_County_Oregon_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Portland_Highlighted.svg
| map_caption = Location of Portland in [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]] and the state of [[Oregon]]
|pushpin_map = USA
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Oregon|Counties]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|United States}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Oregon}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah]], [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]], [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]]
| government_type = [[City commission government|Commission]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Sam Adams (Oregon politician)|Sam Adams]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/index.cfm?c=25999 |title=Elected Officials |accessdate=2007-08-26 |year=2007 |publisher=City of Portland, Oregon}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Commissioners
| leader_name1 = [[Randy Leonard]]<br />[[Dan Saltzman]]<br />[[Nick Fish]]<br />[[Amanda Fritz]]
| leader_title2 = Auditor
| leader_name2 = [[LaVonne Griffin-Valade]]
| established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Founded]]
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date = 1845
| established_date2 = February 8, 1851
| area_magnitude = 1 E8
| area_total_km2 = 376.5
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_sq_mi = 145.4
| area_land_km2 = 347.9
| area_land_sq_mi = 134.3
| area_water_km2 = 28.6
| area_water_sq_mi = 11.1
| population_as_of = 2009
| population_total = 582,130
| population_metro = 2,217,325
| population_density_km2 = 1655.31
| population_density_sq_mi = 4288.38
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Portlander
| timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time Zone|PST]]
| utc_offset = -8
| timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -7
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code = 97086-97299
| area_code = [[Area codes 503 and 971|503/971]]
| latd = 45 |latm = 31 |lats = 12 |latNS = N
| longd = 122 |longm = 40 |longs = 55 |longEW = W
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_type = type:city(568380)_region:US-OR_source:gnis-1136645
| elevation_m = 15.2
| elevation_ft = 50
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 41-59000{{GR|2}}
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1136645{{GR|3}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Portland''' is a city located in the [[Northwestern United States]], near the [[confluence]] of the [[Willamette River|Willamette]] and [[Columbia River|Columbia]] rivers in the state of [[Oregon]]. As of July 2009, it has an estimated population of 582,130,<ref name="prc">{{cite web | url = http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/media_assets/2009CertPopEst_web3.pdf|publisher=Portland State University|title=Certified Population Estimates for Oregon and Oregon Counties|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> making it the [[List of United States cities by population|30th most populous]] in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the [[Pacific Northwest]], after [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] and [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]. Approximately 2.2 million people live in the [[Portland metropolitan area]] ([[United States metropolitan area|MSA]]), the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|23rd most populous]] in the United States as of July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=JULY 1, 2006 Population estimates for Metropolitan Combined Statistical Areas| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv|format=[[csv]]|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>
Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the [[county seat]] of [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]].{{GR|6}} The city extends slightly into [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]] to the west and [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas County]] to the south. It is governed by a [[City commission government|commission-based government]] headed by a [[mayor]] and four other commissioners.
The City of Portland has been referred to as the most [[environmentally friendly]] or "green" city in the United States and the second most in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2007/07/19/cities/ |title=15 Green Cities |accessdate=2008-07-08 |author=Kate Sheppard |date=2007-07-19 |publisher=Environmental News and Commentary }}</ref> The city and region are noted for strong land-use planning<ref name="smartplan"/> and investment in [[light rail]], supported by [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|Metro]], a distinctive regional-government. Portland is known for its large number of [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] and [[microdistillery|microdistilleries]], as well as its [[coffee]] enthusiasm. It is also the home of the [[Portland Trail Blazers|Trail Blazers]] [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] team.
Portland lies in the [[Marine west coast]] [[climate]] region, marked by warm, dry summers and rainy but temperate winters. This climate is ideal for growing [[rose]]s, and for more than a century, Portland has been known as "The City of Roses"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/articles/1721.html |title=Portland, Oregon: Green City of Roses | Frommers.com |publisher=Frommers.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |title=Portland - MSN Encarta |publisher=Encarta.msn.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref> with many [[rose garden]]s—most prominently the [[International Rose Test Garden]].
== History ==
[[File:Portland Oregon in 1890.jpg|thumb|left|Portland in 1890]]
{{Main|History of Portland, Oregon}}
Portland started as a spot known as "the clearing,"<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orloff |first=Chet |year=2004 |title=Maintaining Eden: John Charles Olmsted and the Portland Park System |journal=Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers |volume=66 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.1353/pcg.2004.0006 }}</ref> which was on the banks of the Willamette about halfway between [[Oregon City, Oregon|Oregon City]] and [[Fort Vancouver]]. In 1843, [[William Overton (Portland founder)|William Overton]] saw great commercial potential for this land but lacked the funds required to file a land claim. He struck a bargain with his partner [[Asa Lovejoy]] of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]: for [[quarter (U.S. coin)|25¢]], Overton would share his claim to the 640 acre (2.6 km²) site. Overton later sold his half of the claim to [[Francis W. Pettygrove]] of [[Portland, Maine]]. Pettygrove and Lovejoy each wished to name the new city after his respective home town; this was decided with a [[coin toss]], which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses.<ref>{{cite web | title = Portland: The Town that was Almost Boston | publisher = Portland Oregon Visitors Association | url = http://www.travelportland.com/media/history.html | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref> The coin used for this decision, now known as the [[Portland Penny]], is on display in the headquarters of the [[Oregon Historical Society]].
At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851 Portland had over 800 inhabitants,<ref name="Gibson">Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990]. ''U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division''.</ref> a steam sawmill, a [[log cabin]] hotel, and a newspaper, the ''[[The Oregonian|Weekly Oregonian]]''. By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500.<ref>{{cite book|last=Loy|first=William G.|coauthors=Stuart Allan, Aileen R. Buckley, James E. Meacham|title= Atlas of Oregon|publisher=[[University of Oregon Press]]|year=2001|pages=32–33|isbn=0-87114-101-9}}</ref> The city merged with Albina and East Portland in 1891 and with Linnton and St. Johns in 1915.
Portland's location, with access both to the [[Pacific Ocean]] via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers and to the agricultural [[Tualatin Valley]] via the "Great Plank Road" through a canyon in the West Hills (the route of current-day [[U.S. Route 26 (Oregon)|U.S. Route 26]]), gave it an advantage over nearby ports, and it grew very quickly.<ref>"City keeps lively pulse." (Spencer Heinz, ''[[The Oregonian]]'', January 23, 2001)</ref> It remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]'s deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River.
=== Nicknames ===
{{Main|Nicknames of Portland, Oregon}}
The most common nickname for Portland is ''The City of Roses'',<ref name="cityrecorder">[http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?a=jbgc&c=cheid City Flower]. ''City of Portland Auditor's Office - City Recorder Division''.</ref> and this became the city's official nickname in 2003.<ref name="Oreg-June2003">Stern, Henry (June 19, 2003). "Name comes up roses for P-town: City Council sees no thorns in picking ‘City of Roses’ as Portland's moniker". ''[[The Oregonian]]''.</ref> Other nicknames include ''[[Stumptown]]'',<ref name="endoftheoregontrail">{{cite web | publisher= End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center | title = From Robin's Nest to Stumptown | url = http://www.endoftheoregontrail.org/road2oregon/sa33pdx.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> ''Bridgetown'',<ref name="bridgetown">{{cite web | publisher = [[Portland State University]] | title = The Water | url = http://www.pdx.edu/water.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref> ''Rip City'',<ref>{{Cite news | first = Nena | last = Baker | title = R.I.P. FOR 'Rip City' Ruckus | date = May 21, 1991 | newspaper = The Oregonian | pages = A01 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> ''Little Beirut'',<ref name="Oregonian1"/> ''Beervana''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-beer-20100530,0,767659.story|title=Achieving Beervana in Portland, Ore.|last=Engel|first=Mary|date=2010-05-30|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/05/beervana_gets_shout_out_in_la.html|title=Beervana gets shout out in L.A. Times|last=Terry|first=Lynne|date=2010-05-29|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=30 May 2010}}</ref> or ''Beertown'',<ref>[http://www.draftmag.com/beertowns/detail/portland]</ref>'' P-Town'',<ref name="Oreg-June2003"/><ref>{{cite news
| last = Hagestedt
| first = Andre
| title = The Missing Oregon Coast: Waves After Dark
| url = http://www.beachconnection.net/news/missin040709_147.php
| accessdate = 2009-04-30
| date = 2009-04-07
| quote = I’m used to seeing that hint of dawn back in P-town, with my wretched habit of playing video games until 6 a.m}}</ref> ''Soccer City USA''<ref>{{cite news |title=Portland is new Soccer City, USA |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=II4QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J-ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5122,3289171&hl=en |agency=United Press International |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Eugene, Oregon |date=1975-08-13 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Seeking Help to Bring an M.L.S. Team to Portland |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/sports/soccer/07franchise.html?ref=soccer |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York, New York |date=2008-11-06 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Portland's ugly road to MLS status |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/soccer/09/17/portland.timbers/index.html |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |date=2009-09-18 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Portland Timbers show bark, bite as they prepare to join MLS |first=Beau |last=Dure |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2009-08-25-portland-timbers_N.htm |newspaper=USA Today |location=McLean, Virginia |date=2009-08-26 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref> and ''[[Portland International Airport|PDX]]''.
== Geography ==
{{wide image|WillametteRvrPano edit.jpg|1500px|The [[Willamette River]] runs through the center of the city, while [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]] (center<!--Please scroll the picture (or your page) horizontally and look at the entire image, before you attempt to edit this.-->) rises on the city's east side. [[Mount Saint Helens]] (left) and [[Mount Hood]] (right center) are visible from many places in the city.}}
=== Topography ===
Portland lies at the northern end of [[Oregon]]'s most populated region, the [[Willamette Valley]]. However, as the metropolitan area is culturally and politically distinct from the rest of the valley, local usage often excludes Portland from the valley proper. Although almost all of Portland lies within [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]], small portions of the city lie within [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]] and [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] counties with mid-2005 populations estimated at 785 and 1,455, respectively. The [[Willamette River]] runs north through the city center, separating the east and west sections of the city before veering northwest to join with the [[Columbia River]] (which separates the state of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] from the state of [[Oregon]]) a short distance north of the city.
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 145.4 [[square mile|sq mi]] (376.5 km²). 134.3 sq mi (347.9 km²) of it is land and 11.1 sq mi (28.6 km²), or 7.6%, is water.{{GR|1}}
Portland lies on top of an extinct Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field known as the [[Boring Lava Field]].<ref name="volcano">{{cite web | title = The Boring Lava Field, Portland, Oregon | publisher = [[USGS]] Cascades Volcano Observatory | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/description_boring_lava.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> The Boring Lava Field includes at least 32 cinder cones such as [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Mount Tabor Cinder Cone, Portland, Oregon | publisher = [[USGS]] Cascades Volcano Observatory | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/mount_tabor.html | accessdate = 2007-04-20}}</ref> and its center lies in Southeast Portland. The dormant but potentially active volcano [[Mount Hood]] to the east of Portland is easily visible from much of the city during clear weather. The active volcano [[Mount Saint Helens]] to the north in [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] is visible in the distance from high-elevation locations in the city and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after an [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens#Later eruptions|eruption on May 18, 1980.]]<ref>{{cite news|title=History, relived saved from St. Helens by a six-pack of Fresca|last=Nokes|first=R. Gregory|date=December 4, 2000|work=The Oregonian|pages=17|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
Portland experiences a temperate climate that is usually described as [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic]] or [[Marine west coast]], with mild, damp winters and relatively dry, warm summers. Like much of the [[Pacific Northwest]], according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] it falls within the cool, dry-summer subtropical zone (''Csb''), also referred to as cool-summer [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], due to its relatively dry summers.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kottek | first = M. | coauthors =J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel | title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | journal =Meteorol. Z. | volume =15 | pages =259–263 | url =http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | accessdate = 2007-02-15 | year =2006 }}</ref> Other climate classification systems, such as [[Köppen climate classification#Trewartha climate classification scheme|Trewartha]], place it firmly in the Oceanic zone (''Do'').<ref>http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm</ref>
Summers in Portland are warm, sunny and rather dry, with July reaching an average high of 81 °F (27 °C) and a low of 58 °F (14 °C) late in the month. Due to its inland location and when there is an absence of a sea breeze, [[heatwave]]s occur (in particular during the months of July and August) with air temperatures rising to over 100 °F (38 °C). Winters can be mild to cold, and very moist, with January averaging a high of 46 °F (8 °C) and a low of 37 °F (3 °C). Spring can bring rather unpredictable weather, resulting from warm spells, to thunderstorms rolling off the Cascade Range. The rainfall averages {{convert|37.5|in|mm}} per year in downtown Portland. Portland averages 155 days with measurable [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] a year. Cold snaps are short-lived, and snowfall occurs no more than a few times per year, although the city has been known to see major snow and ice storms thanks to cold air outflow from the [[Columbia River Gorge]]. The city's winter snowfall totals have ranged from just a trace on many occasions, to 60.9 inches (154.7 cm) in 1892-93. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Portland was −3 °F (−19 °C), set on February 2, 1950. The highest temperature ever recorded was 107 °F (42 °C), set on July 30, 1965 as well as August 8, 1981, and August 10, 1981. Temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) have been recorded in each of the months from May through September.
{{Infobox Weather
| single_line=Yes
| location =Portland, Oregon ([[Portland International Airport|PDX]])
| Jan_Hi_°F =45.6
| Feb_Hi_°F =50.3
| Mar_Hi_°F =55.7
| Apr_Hi_°F =60.5
| May_Hi_°F =66.7
| Jun_Hi_°F =72.7
| Jul_Hi_°F =79.3
| Aug_Hi_°F =79.7
| Sep_Hi_°F =74.6
| Oct_Hi_°F =63.3
| Nov_Hi_°F =51.8
| Dec_Hi_°F =45.4
| Year_Hi_°F =62.1
| Jan_Lo_°F =34.2
| Feb_Lo_°F =35.9
| Mar_Lo_°F =38.6
| Apr_Lo_°F =41.9
| May_Lo_°F =47.5
| Jun_Lo_°F =52.6
| Jul_Lo_°F =56.9
| Aug_Lo_°F =57.3
| Sep_Lo_°F =52.5
| Oct_Lo_°F =45.2
| Nov_Lo_°F =39.8
| Dec_Lo_°F =35
| Year_Lo_°F =44.8
<!--
| Jan_REC_Hi_°F =66
| Feb_REC_Hi_°F =71
| Mar_REC_Hi_°F =80
| Apr_REC_Hi_°F =90
| May_REC_Hi_°F =100
| Jun_REC_Hi_°F =102
| Jul_REC_Hi_°F =107
| Aug_REC_Hi_°F =107
| Sep_REC_Hi_°F =105
| Oct_REC_Hi_°F =92
| Nov_REC_Hi_°F =73
| Dec_REC_Hi_°F =65
| Year_REC_Hi_°F =107
| Jan_REC_Lo_°F = −2
| Feb_REC_Lo_°F = −3
| Mar_REC_Lo_°F = 19
| Apr_REC_Lo_°F = 29
| May_REC_Lo_°F = 29
| Jun_REC_Lo_°F = 39
| Jul_REC_Lo_°F = 43
| Aug_REC_Lo_°F = 44
| Sep_REC_Lo_°F = 34
| Oct_REC_Lo_°F = 26
| Nov_REC_Lo_°F = 13
| Dec_REC_Lo_°F = 6
| Year_REC_Lo_°F = −3
-->
| scprecip = green
| Jan_Precip_inch =5.07
| Feb_Precip_inch =4.18
| Mar_Precip_inch =3.71
| Apr_Precip_inch =2.64
| May_Precip_inch =2.38
| Jun_Precip_inch =1.59
| Jul_Precip_inch =0.72
| Aug_Precip_inch =0.93
| Sep_Precip_inch =1.65
| Oct_Precip_inch =2.88
| Nov_Precip_inch =5.61
| Dec_Precip_inch =5.71
| Year_Precip_inch =37.07
|Jan_Snow_inch = 1.6
|Feb_Snow_inch = 1.6
|Mar_Snow_inch = 0
|Apr_Snow_inch = 0
|May_Snow_inch = 0
|Jun_Snow_inch = 0
|Jul_Snow_inch = 0
|Aug_Snow_inch = 0
|Sep_Snow_inch = 0
|Oct_Snow_inch = 0
|Nov_Snow_inch = 0.6
|Dec_Snow_inch = 1.3
|Year_Snow_inch = 5.2
|Jan_Sun=86.8
|Feb_Sun=118.7
|Mar_Sun=192.2
|Apr_Sun=222.0
|May_Sun=275.9
|Jun_Sun=291.0
|Jul_Sun=331.7
|Aug_Sun=297.6
|Sep_Sun=237.0
|Oct_Sun=151.9
|Nov_Sun=78.0
|Dec_Sun=65.1
|Year_Sun=2347.9
|Unit_Precip_days= 0.01 in
|Unit_Snow_days= 0.1 in
|Jan_Snow_days = 1.0 |Jan_Precip_days = 17.2
|Feb_Snow_days = 1.1 |Feb_Precip_days = 15.8
|Mar_Snow_days = 0 |Mar_Precip_days = 17.2
|Apr_Snow_days = 0 |Apr_Precip_days = 15.3
|May_Snow_days = 0 |May_Precip_days = 12.8
|Jun_Snow_days = 0 |Jun_Precip_days = 8.8
|Jul_Snow_days = 0 |Jul_Precip_days = 4.4
|Aug_Snow_days = 0 |Aug_Precip_days = 4.8
|Sep_Snow_days = 0 |Sep_Precip_days = 7.5
|Oct_Snow_days = 0 |Oct_Precip_days = 11.4
|Nov_Snow_days = 0.4 |Nov_Precip_days = 18.9
|Dec_Snow_days = 1.3 |Dec_Precip_days = 18.3
| source = NOAA <ref name = NCDC >
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/climate/pdx_clisummary.php
|title=NOW Data-NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher= [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate= 2009-07-30
}}</ref>
|accessdate = 2009-07-30
| source2 = HKO <REF NAME = HKO >
{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/Portland_e.htm
| title = Climatological Normals of Portland, OR
| accessdate = 2010-06-26
| publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]
}}</ref>
| accessdate2 = 2010-06-26 }}
== Cityscape ==
{{wide image|HawthorneBridge-Pano.jpg|1200px|Panorama of downtown Portland. [[Hawthorne Bridge]] viewed from a dock on the [[Willamette River]] near the [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI)}}
{{wide image|Portland_Night_panorama.jpg|1200px|Panorama of downtown Portland at night. Viewed from across the [[Willamette River]] in SE Portland.}}
{{See also|Architecture of Portland, Oregon|List of tallest buildings in Portland, Oregon|Downtown Portland|Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon}}
Portland straddles the Willamette River near its confluence with the [[Columbia River]]. The denser and earlier-developed west side is mostly hemmed in by the nearby [[Tualatin Mountains|West Hills (Tualatin Mountains)]], though it extends over them to the border with Washington County. The flatter east side fans out for about 180 blocks, until it meets the suburb of [[Gresham, Oregon|Gresham]]. Rural Multnomah County lies farther east.
[[Image:portland.png|thumb|left|[[Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon|The sections of Portland]]]]
In 1891 the cities of Portland, [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]], and [[East Portland, Oregon|East Portland]] were consolidated, and duplicate street names were given new names. The "great renumbering" on September 2, 1931 standardized street naming patterns, and changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block. It divided Portland into five sections: Southwest, Southeast, Northwest, North, and Northeast. Burnside St. divides north and south, and the Willamette River divides east and west. The river curves west five blocks north of Burnside and in place of it, Williams Ave. is used as a divider. The North section lies between Williams Ave. and the Willamette River to the west.
On the west side, the RiverPlace, John's Landing and South Waterfront Districts lie in a "sixth quadrant" where addresses go higher from west to east toward the river. This "sixth quadrant" is roughly bounded by Naito Parkway and Barbur Boulevard to the west, Montgomery Street to the north and Nevada Street to the south. East-West addresses in this area are denoted with a leading zero. (This means that 0246 SW California St. is NOT the same as 246 SW California St. Most mapping programs cannot distinguish these two different addresses.)
=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Main|List of parks in Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:IntnlRoseTestGarden.jpg|thumb|right|A panoramic view of the [[International Rose Test Garden]]]]
[[Image:TomMcCallWaterfrontPark.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tom McCall Waterfront Park]] seen from the north]]
Portland is proud of its parks and its legacy of preserving open spaces. Parks and greenspace planning date back to [[John Charles Olmsted]]'s 1903 ''Report to the Portland Park Board''. In 1995, voters in the Portland metropolitan region passed a regional bond measure to acquire valuable natural areas for fish, wildlife, and people. Ten years later, more than {{convert|8100|acre|km2|0}} of ecologically valuable natural areas had been purchased and permanently protected from development.<ref>{{cite web | last = Houck | first = Mike | title = Metropolitan Greenspaces: A Grassroots Perspective | publisher = Audubon Society of Portland | url =http://www.audubonportland.org/conservation_advocacy/urbanconservation/metro_greenspaces | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref>
Portland is one of only three cities in the [[Contiguous United States|contiguous U.S.]] with extinct volcanoes within its boundaries (besides [[Jackson, Mississippi]] and [[Bend, Oregon]]). [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor Park]] is known for its scenic views and historic reservoirs.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Mount Tabor Park | publisher = Portland Parks & Recreation | url = http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=275 | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
[[Forest Park (Portland)|Forest Park]] is the largest wilderness park within city limits in the United States, covering more than 5,000 acres (20 km²). Portland is also home to [[Mill Ends Park]], the world's smallest park (a two-foot-diameter circle, the park's area is only about 0.3 square m). [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] is just west of downtown, and is home to the [[Oregon Zoo]], the [[Portland Japanese Garden]], and the [[International Rose Test Garden]]. Nearby is [[Council Crest Park]], the highest point in Portland.
[[Tom McCall Waterfront Park]] runs along the west bank of the Willamette for the length of downtown. The {{convert|37|acre|0|adj=on}} park was built in 1974 after [[Harbor Drive]] was removed and now hosts large events throughout the year. Portland's downtown features two groups of contiguous city blocks dedicated for park space: the [[North Park Blocks|North]] and [[South Park Blocks]].
[[Tryon Creek State Natural Area]] is one of three [[Oregon State Parks]] in Portland and the most popular; its creek has a run of [[rainbow trout|steelhead]]. The other two State Parks are [[Willamette Stone State Heritage Site]] located in the West Hills and the [[Government Island State Recreation Area]] located in the [[Columbia River]] near [[Portland International Airport]].
== Culture and contemporary life ==
{{See also|List of fiction set in Oregon}}
Portland is often awarded the "Greenest City in America", and ranks among the world's top 10 greenest cities. ''[[Popular Science]]'' has continued to award Portland the title of the Greenest City in America and ''[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]'' magazine lists it as the second greenest city in the world.<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-02/americas-50-greenest-cities?page=1|title= America's 50 Greenest Cities |accessdate= 2010-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.grist.org/article/cities3/|title= 15 Green Cities |accessdate= 2010-06-10 }}</ref> Portland is well known as a hub of American DIY youth culture. From the late 1980s through today, Portland has been a major center for movements such as [[zine]]-making, including hosting such events as the [[Portland Zine Symposium]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.pdxzines.com/info/|title= Portland Zine Symposium Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and home to major [[zine]] distributors such as Microcosm. The [[Do it yourself|DIY]] craft community has also seen a population explosion in Portland since the 1990s and now hosts such events as [[Crafty Wonderland]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.craftywonderland.com/|title= Crafty Wonderland Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and regular [[Church of Craft]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.churchofcraft.org/index4.html|title= Church of Craft Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> meetings, and is home to such stores as [[Knittn' Kitten]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://knittnkitten.com/|title= Knittn Kitten Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> [[SCRAP]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.scrapaction.org/|title= School & Community Reuse Action Project Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and many independently-owned stores such as Bolt, [[PDX Seamsters Drop-in Sewing Studio]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://pdxseamsters.com/|title=PDX Seamsters Official website |accessdate= 2010-04-21 }}</ref> [[Yarn Garden]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.yarngarden.net/|title= Yarn Garden Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and the downtown [[Fiber District]]. Portland is also home to radical [[feminist]] and [[lesbian]] activist movements as well as the home city of The World's Oldest Teenage Drag Queen Pageant Rose Bud and Thorn Pageant started in 1975 and modeled after the [[Imperial Sovereign Rose Court of Oregon]],<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.rosecourt.org/|title=Imperial Sovereign Rose Court official site |access date+ 2008-12-08 }}</ref> and the city is also considered a haven for [[Punk subculture|punk]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[crust punk]] and [[anarchist]] movements and subgenres, including the self-reliant [[DIY culture]] movement that has been part of the aforementioned [[subculture]]s.
=== Entertainment and performing arts ===
{{See also|Music of Oregon#Portland}}
<!-- * * * * * * * * NOTE * * * * * * * *
* This section is NOT for listing every single band, bar venue, aspiring author, and filmmaker.
* Only bands, and other artists, contributing significantly to music or to Portland should be included.
* This section is meant to highlight only those who are extremely well known among the city's cultural contributors.
* It's suggested any additions are discussed on the talk page first.
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[[Image:SchnitzerAtNightFront.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall]], home of the Oregon Symphony, among others]]
Like most large cities, Portland has a range of performing arts institutions which include the [[Oregon Ballet Theatre]], [[Oregon Symphony]], [[Portland Center Stage]], [[Portland Baroque Orchestra]] and the [[Portland Opera]]. It also has quite a few stages similar to New York's [[Off Broadway]] or [[Off-Off-Broadway]] such as [[Portland Center Stage]], [[Artists Repertory Theatre]], [[Miracle Theatre]], [[Stark Raving Theatre]], and [[Tears of Joy Theatre]]. Portland hosts the world's only [[Lovecraft|HP Lovecraft Film Festival]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.hplfilmfestival.com/|title= Lovecraft Film Festival Official Site |accessdate= 2007-11-25 }}</ref> at the [[Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood Theatre]].
Portland is home to famous bands such as [[The Kingsmen]] and [[Paul Revere & the Raiders]], both famous for [[Louie Louie]]. Other widely known musical groups include<!-- please don't add to this list! See the warning (up a paragraph) and discuss on talk page first --> [[The Dandy Warhols]], [[Everclear (band)|Everclear]], [[Modest Mouse]], [[Pink Martini]], [[Sleater-Kinney]], [[The Shins]], [[Blitzen Trapper]], [[The Decemberists]], and the late [[Elliott Smith]]. The city's [[Satyricon nightclub]] is also well-known for being the place where the late [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] frontman [[Kurt Cobain]] and rock musician [[Courtney Love]] met each other, eventually marrying.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.biography.com/articles/Kurt-Cobain-9542179?print|work=Biography.com|title=Kurt Cobain|accessdate=17 May 2010}}</ref>
Widely recognized animators include [[Matt Groening]] (''The Simpsons'') and [[Will Vinton]] (''Will Vinton's A Claymation Christmas Celebration''), and filmmaker [[Gus Van Sant]] (''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997), ''[[Milk (film)|Milk]]'' (2008)). Actors from Portland include [[Sam Elliott]] and [[Sally Struthers]]. [[Dan Steffan]], cartoonist-illustrator for ''[[Heavy Metal (magazine)|Heavy Metal]]'' and other magazines, lives in Portland.
Recent films set and shot in Portland include ''[[Extraordinary Measures]]'', ''[[Body of Evidence (film)|Body of Evidence]]'', ''[[What the Bleep Do We Know!?]]'',''[[The Hunted (2003 film)|The Hunted]]'', ''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]'', ''[[Paranoid Park (film)|Paranoid Park]]'', ''[[Wendy and Lucy]]'', ''[[Feast of Love]]'', and ''[[Untraceable]]''. An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters serving beer, often with second-run or revival films. A notable example of these "brew and view" theaters is [[The Bagdad Theater and Pub]].
TV shows including ''[[Leverage (TV series)|Leverage]]'' and ''[[Under Suspicion (TV series)|Under Suspicion]]'' have been filmed in Portland.
=== Authors ===
Authors from Portland include science fiction writer [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], famous for her ''[[Earthsea]]'' novels, ''[[Hainish Cycle]]'' and ''[[Orsinian Tales]]''; transgressional fiction novelist [[Chuck Palahniuk]], best known for his award-winning novel ''[[Fight Club]]''; and [[Beverly Cleary]], author of the famous series of children's books featuring [[Henry Huggins]], his dog [[Ribsy]], [[Beatrice "Beezus" Quimby]] and [[Ramona Quimby]]. [[Klickitat Street]], where Cleary's characters live, is an actual street in northeast Portland. Statues of the characters stand in nearby Grant Park.
=== Tourism ===
{{See also|Tourism in Portland, Oregon|List of artists and art institutions in Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:Portlandia.jpg|right|thumb|The copper statue [[Portlandia]] above the entry to the [[Portland Building]] on SW 5th Avenue]]
Portland is home to a diverse array of artists and arts organizations, and was named in 2006 by ''[[American Style (magazine)|American Style]]'' magazine as the tenth best Big City Arts Destination in the U.S.
The [[Portland Art Museum]] owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing it became one of the United States' twenty-five largest museums. Art galleries abound downtown and in the Pearl District, as well as in the Alberta Arts District and other neighborhoods throughout the city.
The [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI) is located on the east bank of the Willamette River across from downtown Portland, and contains a variety of hands-on exhibits covering the physical sciences, life science, earth science, technology, astronomy, and early childhood education. OMSI also has an OMNIMAX Theater and is home to the {{USS|Blueback|SS-581|6}} submarine, used in the film ''[[The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October]]''.
Portland is also home to [[Portland Classical Chinese Garden]], an authentic representation of a [[Suzhou]]-style walled garden.
[[Portlandia]], a statue on the west side of the [[Portland Building]], is the second-largest hammered-copper statue in the U.S. (after the Statue of Liberty). Portland's public art is managed by the [[Regional Arts & Culture Council]].
[[Powell's City of Books]] claims to be the largest independent bookstore in the United States and the largest bookstore west of the Mississippi River.
The [[Portland Rose Festival]] takes place annually in June and includes two parades, [[dragon boat]] races, carnival rides at Tom McCall Waterfront park, and dozens of other events.
[[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]], in the West Hills, is home to some of Portland's most popular recreational sites, including the [[Oregon Zoo]], the [[Portland Japanese Garden]], the [[World Forestry Center]], and the [[Hoyt Arboretum]].
Portland hosts a number of festivals throughout the year in celebration of beer and brewing, including the [[Oregon Brewers Festival]]. Held each summer during the last full weekend of July, it is the largest outdoor craft beer festival in North America with over 70,000 attendees in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/thebeerhere/2008/07/2008_obf_biggest_ever_say_orga.html|title=OregonLive blog}}</ref> Other major beer festivals throughout the calendar year include the Spring Beer and Wine Festival in April, the North American Organic Brewers Festival in June, the [[Portland International Beerfest]] in July,<ref>{{cite news
| title = Brewers, beer lovers get many reasons to raise a glass
| first = Anne Marie
| last = Distefano
| work = Portland Tribune
| date = July 8, 2005
| url = http://www.portlandtribune.com/features/story.php?story_id=30717
}}</ref> and the Holiday Ale Festival in December.
=== Shopping ===
[[Image:MadeinOregonsign.jpg|thumb|The [[Made in Oregon sign]]]]
Portland has many options for shopping. Some of the well known shopping areas are [[Downtown Portland]], Nob Hill (NW 21st & 23rd Avenues), [[Pearl District]], and the [[Lloyd District]]. Major department stores in downtown include [[Nordstrom]], [[Macy's]], [[Saks 5th Avenue]], and Mario's. The major malls in the metropolitan area are [[Bridgeport Village]], [[Washington Square (Oregon)|Washington Square]], [[Clackamas Town Center]], [[Lloyd Center]], [[Vancouver Mall]], and [[Pioneer Place]]. Another destination is the [[Portland Saturday Market]], a town bazaar-like environment where many kinds of goods are sold from Artisan Crafts to Tibetan Imports, reflecting the many cultures of Portland. The Saturday Market is open every weekend from March through Christmas. The [[Made in Oregon (company)|Made in Oregon]] company is based in Portland; it specializes in [[Oregon]]-produced products and gifts. Many residents of Clark County, Washington will cross the state border to shop in Oregon's tax-free stores.
=== Breweries ===
Portland is well-known for its [[microbrewery]] [[beer]].<ref name="brewpub">{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/travel/escapes/13beer.html | title=In Oregon, It's a Brew Pub World | first = Jessica | last = Merrill | date=January 13, 2006 | accessdate=2009-12-16 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> Oregon Public Broadcasting has documented Portland's role in the [[microbrew]] revolution in the United States, in a report called, "Beervana,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opb.org/programs/oregonexperiencearchive/beervana/player.php |title=Oregon Experience: Beervana |accessdate=January 6, 2009}}</ref> a term that refers to a distinctly "Portland state of mind".{{Tone-inline|date=December 2009}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Some illustrate Portlanders' interest in the [[alcoholic beverage|beverage]] by an offer made in 1888, when local brewer [[Henry Weinhard]] volunteered to pump beer from his [[brewery]] into the newly dedicated Skidmore Fountain. However, the renown for quality beer dates to the 1980s, when state law was changed to allow consumption of beer on brewery premises. In short order, [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] and [[brewpub]]s began to pop up all over the city. {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Their growth was supported by the abundance of local ingredients, including two-row [[barley]], over a dozen varieties of [[hop (plant)|hops]], and pure water from the [[Bull Run Watershed]]. The Willamette Valley is one of the leading hop growing regions in the United States.
Today, with twenty-eight breweries within the city, Portland is home to more breweries than any other city in the country.<ref name="brewpub">{{cite news | first = Jessica | last = Merrill | title = In Oregon, It's a Brew Pub World | publisher = New York Times | date = January 18, 2006 | url = http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/travel/escapes/13beer.html?n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FUnited%20States%2FOregon&adxnnl=1&amp;adxnnlx=1163921884-ziwlKudruJL3vPSDRJhOqg | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref> The [[McMenamins|McMenamin brothers]] alone have over thirty brewpubs, distilleries, and wineries scattered throughout the metropolitan area, several in renovated [[movie theater|theaters]] and other old buildings otherwise destined for demolition. Other notable Portland brewers include [[Widmer Brothers Brewing Company|Widmer Brothers]], [[BridgePort Brewing Company|BridgePort]], and [[Hair of the Dog Brewing Company|Hair of the Dog]], as well as numerous smaller quality brewers. In 1999, author [[Michael Jackson (writer)|Michael "Beerhunter" Jackson]] called Portland a candidate for the ''beer capital of the world'' because the city boasted more breweries than [[Cologne]], Germany. The Portland Oregon Visitors Association is promoting "Beervana" and "Brewtopia" as nicknames for the city.<ref name="Beer">{{cite web | title = Portland: The center of the beer universe | publisher = Portland Oregon Visitors Association | url = http://www.travelportland.com/media/mbmedkit/mb_beer.html | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref> In mid-January 2006, Mayor Tom Potter officially gave the city a new nickname—Beertown.<ref>{{cite web | title = Portland lifts a glass to its new name | publisher = KOIN 6 News | date = January 12, 2006 | url = http://www.koin.com/Global/story.asp?S=5932394 | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{Commons category|Restaurants in Portland, Oregon}}
Portland has a growing restaurant scene, and among three nominees, was recognized by the [[Food Network Awards]] as their "Delicious Destination of the Year: A rising city with a fast-growing food scene" for 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/show_aw/text/0,3151,FOOD_28456_61089,00.html |title=TV : Food Network Awards : Food Network Awards Winners : Food Network |publisher=Foodnetwork.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
[[Image:StumptownCoffeeDivision.jpg|thumb|180px|left|The original [[Stumptown Coffee]] location at 47th and Division.]] The ''[[New York Times]]'' also spotlighted Portland for its burgeoning restaurant scene in the same year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/dining/26port.html?pagewanted=3&_r=1 |title=In Portland, a Golden Age of Dining and Drinking - New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=Published: September 26, 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-06 | first=Eric | last=Asimov}}</ref> ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked Portland #9 among all national cities in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/afc/2007/category/6 |title=America's Favorite Cities 2007 | Food/Dining | Food/Dining (Overall) | Travel + Leisure |publisher=Travelandleisure.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> The city is also known for being the most [[vegetarian]]-friendly city in America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goveg.com/f-vegcities-portland.asp |title=GoVeg.com // Features // North America's Most Vegetarian-Friendly Cities! // Portland, Oregon |publisher=Goveg.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
In addition to beer, Portland has become known as a premier coffee destination in the Pacific Northwest, second only to Seattle in terms of the abundance of its coffee houses. [[Yelp.com]] lists more than 20 coffee houses in Portland with 4.5-5 star ratings.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.yelp.com/c/portland/coffee |title=Portland Coffee Shops |publisher=Yelp.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-15}}</ref> The city is home to the original [[Stumptown Coffee Roasters]], well-known by aficionados as one of the nation's highest quality direct-trade roasteries,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/dining/reviews/16brief-001.html |title=A Seductive Cup |publisher=New York Times |date= 2009-09-16|accessdate=2009-10-15 | first=Oliver | last=Strand}}</ref> as well as dozens of other micro-roasteries and cafes.
=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:RoseGardenArenaS.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Rose Garden (arena)|Rose Garden]], home of the Portland Trail Blazers.]]
Portland is home to the [[Portland Trail Blazers|Trail Blazers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=neyer_rob&id=1600284|title=Though not perfect, Portland a viable city for baseball|last=Neyer|first=Rob|date=August 21, 2003|publisher=ESPN.com|quote="Portland is the largest metropolitan area with just one major professional sports team (the Trail Blazers)."|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> Beginning in 2011, the city will host a [[Major League Soccer]] franchise, which will be a continuation of the [[Portland Timbers (USL)|Portland Timbers]].<ref>http://web.mlsnet.com/news/mls_news.jsp?ymd=20090320&content_id=228140&vkey=pr_mls&fext=.jsp</ref> The city is also home to a number of minor league teams. Running is a popular sport in the metropolitan area, which hosts the Portland Marathon and much of the [[Hood to Coast|Hood to Coast Relay]] (the world's largest such event). [[Skiing]] and [[snowboarding]] are also highly popular, with a number of nearby resorts on [[Mount Hood]], including year-round [[Timberline Lodge|Timberline]].
It was formerly home to the [[Portland Rosebuds]] of the [[Pacific Coast Hockey Association]], the first professional sports team in Oregon and the first professional hockey team in the U.S. The Rosebuds played in the 1916 [[Stanley Cup]] Final, the first U.S. team to do so.
Portland has one of the most active [[bicycle racing]] scenes in the United States, with hundreds of events sanctioned each year by the [[Oregon Bicycle Racing Association]]. Weekly events at [[Alpenrose Dairy|Alpenrose Velodrome]] and [[Portland International Raceway]] allow for racing nearly every night of the week during spring and summer, and fall [[cyclocross]] races such as the [[Cross Crusade]] can have over 1000 riders and boisterous spectators.
Additionally, the Portland metro has its own [[Cricket]] league, Oregon Cricket League (OCL) that hosts 2 formats of the outdoor game of cricket every year.<ref>http://www.oregonsports.org/not-every-sport-requires-a-ball/</ref><ref>http://www.oregoncricketleague.org</ref>
{{List of Portland, Oregon sports teams}}
=== Media ===
{{Main|Media in Portland}}
''[[The Oregonian]]'' is the only daily general-interest newspaper serving Portland. It also circulates throughout the state and in [[Clark County, Washington]].
Smaller local newspapers, distributed free of charge in newspaper boxes and at venues around the city, include ''[[Portland Tribune]]'' (general-interest paper published on Thursdays), ''[[Willamette Week]]'' (general-interest [[alternative weekly]]), ''[[The Portland Mercury]]'' (another weekly, targeted at younger urban readers), and ''[[The Asian Reporter (newspaper)|The Asian Reporter]]'' (a weekly covering Asian news, both international and local).
[[Indymedia|Portland Indymedia]] is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers. The ''[[Portland Alliance]]'', a largely anti-authoritarian progressive monthly, is the largest radical print paper in the city. ''[[Just Out]]'', published in Portland twice monthly, is the region's foremost [[LGBT]] publication. A biweekly paper, ''[[Street Roots]]'', is also sold within the city by members of the homeless community.
''The Portland [[American City Business Journals|Business Journal]]'', a weekly, covers business-related news, as does ''The [[Daily Journal of Commerce]]''. ''[[Portland Monthly]]'' is a monthly news and culture magazine. ''[[The Bee]]'', over 100 years old, is another neighborhood newspaper serving the inner southeast neighborhoods.
Portland is well served by television and radio. The metro area is the 22nd largest U.S. [[Designated market area|market area]] with 1,086,900 homes and 0.992% of the U.S. market.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} The major network television affiliates include:
* [[KATU]] 2 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]])
* [[KOIN]] 6 ([[CBS]])
* [[KGW]] 8 ([[NBC]])
* [[KOPB-TV]] 10 Oregon Public Broadcasting ([[PBS]])
* [[KPTV]] 12 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]])
* [[KPXG]] 22 ([[Ion Television|ION]])
* [[KNMT]] 24 ([[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN]])
* [[KRCW-TV]] 32 ([[The CW]])
* [[KUNP|KUNP-LP]] 47 ([[Univision]])
* [[KPDX]] 49 ([[MyNetworkTV]])
<!-- Note this says MAJOR affiliates, so it shouldn't list minor affiliates or standalone stations -->
== Economy ==
Portland's metro area population growth has outpaced the national average during the last decade, with current estimates showing an 80% chance of population growth in excess of 60% over the next 50 years.<ref name="pt_growth">{{cite web | title = Metro takes long view of growth | url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=121200846357363500 | last = Law | first = Steve | publisher = Portland Tribune | date = 2008-05-29 | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref>
[[Image:Portland house price index.gif|thumb|The Portland House-Price Index has remained stronger than the national average.]]
Portland's location is beneficial for several industries. Relatively low energy cost, accessible resources, North-South and East-West Interstates, international air terminals, large marine shipping facilities, and both west coast intercontinental railroads are all economic advantages.<ref name="citydata_economy"/> The [[Mercer (consulting firm)|US consulting firm Mercer]], in a 2009 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Portland 42nd [[World's Most Livable Cities|worldwide in quality of living]]; the survey factored in [[political system|political stability]], [[personal freedom]], sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, recreation, banking facilities, availability of [[consumer goods]], education, and public services including transportation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105 | title = Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 – Mercer survey | publisher = [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]| date=28 April 2009| accessdate=2009-05-08 }}</ref>
=== Real estate and construction ===
[[File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogg|thumb|Video of Portland's Urban Growth boundary. The red dots indicate areas of growth between 1986 and 1996. ([[:File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogg|larger size]])]]
Oregon's 1973 "[[urban growth boundary]]" law limits the boundaries for large scale development in each metropolitan area in Oregon.<ref name="metro_ugb">{{cite web | title = Metro: Urban growth boundary | url=http://www.metro-region.org/index.cfm/go/by.web/id/277 | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> This limits access to utilities such as sewage, water and telecommunications, as well as coverage by fire, police and schools.<ref name="metro_ugb"/> Originally this law mandated that the city must maintain enough land within the boundary to provide an estimated 20 years of growth, however in 2007 the legislature altered the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary, as well as the protection of accompanying farm and rural lands.<ref name="pt_growth"/>
The growth boundary, along with efforts of the PDC to create economic development zones, has led to the development of a large portion of downtown, a large number of mid- and high-rise developments, and an overall increase in housing and business density.<ref name="ssp_portland">{{cite web | title = Portland - SkyscraperPage | url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=29 | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref><ref name="olmis_jobgrowth">{{cite web | title = OLMIS - Portland Metro Area: A Look at Recent Job Growth | url=http://www.qualityinfo.org/olmisj/ArticleReader?itemid=00005735 | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref> In October, 2009, the [[Forbes magazine]] rated Portland as the 3rd safest city in America.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/26/safest-cities-ten-lifestyle-real-estate-metros-msa.html America's Safest Cities for Real Estate]</ref>
=== Manufacturing ===
Computer components manufacturer [[Intel]] is the Portland area's largest employer, providing jobs for more than 14,000 residents, with several campuses to the west of central Portland in the city of [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]].<ref name="citydata_economy">{{cite web | title = Portland: Economy - Major Industries and Commercial Activity | url=http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Portland-Economy.html | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> The metro area is home to more than 1,200 technology companies.<ref name="citydata_economy"/> This high density of technology companies has led to the nickname [[Silicon Forest]] being used to describe Portland, a reference to the abundance of trees in the region.
Portland is home to the regional headquarters for [[Adidas]]. The metro area serves as the headquarters for the [[Columbia Sportswear]] corporation, Yakima Products and [[Nike, Inc.]]. [[Beaverton, Oregon]]'s Nike, Inc. and Portland's [[Precision Castparts Corp.]] are the only two [[Fortune 500]] companies headquartered in Oregon. [[Philip Knight]], co-founder and chairman of Nike, is an Oregon native and [[University of Oregon]] alumnus.
The steel industry's history in Portland predates World War II. By the 1950s, the steel industry became the city's number one industry for employment.<ref name="history_pdx_steel">{{cite web | title = Steel Industry | url=http://www.history.pdx.edu/guildslake/industry/steel1.htm | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref> The steel industry thrives in the region, with [[Schnitzer Steel Industries]], a prominent steel company, shipping a record 1.15 billion tons of scrap metal to Asia during 2003.<ref name="history_pdx_steel"/>
The aluminum industry expanded in the Portland area during the later half of the 20th century. This was primarily due to the comparatively low cost electricity in the region, courtesy of the many dams on local rivers. The industry has been one of the more intrusive industries politically however, due to the effect on residential and business energy costs to the rest of the city, and the pollution associated with aluminum production.<ref name="jstor">{{cite web | title = The Juice Junkie | url=http://wweek.com/editorial/2730/1708/ | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref>
=== Logistics ===
Portland is the largest shipper of wheat in the United States,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://learfieldcreative.typepad.com/brownfield/2009/01/next-stop-port-of-portland-.html
| title = Next stop: Port of Portland
| date = January 7, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-02-06
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/stmntofnd.htm
| title = Port of Portland's Statement of Need
| publisher = Center for Columbia River History
| accessdate = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> and is the second largest port for wheat in the world.<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/08/20040813-1.html White House press release: The Columbia River Channel Deepening Project, August 13, 2004]</ref><!--
<ref name="portofportland"> {{cite web | title = Port of Portland | url=http://www.portofportland.com/ | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref>
for claims like this need a third party source
-->
The marine terminals alone handle over 13 million tons of cargo per year, and is home to one of the largest commercial dry docks in the country.<ref name="answers_cg">{{cite web | title = Cascade General, Inc. | url=http://www.answers.com/topic/cascade-general-inc?cat=biz-fin | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref><ref name="portofportland_report">{{cite web | title= Portfolio | url=http://www.portofportland.com/PDFPOP/Portfolio_06_07.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> The [[Port of Portland]] is the third largest U.S. port on the west coast, though it is located about {{convert|80|mi|km}} upriver.<ref name="citydata_economy"/><ref name="portofportland_report"/>
== Transportation ==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| footer =
| image1 = PortlandTriMetMAX.jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[MAX Light Rail]] is the centerpiece of the city's public transportation system
| image2 = PortlandStreetcar5.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 =
| caption2 = [[Portland Streetcar]] runs north-south through Downtown
| image3 = PortlandTramCar3.jpg
| alt3 =
| width3 =
| caption3 = [[Portland Aerial Tram]] car descends towards the [[South Waterfront]] district
}}
{{Main|Transportation in Portland, Oregon}}
The Portland metropolitan area has transportation services common to major U.S. cities, though Oregon's emphasis on proactive [[Land use forecasting|land-use planning]] and [[transit-oriented development]] within the [[urban growth boundary]] means that commuters have multiple well-developed options.
Some Portlanders use mass transit for their daily commute. In 2008, 12.6% of all commutes in Portland were on public transit.<ref>{{cite web
|title=American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_
}}</ref> [[TriMet]] operates most of the region's buses and the [[MAX Light Rail|MAX]] (short for Metropolitan Area Express) [[light rail]] system, which connects the city and suburbs. [[Westside Express Service]], or WES, opened in February 2009 as commuter rail for Portland's western suburbs, linking [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] and [[Wilsonville, Oregon|Wilsonville]]. The [[Portland Streetcar]] operates from the south waterfront, through Portland State University and north to nearby homes and shopping districts. Within the [[Free Rail Zone]], a designated geographic area centered in downtown, rides on TriMet's MAX and streetcar systems are free. Fifth and Sixth avenues within downtown comprise the [[Portland Transit Mall]], two streets devoted primarily to bus and light rail traffic with limited automobile access. Intense public transit development continues as two light rail lines are under construction, as well as a new downtown transit mall linking several transit options. TriMet also provides real-time tracking of buses and trains with its TransitTracker and even makes the data available to software developers so they can create customized tools of their own.<ref>[http://www.myTrimet.com Trimet website]</ref>
[[Interstate 5 (Oregon)|I-5]] connects Portland with the [[Willamette Valley]], [[Southern Oregon]], and [[California]] to the south and with [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] to the north. [[Interstate 405 (Oregon)|I-405]] forms a loop with I-5 around the central downtown area of the city and [[Interstate 205 (Oregon-Washington)|I-205]] is a loop freeway route on the east side which connects to the [[Portland International Airport]]. [[U.S. Route 26 (Oregon)|US 26]] supports commuting within the metro area and continues to the Pacific Ocean westward and [[Mount Hood]] and [[Central Oregon]] eastward. [[U.S. Route 30 (Oregon)|US 30]] has a main, bypass, and business route through the city extending to [[Astoria, Oregon]] to the west; through [[Gresham, Oregon]], and the eastern [[Commuter town|exurbs]], and connects to [[Interstate 84 (Oregon)|I-84]], traveling towards [[Boise, Idaho]].
Portland's main airport is [[Portland International Airport]], located about 20 minutes by car (40 minutes by MAX) northeast of downtown. In addition Portland is home to [[List of airports in Oregon|Oregon's]] only public use heliport, the [[Portland Downtown Heliport]].
[[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to Portland at [[Union Station (Portland)|Union Station]] on three routes. Long-haul train routes include the [[Coast Starlight]] (with service from Los Angeles to Seattle) and the [[Empire Builder]] (with service from Portland to Chicago.) The [[Amtrak Cascades]] commuter trains operate between [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] and [[Eugene, Oregon]], and serve Portland several times daily.
The city is particularly supportive of [[urban bicycling]] and has been recognized by the [[League of American Bicyclists]] among others for its network of on street bicycling facilities and other bicycle-friendly services.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/
| title=League of American Bicyclists * Press Releases
| publisher=Bikeleague.org
| accessdate=2008-10-06
}}</ref>
It ranks highly among the most bicycle friendly cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.virgin-vacations.com/site_vv/11-most-bike-friendly-cities.asp
| title = 11 Most Bike Friendly Cities in the World – Bicycle friendly cities
| work = Virgin Vacations
| publisher = Virgin Airlines
| accessdate = 2009-06-18
}}</ref>
The [[Bicycle Transportation Alliance]] sponsors an annual Bicycle Commute Challenge, in which thousands of commuters compete for prizes and recognition based on the length and frequency of their commutes.<ref>[http://www.bikecommutechallenge.com/oregon Bicycle Commute Challenge] information</ref> Approximately 8% of commuters bike to work, the highest proportion of any major U.S. city and about 10 times the national average.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124242099361525009.html 'Youth Magnet' Cities Hit Midlife Crisis] The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2009-06-14.</ref> [[Car sharing]] through [[Zipcar]] and [[U Car Share]] is available to residents of the city and some inner suburbs. Portland has a commuter aerial cableway, the [[Portland Aerial Tram]], which connects the [[South Waterfront]] district on the Willamette River to the [[Oregon Health & Science University]] campus on Marquam Hill above.
Portland has five indoor [[skatepark]]s and is home to historically significant [[Burnside Skatepark]]. [[Gabriel Skatepark]] is the most recent, which opened on July 12, 2008. Another fourteen are in the works.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skateportland.org/?page_id=11 |title=19: Portland's Skatepark Master Plan |accessdate=2006-07-18 |publisher=Skaters for Portland Skateparks}}</ref> [[The Wall Street Journal]] stated Portland "may be the most skateboard-friendly town in America."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204119704574238073660408040.html|title=Skateboarding Capital of the World|last=Dougherty|first=Conor|date=July 30, 2009|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref>
== Law and government ==
{{See also|Government of Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:PortlandCityHall.jpg|right|thumb|[[Portland City Hall (Oregon)|Portland City Hall]]]]
The city of Portland is governed by the [[Portland, Oregon City Council|Portland City Council]], which includes the Mayor and four Commissioners—and an auditor. Each is elected citywide to serve a four year term. The auditor provides checks and balances in the commission form of government and accountability for the use of public resources. In addition, the auditor provides access to information and reports on various matters of city government.
The city's Office of Neighborhood Involvement serves as a conduit between city government and [[Portland, Oregon neighborhoods|95 neighborhood associations]], which are grouped into seven coalitions.
Portland and its surrounding metropolitan area are served by [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|Metro]], the United States' only directly elected regional government. Metro's charter includes land use and transportation planning, solid waste management, and map development. It also owns and operates the [[Oregon Convention Center]], [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Portland Center for the Performing Arts]], and [[Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center]]. The [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]] government also provides many services to the Portland area, along with that of [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] and [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]] Counties to the west and south.
Since the 1950s, if not earlier, Portland has strongly favored the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] at all levels of government.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are Democrats. Democrats also dominate the city's delegation to the [[Oregon Legislature]].
Federally, Portland is split between three [[congressional districts]]. Most of the city is in the [[Oregon's 3rd congressional district|3rd District]], represented by [[Earl Blumenauer]], who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996. Most of the city west of the Willamette River is part of the [[Oregon's 1st congressional district|1st District]], represented by [[David Wu]]. A small portion of the city is in the [[Oregon's 5th congressional district|5th District]], represented by [[Kurt Schrader]]. All three are Democrats; a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] has not represented a significant portion of Portland since 1975. Both of Oregon's senators, [[Ron Wyden]] and [[Jeff Merkley]], are from Portland. Portland's current Mayor, Sam Adams, became the city's first openly-gay mayor in 2009.<ref>[http://www.sovo.com/2009/1-9/news/national/9647.cfm Portland becomes largest U.S. city with gay mayor - Southern Voice]</ref> At that time, Portland became the largest U.S. city with a GLBT mayor. In 2004, Multnomah County voted 59.7% against [[Oregon Ballot Measure 36 (2004)|Oregon Ballot Measure 36]], which amended the [[Oregon Constitution]] to define marriage as one man and one woman and prohibit [[same-sex marriage]], though the measure passed with 56.6% of the statewide vote. [[Benton County, Oregon|Benton County]], which contains [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], home of [[Oregon State University]], was the only other county where the initiative failed.<ref>[http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2004&off=60&elect=0&fips=41&f=0 Oregon Measure 36 Results by County]</ref>
=== Planning and development ===
[[Image:PortlandOR-aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of central Portland]]
[[Image:PDX1966PGEplant.jpg|thumb|right|1966 photo shows sawdust-fired power plant on the edge of Downtown that was removed to make way for dense residential development. High rises to left in background were early projects of the Portland Development Commission.]]
The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1903. Development of [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] and one of the country's finest greenways, the [[40 Mile Loop]], which interconnects many of the city's parks, began.
Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong [[land use planning]] controls;<ref name="smartplan">{{cite web | title = The "Smart Growth" Debate Continues | publisher = Urban Mobility Corporation | date = May/June 2003 | url = http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor [[Tom McCall]], in particular the requirement for an [[urban growth boundary]] (UGB) for every city and metropolitan area. The opposite extreme, a city with few or no controls, is typically illustrated by [[Houston, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/hotproperty/archives/2007/10/how_houston_get.html |title=How Houston gets along without zoning - BusinessWeek |publisher=Businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/houston/2003-10-07-spotlight-zoning_x.htm |title= Houston: A city without zoning |publisher=Usatoday.com |author=Sherry Thomas, special for USATODAY.com |date=Posted 10/30/2003 12:20 PM |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/109 |title=Zoning Without Zoning | Planetizen |publisher=Planetizen.com |author=Author: Michael Lewyn |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFDB103FF934A2575BC0A960948260 |title=FOCUS: Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning - New York Times |publisher=Query.nytimes.com |author=Robert Reinhold |date=Published: August 17, 1986 |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2006/04/10/editorial1.html |title='The only major U.S. city without zoning' - Houston Business Journal: |publisher=Houston.bizjournals.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref>
Portland's urban growth boundary, adopted in 1979, separates urban areas (where high-density development is encouraged and focused) from traditional farm land (where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict).<ref>[http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/goals.shtml Statewide Planning Goals.] Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2007.</ref> This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along [[interstate highway]]s, in [[suburb]]s, and [[satellite city|satellite cities]].
As the population has grown, and undeveloped land inside the urban growth boundary has dwindled, there has been pressure to change or relax the rules.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} The rapid growth of two major employers in Washington County, namely [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] and [[Intel]], contributed to this pressure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries, but critics felt this wasn't being accomplished. In 1995, the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20 year supply of future housing at projected growth levels.<ref>{{cite web | title = Comprehensive Land Use Planning Coordination | publisher = Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly | url = http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/197.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
The [[Portland Development Commission]] is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development; it was created by city voters in 1958 to serve as the city's [[urban renewal]] agency. It provides housing and economic development programs within the city, and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects.
In the early 1960s, the PDC led the razing of a large Italian-Jewish neighborhood downtown, bounded roughly by the I-405 freeway, the Willamette River, 4th Avenue and Market street.
Mayor [[Neil Goldschmidt]] took office in 1972 as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area, which was seen as emptying out after 5pm. The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since, with many thousands of new housing units clustered in 3 areas: north of Portland State University (between the I-405 freeway, SW Broadway, and SW Taylor St.); the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam (I-5) bridge; and most notably in the Pearl District (between I-405, Burnside St., NW Northrup St., and NW 9th Ave.).
The Urban Greenspaces Institute, housed in Portland State University Geography Department's Center for Mapping Research, promotes better integration of the built and natural environments. The institute works on urban park, trail, and natural areas planning issues, both at the local and regional levels.
In October 2009, the Portland City Council unanimously adopted a climate action plan that will cut the city's greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=125678469206117000|title=Council adopts aggressive Climate Action Plan|author=Law, Steve|publisher=[[The Portland Tribune]]|date=2009-10-28|accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
According to ''[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]'' magazine, Portland is the second most [[eco-friendly]] or "green" city in the world trailing only [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = Grist 15 Green Cities | publisher = ''Grist'' Magazine Online | url = http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2007/07/19/cities/index.html | accessdate = 2007-01-02}}</ref> In 2010, [[Move, Inc.]] placed Portland in its "top 10 greenest cities" list.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/idahosportugal/index.ssf/2010/03/portland_makes_list_of_top_10.html|title=Top 10 greenest cities: Portland makes the cut|last=Sienstra|date=2010-03-24|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.move.com/home-finance/real-estate/general/top-greenest-cities-in-us.aspx|title=The Top 10 Greenest Cities|last=Kipen|first=Nicki|date=2010-03-24|work=[[Move.com]]|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref>
=== Free speech ===
Because of strong free speech protections of the [[Oregon Constitution]] upheld by the [[Oregon Supreme Court]] [[Henry v. Oregon Constitution 1987]] which specifically found that full nudity and lap dances in strip clubs are protected speech,<ref>{{cite web
| last = Busse
| first = Phil
| publisher = [[The Portland Mercury]]
| title = Cover Yourself!
| date = November 7, 2002
| url = http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/Content?oid=27886&category=22101
| accessdate = 2007-02-01
}}</ref> Portland is widely considered to have more strip clubs per capita than [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] or San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Moore
| first = Adam S.
| coauthors = Beck, Byron
| title = Bump and Grind
| publisher = [[Willamette Week]]
| date = November 8, 2004
| url = http://www.wweek.com/story.php?story=6093
| accessdate = 2007-02-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=6088041&page=1
| title = Strip Club Teases Small Oregon City—In National Capital of Stripping, Residents Say Free Speech Has Gone Too Far
| author = Susan Donaldson James
| publisher = ABC News
| date = October 22, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.katu.com/news/local/8263157.html
| title = Judge: Salem lap dances protected by constitution
| author = Associated Press
| work = KATU News
| date = June 30, 2007
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref>
A judge dismissed charges against a nude bicyclist November 2008 on the grounds that the city's annual [[World Naked Bike Ride]] "was a well-established tradition in Portland."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.katu.com/news/local/34445764.html
| title = Judge: riding in the buff is 'tradition,' man cleared
| work = Associated Press
| publisher = KATU
| date = November 21, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref> The 2009 Naked Bike Ride occurred<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5wSKi5Bchk
| title = BUTTCRACKS AND BICYCLES: the Portland naked bike ride 2009!
| author = magnifiquem
| work = YouTube
| date = June 12, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref> without significant incident. City police managed traffic intersections.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.katu.com/news/local/48028862.html
| title = Cyclists bare all in naked ride through Portland
| date = June 14, 2009
| work = KATU
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref> There were an estimated 3000 to 5000 participants.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://pdxpipeline.wordpress.com/2009/06/15/portland-naked-bike-ride-5000-people-pictures-story/
| title = Portland Naked Bike Ride: 5000 People
| date = June 15, 2009
| work = PDX Pipeline
| author = Jonathan Maus, BikePortland
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://bikeportland.org/2009/06/14/world-naked-bike-ride-was-it-good-for-you/
| title = An estimated 5,000 take part in Portland's Naked Bike Ride
| author = Jonathan Maus
| work = Bike Portland
| date = June 14, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref>
A state law prohibiting publicly insulting a person likely to provoke a violent response was tested in Portland and struck down unanimously by the State Supreme Court as violating protected free speech and being overly broad.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/375034_racist15.html
| title = Oregon Court: Racist, insulting speech is protected
| date = August 14, 2008
| author = Associated Press
| work = Seattle Post-Intelligencer
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{USCensusPop
| 1850 = 821
| 1860 = 2874
| 1870 = 8293
| 1880 = 17577
| 1890 = 46385
| 1900 = 90426
| 1910 = 207214
| 1920 = 258288
| 1930 = 301815
| 1940 = 305394
| 1950 = 373628
| 1960 = 372676
| 1970 = 382619
| 1980 = 366383
| 1990 = 437319
| 2000 = 529121
| estyear= 2009
| estimate= 566141
| footnote = U.S. Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web | title = State & County QuickFacts | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title = Oregon - Place Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US41&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-T1-R&-ds_name=PEP_2009_EST&-_lang=en&-format=ST-9S&-_sse=on | accessdate = 2010-07-09 }}</ref>|}}
As of 2000, there are an estimated 529,121 people residing in the city, organized into 223,737 households and 118,356 families. The [[population density]] is 4,228.38 people per square mile (1,655.31/km²). There are 237,307 housing units at an average density of 1,766.7/sq mi (682.1/km²).
<!-- Please see the talk page discussion about this table -->
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3|2006-2008 American Community Survey Estimates<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4159000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on</ref>
! ''(NH)'' !! ''(DC)''
|-align=right
| 433,172||78.6%||align=left|'''White''' ||''74.0%'' || ''81.9%''
|-align=right
| 36,036|| 6.5%||align=left|'''Asian''' ||''6.5%'' || ''7.7%''
|-align=right
| 35,246|| 6.4%||align=left|'''Black or African American''' ||''6.3%'' || ''7.7%''
|-align=right
| 7,629|| 1.4%||align=left|'''American Indian, Alaska Native''' ||''0.6%'' || ''2.8%''
|-align=right
| 2,668|| 0.5%||align=left|'''Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander''' ||''0.5%'' || ''0.6%''
|-align=right
| 16,026|| 2.9%||align=left|'''Some other race'''||''0.2%''||''3.2%''
|-align=right
| 20,449|| 3.7%||align=left|'''Two or more races'''||''3.2%''
|rowspan=5 valign=bottom|''103.9%''
|-align=right
| 551,226|| 100%
|align=left| '''Total of all races'''
|rowspan=3 valign=bottom|''91.2%''
|-align=right
| 48,627|| 8.8%||align=left| '''Total Hispanic/Latino''' (of any race)
|-align=right
|colspan=3| '''''(NH)''' Total non-Hispanics by race''
|-align=right
|colspan=4| '''''(DC)''' Total, double/triple counting 'Two or more races'
|-
|}
Compared to the Oregon state average, Portland's median house value is above state average, and its black, Hispanic, and foreign-born populations are significantly above state average.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
Out of 223,737 households, 24.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.3 and the average family size is 3.
The age distribution was 21.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $40,146, and the median income for a family is $50,271. Males have a reported median income of $35,279 versus $29,344 reported for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $22,643. 13.1% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 15.7% of those under the age of 18 and 10.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Figures delineating the income levels based on race are not available at this time.
However, though the population of the city is increasing, the total population of children is diminishing, which has put pressure on the public school system to close schools. A 2005 study found that Portland is now educating fewer children than it did in 1925, despite the city's population having almost doubled since then, and the city will have to close the equivalent of three to four elementary schools each year for the next decade.<ref>{{ cite news | last = Egan | first = Timothy | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/24/national/24childless.html?ei=5090&en=cbfa254535a51a5f&ex=1269320400&partner=rssuserland&pagewanted=all&position= | title = Vibrant Cities Find One Thing Missing: Children | publisher = ''[[The New York Times]]'' | date = March 24, 2005 }}</ref>
In 1940, Portland's [[African-American]] population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families.<ref name="maccoll">{{cite book
| last = MacColl
| first = E. Kimbark
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950
| origyear = 1979
| edition =
| year = 1979
| publisher = The Georgian Press
| location = Portland, [[Oregon]]
| isbn = 0-9603408-1-5
}}</ref> During the war-time [[Liberty Ship|liberty ship]] construction boom, the need for workers drew many blacks to the city. The new influx of blacks settled in specific neighborhoods, such as the [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]] district and [[Vanport, Oregon|Vanport]]. The May 1948 flood which destroyed [[Vanport, Oregon|Vanport]] eliminated the only integrated neighborhood, and an influx of blacks into the NE quadrant of the city continued.<ref name="maccoll"/> At 7.90%, Portland's African American population is nearly four times the state average. Over two thirds of Oregon's African-American residents live in Portland.<ref name="maccoll"/> As of the 2000 census, three of its high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln and Wilson) were over 70% white, reflecting the overall population, while Jefferson High School was 76% non-white. The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-whites, including blacks and Asians. Hispanic students average from 3.3% at Wilson to 31% at Roosevelt.<ref>[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_High_School_(Portland,_Oregon)| title = Abernethy Elementary School: Recent Enrollment Trends, 1995-96 through 2002-03 | publisher = Portland Public Schools, Prepared by Management Information Services | url = http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf | format = PDF | date = October 30, 2002 ]</ref>
The city of Portland has the 7th highest [[LGBT]] population in the country, with 8.8% of residents identifying as homosexual, and the metro area ranks 4th in the nation at 6.1%.<ref name="ACSGates">Gary J. Gates {{PDFlink|[http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/SameSexCouplesandGLBpopACS.pdf Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey]|2.07 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 2180309 bytes -->}}. The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, [[UCLA School of Law]], October 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2007.</ref>
==Crime==
Portland's crime rate is above the national average in all categories except for murder.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.cityrating.com/citycrime.asp?city=Portland&state=OR
| title = Crime Statistics
| work = City Rating
| year = 2003
| accessdate = 2010-04-24
}}</ref>
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Portland, Oregon}}
Portland is served by six public school districts and many private schools. [[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]] is the largest school district. There are also many colleges and universities- the largest being [[Portland Community College]], [[Portland State University]], and [[Oregon Health & Science University]]. The city is also home to such private universities as the [[University of Portland]], [[Reed College]], and [[Lewis & Clark College]].
=== Museums===
Portland is home to many educational museums. They include:
====Oregon Museum of Science and Industry====
[[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI), which includes many hands on activities for adults and children. OMSI consists of five main halls, most of which, consist of smaller laboratories: Earth Science Hall, Life Science Hall, Turbine Hall, Science Playground, and Featured Exhibit Hall. The Featured Exhibit Hall has a new exhibit every few months. The laboratories are Chemistry, Physics, Technology, Life, Paleontology, and Watershed. OMSI has many other unique attractions, such as the [[USS Blueback (SS-581)]], the OMNIMAX Dome Theater, and OMSI's Kendall Planetarium. The USS Blueback was the last non-nuclear fast attack submarine to join the US Navy and OMSI offers daily tours.<ref name="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsi.edu/submarine|title=USS Blueback: The Real Thing|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref> The OMNIMAX Dome Theater is a variant of the [[IMAX]] motion picture format, where the movie is projected onto a domed projection surface. The projection surface at OMSI's OMNIMAX Dome Theater is 6,532 sq. ft. The OMNIMAX Theater uses the largest frame in the motion picture industry and the frames are ten times the size of the standard 35mm film.<ref name="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsi.edu/visit/omnimax|title=OMNIMAX Dome Theater|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref> OMSI's Kendall Planetarium is the largest and most technologically advanced planetarium in the Pacific Northwest.<ref name="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsi.edu/planetarium|title=OMSI Kendall Planetarium|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref>
====Portland Art Museum====
The [[Portland Art Museum]] owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing it became one of the United States' twenty-five largest museums.
== Sister cities ==
Portland has nine [[sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web | title = About Portland's Sister Cities | publisher = Office of Mayor Sam Adams | url = http://portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49918 | accessdate = 2009-03-18 }}</ref>
<div style="float:left; width:48%;">
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Ashkelon]], [[Israel]]
* {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Kaohsiung]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan]]
* {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]]
* {{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Mutare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
* {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], Mexico
</div><div style="float:right; width:48%;">
* {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Khabarovsk]], Russia
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Sapporo]], Japan
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Bologna]], Italy
</div>
{{-}}
<br />
Portland also has a "Friendship City" relationship with:
* {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]<ref>[http://portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49951&a=235160 About the Sister City Program]</ref>
== Gallery ==
<center><gallery caption="" widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="6">
File:Portland or 1897.png|1897 topographic map of Portland shows streets, railroads, and significant differences in the [[Columbia Slough]]
Image:Taborpanojpeg.JPG|Reservoir 6 At Mount Tabor
Image:Portland rose.jpg|The rose has a significant role in Portland's history, inspiring one of its nicknames.
Image:Portland Max Tunnel.jpg|MAX Light Rail and underground station at the [[Oregon Zoo]]
Image:pdxspread.jpg|A view of the [[Willamette River]] from the Roof of the [[KOIN Center]]
</gallery></center>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Oregon}}
* [[List of people from Portland, Oregon]]
* [[1972 Portland-Vancouver Tornado]]
* [[List of hospitals in Portland, Oregon]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
* C. Abbott, ''Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8122-1779-9
* C. Ozawa (Ed.), ''The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities''. Washington: Island Press, 2004. ISBN 1-55963-695-5
* [[Chuck Palahniuk]], ''[[Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon]]''. Crown, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4783-8
* [[Stewart Holbrook]], ''The Far Corner''. Comstock Editions, 1952. ISBN 0-89174-043-0
* E. Kimbark MacColl, ''The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915''. Portland: Georgian Press, 1976. {{OCLC|2645815}} {{ASIN|B0006CP2A0}}
* E. Kimbark MacColl, ''The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915 to 1950''. Portland: Georgian Press, 1979. ISBN 0-9603408-1-5
* Jewel Lansing, ''Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851–2001''. Oregon State University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0870715594
* {{cite book|author=MacGibbon, Elma|title=[http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=63 Leaves of knowledge]|publisher=Shaw & Borden Co|year=1904}} Elma MacGibbons reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Portland, the western hub."
* O'Toole, Randal. [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-596.pdf ''Debunking Portland: The City That Doesn't Work'']. ''Policy Analysis. No. 596. Cato Institute, July 9, 2007. ''
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Portland, Oregon}}
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* [http://www.portlandonline.com/ City of Portland, Oregon]
** [http://www.portlandmaps.com/ Portland Maps] (lot-level GIS)
** [http://www.gis.ci.portland.or.us/maps/police/index.cfm Portland CrimeMapper]
* [http://www.portlandalliance.com/ Portland Business Alliance - Portland Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.travelportland.com/ Travel Portland]
'''Portland websites that are also [[wiki]]s'''
<!--[http://PortlandWiki.com/ PortlandWiki]-->
* [[WikiWikiWeb:|WikiWikiWeb]] installed by [[Ward Cunningham|Howard Cunningham]] from [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]. Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web, this is the very first wiki in existence.
* {{Wikitravelpar|Portland (Oregon)}}
<!--[http://www.ourlaurelhurst.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Laurelhurst Neighborhood]-->
{{Clear}}
==Related information==<!--navbox heading-->
{{PortlandOR}}
{{Portland neighborhoods}}
{{Clackamas County, Oregon}}
{{Multnomah County, Oregon}}
{{Washington County, Oregon}}
{{Oregon}}
{{USLargestCities}}
{{Portland Freeways}}
[[Category:Cities in Oregon]]
[[Category:County seats in Oregon]]
[[Category:New Urbanism]]
[[Category:Portland, Oregon| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1840s]]
[[Category:Port cities in Oregon]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Columbia River]]
[[Category:Portland metropolitan area]]
[[af:Portland, Oregon]]
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[[zh:波特蘭 (奧勒岡州)]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Infobox settlement
| name=Portland
| official_name = City of Portland
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname = <!-- do not add nicknames without reviewing discussion on talk page first --> "Rose City", "Stumptown", "[[P-town]]", "[[PDX]]", and "Little Beirut"<ref name="Oregonian1">{{cite news
| last = McCall
| first = William
| title = 'Little Beirut' nickname has stuck
| work = [[The Oregonian]]
| date = August 19, 2003
| accessdate = 2007-01-21
}}</ref> See [[Nicknames of Portland, Oregon]] for a complete listing.
| website = [http://www.portlandonline.com/ www.portlandonline.com]
| image_skyline = TE-Collage Portland.png
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Montage of Portland
| image_flag = Flag of Portland, Oregon.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Portland OR.png
<!-- see http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&_county=Portland&_cityTown=Portland&_state=04000US41&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010 for more detailed map that is public domain -->
| image_map = Multnomah_County_Oregon_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Portland_Highlighted.svg
| map_caption = Location of Portland in [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]] and the state of [[Oregon]]
|pushpin_map = USA
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Oregon|Counties]]
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|United States}}
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Oregon}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah]], [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]], [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]]
| government_type = [[City commission government|Commission]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Sam Adams (Oregon politician)|Sam Adams]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portlandonline.com/index.cfm?c=25999 |title=Elected Officials |accessdate=2007-08-26 |year=2007 |publisher=City of Portland, Oregon}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = Commissioners
| leader_name1 = [[Randy Leonard]]<br />[[Dan Saltzman]]<br />[[Nick Fish]]<br />[[Amanda Fritz]]
| leader_title2 = Auditor
| leader_name2 = [[LaVonne Griffin-Valade]]
| established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Founded]]
| established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date = 1845
| established_date2 = February 8, 1851
| area_magnitude = 1 E8
| area_total_km2 = 376.5
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_total_sq_mi = 145.4
| area_land_km2 = 347.9
| area_land_sq_mi = 134.3
| area_water_km2 = 28.6
| area_water_sq_mi = 11.1
| population_as_of = 2009
| population_total = 582,130
| population_metro = 2,217,325
| population_density_km2 = 1655.31
| population_density_sq_mi = 4288.38
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 = Portlander
| timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time Zone|PST]]
| utc_offset = -8
| timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -7
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s
| postal_code = 97086-97299
| area_code = [[Area codes 503 and 971|503/971]]
| latd = 45 |latm = 31 |lats = 12 |latNS = N
| longd = 122 |longm = 40 |longs = 55 |longEW = W
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| coordinates_type = type:city(568380)_region:US-OR_source:gnis-1136645
| elevation_m = 15.2
| elevation_ft = 50
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 41-59000{{GR|2}}
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 1136645{{GR|3}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Portland''' is a city located in the [[Northwestern United States]], near the [[confluence]] of the [[Willamette River|Willamette]] and [[Columbia River|Columbia]] rivers in the state of [[Oregon]]. As of July 2009, it has an estimated population of 582,130,<ref name="prc">{{cite web | url = http://www.pdx.edu/sites/www.pdx.edu.prc/files/media_assets/2009CertPopEst_web3.pdf|publisher=Portland State University|title=Certified Population Estimates for Oregon and Oregon Counties|accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> making it the [[List of United States cities by population|30th most populous]] in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the [[Pacific Northwest]], after [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] and [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]. Approximately 2.2 million people live in the [[Portland metropolitan area]] ([[United States metropolitan area|MSA]]), the [[List of United States metropolitan areas|23rd most populous]] in the United States as of July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=JULY 1, 2006 Population estimates for Metropolitan Combined Statistical Areas| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/CBSA-EST2006-01.csv|format=[[csv]]|accessdate=2007-10-19}}</ref>
Portland was incorporated in 1851 and is the [[county seat]] of [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]].{{GR|6}} The city extends slightly into [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]] to the west and [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas County]] to the south. It is governed by a [[City commission government|commission-based government]] headed by a [[mayor]] and four other commissioners.
The City of Portland has been referred to as the most [[environmentally friendly]] or "green" city in the United States and the second most in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2007/07/19/cities/ |title=15 Green Cities |accessdate=2008-07-08 |author=Kate Sheppard |date=2007-07-19 |publisher=Environmental News and Commentary }}</ref> The city and region are noted for strong land-use planning<ref name="smartplan"/> and investment in [[light rail]], supported by [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|Metro]], a distinctive regional-government. Portland is known for its large number of [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] and [[microdistillery|microdistilleries]], as well as its [[coffee]] enthusiasm. It is also the home of the [[Portland Trail Blazers|Trail Blazers]] [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] team.
Portland lies in the [[Marine west coast]] [[climate]] region, marked by warm, dry summers and rainy but temperate winters. This climate is ideal for growing [[rose]]s, and for more than a century, Portland has been known as "The City of Roses"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/articles/1721.html |title=Portland, Oregon: Green City of Roses | Frommers.com |publisher=Frommers.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561539/portland.html |title=Portland - MSN Encarta |publisher=Encarta.msn.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref> with many [[rose garden]]s—most prominently the [[International Rose Test Garden]].
== History ==
[[File:Portland Oregon in 1890.jpg|thumb|left|Portland in 1890]]
{{Main|History of Portland, Oregon}}
Portland started as a spot known as "the clearing,"<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orloff |first=Chet |year=2004 |title=Maintaining Eden: John Charles Olmsted and the Portland Park System |journal=Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers |volume=66 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.1353/pcg.2004.0006 }}</ref> which was on the banks of the Willamette about halfway between [[Oregon City, Oregon|Oregon City]] and [[Fort Vancouver]]. In 1843, [[William Overton (Portland founder)|William Overton]] saw great commercial potential for this land but lacked the funds required to file a land claim. He struck a bargain with his partner [[Asa Lovejoy]] of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]: for [[quarter (U.S. coin)|25¢]], Overton would share his claim to the 640 acre (2.6 km²) site. Overton later sold his half of the claim to [[Francis W. Pettygrove]] of [[Portland, Maine]]. Pettygrove and Lovejoy each wished to name the new city after his respective home town; this was decided with a [[coin toss]], which Pettygrove won in a series of two out of three tosses.<ref>{{cite web | title = Portland: The Town that was Almost Boston | publisher = Portland Oregon Visitors Association | url = http://www.travelportland.com/media/history.html | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref> The coin used for this decision, now known as the [[Portland Penny]], is on display in the headquarters of the [[Oregon Historical Society]].
At the time of its incorporation on February 8, 1851 Portland had over 800 inhabitants,<ref name="Gibson">Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990]. ''U.S. Bureau of the Census - Population Division''.</ref> a steam sawmill, a [[log cabin]] hotel, and a newspaper, the ''[[The Oregonian|Weekly Oregonian]]''. By 1879, the population had grown to 17,500.<ref>{{cite book|last=Loy|first=William G.|coauthors=Stuart Allan, Aileen R. Buckley, James E. Meacham|title= Atlas of Oregon|publisher=[[University of Oregon Press]]|year=2001|pages=32–33|isbn=0-87114-101-9}}</ref> The city merged with Albina and East Portland in 1891 and with Linnton and St. Johns in 1915.
Portland's location, with access both to the [[Pacific Ocean]] via the Willamette and the Columbia rivers and to the agricultural [[Tualatin Valley]] via the "Great Plank Road" through a canyon in the West Hills (the route of current-day [[U.S. Route 26 (Oregon)|U.S. Route 26]]), gave it an advantage over nearby ports, and it grew very quickly.<ref>"City keeps lively pulse." (Spencer Heinz, ''[[The Oregonian]]'', January 23, 2001)</ref> It remained the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]'s deepwater harbor was connected to the rest of the mainland by rail, affording an inland route without the treacherous navigation of the Columbia River.
=== Nicknames ===
{{Main|Nicknames of Portland, Oregon}}
The most common nickname for Portland is ''The City of Roses'',<ref name="cityrecorder">[http://www.portlandonline.com/auditor/index.cfm?a=jbgc&c=cheid City Flower]. ''City of Portland Auditor's Office - City Recorder Division''.</ref> and this became the city's official nickname in 2003.<ref name="Oreg-June2003">Stern, Henry (June 19, 2003). "Name comes up roses for P-town: City Council sees no thorns in picking ‘City of Roses’ as Portland's moniker". ''[[The Oregonian]]''.</ref> Other nicknames include ''[[Stumptown]]'',<ref name="endoftheoregontrail">{{cite web | publisher= End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center | title = From Robin's Nest to Stumptown | url = http://www.endoftheoregontrail.org/road2oregon/sa33pdx.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> ''Bridgetown'',<ref name="bridgetown">{{cite web | publisher = [[Portland State University]] | title = The Water | url = http://www.pdx.edu/water.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref> ''Rip City'',<ref>{{Cite news | first = Nena | last = Baker | title = R.I.P. FOR 'Rip City' Ruckus | date = May 21, 1991 | newspaper = The Oregonian | pages = A01 | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref> ''Little Beirut'',<ref name="Oregonian1"/> ''Beervana''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-beer-20100530,0,767659.story|title=Achieving Beervana in Portland, Ore.|last=Engel|first=Mary|date=2010-05-30|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/05/beervana_gets_shout_out_in_la.html|title=Beervana gets shout out in L.A. Times|last=Terry|first=Lynne|date=2010-05-29|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=30 May 2010}}</ref> or ''Beertown'',<ref>[http://www.draftmag.com/beertowns/detail/portland]</ref>'' P-Town'',<ref name="Oreg-June2003"/><ref>{{cite news
| last = Hagestedt
| first = Andre
| title = The Missing Oregon Coast: Waves After Dark
| url = http://www.beachconnection.net/news/missin040709_147.php
| accessdate = 2009-04-30
| date = 2009-04-07
| quote = I’m used to seeing that hint of dawn back in P-town, with my wretched habit of playing video games until 6 a.m}}</ref> ''Soccer City USA''<ref>{{cite news |title=Portland is new Soccer City, USA |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=II4QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J-ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5122,3289171&hl=en |agency=United Press International |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Eugene, Oregon |date=1975-08-13 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Seeking Help to Bring an M.L.S. Team to Portland |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/07/sports/soccer/07franchise.html?ref=soccer |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York, New York |date=2008-11-06 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Portland's ugly road to MLS status |first=Richard |last=Sandomir |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/soccer/09/17/portland.timbers/index.html |newspaper=Sports Illustrated |date=2009-09-18 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Portland Timbers show bark, bite as they prepare to join MLS |first=Beau |last=Dure |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/soccer/2009-08-25-portland-timbers_N.htm |newspaper=USA Today |location=McLean, Virginia |date=2009-08-26 |accessdate=2010-06-22 }}</ref> and ''[[Portland International Airport|PDX]]''.
== Geography ==
{{wide image|WillametteRvrPano edit.jpg|1500px|The [[Willamette River]] runs through the center of the city, while [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]] (center<!--Please scroll the picture (or your page) horizontally and look at the entire image, before you attempt to edit this.-->) rises on the city's east side. [[Mount Saint Helens]] (left) and [[Mount Hood]] (right center) are visible from many places in the city.}}
=== Topography ===
Portland lies at the northern end of [[Oregon]]'s most populated region, the [[Willamette Valley]]. However, as the metropolitan area is culturally and politically distinct from the rest of the valley, local usage often excludes Portland from the valley proper. Although almost all of Portland lies within [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]], small portions of the city lie within [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]] and [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] counties with mid-2005 populations estimated at 785 and 1,455, respectively. The [[Willamette River]] runs north through the city center, separating the east and west sections of the city before veering northwest to join with the [[Columbia River]] (which separates the state of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] from the state of [[Oregon]]) a short distance north of the city.
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 145.4 [[square mile|sq mi]] (376.5 km²). 134.3 sq mi (347.9 km²) of it is land and 11.1 sq mi (28.6 km²), or 7.6%, is water.{{GR|1}}
Portland lies on top of an extinct Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field known as the [[Boring Lava Field]].<ref name="volcano">{{cite web | title = The Boring Lava Field, Portland, Oregon | publisher = [[USGS]] Cascades Volcano Observatory | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/description_boring_lava.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> The Boring Lava Field includes at least 32 cinder cones such as [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Mount Tabor Cinder Cone, Portland, Oregon | publisher = [[USGS]] Cascades Volcano Observatory | url = http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Oregon/BoringLavaField/VisitVolcano/mount_tabor.html | accessdate = 2007-04-20}}</ref> and its center lies in Southeast Portland. The dormant but potentially active volcano [[Mount Hood]] to the east of Portland is easily visible from much of the city during clear weather. The active volcano [[Mount Saint Helens]] to the north in [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] is visible in the distance from high-elevation locations in the city and is close enough to have dusted the city with volcanic ash after an [[1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens#Later eruptions|eruption on May 18, 1980.]]<ref>{{cite news|title=History, relived saved from St. Helens by a six-pack of Fresca|last=Nokes|first=R. Gregory|date=December 4, 2000|work=The Oregonian|pages=17|accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref>
=== Climate ===
Portland experiences a temperate climate that is usually described as [[Oceanic climate|Oceanic]] or [[Marine west coast]], with mild, damp winters and relatively dry, warm summers. Like much of the [[Pacific Northwest]], according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] it falls within the cool, dry-summer subtropical zone (''Csb''), also referred to as cool-summer [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]], due to its relatively dry summers.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kottek | first = M. | coauthors =J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf, and F. Rubel | title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated | journal =Meteorol. Z. | volume =15 | pages =259–263 | url =http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pics/kottek_et_al_2006.gif | doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 | accessdate = 2007-02-15 | year =2006 }}</ref> Other climate classification systems, such as [[Köppen climate classification#Trewartha climate classification scheme|Trewartha]], place it firmly in the Oceanic zone (''Do'').<ref>http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm</ref>
Summers in Portland are warm, sunny and rather dry, with July reaching an average high of 81 °F (27 °C) and a low of 58 °F (14 °C) late in the month. Due to its inland location and when there is an absence of a sea breeze, [[heatwave]]s occur (in particular during the months of July and August) with air temperatures rising to over 100 °F (38 °C). Winters can be mild to cold, and very moist, with January averaging a high of 46 °F (8 °C) and a low of 37 °F (3 °C). Spring can bring rather unpredictable weather, resulting from warm spells, to thunderstorms rolling off the Cascade Range. The rainfall averages {{convert|37.5|in|mm}} per year in downtown Portland. Portland averages 155 days with measurable [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] a year. Cold snaps are short-lived, and snowfall occurs no more than a few times per year, although the city has been known to see major snow and ice storms thanks to cold air outflow from the [[Columbia River Gorge]]. The city's winter snowfall totals have ranged from just a trace on many occasions, to 60.9 inches (154.7 cm) in 1892-93. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Portland was −3 °F (−19 °C), set on February 2, 1950. The highest temperature ever recorded was 107 °F (42 °C), set on July 30, 1965 as well as August 8, 1981, and August 10, 1981. Temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) have been recorded in each of the months from May through September.
{{Infobox Weather
| single_line=Yes
| location =Portland, Oregon ([[Portland International Airport|PDX]])
| Jan_Hi_°F =45.6
| Feb_Hi_°F =50.3
| Mar_Hi_°F =55.7
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| May_Hi_°F =66.7
| Jun_Hi_°F =72.7
| Jul_Hi_°F =79.3
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| Nov_Hi_°F =51.8
| Dec_Hi_°F =45.4
| Year_Hi_°F =62.1
| Jan_Lo_°F =34.2
| Feb_Lo_°F =35.9
| Mar_Lo_°F =38.6
| Apr_Lo_°F =41.9
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| Jun_Lo_°F =52.6
| Jul_Lo_°F =56.9
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| Nov_Lo_°F =39.8
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| Year_Lo_°F =44.8
<!--
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| Jan_REC_Lo_°F = −2
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-->
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| Jan_Precip_inch =5.07
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| Aug_Precip_inch =0.93
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| Dec_Precip_inch =5.71
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|Jan_Snow_inch = 1.6
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|Jan_Sun=86.8
|Feb_Sun=118.7
|Mar_Sun=192.2
|Apr_Sun=222.0
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|Jun_Sun=291.0
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|Aug_Sun=297.6
|Sep_Sun=237.0
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|Unit_Precip_days= 0.01 in
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|Nov_Snow_days = 0.4 |Nov_Precip_days = 18.9
|Dec_Snow_days = 1.3 |Dec_Precip_days = 18.3
| source = NOAA <ref name = NCDC >
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/pqr/climate/pdx_clisummary.php
|title=NOW Data-NOAA Online Weather Data
|publisher= [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate= 2009-07-30
}}</ref>
|accessdate = 2009-07-30
| source2 = HKO <REF NAME = HKO >
{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/n_america/us/Portland_e.htm
| title = Climatological Normals of Portland, OR
| accessdate = 2010-06-26
| publisher = [[Hong Kong Observatory]]
}}</ref>
| accessdate2 = 2010-06-26 }}
== Cityscape ==
{{wide image|HawthorneBridge-Pano.jpg|1200px|Panorama of downtown Portland. [[Hawthorne Bridge]] viewed from a dock on the [[Willamette River]] near the [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI)}}
{{wide image|Portland_Night_panorama.jpg|1200px|Panorama of downtown Portland at night. Viewed from across the [[Willamette River]] in SE Portland.}}
{{See also|Architecture of Portland, Oregon|List of tallest buildings in Portland, Oregon|Downtown Portland|Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon}}
Portland straddles the Willamette River near its confluence with the [[Columbia River]]. The denser and earlier-developed west side is mostly hemmed in by the nearby [[Tualatin Mountains|West Hills (Tualatin Mountains)]], though it extends over them to the border with Washington County. The flatter east side fans out for about 180 blocks, until it meets the suburb of [[Gresham, Oregon|Gresham]]. Rural Multnomah County lies farther east.
[[Image:portland.png|thumb|left|[[Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon|The sections of Portland]]]]
In 1891 the cities of Portland, [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]], and [[East Portland, Oregon|East Portland]] were consolidated, and duplicate street names were given new names. The "great renumbering" on September 2, 1931 standardized street naming patterns, and changed house numbers from 20 per block to 100 per block. It divided Portland into five sections: Southwest, Southeast, Northwest, North, and Northeast. Burnside St. divides north and south, and the Willamette River divides east and west. The river curves west five blocks north of Burnside and in place of it, Williams Ave. is used as a divider. The North section lies between Williams Ave. and the Willamette River to the west.
On the west side, the RiverPlace, John's Landing and South Waterfront Districts lie in a "sixth quadrant" where addresses go higher from west to east toward the river. This "sixth quadrant" is roughly bounded by Naito Parkway and Barbur Boulevard to the west, Montgomery Street to the north and Nevada Street to the south. East-West addresses in this area are denoted with a leading zero. (This means that 0246 SW California St. is NOT the same as 246 SW California St. Most mapping programs cannot distinguish these two different addresses.)
=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Main|List of parks in Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:IntnlRoseTestGarden.jpg|thumb|right|A panoramic view of the [[International Rose Test Garden]]]]
[[Image:TomMcCallWaterfrontPark.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tom McCall Waterfront Park]] seen from the north]]
Portland is proud of its parks and its legacy of preserving open spaces. Parks and greenspace planning date back to [[John Charles Olmsted]]'s 1903 ''Report to the Portland Park Board''. In 1995, voters in the Portland metropolitan region passed a regional bond measure to acquire valuable natural areas for fish, wildlife, and people. Ten years later, more than {{convert|8100|acre|km2|0}} of ecologically valuable natural areas had been purchased and permanently protected from development.<ref>{{cite web | last = Houck | first = Mike | title = Metropolitan Greenspaces: A Grassroots Perspective | publisher = Audubon Society of Portland | url =http://www.audubonportland.org/conservation_advocacy/urbanconservation/metro_greenspaces | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref>
Portland is one of only three cities in the [[Contiguous United States|contiguous U.S.]] with extinct volcanoes within its boundaries (besides [[Jackson, Mississippi]] and [[Bend, Oregon]]). [[Mount Tabor, Portland, Oregon|Mount Tabor Park]] is known for its scenic views and historic reservoirs.<ref>{{ cite web | title = Mount Tabor Park | publisher = Portland Parks & Recreation | url = http://www.portlandonline.com/parks/finder/index.cfm?action=ViewPark&PropertyID=275 | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
[[Forest Park (Portland)|Forest Park]] is the largest wilderness park within city limits in the United States, covering more than 5,000 acres (20 km²). Portland is also home to [[Mill Ends Park]], the world's smallest park (a two-foot-diameter circle, the park's area is only about 0.3 square m). [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] is just west of downtown, and is home to the [[Oregon Zoo]], the [[Portland Japanese Garden]], and the [[International Rose Test Garden]]. Nearby is [[Council Crest Park]], the highest point in Portland.
[[Tom McCall Waterfront Park]] runs along the west bank of the Willamette for the length of downtown. The {{convert|37|acre|0|adj=on}} park was built in 1974 after [[Harbor Drive]] was removed and now hosts large events throughout the year. Portland's downtown features two groups of contiguous city blocks dedicated for park space: the [[North Park Blocks|North]] and [[South Park Blocks]].
[[Tryon Creek State Natural Area]] is one of three [[Oregon State Parks]] in Portland and the most popular; its creek has a run of [[rainbow trout|steelhead]]. The other two State Parks are [[Willamette Stone State Heritage Site]] located in the West Hills and the [[Government Island State Recreation Area]] located in the [[Columbia River]] near [[Portland International Airport]].
== Culture and contemporary life ==
{{See also|List of fiction set in Oregon}}
Portland is often awarded the "Greenest City in America", and ranks among the world's top 10 greenest cities. ''[[Popular Science]]'' has continued to award Portland the title of the Greenest City in America and ''[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]'' magazine lists it as the second greenest city in the world.<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.popsci.com/environment/article/2008-02/americas-50-greenest-cities?page=1|title= America's 50 Greenest Cities |accessdate= 2010-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.grist.org/article/cities3/|title= 15 Green Cities |accessdate= 2010-06-10 }}</ref> Portland is well known as a hub of American DIY youth culture. From the late 1980s through today, Portland has been a major center for movements such as [[zine]]-making, including hosting such events as the [[Portland Zine Symposium]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.pdxzines.com/info/|title= Portland Zine Symposium Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and home to major [[zine]] distributors such as Microcosm. The [[Do it yourself|DIY]] craft community has also seen a population explosion in Portland since the 1990s and now hosts such events as [[Crafty Wonderland]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.craftywonderland.com/|title= Crafty Wonderland Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and regular [[Church of Craft]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.churchofcraft.org/index4.html|title= Church of Craft Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> meetings, and is home to such stores as [[Knittn' Kitten]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://knittnkitten.com/|title= Knittn Kitten Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> [[SCRAP]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.scrapaction.org/|title= School & Community Reuse Action Project Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and many independently-owned stores such as Bolt, [[PDX Seamsters Drop-in Sewing Studio]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://pdxseamsters.com/|title=PDX Seamsters Official website |accessdate= 2010-04-21 }}</ref> [[Yarn Garden]],<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.yarngarden.net/|title= Yarn Garden Official Site |accessdate= 2007-09-15 }}</ref> and the downtown [[Fiber District]]. Portland is also home to radical [[feminist]] and [[lesbian]] activist movements as well as the home city of The World's Oldest Teenage Drag Queen Pageant Rose Bud and Thorn Pageant started in 1975 and modeled after the [[Imperial Sovereign Rose Court of Oregon]],<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.rosecourt.org/|title=Imperial Sovereign Rose Court official site |access date+ 2008-12-08 }}</ref> and the city is also considered a haven for [[Punk subculture|punk]], [[Hardcore punk|hardcore]], [[crust punk]] and [[anarchist]] movements and subgenres, including the self-reliant [[DIY culture]] movement that has been part of the aforementioned [[subculture]]s.
=== Entertainment and performing arts ===
{{See also|Music of Oregon#Portland}}
<!-- * * * * * * * * NOTE * * * * * * * *
* This section is NOT for listing every single band, bar venue, aspiring author, and filmmaker.
* Only bands, and other artists, contributing significantly to music or to Portland should be included.
* This section is meant to highlight only those who are extremely well known among the city's cultural contributors.
* It's suggested any additions are discussed on the talk page first.
* -->
[[Image:SchnitzerAtNightFront.jpg|thumb|right|[[Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall]], home of the Oregon Symphony, among others]]
Like most large cities, Portland has a range of performing arts institutions which include the [[Oregon Ballet Theatre]], [[Oregon Symphony]], [[Portland Center Stage]], [[Portland Baroque Orchestra]] and the [[Portland Opera]]. It also has quite a few stages similar to New York's [[Off Broadway]] or [[Off-Off-Broadway]] such as [[Portland Center Stage]], [[Artists Repertory Theatre]], [[Miracle Theatre]], [[Stark Raving Theatre]], and [[Tears of Joy Theatre]]. Portland hosts the world's only [[Lovecraft|HP Lovecraft Film Festival]]<ref>{{ cite web |url= http://www.hplfilmfestival.com/|title= Lovecraft Film Festival Official Site |accessdate= 2007-11-25 }}</ref> at the [[Hollywood Theatre (Portland, Oregon)|Hollywood Theatre]].
Portland is home to famous bands such as [[The Kingsmen]] and [[Paul Revere & the Raiders]], both famous for [[Louie Louie]]. Other widely known musical groups include<!-- please don't add to this list! See the warning (up a paragraph) and discuss on talk page first --> [[The Dandy Warhols]], [[Everclear (band)|Everclear]], [[Modest Mouse]], [[Pink Martini]], [[Sleater-Kinney]], [[The Shins]], [[Blitzen Trapper]], [[The Decemberists]], and the late [[Elliott Smith]]. The city's [[Satyricon nightclub]] is also well-known for being the place where the late [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] frontman [[Kurt Cobain]] and rock musician [[Courtney Love]] met each other, eventually marrying.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.biography.com/articles/Kurt-Cobain-9542179?print|work=Biography.com|title=Kurt Cobain|accessdate=17 May 2010}}</ref>
Widely recognized animators include [[Matt Groening]] (''The Simpsons'') and [[Will Vinton]] (''Will Vinton's A Claymation Christmas Celebration''), and filmmaker [[Gus Van Sant]] (''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (1997), ''[[Milk (film)|Milk]]'' (2008)). Actors from Portland include [[Sam Elliott]] and [[Sally Struthers]]. [[Dan Steffan]], cartoonist-illustrator for ''[[Heavy Metal (magazine)|Heavy Metal]]'' and other magazines, lives in Portland.
Recent films set and shot in Portland include ''[[Extraordinary Measures]]'', ''[[Body of Evidence (film)|Body of Evidence]]'', ''[[What the Bleep Do We Know!?]]'',''[[The Hunted (2003 film)|The Hunted]]'', ''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]'', ''[[Paranoid Park (film)|Paranoid Park]]'', ''[[Wendy and Lucy]]'', ''[[Feast of Love]]'', and ''[[Untraceable]]''. An unusual feature of Portland entertainment is the large number of movie theaters serving beer, often with second-run or revival films. A notable example of these "brew and view" theaters is [[The Bagdad Theater and Pub]].
TV shows including ''[[Leverage (TV series)|Leverage]]'' and ''[[Under Suspicion (TV series)|Under Suspicion]]'' have been filmed in Portland.
=== Authors ===
Authors from Portland include science fiction writer [[Ursula K. Le Guin]], famous for her ''[[Earthsea]]'' novels, ''[[Hainish Cycle]]'' and ''[[Orsinian Tales]]''; transgressional fiction novelist [[Chuck Palahniuk]], best known for his award-winning novel ''[[Fight Club]]''; and [[Beverly Cleary]], author of the famous series of children's books featuring [[Henry Huggins]], his dog [[Ribsy]], [[Beatrice "Beezus" Quimby]] and [[Ramona Quimby]]. [[Klickitat Street]], where Cleary's characters live, is an actual street in northeast Portland. Statues of the characters stand in nearby Grant Park.
=== Tourism ===
{{See also|Tourism in Portland, Oregon|List of artists and art institutions in Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:Portlandia.jpg|right|thumb|The copper statue [[Portlandia]] above the entry to the [[Portland Building]] on SW 5th Avenue]]
Portland is home to a diverse array of artists and arts organizations, and was named in 2006 by ''[[American Style (magazine)|American Style]]'' magazine as the tenth best Big City Arts Destination in the U.S.
The [[Portland Art Museum]] owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing it became one of the United States' twenty-five largest museums. Art galleries abound downtown and in the Pearl District, as well as in the Alberta Arts District and other neighborhoods throughout the city.
The [[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI) is located on the east bank of the Willamette River across from downtown Portland, and contains a variety of hands-on exhibits covering the physical sciences, life science, earth science, technology, astronomy, and early childhood education. OMSI also has an OMNIMAX Theater and is home to the {{USS|Blueback|SS-581|6}} submarine, used in the film ''[[The Hunt for Red October (film)|The Hunt for Red October]]''.
Portland is also home to [[Portland Classical Chinese Garden]], an authentic representation of a [[Suzhou]]-style walled garden.
[[Portlandia]], a statue on the west side of the [[Portland Building]], is the second-largest hammered-copper statue in the U.S. (after the Statue of Liberty). Portland's public art is managed by the [[Regional Arts & Culture Council]].
[[Powell's City of Books]] claims to be the largest independent bookstore in the United States and the largest bookstore west of the Mississippi River.
The [[Portland Rose Festival]] takes place annually in June and includes two parades, [[dragon boat]] races, carnival rides at Tom McCall Waterfront park, and dozens of other events.
[[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]], in the West Hills, is home to some of Portland's most popular recreational sites, including the [[Oregon Zoo]], the [[Portland Japanese Garden]], the [[World Forestry Center]], and the [[Hoyt Arboretum]].
Portland hosts a number of festivals throughout the year in celebration of beer and brewing, including the [[Oregon Brewers Festival]]. Held each summer during the last full weekend of July, it is the largest outdoor craft beer festival in North America with over 70,000 attendees in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/thebeerhere/2008/07/2008_obf_biggest_ever_say_orga.html|title=OregonLive blog}}</ref> Other major beer festivals throughout the calendar year include the Spring Beer and Wine Festival in April, the North American Organic Brewers Festival in June, the [[Portland International Beerfest]] in July,<ref>{{cite news
| title = Brewers, beer lovers get many reasons to raise a glass
| first = Anne Marie
| last = Distefano
| work = Portland Tribune
| date = July 8, 2005
| url = http://www.portlandtribune.com/features/story.php?story_id=30717
}}</ref> and the Holiday Ale Festival in December.
=== Shopping ===
[[Image:MadeinOregonsign.jpg|thumb|The [[Made in Oregon sign]]]]
Portland has many options for shopping. Some of the well known shopping areas are [[Downtown Portland]], Nob Hill (NW 21st & 23rd Avenues), [[Pearl District]], and the [[Lloyd District]]. Major department stores in downtown include [[Nordstrom]], [[Macy's]], [[Saks 5th Avenue]], and Mario's. The major malls in the metropolitan area are [[Bridgeport Village]], [[Washington Square (Oregon)|Washington Square]], [[Clackamas Town Center]], [[Lloyd Center]], [[Vancouver Mall]], and [[Pioneer Place]]. Another destination is the [[Portland Saturday Market]], a town bazaar-like environment where many kinds of goods are sold from Artisan Crafts to Tibetan Imports, reflecting the many cultures of Portland. The Saturday Market is open every weekend from March through Christmas. The [[Made in Oregon (company)|Made in Oregon]] company is based in Portland; it specializes in [[Oregon]]-produced products and gifts. Many residents of Clark County, Washington will cross the state border to shop in Oregon's tax-free stores.
=== Breweries ===
Portland is well-known for its [[microbrewery]] [[beer]].<ref name="brewpub">{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/travel/escapes/13beer.html | title=In Oregon, It's a Brew Pub World | first = Jessica | last = Merrill | date=January 13, 2006 | accessdate=2009-12-16 | work=The New York Times}}</ref> Oregon Public Broadcasting has documented Portland's role in the [[microbrew]] revolution in the United States, in a report called, "Beervana,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opb.org/programs/oregonexperiencearchive/beervana/player.php |title=Oregon Experience: Beervana |accessdate=January 6, 2009}}</ref> a term that refers to a distinctly "Portland state of mind".{{Tone-inline|date=December 2009}}{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Some illustrate Portlanders' interest in the [[alcoholic beverage|beverage]] by an offer made in 1888, when local brewer [[Henry Weinhard]] volunteered to pump beer from his [[brewery]] into the newly dedicated Skidmore Fountain. However, the renown for quality beer dates to the 1980s, when state law was changed to allow consumption of beer on brewery premises. In short order, [[microbrewery|microbreweries]] and [[brewpub]]s began to pop up all over the city. {{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} Their growth was supported by the abundance of local ingredients, including two-row [[barley]], over a dozen varieties of [[hop (plant)|hops]], and pure water from the [[Bull Run Watershed]]. The Willamette Valley is one of the leading hop growing regions in the United States.
Today, with twenty-eight breweries within the city, Portland is home to more breweries than any other city in the country.<ref name="brewpub">{{cite news | first = Jessica | last = Merrill | title = In Oregon, It's a Brew Pub World | publisher = New York Times | date = January 18, 2006 | url = http://travel2.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/travel/escapes/13beer.html?n=Top%2FFeatures%2FTravel%2FDestinations%2FUnited%20States%2FOregon&adxnnl=1&amp;adxnnlx=1163921884-ziwlKudruJL3vPSDRJhOqg | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref> The [[McMenamins|McMenamin brothers]] alone have over thirty brewpubs, distilleries, and wineries scattered throughout the metropolitan area, several in renovated [[movie theater|theaters]] and other old buildings otherwise destined for demolition. Other notable Portland brewers include [[Widmer Brothers Brewing Company|Widmer Brothers]], [[BridgePort Brewing Company|BridgePort]], and [[Hair of the Dog Brewing Company|Hair of the Dog]], as well as numerous smaller quality brewers. In 1999, author [[Michael Jackson (writer)|Michael "Beerhunter" Jackson]] called Portland a candidate for the ''beer capital of the world'' because the city boasted more breweries than [[Cologne]], Germany. The Portland Oregon Visitors Association is promoting "Beervana" and "Brewtopia" as nicknames for the city.<ref name="Beer">{{cite web | title = Portland: The center of the beer universe | publisher = Portland Oregon Visitors Association | url = http://www.travelportland.com/media/mbmedkit/mb_beer.html | accessdate = 2006-11-18}}</ref> In mid-January 2006, Mayor Tom Potter officially gave the city a new nickname—Beertown.<ref>{{cite web | title = Portland lifts a glass to its new name | publisher = KOIN 6 News | date = January 12, 2006 | url = http://www.koin.com/Global/story.asp?S=5932394 | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref>
=== Cuisine ===
{{Commons category|Restaurants in Portland, Oregon}}
Portland has a growing restaurant scene, and among three nominees, was recognized by the [[Food Network Awards]] as their "Delicious Destination of the Year: A rising city with a fast-growing food scene" for 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/food/show_aw/text/0,3151,FOOD_28456_61089,00.html |title=TV : Food Network Awards : Food Network Awards Winners : Food Network |publisher=Foodnetwork.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
[[Image:StumptownCoffeeDivision.jpg|thumb|180px|left|The original [[Stumptown Coffee]] location at 47th and Division.]] The ''[[New York Times]]'' also spotlighted Portland for its burgeoning restaurant scene in the same year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/26/dining/26port.html?pagewanted=3&_r=1 |title=In Portland, a Golden Age of Dining and Drinking - New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=Published: September 26, 2007 |accessdate=2008-10-06 | first=Eric | last=Asimov}}</ref> ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' ranked Portland #9 among all national cities in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/afc/2007/category/6 |title=America's Favorite Cities 2007 | Food/Dining | Food/Dining (Overall) | Travel + Leisure |publisher=Travelandleisure.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> The city is also known for being the most [[vegetarian]]-friendly city in America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goveg.com/f-vegcities-portland.asp |title=GoVeg.com // Features // North America's Most Vegetarian-Friendly Cities! // Portland, Oregon |publisher=Goveg.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref>
In addition to beer, Portland has become known as a premier coffee destination in the Pacific Northwest, second only to Seattle in terms of the abundance of its coffee houses. [[Yelp.com]] lists more than 20 coffee houses in Portland with 4.5-5 star ratings.<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://www.yelp.com/c/portland/coffee |title=Portland Coffee Shops |publisher=Yelp.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-15}}</ref> The city is home to the original [[Stumptown Coffee Roasters]], well-known by aficionados as one of the nation's highest quality direct-trade roasteries,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/16/dining/reviews/16brief-001.html |title=A Seductive Cup |publisher=New York Times |date= 2009-09-16|accessdate=2009-10-15 | first=Oliver | last=Strand}}</ref> as well as dozens of other micro-roasteries and cafes.
=== Sports ===
{{Main|Sports in Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:RoseGardenArenaS.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Rose Garden (arena)|Rose Garden]], home of the Portland Trail Blazers.]]
Portland is home to the [[Portland Trail Blazers|Trail Blazers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=neyer_rob&id=1600284|title=Though not perfect, Portland a viable city for baseball|last=Neyer|first=Rob|date=August 21, 2003|publisher=ESPN.com|quote="Portland is the largest metropolitan area with just one major professional sports team (the Trail Blazers)."|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref> Beginning in 2011, the city will host a [[Major League Soccer]] franchise, which will be a continuation of the [[Portland Timbers (USL)|Portland Timbers]].<ref>http://web.mlsnet.com/news/mls_news.jsp?ymd=20090320&content_id=228140&vkey=pr_mls&fext=.jsp</ref> The city is also home to a number of minor league teams. Running is a popular sport in the metropolitan area, which hosts the Portland Marathon and much of the [[Hood to Coast|Hood to Coast Relay]] (the world's largest such event). [[Skiing]] and [[snowboarding]] are also highly popular, with a number of nearby resorts on [[Mount Hood]], including year-round [[Timberline Lodge|Timberline]].
It was formerly home to the [[Portland Rosebuds]] of the [[Pacific Coast Hockey Association]], the first professional sports team in Oregon and the first professional hockey team in the U.S. The Rosebuds played in the 1916 [[Stanley Cup]] Final, the first U.S. team to do so.
Portland has one of the most active [[bicycle racing]] scenes in the United States, with hundreds of events sanctioned each year by the [[Oregon Bicycle Racing Association]]. Weekly events at [[Alpenrose Dairy|Alpenrose Velodrome]] and [[Portland International Raceway]] allow for racing nearly every night of the week during spring and summer, and fall [[cyclocross]] races such as the [[Cross Crusade]] can have over 1000 riders and boisterous spectators.
Additionally, the Portland metro has its own [[Cricket]] league, Oregon Cricket League (OCL) that hosts 2 formats of the outdoor game of cricket every year.<ref>http://www.oregonsports.org/not-every-sport-requires-a-ball/</ref><ref>http://www.oregoncricketleague.org</ref>
{{List of Portland, Oregon sports teams}}
=== Media ===
{{Main|Media in Portland}}
''[[The Oregonian]]'' is the only daily general-interest newspaper serving Portland. It also circulates throughout the state and in [[Clark County, Washington]].
Smaller local newspapers, distributed free of charge in newspaper boxes and at venues around the city, include ''[[Portland Tribune]]'' (general-interest paper published on Thursdays), ''[[Willamette Week]]'' (general-interest [[alternative weekly]]), ''[[The Portland Mercury]]'' (another weekly, targeted at younger urban readers), and ''[[The Asian Reporter (newspaper)|The Asian Reporter]]'' (a weekly covering Asian news, both international and local).
[[Indymedia|Portland Indymedia]] is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers. The ''[[Portland Alliance]]'', a largely anti-authoritarian progressive monthly, is the largest radical print paper in the city. ''[[Just Out]]'', published in Portland twice monthly, is the region's foremost [[LGBT]] publication. A biweekly paper, ''[[Street Roots]]'', is also sold within the city by members of the homeless community.
''The Portland [[American City Business Journals|Business Journal]]'', a weekly, covers business-related news, as does ''The [[Daily Journal of Commerce]]''. ''[[Portland Monthly]]'' is a monthly news and culture magazine. ''[[The Bee]]'', over 100 years old, is another neighborhood newspaper serving the inner southeast neighborhoods.
Portland is well served by television and radio. The metro area is the 22nd largest U.S. [[Designated market area|market area]] with 1,086,900 homes and 0.992% of the U.S. market.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}} The major network television affiliates include:
* [[KATU]] 2 ([[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]])
* [[KOIN]] 6 ([[CBS]])
* [[KGW]] 8 ([[NBC]])
* [[KOPB-TV]] 10 Oregon Public Broadcasting ([[PBS]])
* [[KPTV]] 12 ([[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]])
* [[KPXG]] 22 ([[Ion Television|ION]])
* [[KNMT]] 24 ([[Trinity Broadcasting Network|TBN]])
* [[KRCW-TV]] 32 ([[The CW]])
* [[KUNP|KUNP-LP]] 47 ([[Univision]])
* [[KPDX]] 49 ([[MyNetworkTV]])
<!-- Note this says MAJOR affiliates, so it shouldn't list minor affiliates or standalone stations -->
== Economy ==
Portland's metro area population growth has outpaced the national average during the last decade, with current estimates showing an 80% chance of population growth in excess of 60% over the next 50 years.<ref name="pt_growth">{{cite web | title = Metro takes long view of growth | url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=121200846357363500 | last = Law | first = Steve | publisher = Portland Tribune | date = 2008-05-29 | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref>
[[Image:Portland house price index.gif|thumb|The Portland House-Price Index has remained stronger than the national average.]]
Portland's location is beneficial for several industries. Relatively low energy cost, accessible resources, North-South and East-West Interstates, international air terminals, large marine shipping facilities, and both west coast intercontinental railroads are all economic advantages.<ref name="citydata_economy"/> The [[Mercer (consulting firm)|US consulting firm Mercer]], in a 2009 assessment "conducted to help governments and major companies place employees on international assignments", ranked Portland 42nd [[World's Most Livable Cities|worldwide in quality of living]]; the survey factored in [[political system|political stability]], [[personal freedom]], sanitation, crime, housing, the natural environment, recreation, banking facilities, availability of [[consumer goods]], education, and public services including transportation.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105 | title = Quality of Living global city rankings 2009 – Mercer survey | publisher = [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]| date=28 April 2009| accessdate=2009-05-08 }}</ref>
=== Real estate and construction ===
[[File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogg|thumb|Video of Portland's Urban Growth boundary. The red dots indicate areas of growth between 1986 and 1996. ([[:File:Urban Growth Portland Oregon.ogg|larger size]])]]
Oregon's 1973 "[[urban growth boundary]]" law limits the boundaries for large scale development in each metropolitan area in Oregon.<ref name="metro_ugb">{{cite web | title = Metro: Urban growth boundary | url=http://www.metro-region.org/index.cfm/go/by.web/id/277 | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> This limits access to utilities such as sewage, water and telecommunications, as well as coverage by fire, police and schools.<ref name="metro_ugb"/> Originally this law mandated that the city must maintain enough land within the boundary to provide an estimated 20 years of growth, however in 2007 the legislature altered the law to require the maintenance of an estimated 50 years of growth within the boundary, as well as the protection of accompanying farm and rural lands.<ref name="pt_growth"/>
The growth boundary, along with efforts of the PDC to create economic development zones, has led to the development of a large portion of downtown, a large number of mid- and high-rise developments, and an overall increase in housing and business density.<ref name="ssp_portland">{{cite web | title = Portland - SkyscraperPage | url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?cityID=29 | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref><ref name="olmis_jobgrowth">{{cite web | title = OLMIS - Portland Metro Area: A Look at Recent Job Growth | url=http://www.qualityinfo.org/olmisj/ArticleReader?itemid=00005735 | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref> In October, 2009, the [[Forbes magazine]] rated Portland as the 3rd safest city in America.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/26/safest-cities-ten-lifestyle-real-estate-metros-msa.html America's Safest Cities for Real Estate]</ref>
=== Manufacturing ===
Computer components manufacturer [[Intel]] is the Portland area's largest employer, providing jobs for more than 14,000 residents, with several campuses to the west of central Portland in the city of [[Hillsboro, Oregon|Hillsboro]].<ref name="citydata_economy">{{cite web | title = Portland: Economy - Major Industries and Commercial Activity | url=http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Portland-Economy.html | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> The metro area is home to more than 1,200 technology companies.<ref name="citydata_economy"/> This high density of technology companies has led to the nickname [[Silicon Forest]] being used to describe Portland, a reference to the abundance of trees in the region.
Portland is home to the regional headquarters for [[Adidas]]. The metro area serves as the headquarters for the [[Columbia Sportswear]] corporation, Yakima Products and [[Nike, Inc.]]. [[Beaverton, Oregon]]'s Nike, Inc. and Portland's [[Precision Castparts Corp.]] are the only two [[Fortune 500]] companies headquartered in Oregon. [[Philip Knight]], co-founder and chairman of Nike, is an Oregon native and [[University of Oregon]] alumnus.
The steel industry's history in Portland predates World War II. By the 1950s, the steel industry became the city's number one industry for employment.<ref name="history_pdx_steel">{{cite web | title = Steel Industry | url=http://www.history.pdx.edu/guildslake/industry/steel1.htm | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref> The steel industry thrives in the region, with [[Schnitzer Steel Industries]], a prominent steel company, shipping a record 1.15 billion tons of scrap metal to Asia during 2003.<ref name="history_pdx_steel"/>
The aluminum industry expanded in the Portland area during the later half of the 20th century. This was primarily due to the comparatively low cost electricity in the region, courtesy of the many dams on local rivers. The industry has been one of the more intrusive industries politically however, due to the effect on residential and business energy costs to the rest of the city, and the pollution associated with aluminum production.<ref name="jstor">{{cite web | title = The Juice Junkie | url=http://wweek.com/editorial/2730/1708/ | accessdate = 2008-06-04}}</ref>
=== Logistics ===
Portland is the largest shipper of wheat in the United States,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://learfieldcreative.typepad.com/brownfield/2009/01/next-stop-port-of-portland-.html
| title = Next stop: Port of Portland
| date = January 7, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-02-06
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/primary/stmntofnd.htm
| title = Port of Portland's Statement of Need
| publisher = Center for Columbia River History
| accessdate = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> and is the second largest port for wheat in the world.<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/08/20040813-1.html White House press release: The Columbia River Channel Deepening Project, August 13, 2004]</ref><!--
<ref name="portofportland"> {{cite web | title = Port of Portland | url=http://www.portofportland.com/ | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref>
for claims like this need a third party source
-->
The marine terminals alone handle over 13 million tons of cargo per year, and is home to one of the largest commercial dry docks in the country.<ref name="answers_cg">{{cite web | title = Cascade General, Inc. | url=http://www.answers.com/topic/cascade-general-inc?cat=biz-fin | accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref><ref name="portofportland_report">{{cite web | title= Portfolio | url=http://www.portofportland.com/PDFPOP/Portfolio_06_07.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-06-04 }}</ref> The [[Port of Portland]] is the third largest U.S. port on the west coast, though it is located about {{convert|80|mi|km}} upriver.<ref name="citydata_economy"/><ref name="portofportland_report"/>
== Transportation ==
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| footer =
| image1 = PortlandTriMetMAX.jpg
| width1 =
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[MAX Light Rail]] is the centerpiece of the city's public transportation system
| image2 = PortlandStreetcar5.jpg
| alt2 =
| width2 =
| caption2 = [[Portland Streetcar]] runs north-south through Downtown
| image3 = PortlandTramCar3.jpg
| alt3 =
| width3 =
| caption3 = [[Portland Aerial Tram]] car descends towards the [[South Waterfront]] district
}}
{{Main|Transportation in Portland, Oregon}}
The Portland metropolitan area has transportation services common to major U.S. cities, though Oregon's emphasis on proactive [[Land use forecasting|land-use planning]] and [[transit-oriented development]] within the [[urban growth boundary]] means that commuters have multiple well-developed options.
Some Portlanders use mass transit for their daily commute. In 2008, 12.6% of all commutes in Portland were on public transit.<ref>{{cite web
|title=American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STGeoSearchByListServlet?ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_
}}</ref> [[TriMet]] operates most of the region's buses and the [[MAX Light Rail|MAX]] (short for Metropolitan Area Express) [[light rail]] system, which connects the city and suburbs. [[Westside Express Service]], or WES, opened in February 2009 as commuter rail for Portland's western suburbs, linking [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]] and [[Wilsonville, Oregon|Wilsonville]]. The [[Portland Streetcar]] operates from the south waterfront, through Portland State University and north to nearby homes and shopping districts. Within the [[Free Rail Zone]], a designated geographic area centered in downtown, rides on TriMet's MAX and streetcar systems are free. Fifth and Sixth avenues within downtown comprise the [[Portland Transit Mall]], two streets devoted primarily to bus and light rail traffic with limited automobile access. Intense public transit development continues as two light rail lines are under construction, as well as a new downtown transit mall linking several transit options. TriMet also provides real-time tracking of buses and trains with its TransitTracker and even makes the data available to software developers so they can create customized tools of their own.<ref>[http://www.myTrimet.com Trimet website]</ref>
[[Interstate 5 (Oregon)|I-5]] connects Portland with the [[Willamette Valley]], [[Southern Oregon]], and [[California]] to the south and with [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] to the north. [[Interstate 405 (Oregon)|I-405]] forms a loop with I-5 around the central downtown area of the city and [[Interstate 205 (Oregon-Washington)|I-205]] is a loop freeway route on the east side which connects to the [[Portland International Airport]]. [[U.S. Route 26 (Oregon)|US 26]] supports commuting within the metro area and continues to the Pacific Ocean westward and [[Mount Hood]] and [[Central Oregon]] eastward. [[U.S. Route 30 (Oregon)|US 30]] has a main, bypass, and business route through the city extending to [[Astoria, Oregon]] to the west; through [[Gresham, Oregon]], and the eastern [[Commuter town|exurbs]], and connects to [[Interstate 84 (Oregon)|I-84]], traveling towards [[Boise, Idaho]].
Portland's main airport is [[Portland International Airport]], located about 20 minutes by car (40 minutes by MAX) northeast of downtown. In addition Portland is home to [[List of airports in Oregon|Oregon's]] only public use heliport, the [[Portland Downtown Heliport]].
[[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides service to Portland at [[Union Station (Portland)|Union Station]] on three routes. Long-haul train routes include the [[Coast Starlight]] (with service from Los Angeles to Seattle) and the [[Empire Builder]] (with service from Portland to Chicago.) The [[Amtrak Cascades]] commuter trains operate between [[Vancouver, British Columbia]] and [[Eugene, Oregon]], and serve Portland several times daily.
The city is particularly supportive of [[urban bicycling]] and has been recognized by the [[League of American Bicyclists]] among others for its network of on street bicycling facilities and other bicycle-friendly services.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.bikeleague.org/media/press/
| title=League of American Bicyclists * Press Releases
| publisher=Bikeleague.org
| accessdate=2008-10-06
}}</ref>
It ranks highly among the most bicycle friendly cities in the world.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.virgin-vacations.com/site_vv/11-most-bike-friendly-cities.asp
| title = 11 Most Bike Friendly Cities in the World – Bicycle friendly cities
| work = Virgin Vacations
| publisher = Virgin Airlines
| accessdate = 2009-06-18
}}</ref>
The [[Bicycle Transportation Alliance]] sponsors an annual Bicycle Commute Challenge, in which thousands of commuters compete for prizes and recognition based on the length and frequency of their commutes.<ref>[http://www.bikecommutechallenge.com/oregon Bicycle Commute Challenge] information</ref> Approximately 8% of commuters bike to work, the highest proportion of any major U.S. city and about 10 times the national average.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124242099361525009.html 'Youth Magnet' Cities Hit Midlife Crisis] The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2009-06-14.</ref> [[Car sharing]] through [[Zipcar]] and [[U Car Share]] is available to residents of the city and some inner suburbs. Portland has a commuter aerial cableway, the [[Portland Aerial Tram]], which connects the [[South Waterfront]] district on the Willamette River to the [[Oregon Health & Science University]] campus on Marquam Hill above.
Portland has five indoor [[skatepark]]s and is home to historically significant [[Burnside Skatepark]]. [[Gabriel Skatepark]] is the most recent, which opened on July 12, 2008. Another fourteen are in the works.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://skateportland.org/?page_id=11 |title=19: Portland's Skatepark Master Plan |accessdate=2006-07-18 |publisher=Skaters for Portland Skateparks}}</ref> [[The Wall Street Journal]] stated Portland "may be the most skateboard-friendly town in America."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204119704574238073660408040.html|title=Skateboarding Capital of the World|last=Dougherty|first=Conor|date=July 30, 2009|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref>
== Law and government ==
{{See also|Government of Portland, Oregon}}
[[Image:PortlandCityHall.jpg|right|thumb|[[Portland City Hall (Oregon)|Portland City Hall]]]]
The city of Portland is governed by the [[Portland, Oregon City Council|Portland City Council]], which includes the Mayor and four Commissioners—and an auditor. Each is elected citywide to serve a four year term. The auditor provides checks and balances in the commission form of government and accountability for the use of public resources. In addition, the auditor provides access to information and reports on various matters of city government.
The city's Office of Neighborhood Involvement serves as a conduit between city government and [[Portland, Oregon neighborhoods|95 neighborhood associations]], which are grouped into seven coalitions.
Portland and its surrounding metropolitan area are served by [[Metro (Oregon regional government)|Metro]], the United States' only directly elected regional government. Metro's charter includes land use and transportation planning, solid waste management, and map development. It also owns and operates the [[Oregon Convention Center]], [[Oregon Zoo]], [[Portland Center for the Performing Arts]], and [[Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center]]. The [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]] government also provides many services to the Portland area, along with that of [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington]] and [[Clackamas County, Oregon|Clackamas]] Counties to the west and south.
Since the 1950s, if not earlier, Portland has strongly favored the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] at all levels of government.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are Democrats. Democrats also dominate the city's delegation to the [[Oregon Legislature]].
Federally, Portland is split between three [[congressional districts]]. Most of the city is in the [[Oregon's 3rd congressional district|3rd District]], represented by [[Earl Blumenauer]], who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996. Most of the city west of the Willamette River is part of the [[Oregon's 1st congressional district|1st District]], represented by [[David Wu]]. A small portion of the city is in the [[Oregon's 5th congressional district|5th District]], represented by [[Kurt Schrader]]. All three are Democrats; a [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] has not represented a significant portion of Portland since 1975. Both of Oregon's senators, [[Ron Wyden]] and [[Jeff Merkley]], are from Portland. Portland's current Mayor, Sam Adams, became the city's first openly-gay mayor in 2009.<ref>[http://www.sovo.com/2009/1-9/news/national/9647.cfm Portland becomes largest U.S. city with gay mayor - Southern Voice]</ref> At that time, Portland became the largest U.S. city with a GLBT mayor. In 2004, Multnomah County voted 59.7% against [[Oregon Ballot Measure 36 (2004)|Oregon Ballot Measure 36]], which amended the [[Oregon Constitution]] to define marriage as one man and one woman and prohibit [[same-sex marriage]], though the measure passed with 56.6% of the statewide vote. [[Benton County, Oregon|Benton County]], which contains [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], home of [[Oregon State University]], was the only other county where the initiative failed.<ref>[http://www.uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?year=2004&off=60&elect=0&fips=41&f=0 Oregon Measure 36 Results by County]</ref>
=== Planning and development ===
[[Image:PortlandOR-aerial.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of central Portland]]
[[Image:PDX1966PGEplant.jpg|thumb|right|1966 photo shows sawdust-fired power plant on the edge of Downtown that was removed to make way for dense residential development. High rises to left in background were early projects of the Portland Development Commission.]]
The city consulted with urban planners as far back as 1903. Development of [[Washington Park (Portland, Oregon)|Washington Park]] and one of the country's finest greenways, the [[40 Mile Loop]], which interconnects many of the city's parks, began.
Portland is often cited as an example of a city with strong [[land use planning]] controls;<ref name="smartplan">{{cite web | title = The "Smart Growth" Debate Continues | publisher = Urban Mobility Corporation | date = May/June 2003 | url = http://www.innobriefs.com/editor/20030423smartgrowth.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref> This is largely the result of statewide land conservation policies adopted in 1973 under Governor [[Tom McCall]], in particular the requirement for an [[urban growth boundary]] (UGB) for every city and metropolitan area. The opposite extreme, a city with few or no controls, is typically illustrated by [[Houston, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/hotproperty/archives/2007/10/how_houston_get.html |title=How Houston gets along without zoning - BusinessWeek |publisher=Businessweek.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/cityguides/houston/2003-10-07-spotlight-zoning_x.htm |title= Houston: A city without zoning |publisher=Usatoday.com |author=Sherry Thomas, special for USATODAY.com |date=Posted 10/30/2003 12:20 PM |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/109 |title=Zoning Without Zoning | Planetizen |publisher=Planetizen.com |author=Author: Michael Lewyn |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFDB103FF934A2575BC0A960948260 |title=FOCUS: Houston; A Fresh Approach To Zoning - New York Times |publisher=Query.nytimes.com |author=Robert Reinhold |date=Published: August 17, 1986 |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://houston.bizjournals.com/houston/stories/2006/04/10/editorial1.html |title='The only major U.S. city without zoning' - Houston Business Journal: |publisher=Houston.bizjournals.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref>
Portland's urban growth boundary, adopted in 1979, separates urban areas (where high-density development is encouraged and focused) from traditional farm land (where restrictions on non-agricultural development are very strict).<ref>[http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/goals.shtml Statewide Planning Goals.] Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development. Retrieved December 23, 2007.</ref> This was atypical in an era when automobile use led many areas to neglect their core cities in favor of development along [[interstate highway]]s, in [[suburb]]s, and [[satellite city|satellite cities]].
As the population has grown, and undeveloped land inside the urban growth boundary has dwindled, there has been pressure to change or relax the rules.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} The rapid growth of two major employers in Washington County, namely [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] and [[Intel]], contributed to this pressure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
The original state rules included a provision for expanding urban growth boundaries, but critics felt this wasn't being accomplished. In 1995, the State passed a law requiring cities to expand UGBs to provide enough undeveloped land for a 20 year supply of future housing at projected growth levels.<ref>{{cite web | title = Comprehensive Land Use Planning Coordination | publisher = Legislative Counsel Committee of the Oregon Legislative Assembly | url = http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/197.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
The [[Portland Development Commission]] is a semi-public agency that plays a major role in downtown development; it was created by city voters in 1958 to serve as the city's [[urban renewal]] agency. It provides housing and economic development programs within the city, and works behind the scenes with major local developers to create large projects.
In the early 1960s, the PDC led the razing of a large Italian-Jewish neighborhood downtown, bounded roughly by the I-405 freeway, the Willamette River, 4th Avenue and Market street.
Mayor [[Neil Goldschmidt]] took office in 1972 as a proponent of bringing housing and the associated vitality back to the downtown area, which was seen as emptying out after 5pm. The effort has had dramatic effects in the 30 years since, with many thousands of new housing units clustered in 3 areas: north of Portland State University (between the I-405 freeway, SW Broadway, and SW Taylor St.); the RiverPlace development along the waterfront under the Marquam (I-5) bridge; and most notably in the Pearl District (between I-405, Burnside St., NW Northrup St., and NW 9th Ave.).
The Urban Greenspaces Institute, housed in Portland State University Geography Department's Center for Mapping Research, promotes better integration of the built and natural environments. The institute works on urban park, trail, and natural areas planning issues, both at the local and regional levels.
In October 2009, the Portland City Council unanimously adopted a climate action plan that will cut the city's greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portlandtribune.com/news/story.php?story_id=125678469206117000|title=Council adopts aggressive Climate Action Plan|author=Law, Steve|publisher=[[The Portland Tribune]]|date=2009-10-28|accessdate=2010-08-01}}</ref>
According to ''[[Grist (magazine)|Grist]]'' magazine, Portland is the second most [[eco-friendly]] or "green" city in the world trailing only [[Reykjavík]], [[Iceland]].<ref>{{ cite web | title = Grist 15 Green Cities | publisher = ''Grist'' Magazine Online | url = http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2007/07/19/cities/index.html | accessdate = 2007-01-02}}</ref> In 2010, [[Move, Inc.]] placed Portland in its "top 10 greenest cities" list.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/idahosportugal/index.ssf/2010/03/portland_makes_list_of_top_10.html|title=Top 10 greenest cities: Portland makes the cut|last=Sienstra|date=2010-03-24|work=[[The Oregonian]]|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.move.com/home-finance/real-estate/general/top-greenest-cities-in-us.aspx|title=The Top 10 Greenest Cities|last=Kipen|first=Nicki|date=2010-03-24|work=[[Move.com]]|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref>
=== Free speech ===
Because of strong free speech protections of the [[Oregon Constitution]] upheld by the [[Oregon Supreme Court]] [[Henry v. Oregon Constitution 1987]] which specifically found that full nudity and lap dances in strip clubs are protected speech,<ref>{{cite web
| last = Busse
| first = Phil
| publisher = [[The Portland Mercury]]
| title = Cover Yourself!
| date = November 7, 2002
| url = http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/Content?oid=27886&category=22101
| accessdate = 2007-02-01
}}</ref> Portland is widely considered to have more strip clubs per capita than [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] or San Francisco.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Moore
| first = Adam S.
| coauthors = Beck, Byron
| title = Bump and Grind
| publisher = [[Willamette Week]]
| date = November 8, 2004
| url = http://www.wweek.com/story.php?story=6093
| accessdate = 2007-02-01
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Story?id=6088041&page=1
| title = Strip Club Teases Small Oregon City—In National Capital of Stripping, Residents Say Free Speech Has Gone Too Far
| author = Susan Donaldson James
| publisher = ABC News
| date = October 22, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.katu.com/news/local/8263157.html
| title = Judge: Salem lap dances protected by constitution
| author = Associated Press
| work = KATU News
| date = June 30, 2007
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref>
A judge dismissed charges against a nude bicyclist November 2008 on the grounds that the city's annual [[World Naked Bike Ride]] "was a well-established tradition in Portland."<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.katu.com/news/local/34445764.html
| title = Judge: riding in the buff is 'tradition,' man cleared
| work = Associated Press
| publisher = KATU
| date = November 21, 2008
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref> The 2009 Naked Bike Ride occurred<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5wSKi5Bchk
| title = BUTTCRACKS AND BICYCLES: the Portland naked bike ride 2009!
| author = magnifiquem
| work = YouTube
| date = June 12, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref> without significant incident. City police managed traffic intersections.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.katu.com/news/local/48028862.html
| title = Cyclists bare all in naked ride through Portland
| date = June 14, 2009
| work = KATU
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref> There were an estimated 3000 to 5000 participants.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://pdxpipeline.wordpress.com/2009/06/15/portland-naked-bike-ride-5000-people-pictures-story/
| title = Portland Naked Bike Ride: 5000 People
| date = June 15, 2009
| work = PDX Pipeline
| author = Jonathan Maus, BikePortland
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://bikeportland.org/2009/06/14/world-naked-bike-ride-was-it-good-for-you/
| title = An estimated 5,000 take part in Portland's Naked Bike Ride
| author = Jonathan Maus
| work = Bike Portland
| date = June 14, 2009
| accessdate = 2009-06-22
}}</ref>
A state law prohibiting publicly insulting a person likely to provoke a violent response was tested in Portland and struck down unanimously by the State Supreme Court as violating protected free speech and being overly broad.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/375034_racist15.html
| title = Oregon Court: Racist, insulting speech is protected
| date = August 14, 2008
| author = Associated Press
| work = Seattle Post-Intelligencer
| accessdate = 2008-12-08
}}</ref>
== Demographics ==
{{USCensusPop
| 1850 = 821
| 1860 = 2874
| 1870 = 8293
| 1880 = 17577
| 1890 = 46385
| 1900 = 90426
| 1910 = 207214
| 1920 = 258288
| 1930 = 301815
| 1940 = 305394
| 1950 = 373628
| 1960 = 372676
| 1970 = 382619
| 1980 = 366383
| 1990 = 437319
| 2000 = 529121
| estyear= 2009
| estimate= 566141
| footnote = U.S. Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web | title = State & County QuickFacts | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41/4159000.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title = Oregon - Place Population Estimates | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US41&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-T1-R&-ds_name=PEP_2009_EST&-_lang=en&-format=ST-9S&-_sse=on | accessdate = 2010-07-09 }}</ref>|}}
As of 2000, there are an estimated 529,121 people residing in the city, organized into 223,737 households and 118,356 families. The [[population density]] is 4,228.38 people per square mile (1,655.31/km²). There are 237,307 housing units at an average density of 1,766.7/sq mi (682.1/km²).
<!-- Please see the talk page discussion about this table -->
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=3|2006-2008 American Community Survey Estimates<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US4159000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_sse=on</ref>
! ''(NH)'' !! ''(DC)''
|-align=right
| 433,172||78.6%||align=left|'''White''' ||''74.0%'' || ''81.9%''
|-align=right
| 36,036|| 6.5%||align=left|'''Asian''' ||''6.5%'' || ''7.7%''
|-align=right
| 35,246|| 6.4%||align=left|'''Black or African American''' ||''6.3%'' || ''7.7%''
|-align=right
| 7,629|| 1.4%||align=left|'''American Indian, Alaska Native''' ||''0.6%'' || ''2.8%''
|-align=right
| 2,668|| 0.5%||align=left|'''Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander''' ||''0.5%'' || ''0.6%''
|-align=right
| 16,026|| 2.9%||align=left|'''Some other race'''||''0.2%''||''3.2%''
|-align=right
| 20,449|| 3.7%||align=left|'''Two or more races'''||''3.2%''
|rowspan=5 valign=bottom|''103.9%''
|-align=right
| 551,226|| 100%
|align=left| '''Total of all races'''
|rowspan=3 valign=bottom|''91.2%''
|-align=right
| 48,627|| 8.8%||align=left| '''Total Hispanic/Latino''' (of any race)
|-align=right
|colspan=3| '''''(NH)''' Total non-Hispanics by race''
|-align=right
|colspan=4| '''''(DC)''' Total, double/triple counting 'Two or more races'
|-
|}
Compared to the Oregon state average, Portland's median house value is above state average, and its black, Hispanic, and foreign-born populations are significantly above state average.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}
Out of 223,737 households, 24.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% are married couples living together, 10.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% are non-families. 34.6% of all households are made up of individuals and 9% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.3 and the average family size is 3.
The age distribution was 21.1% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 35 years. For every 100 females there are 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $40,146, and the median income for a family is $50,271. Males have a reported median income of $35,279 versus $29,344 reported for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city is $22,643. 13.1% of the population and 8.5% of families are below the [[poverty line]]. Out of the total population, 15.7% of those under the age of 18 and 10.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. Figures delineating the income levels based on race are not available at this time.
However, though the population of the city is increasing, the total population of children is diminishing, which has put pressure on the public school system to close schools. A 2005 study found that Portland is now educating fewer children than it did in 1925, despite the city's population having almost doubled since then, and the city will have to close the equivalent of three to four elementary schools each year for the next decade.<ref>{{ cite news | last = Egan | first = Timothy | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/24/national/24childless.html?ei=5090&en=cbfa254535a51a5f&ex=1269320400&partner=rssuserland&pagewanted=all&position= | title = Vibrant Cities Find One Thing Missing: Children | publisher = ''[[The New York Times]]'' | date = March 24, 2005 }}</ref>
In 1940, Portland's [[African-American]] population was approximately 2,000 and largely consisted of railroad employees and their families.<ref name="maccoll">{{cite book
| last = MacColl
| first = E. Kimbark
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950
| origyear = 1979
| edition =
| year = 1979
| publisher = The Georgian Press
| location = Portland, [[Oregon]]
| isbn = 0-9603408-1-5
}}</ref> During the war-time [[Liberty Ship|liberty ship]] construction boom, the need for workers drew many blacks to the city. The new influx of blacks settled in specific neighborhoods, such as the [[Albina, Oregon|Albina]] district and [[Vanport, Oregon|Vanport]]. The May 1948 flood which destroyed [[Vanport, Oregon|Vanport]] eliminated the only integrated neighborhood, and an influx of blacks into the NE quadrant of the city continued.<ref name="maccoll"/> At 7.90%, Portland's African American population is nearly four times the state average. Over two thirds of Oregon's African-American residents live in Portland.<ref name="maccoll"/> As of the 2000 census, three of its high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln and Wilson) were over 70% white, reflecting the overall population, while Jefferson High School was 76% non-white. The remaining six schools have a higher number of non-whites, including blacks and Asians. Hispanic students average from 3.3% at Wilson to 31% at Roosevelt.<ref>[ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_High_School_(Portland,_Oregon)| title = Abernethy Elementary School: Recent Enrollment Trends, 1995-96 through 2002-03 | publisher = Portland Public Schools, Prepared by Management Information Services | url = http://www.pps.k12.or.us/depts/mis/enroll/current/EnrollxSchl95-03.pdf | format = PDF | date = October 30, 2002 ]</ref>
The city of Portland has the 7th highest [[LGBT]] population in the country, with 8.8% of residents identifying as homosexual, and the metro area ranks 4th in the nation at 6.1%.<ref name="ACSGates">Gary J. Gates {{PDFlink|[http://www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute/publications/SameSexCouplesandGLBpopACS.pdf Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey]|2.07 [[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 2180309 bytes -->}}. The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, [[UCLA School of Law]], October 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2007.</ref>
== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Portland, Oregon}}
Portland is served by six public school districts and many private schools. [[Portland Public Schools (Oregon)|Portland Public Schools]] is the largest school district. There are also many colleges and universities- the largest being [[Portland Community College]], [[Portland State University]], and [[Oregon Health & Science University]]. The city is also home to such private universities as the [[University of Portland]], [[Reed College]], and [[Lewis & Clark College]].
=== Museums===
Portland is home to many educational museums. They include:
====Oregon Museum of Science and Industry====
[[Oregon Museum of Science and Industry]] (OMSI), which includes many hands on activities for adults and children. OMSI consists of five main halls, most of which, consist of smaller laboratories: Earth Science Hall, Life Science Hall, Turbine Hall, Science Playground, and Featured Exhibit Hall. The Featured Exhibit Hall has a new exhibit every few months. The laboratories are Chemistry, Physics, Technology, Life, Paleontology, and Watershed. OMSI has many other unique attractions, such as the [[USS Blueback (SS-581)]], the OMNIMAX Dome Theater, and OMSI's Kendall Planetarium. The USS Blueback was the last non-nuclear fast attack submarine to join the US Navy and OMSI offers daily tours.<ref name="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsi.edu/submarine|title=USS Blueback: The Real Thing|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref> The OMNIMAX Dome Theater is a variant of the [[IMAX]] motion picture format, where the movie is projected onto a domed projection surface. The projection surface at OMSI's OMNIMAX Dome Theater is 6,532 sq. ft. The OMNIMAX Theater uses the largest frame in the motion picture industry and the frames are ten times the size of the standard 35mm film.<ref name="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsi.edu/visit/omnimax|title=OMNIMAX Dome Theater|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref> OMSI's Kendall Planetarium is the largest and most technologically advanced planetarium in the Pacific Northwest.<ref name="Oregon Museum of Science and Industry">{{Cite web|url=http://www.omsi.edu/planetarium|title=OMSI Kendall Planetarium|accessdate=2010-07-22}}</ref>
====Portland Art Museum====
The [[Portland Art Museum]] owns the city's largest art collection and presents a variety of touring exhibitions each year and with the recent addition of the Modern and Contemporary Art wing it became one of the United States' twenty-five largest museums.
== Sister cities ==
Portland has nine [[sister cities]]:<ref>{{cite web | title = About Portland's Sister Cities | publisher = Office of Mayor Sam Adams | url = http://portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49918 | accessdate = 2009-03-18 }}</ref>
<div style="float:left; width:48%;">
* {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Ashkelon]], [[Israel]]
* {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Kaohsiung]], [[Republic of China|Taiwan]]
* {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Ulsan]], [[South Korea]]
* {{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Mutare]], [[Zimbabwe]]
* {{Flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guadalajara, Jalisco|Guadalajara]], Mexico
</div><div style="float:right; width:48%;">
* {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Khabarovsk]], Russia
* {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Sapporo]], Japan
* {{Flagicon|China}} [[Suzhou]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]
* {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Bologna]], Italy
</div>
{{-}}
<br />
Portland also has a "Friendship City" relationship with:
* {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]]<ref>[http://portlandonline.com/mayor/index.cfm?c=49951&a=235160 About the Sister City Program]</ref>
== Gallery ==
<center><gallery caption="" widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="6">
File:Portland or 1897.png|1897 topographic map of Portland shows streets, railroads, and significant differences in the [[Columbia Slough]]
Image:Taborpanojpeg.JPG|Reservoir 6 At Mount Tabor
Image:Portland rose.jpg|The rose has a significant role in Portland's history, inspiring one of its nicknames.
Image:Portland Max Tunnel.jpg|MAX Light Rail and underground station at the [[Oregon Zoo]]
Image:pdxspread.jpg|A view of the [[Willamette River]] from the Roof of the [[KOIN Center]]
</gallery></center>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Oregon}}
* [[List of people from Portland, Oregon]]
* [[1972 Portland-Vancouver Tornado]]
* [[List of hospitals in Portland, Oregon]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== Further reading ==
* C. Abbott, ''Greater Portland: Urban Life and Landscape in the Pacific Northwest''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8122-1779-9
* C. Ozawa (Ed.), ''The Portland Edge: Challenges and Successes in Growing Communities''. Washington: Island Press, 2004. ISBN 1-55963-695-5
* [[Chuck Palahniuk]], ''[[Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon]]''. Crown, 2003. ISBN 1-4000-4783-8
* [[Stewart Holbrook]], ''The Far Corner''. Comstock Editions, 1952. ISBN 0-89174-043-0
* E. Kimbark MacColl, ''The Shaping of a City: Business and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1885 to 1915''. Portland: Georgian Press, 1976. {{OCLC|2645815}} {{ASIN|B0006CP2A0}}
* E. Kimbark MacColl, ''The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915 to 1950''. Portland: Georgian Press, 1979. ISBN 0-9603408-1-5
* Jewel Lansing, ''Portland: People, Politics, and Power, 1851–2001''. Oregon State University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0870715594
* {{cite book|author=MacGibbon, Elma|title=[http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=63 Leaves of knowledge]|publisher=Shaw & Borden Co|year=1904}} Elma MacGibbons reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Portland, the western hub."
* O'Toole, Randal. [http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-596.pdf ''Debunking Portland: The City That Doesn't Work'']. ''Policy Analysis. No. 596. Cato Institute, July 9, 2007. ''
==External links==
{{Sisterlinks|Portland, Oregon}}
<!-- ==============================({{NoMoreLinks}})============================== -->
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* [http://www.portlandonline.com/ City of Portland, Oregon]
** [http://www.portlandmaps.com/ Portland Maps] (lot-level GIS)
** [http://www.gis.ci.portland.or.us/maps/police/index.cfm Portland CrimeMapper]
* [http://www.portlandalliance.com/ Portland Business Alliance - Portland Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.travelportland.com/ Travel Portland]
'''Portland websites that are also [[wiki]]s'''
<!--[http://PortlandWiki.com/ PortlandWiki]-->
* [[WikiWikiWeb:|WikiWikiWeb]] installed by [[Ward Cunningham|Howard Cunningham]] from [[Beaverton, Oregon|Beaverton]]. Since Ward invented the concept of a wiki wiki web, this is the very first wiki in existence.
* {{Wikitravelpar|Portland (Oregon)}}
<!--[http://www.ourlaurelhurst.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page Laurelhurst Neighborhood]-->
{{Clear}}
==Related information==<!--navbox heading-->
{{PortlandOR}}
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[[Category:Cities in Oregon]]
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[[af:Portland, Oregon]]
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[[te:పోర్ట్ లాండ్ , ఒరెగాన్]]
[[th:พอร์ตแลนด์]]
[[tr:Portland, Oregon]]
[[uk:Портленд (Орегон)]]
[[ug:Portland, Orégon]]
[[vi:Portland, Oregon]]
[[vo:Portland (Oregon)]]
[[war:Portland, Oregon]]
[[yo:Portland, Oregon]]
[[zh-yue:砵崙]]
[[zh:波特蘭 (奧勒岡州)]]' |
