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Old page wikitext, before the edit (old_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Australian brushturkey
| image = Australian Brushturkey 2 - Newington.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>BirdLife International. (2018). ''Alectura lathami''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678551A131902671.en}}</ref>
| genus = Alectura
| parent_authority = [[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1824
| species = lathami
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
* ''A. l. purpureicollis'' <small>(Le Souef, 1898)</small><br><small>purple-wattled brush turkey</small>
* ''A. l. lathami'' <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br><small>Australian brushturkey</small>
}}
[[File:Alectura lathami - Centenary Lakes.jpg|thumb|Cairns, Queensland, Australia]]
[[File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia]]
The '''Australian brushturkey''' or '''Australian brush-turkey''' or '''gweela''' (''Alectura lathami''), also frequently called the '''scrub turkey''' or '''bush turkey''', is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megapode|Megapodiidae]] found in eastern Australia from [[Far North Queensland]] to [[Eurobodalla]] on the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of [[New South Wales]]. The Australian brushturkey has also been introduced to [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.
Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to [[Meleagris|American turkeys]], nor to the [[Australian bustard]], which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the [[wattled brushturkey]], [[Waigeo brushturkey]], and [[malleefowl]].
==Biology==
===Description===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a wingspan of about {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The subspecies ''A. l. purpureicollis'' from the northern [[Cape York Peninsula]] is smaller than the more widespread [[nominate subspecies]]. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its [[plumage]] is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] (in ''A. l. purpureicollis''). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and [[nesting season]]. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg|Male Australian brushturkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland
File:Alectura_lathami.jpg|Female Australian brushturkey
File:Brush-Turkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG|Australian brushturkey (front view)
File:Alectura lathami MHNT 226 Australie.jpg|Egg of ''Alectura lathami'' ([[Muséum de Toulouse]])
File:Alectura Lathami.jpg|Australian brushturkey chick
File:Brushturkeychik.jpg|Juvenile
File:Australian Brush-turkey head.jpg|Male, ''A. l. lathami'' Head details
File:Australian Brush-Turkey - Queensland S4E8479 (22386565465).jpg|Adult
File:Bush turkey 5 (23407192891).jpg
File:Australian Brush Turkey JCB.jpg|Australian brushturkey in Queensland
</gallery>
===Nesting===
[[File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm|thumb|Australian brushturkey building a nest]]
[[File:Australian Brush Turkey Nest (Sydney).jpg|thumb|Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturkey in northern Sydney.]]
They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} high and up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the {{convert|33|–|35|C|F}} incubation temperature range.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, New South Wales Government |url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm |title=Australian Brushturkey}}</ref> The Australian brushturkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some [[reptiles]], incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer ([[statistical significance|p]]=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Göth|first=Ann|author2=Booth, David T|title=Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird|journal=Biology Letters|date=22 March 2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–33|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247|pmid=17148121|pmc=1629050}}</ref>
The same nesting site is frequently used year after year, with the old nests being added to each breeding season. The average clutch of eggs is between 16 and 24 large white eggs, which are laid September to March. Sometimes, up to 50 eggs laid by several females may be found in a single mound. The eggs are placed in a circle roughly {{convert|60|–|80|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} down, {{convert|20|–|30|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} apart, always with the large end up. The newly hatched young dig themselves out of the mound and then have to care for themselves.
===Predators and human interactions===
Brushturkey eggs are a favourite food of [[goanna]]s, snakes, and [[dingo]]es and dogs, though brushturkeys were also a staple of [[Aboriginal Australians]]. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<ref name="rwt">{{cite news |last=Siossian |first=Emma |date=7 March 2020 |title=Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Burns |first2=Alicia L. |last3=Martin |first3=John M. |last4=Hochuli |first4=Dieter F. |title=Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=785–791 |doi=10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5}}</ref> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of [[mulch]] from gardens.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Australian Brush-Turkey Telephone.JPG|Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area
File:Australian Brush-Turkey Head.JPG|Australian brushturkey portrait, taken while feeding
File:Australian Brush-turkey.webm|Australian brushturkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia
</gallery>
==Habitat==
The Australian brushturkey inhabits [[rainforest]]s and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.
Brushturkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both [[Brisbane]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=TurkHab>{{cite press release|title=Living with Brush Turkeys|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=27 April 2009|url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm| archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=John|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606|title=Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south|date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
==Population==
Brushturkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<ref name="Sydney Mail 1930">{{cite news|title=Outdoor Australia|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=8 January 1930|page=19}}</ref>
==Human interaction==
[[File:Brush Turkey on tiles.jpg|thumb|Male brushturkey on tiles, [[Cooktown]], Queensland]]
The Australian brushturkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<ref name=ManVBird>{{cite web|title=Man v bird: the brush turkey battle|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=8 April 2013|author=Sarah Collerton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040|archive-date=25 August 2012|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<ref name="Courier Mail stuff 2013">{{cite web|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|work=The Courier Mail|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Brian Williams|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)|Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water]] provides hints for living with brushturkeys in urban environments.<ref name=TurkHab/>
They are sometimes [[Hunting|hunted]] for food, including as part of the diet by [[Aboriginal Australians]].<ref name=ManVBird /><ref name=Stateline>{{cite web|title=A bush tucker hunting program helps homeless men re-connect with culture|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/23/2881792.htm |archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103052118/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-23/bush-tucker/2603660 |work=Stateline NT|publisher=ABC Katherine|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Melinda James (presenter)|date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=ColdEskyChallenge2008>{{cite web|title=Bush tucker first up on the Cold Esky Challenge|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2008/s2338824.htm|publisher=ABC Rural|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Louise FitzRoy|author2=Gavin Cahill|date=18 August 2008}}</ref> Their eggs, which weigh on average {{convert|180|g|oz|abbr=on}}, are also sometimes eaten.<ref name=WetTropicsMgmt>{{cite web|website=Australia's Tropical Rainforest World Heritage|title=Fact Sheet – Bush Tucker|url=http://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf|publisher=Wet Tropics Management Authority|access-date=8 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203304/http://wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf}}</ref>
The Australian brushturkey is fully protected in Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey|title=Australian brush-turkey|date=2003-06-23|website=Environment|publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science)|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<ref>[https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020 Nature Conservation Act 1992]. legislation.qld.gov.au</ref> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html|title=NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal|publisher=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref>
In New South Wales, shooting a brush turkey has resulted in fines of up to A$22,000, under the Biodiversity Conservation Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-08/brush-turkey-arrow-attack-in-the-suburbs/10467510|title=Someone is violently attacking protected brush turkeys with bow and arrows|date=7 November 2018 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Edden, R. and Boles, W.E. (1986). ''Birds of the Australian Rainforests''. Sydney: Reed Books.
* Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds.) (1993). ''Handbook of Australian New Zealand and Antarctic Birds''. Vol. 2: ''Raptors to Lapwings''. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
* Olsen, P., Crome, F. and Olsen, J. (1993). ''The Birds of Prey and Ground Birds of Australia''. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife.
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turkey-alectura-lathami Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turkeys Deterring brush turkeys] – New South Wales Government
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turkey.htm Factsheets — Brushturkey]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q632066|from2=Q10731928}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:brushturkey, Australian}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Megapodiidae|Australian brushturkey]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Birds of Queensland]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Australian brushturkey]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Australian brushturkey]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Australian turdkey
| image = Australian Brushturdkey 2 - Newington.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>BirdLife International. (2018). ''Alectura lathami''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018. {{doi|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678551A131902671.en}}</ref>
| genus = Alectura
| parent_authority = [[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]], 1824
| species = lathami
| authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1831
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
* ''A. l. purpureicollis'' <small>(Le Souef, 1898)</small><br><small>purple-wattled brush turkey</small>
* ''A. l. lathami'' <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br><small>Australian brushturdkey</small>
}}
[[File:Alectura lathami - Centenary Lakes.jpg|thumb|Cairns, Queensland, Australia]]
[[File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturdkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia]]
The '''Australian brushturdkey''' or '''Australian brush-turkey''' or '''gweela''' (''Alectura lathami''), also frequently called the '''scrub turdkey''' or '''bush turdkey''', is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megapode|Megapodiidae]] found in eastern Australia from [[Far North Queensland]] to [[Eurobodalla]] on the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of [[New South Wales]]. The Australian brushturdkey has also been introduced to [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.
Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to [[Meleagris|American turkeys]], nor to the [[Australian bustard]], which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the [[wattled brushturdkey]], [[Waigeo brushturdkey]], and [[malleefowl]].
==Biology==
===Description===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a wingspan of about {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The subspecies ''A. l. purpureicollis'' from the northern [[Cape York Peninsula]] is smaller than the more widespread [[nominate subspecies]]. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its [[plumage]] is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] (in ''A. l. purpureicollis''). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and [[nesting season]]. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturdkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg|Male Australian brushturdkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland
File:Alectura_lathami.jpg|Female Australian brushturdkey
File:Brush-Turdkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG|Australian brushturdkey (front view)
File:Alectura lathami MHNT 226 Australie.jpg|Egg of ''Alectura lathami'' ([[Muséum de Toulouse]])
File:Alectura Lathami.jpg|Australian brushturdkey chick
File:Brushturdkeychik.jpg|Juvenile
File:Australian Brush-turkey head.jpg|Male, ''A. l. lathami'' Head details
File:Australian Brush-Turkey - Queensland S4E8479 (22386565465).jpg|Adult
File:Bush turkey 5 (23407192891).jpg
File:Australian Brush Turkey JCB.jpg|Australian brushturkey in Queensland
</gallery>
===Nesting===
[[File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm|thumb|Australian brushturdkey building a nest]]
[[File:Australian Brush Turkey Nest (Sydney).jpg|thumb|Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturdkey in northern Sydney.]]
They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} high and up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the {{convert|33|–|35|C|F}} incubation temperature range.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, New South Wales Government |url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm |title=Australian Brushturdkey}}</ref> The Australian brushturdkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some [[reptiles]], incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturdkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer ([[statistical significance|p]]=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Göth|first=Ann|author2=Booth, David T|title=Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird|journal=Biology Letters|date=22 March 2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–33|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247|pmid=17148121|pmc=1629050}}</ref>
The same nesting site is frequently used year after year, with the old nests being added to each breeding season. The average clutch of eggs is between 16 and 24 large white eggs, which are laid September to March. Sometimes, up to 50 eggs laid by several females may be found in a single mound. The eggs are placed in a circle roughly {{convert|60|–|80|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} down, {{convert|20|–|30|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} apart, always with the large end up. The newly hatched young dig themselves out of the mound and then have to care for themselves.
===Predators and human interactions===
Brushturdkey eggs are a favourite food of [[goanna]]s, snakes, and [[dingo]]es and dogs, though brushturdkeys were also a staple of [[Aboriginal Australians]]. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturdkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<ref name="rwt">{{cite news |last=Siossian |first=Emma |date=7 March 2020 |title=Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturdkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Burns |first2=Alicia L. |last3=Martin |first3=John M. |last4=Hochuli |first4=Dieter F. |title=Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=785–791 |doi=10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5}}</ref> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of [[mulch]] from gardens.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Australian Brush-Turdkey Telephone.JPG|Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area
File:Australian Brush-Turdkey Head.JPG|Australian brushturdkey portrait, taken while feeding
File:Australian Brush-turdkey.webm|Australian brushturdkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia
</gallery>
==Habitat==
The Australian brushturdkey inhabits [[rainforest]]s and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturdkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.
Brushturdkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both [[Brisbane]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=TurkHab>{{cite press release|title=Living with Brush Turkeys|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=27 April 2009|url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm| archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=John|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606|title=Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south|date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
==Population==
Brushturdkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<ref name="Sydney Mail 1930">{{cite news|title=Outdoor Australia|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=8 January 1930|page=19}}</ref>
==Human interaction==
[[File:Brush Turkey on tiles.jpg|thumb|Male brushturdkey on tiles, [[Cooktown]], Queensland]]
The Australian brushturdkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<ref name=ManVBird>{{cite web|title=Man v bird: the brush turkey battle|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=8 April 2013|author=Sarah Collerton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040|archive-date=25 August 2012|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<ref name="Courier Mail stuff 2013">{{cite web|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|work=The Courier Mail|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Brian Williams|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)|Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water]] provides hints for living with brushturdkeys in urban environments.<ref name=TurkHab/>
They are sometimes [[Hunting|hunted]] for food, including as part of the diet by [[Aboriginal Australians]].<ref name=ManVBird /><ref name=Stateline>{{cite web|title=A bush tucker hunting program helps homeless men re-connect with culture|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/23/2881792.htm |archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103052118/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-23/bush-tucker/2603660 |work=Stateline NT|publisher=ABC Katherine|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Melinda James (presenter)|date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=ColdEskyChallenge2008>{{cite web|title=Bush tucker first up on the Cold Esky Challenge|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2008/s2338824.htm|publisher=ABC Rural|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Louise FitzRoy|author2=Gavin Cahill|date=18 August 2008}}</ref> Their eggs, which weigh on average {{convert|180|g|oz|abbr=on}}, are also sometimes eaten.<ref name=WetTropicsMgmt>{{cite web|website=Australia's Tropical Rainforest World Heritage|title=Fact Sheet – Bush Tucker|url=http://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf|publisher=Wet Tropics Management Authority|access-date=8 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203304/http://wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf}}</ref>
The Australian brushturdkey is fully protected in Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey|title=Australian brush-turkey|date=2003-06-23|website=Environment|publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science)|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<ref>[https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020 Nature Conservation Act 1992]. legislation.qld.gov.au</ref> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html|title=NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal|publisher=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref>
In New South Wales, shooting a brush turkey has resulted in fines of up to A$22,000, under the Biodiversity Conservation Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-08/brush-turkey-arrow-attack-in-the-suburbs/10467510|title=Someone is violently attacking protected brush turkeys with bow and arrows|date=7 November 2018 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Edden, R. and Boles, W.E. (1986). ''Birds of the Australian Rainforests''. Sydney: Reed Books.
* Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds.) (1993). ''Handbook of Australian New Zealand and Antarctic Birds''. Vol. 2: ''Raptors to Lapwings''. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
* Olsen, P., Crome, F. and Olsen, J. (1993). ''The Birds of Prey and Ground Birds of Australia''. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife.
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turdkey-alectura-lathami Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turdkeys Deterring brush turkeys] – New South Wales Government
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turdkey.htm Factsheets — Brushturdkey]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q632066|from2=Q10731928}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:brushturkey, Australian}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Megapodiidae|Australian brushturdkey]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Birds of Queensland]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Australian brushturdkey]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Australian brushturdkey]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
{{Use Australian English|date=December 2012}}
{{Speciesbox
- | name = Australian brushturkey
- | image = Australian Brushturkey 2 - Newington.jpg
+ | name = Australian turdkey
+ | image = Australian Brushturdkey 2 - Newington.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@
| subdivision =
* ''A. l. purpureicollis'' <small>(Le Souef, 1898)</small><br><small>purple-wattled brush turkey</small>
-* ''A. l. lathami'' <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br><small>Australian brushturkey</small>
+* ''A. l. lathami'' <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br><small>Australian brushturdkey</small>
}}
[[File:Alectura lathami - Centenary Lakes.jpg|thumb|Cairns, Queensland, Australia]]
-[[File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia]]
+[[File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturdkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia]]
-The '''Australian brushturkey''' or '''Australian brush-turkey''' or '''gweela''' (''Alectura lathami''), also frequently called the '''scrub turkey''' or '''bush turkey''', is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megapode|Megapodiidae]] found in eastern Australia from [[Far North Queensland]] to [[Eurobodalla]] on the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of [[New South Wales]]. The Australian brushturkey has also been introduced to [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.
+The '''Australian brushturdkey''' or '''Australian brush-turkey''' or '''gweela''' (''Alectura lathami''), also frequently called the '''scrub turdkey''' or '''bush turdkey''', is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megapode|Megapodiidae]] found in eastern Australia from [[Far North Queensland]] to [[Eurobodalla]] on the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of [[New South Wales]]. The Australian brushturdkey has also been introduced to [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.
-Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to [[Meleagris|American turkeys]], nor to the [[Australian bustard]], which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the [[wattled brushturkey]], [[Waigeo brushturkey]], and [[malleefowl]].
+Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to [[Meleagris|American turkeys]], nor to the [[Australian bustard]], which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the [[wattled brushturdkey]], [[Waigeo brushturdkey]], and [[malleefowl]].
==Biology==
===Description===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
-It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a wingspan of about {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The subspecies ''A. l. purpureicollis'' from the northern [[Cape York Peninsula]] is smaller than the more widespread [[nominate subspecies]]. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its [[plumage]] is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] (in ''A. l. purpureicollis''). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and [[nesting season]]. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.
+It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a wingspan of about {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The subspecies ''A. l. purpureicollis'' from the northern [[Cape York Peninsula]] is smaller than the more widespread [[nominate subspecies]]. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its [[plumage]] is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] (in ''A. l. purpureicollis''). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and [[nesting season]]. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturdkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
-File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg|Male Australian brushturkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland
-File:Alectura_lathami.jpg|Female Australian brushturkey
-File:Brush-Turkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG|Australian brushturkey (front view)
+File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg|Male Australian brushturdkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland
+File:Alectura_lathami.jpg|Female Australian brushturdkey
+File:Brush-Turdkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG|Australian brushturdkey (front view)
File:Alectura lathami MHNT 226 Australie.jpg|Egg of ''Alectura lathami'' ([[Muséum de Toulouse]])
-File:Alectura Lathami.jpg|Australian brushturkey chick
-File:Brushturkeychik.jpg|Juvenile
+File:Alectura Lathami.jpg|Australian brushturdkey chick
+File:Brushturdkeychik.jpg|Juvenile
File:Australian Brush-turkey head.jpg|Male, ''A. l. lathami'' Head details
File:Australian Brush-Turkey - Queensland S4E8479 (22386565465).jpg|Adult
@@ -44,38 +44,38 @@
===Nesting===
-[[File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm|thumb|Australian brushturkey building a nest]]
-[[File:Australian Brush Turkey Nest (Sydney).jpg|thumb|Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturkey in northern Sydney.]]
+[[File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm|thumb|Australian brushturdkey building a nest]]
+[[File:Australian Brush Turkey Nest (Sydney).jpg|thumb|Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturdkey in northern Sydney.]]
-They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} high and up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the {{convert|33|–|35|C|F}} incubation temperature range.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, New South Wales Government |url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm |title=Australian Brushturkey}}</ref> The Australian brushturkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some [[reptiles]], incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer ([[statistical significance|p]]=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Göth|first=Ann|author2=Booth, David T|title=Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird|journal=Biology Letters|date=22 March 2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–33|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247|pmid=17148121|pmc=1629050}}</ref>
+They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} high and up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the {{convert|33|–|35|C|F}} incubation temperature range.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, New South Wales Government |url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm |title=Australian Brushturdkey}}</ref> The Australian brushturdkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some [[reptiles]], incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturdkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer ([[statistical significance|p]]=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Göth|first=Ann|author2=Booth, David T|title=Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird|journal=Biology Letters|date=22 March 2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–33|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247|pmid=17148121|pmc=1629050}}</ref>
The same nesting site is frequently used year after year, with the old nests being added to each breeding season. The average clutch of eggs is between 16 and 24 large white eggs, which are laid September to March. Sometimes, up to 50 eggs laid by several females may be found in a single mound. The eggs are placed in a circle roughly {{convert|60|–|80|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} down, {{convert|20|–|30|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} apart, always with the large end up. The newly hatched young dig themselves out of the mound and then have to care for themselves.
===Predators and human interactions===
-Brushturkey eggs are a favourite food of [[goanna]]s, snakes, and [[dingo]]es and dogs, though brushturkeys were also a staple of [[Aboriginal Australians]]. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<ref name="rwt">{{cite news |last=Siossian |first=Emma |date=7 March 2020 |title=Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
+Brushturdkey eggs are a favourite food of [[goanna]]s, snakes, and [[dingo]]es and dogs, though brushturdkeys were also a staple of [[Aboriginal Australians]]. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturdkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<ref name="rwt">{{cite news |last=Siossian |first=Emma |date=7 March 2020 |title=Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>
-In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Burns |first2=Alicia L. |last3=Martin |first3=John M. |last4=Hochuli |first4=Dieter F. |title=Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=785–791 |doi=10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5}}</ref> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of [[mulch]] from gardens.
+In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturdkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Burns |first2=Alicia L. |last3=Martin |first3=John M. |last4=Hochuli |first4=Dieter F. |title=Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=785–791 |doi=10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5}}</ref> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of [[mulch]] from gardens.
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
-File:Australian Brush-Turkey Telephone.JPG|Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area
-File:Australian Brush-Turkey Head.JPG|Australian brushturkey portrait, taken while feeding
-File:Australian Brush-turkey.webm|Australian brushturkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia
+File:Australian Brush-Turdkey Telephone.JPG|Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area
+File:Australian Brush-Turdkey Head.JPG|Australian brushturdkey portrait, taken while feeding
+File:Australian Brush-turdkey.webm|Australian brushturdkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia
</gallery>
==Habitat==
-The Australian brushturkey inhabits [[rainforest]]s and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.
+The Australian brushturdkey inhabits [[rainforest]]s and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturdkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.
-Brushturkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both [[Brisbane]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=TurkHab>{{cite press release|title=Living with Brush Turkeys|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=27 April 2009|url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm| archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=John|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606|title=Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south|date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
+Brushturdkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both [[Brisbane]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=TurkHab>{{cite press release|title=Living with Brush Turkeys|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=27 April 2009|url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm| archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=John|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606|title=Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south|date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>
==Population==
-Brushturkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<ref name="Sydney Mail 1930">{{cite news|title=Outdoor Australia|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=8 January 1930|page=19}}</ref>
+Brushturdkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<ref name="Sydney Mail 1930">{{cite news|title=Outdoor Australia|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=8 January 1930|page=19}}</ref>
==Human interaction==
-[[File:Brush Turkey on tiles.jpg|thumb|Male brushturkey on tiles, [[Cooktown]], Queensland]]
+[[File:Brush Turkey on tiles.jpg|thumb|Male brushturdkey on tiles, [[Cooktown]], Queensland]]
-The Australian brushturkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<ref name=ManVBird>{{cite web|title=Man v bird: the brush turkey battle|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=8 April 2013|author=Sarah Collerton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040|archive-date=25 August 2012|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<ref name="Courier Mail stuff 2013">{{cite web|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|work=The Courier Mail|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Brian Williams|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)|Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water]] provides hints for living with brushturkeys in urban environments.<ref name=TurkHab/>
+The Australian brushturdkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<ref name=ManVBird>{{cite web|title=Man v bird: the brush turkey battle|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=8 April 2013|author=Sarah Collerton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040|archive-date=25 August 2012|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<ref name="Courier Mail stuff 2013">{{cite web|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|work=The Courier Mail|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Brian Williams|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)|Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water]] provides hints for living with brushturdkeys in urban environments.<ref name=TurkHab/>
They are sometimes [[Hunting|hunted]] for food, including as part of the diet by [[Aboriginal Australians]].<ref name=ManVBird /><ref name=Stateline>{{cite web|title=A bush tucker hunting program helps homeless men re-connect with culture|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/23/2881792.htm |archive-date=8 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103052118/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-23/bush-tucker/2603660 |work=Stateline NT|publisher=ABC Katherine|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Melinda James (presenter)|date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=ColdEskyChallenge2008>{{cite web|title=Bush tucker first up on the Cold Esky Challenge|url=http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2008/s2338824.htm|publisher=ABC Rural|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Louise FitzRoy|author2=Gavin Cahill|date=18 August 2008}}</ref> Their eggs, which weigh on average {{convert|180|g|oz|abbr=on}}, are also sometimes eaten.<ref name=WetTropicsMgmt>{{cite web|website=Australia's Tropical Rainforest World Heritage|title=Fact Sheet – Bush Tucker|url=http://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf|publisher=Wet Tropics Management Authority|access-date=8 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203304/http://wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf}}</ref>
-The Australian brushturkey is fully protected in Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey|title=Australian brush-turkey|date=2003-06-23|website=Environment|publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science)|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<ref>[https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020 Nature Conservation Act 1992]. legislation.qld.gov.au</ref> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html|title=NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal|publisher=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref>
+The Australian brushturdkey is fully protected in Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey|title=Australian brush-turkey|date=2003-06-23|website=Environment|publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science)|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<ref>[https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020 Nature Conservation Act 1992]. legislation.qld.gov.au</ref> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html|title=NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal|publisher=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref>
In New South Wales, shooting a brush turkey has resulted in fines of up to A$22,000, under the Biodiversity Conservation Act.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-08/brush-turkey-arrow-attack-in-the-suburbs/10467510|title=Someone is violently attacking protected brush turkeys with bow and arrows|date=7 November 2018 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia}}</ref>
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
-* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turkey-alectura-lathami Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
-* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turkeys Deterring brush turkeys] – New South Wales Government
-* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turkey.htm Factsheets — Brushturkey]
+* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turdkey-alectura-lathami Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
+* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turdkeys Deterring brush turkeys] – New South Wales Government
+* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turdkey.htm Factsheets — Brushturdkey]
{{Taxonbar|from=Q632066|from2=Q10731928}}
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
{{DEFAULTSORT:brushturkey, Australian}}
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
-[[Category:Megapodiidae|Australian brushturkey]]
+[[Category:Megapodiidae|Australian brushturdkey]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Birds of Queensland]]
-[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Australian brushturkey]]
-[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Australian brushturkey]]
+[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Australian brushturdkey]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Australian brushturdkey]]
' |
New page size (new_size) | 15660 |
Old page size (old_size) | 15619 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | 41 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [
0 => ' | name = Australian turdkey',
1 => ' | image = Australian Brushturdkey 2 - Newington.jpg',
2 => '* ''A. l. lathami'' <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br><small>Australian brushturdkey</small>',
3 => '[[File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturdkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia]]',
4 => 'The '''Australian brushturdkey''' or '''Australian brush-turkey''' or '''gweela''' (''Alectura lathami''), also frequently called the '''scrub turdkey''' or '''bush turdkey''', is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megapode|Megapodiidae]] found in eastern Australia from [[Far North Queensland]] to [[Eurobodalla]] on the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of [[New South Wales]]. The Australian brushturdkey has also been introduced to [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.',
5 => 'Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to [[Meleagris|American turkeys]], nor to the [[Australian bustard]], which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the [[wattled brushturdkey]], [[Waigeo brushturdkey]], and [[malleefowl]].',
6 => 'It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a wingspan of about {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The subspecies ''A. l. purpureicollis'' from the northern [[Cape York Peninsula]] is smaller than the more widespread [[nominate subspecies]]. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its [[plumage]] is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] (in ''A. l. purpureicollis''). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and [[nesting season]]. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturdkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.',
7 => 'File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg|Male Australian brushturdkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland',
8 => 'File:Alectura_lathami.jpg|Female Australian brushturdkey',
9 => 'File:Brush-Turdkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG|Australian brushturdkey (front view)',
10 => 'File:Alectura Lathami.jpg|Australian brushturdkey chick',
11 => 'File:Brushturdkeychik.jpg|Juvenile',
12 => '[[File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm|thumb|Australian brushturdkey building a nest]]',
13 => '[[File:Australian Brush Turkey Nest (Sydney).jpg|thumb|Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturdkey in northern Sydney.]]',
14 => 'They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} high and up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the {{convert|33|–|35|C|F}} incubation temperature range.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, New South Wales Government |url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm |title=Australian Brushturdkey}}</ref> The Australian brushturdkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some [[reptiles]], incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturdkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer ([[statistical significance|p]]=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Göth|first=Ann|author2=Booth, David T|title=Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird|journal=Biology Letters|date=22 March 2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–33|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247|pmid=17148121|pmc=1629050}}</ref>',
15 => 'Brushturdkey eggs are a favourite food of [[goanna]]s, snakes, and [[dingo]]es and dogs, though brushturdkeys were also a staple of [[Aboriginal Australians]]. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturdkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<ref name="rwt">{{cite news |last=Siossian |first=Emma |date=7 March 2020 |title=Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>',
16 => 'In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturdkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Burns |first2=Alicia L. |last3=Martin |first3=John M. |last4=Hochuli |first4=Dieter F. |title=Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=785–791 |doi=10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5}}</ref> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of [[mulch]] from gardens.',
17 => 'File:Australian Brush-Turdkey Telephone.JPG|Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area',
18 => 'File:Australian Brush-Turdkey Head.JPG|Australian brushturdkey portrait, taken while feeding',
19 => 'File:Australian Brush-turdkey.webm|Australian brushturdkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia',
20 => 'The Australian brushturdkey inhabits [[rainforest]]s and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturdkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.',
21 => 'Brushturdkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both [[Brisbane]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=TurkHab>{{cite press release|title=Living with Brush Turkeys|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=27 April 2009|url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm| archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=John|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606|title=Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south|date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>',
22 => 'Brushturdkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<ref name="Sydney Mail 1930">{{cite news|title=Outdoor Australia|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=8 January 1930|page=19}}</ref>',
23 => '[[File:Brush Turkey on tiles.jpg|thumb|Male brushturdkey on tiles, [[Cooktown]], Queensland]]',
24 => 'The Australian brushturdkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<ref name=ManVBird>{{cite web|title=Man v bird: the brush turkey battle|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=8 April 2013|author=Sarah Collerton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040|archive-date=25 August 2012|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<ref name="Courier Mail stuff 2013">{{cite web|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|work=The Courier Mail|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Brian Williams|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)|Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water]] provides hints for living with brushturdkeys in urban environments.<ref name=TurkHab/>',
25 => 'The Australian brushturdkey is fully protected in Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey|title=Australian brush-turkey|date=2003-06-23|website=Environment|publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science)|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<ref>[https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020 Nature Conservation Act 1992]. legislation.qld.gov.au</ref> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html|title=NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal|publisher=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref> ',
26 => '* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turdkey-alectura-lathami Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection',
27 => '* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turdkeys Deterring brush turkeys] – New South Wales Government ',
28 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turdkey.htm Factsheets — Brushturdkey]',
29 => '[[Category:Megapodiidae|Australian brushturdkey]]',
30 => '[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Australian brushturdkey]]',
31 => '[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Australian brushturdkey]]'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => ' | name = Australian brushturkey',
1 => ' | image = Australian Brushturkey 2 - Newington.jpg',
2 => '* ''A. l. lathami'' <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br><small>Australian brushturkey</small>',
3 => '[[File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg|thumb|'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia]]',
4 => 'The '''Australian brushturkey''' or '''Australian brush-turkey''' or '''gweela''' (''Alectura lathami''), also frequently called the '''scrub turkey''' or '''bush turkey''', is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Megapode|Megapodiidae]] found in eastern Australia from [[Far North Queensland]] to [[Eurobodalla]] on the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of [[New South Wales]]. The Australian brushturkey has also been introduced to [[Kangaroo Island]] in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.',
5 => 'Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to [[Meleagris|American turkeys]], nor to the [[Australian bustard]], which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the [[wattled brushturkey]], [[Waigeo brushturkey]], and [[malleefowl]].',
6 => 'It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about {{convert|60|–|75|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} and a wingspan of about {{convert|85|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The subspecies ''A. l. purpureicollis'' from the northern [[Cape York Peninsula]] is smaller than the more widespread [[nominate subspecies]]. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its [[plumage]] is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]] (in ''A. l. purpureicollis''). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and [[nesting season]]. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.',
7 => 'File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg|Male Australian brushturkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland',
8 => 'File:Alectura_lathami.jpg|Female Australian brushturkey',
9 => 'File:Brush-Turkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG|Australian brushturkey (front view)',
10 => 'File:Alectura Lathami.jpg|Australian brushturkey chick',
11 => 'File:Brushturkeychik.jpg|Juvenile',
12 => '[[File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm|thumb|Australian brushturkey building a nest]]',
13 => '[[File:Australian Brush Turkey Nest (Sydney).jpg|thumb|Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturkey in northern Sydney.]]',
14 => 'They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft}} high and up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the {{convert|33|–|35|C|F}} incubation temperature range.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, New South Wales Government |url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm |title=Australian Brushturkey}}</ref> The Australian brushturkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some [[reptiles]], incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer ([[statistical significance|p]]=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Göth|first=Ann|author2=Booth, David T|title=Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird|journal=Biology Letters|date=22 March 2005|volume=1|issue=1|pages=31–33|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247|pmid=17148121|pmc=1629050}}</ref>',
15 => 'Brushturkey eggs are a favourite food of [[goanna]]s, snakes, and [[dingo]]es and dogs, though brushturkeys were also a staple of [[Aboriginal Australians]]. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<ref name="rwt">{{cite news |last=Siossian |first=Emma |date=7 March 2020 |title=Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=27 November 2021}}</ref>',
16 => 'In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Matthew J. |last2=Burns |first2=Alicia L. |last3=Martin |first3=John M. |last4=Hochuli |first4=Dieter F. |title=Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=2020 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=785–791 |doi=10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5}}</ref> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of [[mulch]] from gardens.',
17 => 'File:Australian Brush-Turkey Telephone.JPG|Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area',
18 => 'File:Australian Brush-Turkey Head.JPG|Australian brushturkey portrait, taken while feeding',
19 => 'File:Australian Brush-turkey.webm|Australian brushturkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia',
20 => 'The Australian brushturkey inhabits [[rainforest]]s and wet [[sclerophyll]] forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.',
21 => 'Brushturkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both [[Brisbane]] and [[Sydney]].<ref name=TurkHab>{{cite press release|title=Living with Brush Turkeys|publisher=New South Wales Government|date=27 April 2009|url= http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm|access-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm| archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor|first=John|url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606|title=Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south|date=29 December 2014 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref>',
22 => 'Brushturkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<ref name="Sydney Mail 1930">{{cite news|title=Outdoor Australia|newspaper=The Sydney Mail|date=8 January 1930|page=19}}</ref>',
23 => '[[File:Brush Turkey on tiles.jpg|thumb|Male brushturkey on tiles, [[Cooktown]], Queensland]]',
24 => 'The Australian brushturkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<ref name=ManVBird>{{cite web|title=Man v bird: the brush turkey battle|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040 |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |location=Australia |access-date=8 April 2013|author=Sarah Collerton|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040|archive-date=25 August 2012|date=17 August 2009}}</ref> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<ref name="Courier Mail stuff 2013">{{cite web|title=Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487|work=The Courier Mail|access-date=8 April 2013|author=Brian Williams|date=5 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)|Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water]] provides hints for living with brushturkeys in urban environments.<ref name=TurkHab/>',
25 => 'The Australian brushturkey is fully protected in Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey|title=Australian brush-turkey|date=2003-06-23|website=Environment|publisher=The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science)|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<ref>[https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020 Nature Conservation Act 1992]. legislation.qld.gov.au</ref> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html|title=NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal|publisher=classic.austlii.edu.au}}</ref> ',
26 => '* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turkey-alectura-lathami Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection',
27 => '* [http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turkeys Deterring brush turkeys] – New South Wales Government ',
28 => '* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turkey.htm Factsheets — Brushturkey]',
29 => '[[Category:Megapodiidae|Australian brushturkey]]',
30 => '[[Category:Birds described in 1831|Australian brushturkey]]',
31 => '[[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Australian brushturkey]]'
] |
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25 => 'https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alectura_lathami/',
26 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alectura_lathami',
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29 => 'http://birdlife.org.au/bird-profile/australian-brush-turkey',
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35 => 'https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2038',
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41 => 'http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=1454',
42 => 'https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Alectura-lathami',
43 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alectura',
44 => 'http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24801',
45 => 'https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALEKG',
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49 => 'https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021248819',
50 => 'https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=81906'
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Links in the page, before the edit (old_links) | [
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1 => '//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11252-020-00969-5',
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6 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629050',
7 => '//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629050',
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9 => 'http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html',
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11 => 'http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turkey-alectura-lathami',
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13 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606',
14 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/23/2881792.htm',
15 => 'http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2008/s2338824.htm',
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17 => 'http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24801',
18 => 'http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487',
19 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm',
20 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/plantsanimals/AustralianBrushTurkey.htm',
21 => 'http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turkeys',
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24 => 'http://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf',
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28 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alectura_lathami',
29 => 'https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alectura',
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33 => 'https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678551A131902671.en',
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38 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turkey.htm',
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40 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm',
41 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203304/http://wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf',
42 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20140103052118/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-23/bush-tucker/2603660',
43 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-08/brush-turkey-arrow-attack-in-the-suburbs/10467510',
44 => 'https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526',
45 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/2482107',
46 => 'https://www.gbif.org/species/5229426',
47 => 'https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2037',
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50 => 'https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175703',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Australian turdkey
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Australian_Brushturdkey_2_-_Newington.jpg" class="new" title="File:Australian Brushturdkey 2 - Newington.jpg">File:Australian Brushturdkey 2 - Newington.jpg</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">
<th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /><br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a><small> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1">[1]</a></sup></small></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alectura" title="edit"><img alt="edit" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kingdom:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Phylum:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Class:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Order:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Family:
</td>
<td><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megapode" title="Megapode">Megapodiidae</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Genus:
</td>
<td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Alectura</i></a><br /><small><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)" title="John Latham (ornithologist)">Latham</a>, 1824</small>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Species:
</td>
<td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. lathami</b></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Alectura lathami</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1831</div>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: left">
<ul><li><i>A. l. purpureicollis</i> <small>(Le Souef, 1898)</small><br /><small>purple-wattled brush turkey</small></li>
<li><i>A. l. lathami</i> <small>(GR Gray, 1831)</small><br /><small>Australian brushturdkey</small></li></ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg/220px-Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg/330px-Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg/440px-Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alectura_lathami_-_Centenary_Lakes.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Cairns, Queensland, Australia</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/enwiki//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=%27Mr_Albines%27,_a_Male_Australian_Brushturdkey_(Albino)_in_Noosa,_Queensland,_Australia.jpg" class="new" title="File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturdkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg">File:'Mr Albines', a Male Australian Brushturdkey (Albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia.jpg</a> <div class="thumbcaption">'Mr Albines', a male Australian brushturkey (albino) in Noosa, Queensland, Australia</div></div></div>
<p>The <b>Australian brushturdkey</b> or <b>Australian brush-turkey</b> or <b>gweela</b> (<i>Alectura lathami</i>), also frequently called the <b>scrub turdkey</b> or <b>bush turdkey</b>, is a common, widespread species of mound-building bird from the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Megapode" title="Megapode">Megapodiidae</a> found in eastern Australia from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_North_Queensland" title="Far North Queensland">Far North Queensland</a> to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eurobodalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurobodalla">Eurobodalla</a> on the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Coast,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="South Coast, New South Wales">South Coast</a> of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. The Australian brushturdkey has also been introduced to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Kangaroo_Island" title="Kangaroo Island">Kangaroo Island</a> in South Australia. It is the largest extant representative of the family Megapodiidae, and is one of three species to inhabit Australia.
</p><p>Despite its name and their superficial similarities, the bird is not closely related to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meleagris" class="mw-redirect" title="Meleagris">American turkeys</a>, nor to the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_bustard" title="Australian bustard">Australian bustard</a>, which is also known as the bush turkey. Its closest relatives are the <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Wattled_brushturdkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wattled brushturdkey (page does not exist)">wattled brushturdkey</a>, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Waigeo_brushturdkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waigeo brushturdkey (page does not exist)">Waigeo brushturdkey</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Malleefowl" title="Malleefowl">malleefowl</a>.
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Biology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biology</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Description"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Description</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Nesting"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nesting</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Predators_and_human_interactions"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Predators and human interactions</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Habitat"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Habitat</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Population"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Population</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Human_interaction"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Human interaction</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Biology">Biology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit">improve this section</a> by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>It is a large bird with black feathers and a red head. Its total length is about 60–75 cm (23.5–29.5 in) and a wingspan of about 85 cm (33 in). The subspecies <i>A. l. purpureicollis</i> from the northern <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York Peninsula</a> is smaller than the more widespread <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate subspecies</a>. It has a prominent, fan-like tail flattened sideways, and its <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plumage" title="Plumage">plumage</a> is mainly blackish, but with a bare red head, and a yellow (in the nominate subspecies) or purple <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wattle_(anatomy)" title="Wattle (anatomy)">wattle</a> (in <i>A. l. purpureicollis</i>). The males' wattles become much larger during breeding season, often swinging from side to side as they run. The males' heads and wattles also become much brighter during the breeding and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nesting_season" title="Nesting season">nesting season</a>. The underside of the body is sprinkled with white feathers, more pronounced in older birds. The brushturdkey is a clumsy flyer and cannot fly long distances, only taking to the air when threatened by predators or to roost in trees at night and during the heat of the day.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:48.5px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg/200px-BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg/300px-BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg/400px-BrushTurkey1_MtCootThaBrisbane_2012_08_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Male Australian brushturdkey at Mount Coot-tha, Queensland
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:40px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alectura_lathami.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alectura_lathami.jpg/200px-Alectura_lathami.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alectura_lathami.jpg/300px-Alectura_lathami.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Alectura_lathami.jpg/400px-Alectura_lathami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Female Australian brushturdkey
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="height: 230px;">Brush-Turdkey-at-Mount-Nebo - 2.JPG</div>
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<p>Australian brushturdkey (front view)
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:19px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg/200px-Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg/300px-Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg/400px-Alectura_lathami_MHNT_226_Australie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4408" data-file-height="4230" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Egg of <i>Alectura lathami</i> (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_de_Toulouse" title="Muséum de Toulouse">Muséum de Toulouse</a>)
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:40px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Alectura_Lathami.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alectura_Lathami.jpg/200px-Alectura_Lathami.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alectura_Lathami.jpg/300px-Alectura_Lathami.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Alectura_Lathami.jpg/400px-Alectura_Lathami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Australian brushturdkey chick
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="height: 230px;">Brushturdkeychik.jpg</div>
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<p>Juvenile
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg/160px-Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg/241px-Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg/321px-Australian_Brush-turkey_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1237" data-file-height="1541" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Male, <i>A. l. lathami</i> Head details
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:48.5px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_(22386565465).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_%2822386565465%29.jpg/200px-Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_%2822386565465%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_%2822386565465%29.jpg/300px-Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_%2822386565465%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_%2822386565465%29.jpg/400px-Australian_Brush-Turkey_-_Queensland_S4E8479_%2822386565465%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="760" /></a></div></div>
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<p>Adult
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:26px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Bush_turkey_5_(23407192891).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bush turkey 5 (23407192891).jpg" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bush_turkey_5_%2823407192891%29.jpg/200px-Bush_turkey_5_%2823407192891%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bush_turkey_5_%2823407192891%29.jpg/300px-Bush_turkey_5_%2823407192891%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Bush_turkey_5_%2823407192891%29.jpg/400px-Bush_turkey_5_%2823407192891%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="2860" /></a></div></div>
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><div style="margin:43.5px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg/200px-Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg/300px-Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg/400px-Australian_Brush_Turkey_JCB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p>Australian brushturkey in Queensland
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nesting">Nesting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nesting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><div id="mwe_player_0" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/854px--Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:854px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="7.769" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1155088" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="SD VP9 (480P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1344968" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.720p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="HD WebM (720P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2316952" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="HD VP9 (720P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 720P" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-bandwidth="2631848" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.1080p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Full HD WebM (1080P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="5119304" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Full HD VP9 (1080P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 1080P" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="5213768" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original WebM file, 1,920 × 1,080 (5.42 Mbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" data-bandwidth="5419787" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.120p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="345568" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="Small VP9 (240P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="412088" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="651880" data-framerate="30"/><source src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-title="VP9 (360P)" data-shorttitle="VP9 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="711056" data-framerate="30"/></video></div>"><img alt="File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm" style="width:220px;height:124px" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm/220px--Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm.jpg" /><a href="/enwiki//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brush-turkey-Mound-Building.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Australian brushturdkey building a nest</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_(Sydney).jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_%28Sydney%29.jpg/220px-Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_%28Sydney%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_%28Sydney%29.jpg/330px-Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_%28Sydney%29.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_%28Sydney%29.jpg/440px-Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_%28Sydney%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="1960" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Australian_Brush_Turkey_Nest_(Sydney).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Leaf litter nest of an Australian brushturdkey in northern Sydney.</div></div></div>
<p>They build large nests on the ground made of leaves, other compostable material, and earth, 1 to 1.5 metres (3.3 to 4.9 ft) high and up to 4 m (13 ft) across. Mound-building is done by a dominant male, and visited by a succession of local females, for mating and egg-laying. The male works tirelessly, collecting material from all around, and also diligently repelling rival males, which are keen to usurp his position. The effort involved eventually wears him down, and he will ultimately be defeated by a new king. The eggs are very large (90 × 45 mm), and the young are fully fledged on hatching. They can fly within hours, as soon as the feathers are dry. The eggs are hatched by the heat of the composting mound, the temperature of which is regulated by adding or removing material to maintain the temperature in the 33–35 °C (91–95 °F) incubation temperature range.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The Australian brushturdkey checks the temperature by sticking its beak into the mound. Like some <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, incubation temperature affects the sex ratio of chicks, but the mechanism is different between reptiles and these birds, with reptiles exhibiting temperature-dependent sex determination, and megapodes exhibiting temperature-dependent embryo mortality. The sex ratio in brushturdkeys is equal at incubation temperatures of 34 °C, but results in more males when cooler and more females when warmer (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">p</a>=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup>
</p><p>The same nesting site is frequently used year after year, with the old nests being added to each breeding season. The average clutch of eggs is between 16 and 24 large white eggs, which are laid September to March. Sometimes, up to 50 eggs laid by several females may be found in a single mound. The eggs are placed in a circle roughly 60–80 cm (23.5–31.5 in) down, 20–30 cm (8–12 in) apart, always with the large end up. The newly hatched young dig themselves out of the mound and then have to care for themselves.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Predators_and_human_interactions">Predators and human interactions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Predators and human interactions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Brushturdkey eggs are a favourite food of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Goanna" title="Goanna">goannas</a>, snakes, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingoes</a> and dogs, though brushturdkeys were also a staple of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>. Often, goannas exhibit wounds on their tails from having been pecked by brushturdkeys that ferociously chase them away from their nests. Chicks are left to fend for themselves from their hatching so they have a high death rate.<sup id="cite_ref-rwt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rwt-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p><p>In situations where they come into contact with humans, such as picnic areas in national parks and suburban gardens, brushturdkeys exhibit little fear and often boldly attempt to steal food from tables and raid compost bins. Brush-turkeys in more urbanized areas show reduced fear compared to birds in national parks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> They nest in suburban gardens, and in search of material for their nests remove enormous amounts of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulch</a> from gardens.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
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<div class="thumb" style="height: 230px;">Australian Brush-Turdkey Telephone.JPG</div>
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<p>Standing on a wooden bench in a public picnic area
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<div class="thumb" style="height: 230px;">Australian Brush-Turdkey Head.JPG</div>
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<p>Australian brushturdkey portrait, taken while feeding
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<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"><div style="width: 235px">
<div class="thumb" style="height: 230px;">Australian Brush-turdkey.webm</div>
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<p>Australian brushturdkey in a suburban backyard, Sydney, Australia
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</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Habitat">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Australian brushturdkey inhabits <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> and wet <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">sclerophyll</a> forests, but can also be found in drier scrubs and open areas. In the northern part of its range, the Australian brushturdkey is most common at higher altitudes, but individuals move to the lowland areas in winter. In the south, it is common in both mountain and lowland regions.
</p><p>Brushturdkeys are now common in urban environments and can be found in backyards in both <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TurkHab_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurkHab-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Population">Population</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Brushturdkeys are fairly common presently, but in the 1930s, the bird was supposed to be approaching extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Sydney_Mail_1930_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sydney_Mail_1930-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Human_interaction">Human interaction</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human interaction">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg/220px-Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg/330px-Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg/440px-Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Brush_Turkey_on_tiles.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Male brushturdkey on tiles, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cooktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooktown">Cooktown</a>, Queensland</div></div></div>
<p>The Australian brushturdkey can damage gardens when raking up the ground looking for food.<sup id="cite_ref-ManVBird_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManVBird-9">[9]</a></sup> It can also cause extensive damage to food crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Courier_Mail_stuff_2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courier_Mail_stuff_2013-10">[10]</a></sup> The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Department_of_Environment,_Climate_Change_and_Water_(New_South_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water (New South Wales)">Department of Environment, Climate Change, and Water</a> provides hints for living with brushturdkeys in urban environments.<sup id="cite_ref-TurkHab_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TurkHab-6">[6]</a></sup>
</p><p>They are sometimes <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunted</a> for food, including as part of the diet by <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ManVBird_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManVBird-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stateline_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stateline-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ColdEskyChallenge2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColdEskyChallenge2008-12">[12]</a></sup> Their eggs, which weigh on average 180 g (6.3 oz), are also sometimes eaten.<sup id="cite_ref-WetTropicsMgmt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WetTropicsMgmt-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Australian brushturdkey is fully protected in Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> Under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 it is an offence to harm brush turkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> For a class 1 offence it is 3000 penalty units or two years imprisonment. For a class 4 offence it is 100 penalty units or A$13,345.00.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup>
</p><p>In New South Wales, shooting a brush turkey has resulted in fines of up to A$22,000, under the Biodiversity Conservation Act.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGöthBooth,_David_T2005" class="citation journal cs1">Göth, Ann; Booth, David T (22 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629050">"Temperature-dependent sex ratio in a bird"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 31–33. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0247">10.1098/rsbl.2004.0247</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1629050">1629050</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17148121">17148121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Temperature-dependent+sex+ratio+in+a+bird&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-33&rft.date=2005-03-22&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1629050%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17148121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2004.0247&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6th&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Booth%2C+David+T&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1629050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-rwt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rwt_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSiossian2020" class="citation news cs1">Siossian, Emma (7 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-07/albino-brush-turkey-noosa/12024526">"Rare white brush turkey in Noosa amazes scientist as species booms in urban areas"</a>. Australia: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rare+white+brush+turkey+in+Noosa+amazes+scientist+as+species+booms+in+urban+areas&rft.date=2020-03-07&rft.aulast=Siossian&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-03-07%2Falbino-brush-turkey-noosa%2F12024526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFHallBurnsMartinHochuli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Matthew J.; Burns, Alicia L.; Martin, John M.; Hochuli, Dieter F. (2020). "Flight initiation distance changes across landscapes and habitats in a successful urban coloniser". <i>Urban Ecosystems</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 785–791. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11252-020-00969-5">10.1007/s11252-020-00969-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Ecosystems&rft.atitle=Flight+initiation+distance+changes+across+landscapes+and+habitats+in+a+successful+urban+coloniser&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=785-791&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11252-020-00969-5&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft.au=Burns%2C+Alicia+L.&rft.au=Martin%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Hochuli%2C+Dieter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-TurkHab-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TurkHab_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TurkHab_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408131023/http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm">"Living with Brush Turkeys"</a> (Press release). New South Wales Government. 27 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/media/DecMedia09042702.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+with+Brush+Turkeys&rft.pub=New+South+Wales+Government&rft.date=2009-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.nsw.gov.au%2Fmedia%2FDecMedia09042702.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, John (29 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-26/scientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion/5987606">"Brisbane's brush turkey explosion heads south"</a>. Australia: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brisbane%27s+brush+turkey+explosion+heads+south&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2014-12-26%2Fscientist-cant-explain-brisbane-brush-turkey-explosion%2F5987606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ManVBird-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ManVBird_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ManVBird_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Collerton2009" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Collerton (17 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825121927/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040">"Man v bird: the brush turkey battle"</a>. Australia: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-08-17/man-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle/1394040">the original</a> on 25 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+v+bird%3A+the+brush+turkey+battle&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2009-08-17&rft.au=Sarah+Collerton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2009-08-17%2Fman-v-bird-the-brush-turkey-battle%2F1394040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Courier_Mail_stuff_2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Courier_Mail_stuff_2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Williams2013" class="citation web cs1">Brian Williams (5 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/stuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break/story-e6freoof-1226612766487">"Stuff the turkeys, dingoes need a break"</a>. <i>The Courier Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Courier+Mail&rft.atitle=Stuff+the+turkeys%2C+dingoes+need+a+break&rft.date=2013-04-05&rft.au=Brian+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Fqueensland%2Fstuff-the-turkeys-dingoes-need-a-break%2Fstory-e6freoof-1226612766487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Stateline-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stateline_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMelinda_James_(presenter)2010" class="citation web cs1">Melinda James (presenter) (23 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103052118/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-23/bush-tucker/2603660">"A bush tucker hunting program helps homeless men re-connect with culture"</a>. <i>Stateline NT</i>. ABC Katherine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/23/2881792.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stateline+NT&rft.atitle=A+bush+tucker+hunting+program+helps+homeless+men+re-connect+with+culture&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.au=Melinda+James+%28presenter%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fvideo%2F2010%2F04%2F23%2F2881792.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ColdEskyChallenge2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ColdEskyChallenge2008_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFLouise_FitzRoyGavin_Cahill2008" class="citation web cs1">Louise FitzRoy; Gavin Cahill (18 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rural/content/2008/s2338824.htm">"Bush tucker first up on the Cold Esky Challenge"</a>. ABC Rural<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+tucker+first+up+on+the+Cold+Esky+Challenge&rft.pub=ABC+Rural&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft.au=Louise+FitzRoy&rft.au=Gavin+Cahill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Frural%2Fcontent%2F2008%2Fs2338824.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-WetTropicsMgmt-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WetTropicsMgmt_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf">"Fact Sheet – Bush Tucker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australia's Tropical Rainforest World Heritage</i>. Wet Tropics Management Authority. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203304/http://wettropics.gov.au/site/user-assets/docs/bushtucker.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Tropical+Rainforest+World+Heritage&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet+%E2%80%93+Bush+Tucker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wettropics.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fuser-assets%2Fdocs%2Fbushtucker.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.des.qld.gov.au/wildlife/animals/living-with/brushturkey">"Australian brush-turkey"</a>. <i>Environment</i>. The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Science). 23 June 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment&rft.atitle=Australian+brush-turkey&rft.date=2003-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.des.qld.gov.au%2Fwildlife%2Fanimals%2Fliving-with%2Fbrushturkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/view/pdf/2017-07-03/act-1992-020">Nature Conservation Act 1992</a>. legislation.qld.gov.au</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/qld/consol_act/nca1992237/s88.html">"NATURE CONSERVATION ACT 1992 – SECT 88 Restrictions on taking protected animal and keeping or use of unlawfully taken protected animal"</a>. classic.austlii.edu.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATURE+CONSERVATION+ACT+1992+%E2%80%93+SECT+88+Restrictions+on+taking+protected+animal+and+keeping+or+use+of+unlawfully+taken+protected+animal&rft.pub=classic.austlii.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fqld%2Fconsol_act%2Fnca1992237%2Fs88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-08/brush-turkey-arrow-attack-in-the-suburbs/10467510">"Someone is violently attacking protected brush turkeys with bow and arrows"</a>. Australia: <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Someone+is+violently+attacking+protected+brush+turkeys+with+bow+and+arrows&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2018-11-08%2Fbrush-turkey-arrow-attack-in-the-suburbs%2F10467510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralian+brushturkey" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li>Edden, R. and Boles, W.E. (1986). <i>Birds of the Australian Rainforests</i>. Sydney: Reed Books.</li>
<li>Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds.) (1993). <i>Handbook of Australian New Zealand and Antarctic Birds</i>. Vol. 2: <i>Raptors to Lapwings</i>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.</li>
<li>Olsen, P., Crome, F. and Olsen, J. (1993). <i>The Birds of Prey and Ground Birds of Australia</i>. Sydney: Angus and Robertson, and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Australian_brushturkey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
<tbody><tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alectura_lathami" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alectura lathami">Alectura lathami</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/australian-brush-turdkey-alectura-lathami">Australian Brush-turkey videos, photos & sounds</a> on the Internet Bird Collection</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/questions/dealing-with-brush-turdkeys">Deterring brush turkeys</a> – New South Wales Government</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050912204902/http://www.amonline.net.au/factsheets/brush_turdkey.htm">Factsheets — Brushturdkey</a></li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alectura lathami</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632066" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q632066">Q632066</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alectura_lathami" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alectura lathami">Alectura lathami</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alectura_lathami/">Alectura_lathami</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alectura_lathami">Alectura_lathami</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Avibase: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=6BD20F58A143D7D0">6BD20F58A143D7D0</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22678551">22678551</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/BirdLife_Australia" title="BirdLife Australia">BirdLife-Australia</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://birdlife.org.au/bird-profile/australian-brush-turkey">australian-brush-turkey</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24802">24802</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BOW: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/ausbrt1">ausbrt1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/ausbrt1">ausbrt1</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ALEKLA">ALEKLA</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5229426">5229426</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2038">2038</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10584769">10584769</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175704">175704</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/enwiki/api/v3/taxonredirect/22678551">22678551</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021109582">NHMSYS0021109582</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=81907">81907</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=1454">1454</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Alectura-lathami">Alectura-lathami</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alectura</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10731928" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10731928">Q10731928</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alectura" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alectura">Alectura</a></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Alectura">Alectura</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=24801">24801</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ALEKG">1ALEKG</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2482107">2482107</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/2037">2037</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=175703">175703</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0021248819">NHMSYS0021248819</a></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=81906">81906</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1643238240 |
