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'{{Short description|1944 novella by George Orwell}} {{About|the novel by George Orwell}} {{Pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}} {{Use British English|date=June 2011}} {{Infobox book | name = Animal Farm | title_orig = Animal Farm: A Fairy Story | image = Animal Farm - 1st edition.jpg | caption = First edition cover | author = [[George Orwell]] | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = United Kingdom | language = English | genre = Political satire | published = 17 August 1945 ([[Secker and Warburg]], London, England) | media_type = Print (hard & paperback) | pages = 112 (UK paperback edition) <!-- First edition page count preferred --> | isbn = <!-- First released before ISBN system implemented --> | dewey = 823/.912 20 | congress = PR6029.R8 A63 2003b | oclc = 53163540 | followed_by = [[Nineteen Eighty-Four]] | preceded_by = [[Inside the Whale and Other Essays]] }} '''''Animal Farm''''' is a [[Satire|satirical]] [[allegory|allegorical]] [[novella]] by [[George Orwell]], first published in England on 17 August 1945.{{sfn|Bynum|2012}}{{sfn|12 Things You|2015}} The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed, and the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the dictatorship of a pig named [[Napoleon (Animal Farm)|Napoleon]]. According to Orwell, the [[fable]] reflects events leading up to the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] and then on into the [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)|Stalinist era]] of the [[Soviet Union]].{{sfn|Gcse English Literature}}{{sfn|Meija|2002}} Orwell, a [[democratic socialism|democratic socialist]],{{sfn|Orwell |2014 |p=23}} was a critic of [[Joseph Stalin]] and hostile to Moscow-directed [[Stalinism]], an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the [[May Days]] conflicts between the [[POUM]] and Stalinist forces during the [[Spanish Civil War]].{{sfn|Bowker |2013|p=235}}{{efn| Orwell, writing in his review of [[Franz Borkenau]]'s ''[[The Spanish Cockpit]]'' in ''[[Time and Tide (magazine)|Time and Tide]]'', 31 July 1937, and "Spilling the Spanish Beans", ''New English Weekly'', 29 July 1937}} In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described ''Animal Farm'' as a [[satire|satirical]] tale against Stalin ("''{{lang|fr|un conte satirique contre Staline}}''"),{{sfn|Davison|2000|p=}} and in his essay "[[Why I Write]]" (1946), wrote that ''Animal Farm'' was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole".{{sfn|Orwell|2014|p=10}} The original title was ''Animal Farm: A Fairy Story'', but U.S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime, the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version, kept it. Other titular variations include subtitles like "A Satire" and "A Contemporary Satire".{{sfn|Davison|2000|p=}} Orwell suggested the title ''{{lang|fr|Union des républiques socialistes animales}}'' for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the [[Latin]] word for "bear", a [[Russian bear|symbol of Russia]]. It also played on the French name of the Soviet Union, ''{{lang|fr|Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques}}''.{{sfn|Davison|2000|p=}} Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when the United Kingdom was in its [[Allies of World War II|wartime alliance]] with the Soviet Union against [[Nazi Germany]], and the British intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem, a phenomenon Orwell hated.{{efn|[[Bradbury, Malcolm]], Introduction |p=vi, ''Animal Farm'', Penguin edition, 1989}} The manuscript was initially rejected by a number of British and American publishers,{{sfn|''Animal Farm'': Sixty}} including one of Orwell's own, [[Victor Gollancz]], which delayed its publication. It became a great commercial success when it did appear partly because international relations were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Dickstein |2007 |p= 134}} ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);{{sfn|Grossman|Lacayo|2005|p=}} it also featured at number 31 on the [[Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels]],{{Sfn|Modern Library|1998}} and number 46 on the [[BBC]]'s [[The Big Read]] poll.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml "BBC&nbsp;– The Big Read"]. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2020</ref> It won a [[Retro-Hugo|Retrospective Hugo Award]] in 1996{{Sfn|The Hugo Awards|1996}} and is included in the [[Great Books of the Western World]] selection.<ref name="Western books">{{Cite web|url=https://prodigalnomore.wordpress.com/great-books-of-the-western-world-as-free-ebooks/ |website=prodigalnomore.wordpress.com|title=Great Books of the Western World as Free eBooks|date=5 March 2019}}</ref> ==Plot summary== The poorly-run Manor Farm near [[Willingdon and Jevington|Willingdon]], [[England]], is ripened for rebellion from its animal populace by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, [[Jones (Animal Farm)|Mr. Jones]]. One night, the exalted boar, [[Old Major]], holds a conference, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called "[[Beasts of England]]". When Old Major dies, two young pigs, [[Snowball (Animal Farm)|Snowball]] and [[Napoleon (Animal Farm)|Napoleon]], assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property "Animal Farm". They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, "All animals are equal". The decree is painted in large letters on one side of the barn. Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of [[#Animalism|Animalism]]. To commemorate the start of Animal Farm, Snowball raises a green flag with a white hoof and horn. Food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mr. Jones and his associates to retake the farm (later dubbed the "Battle of the Cowshed"), Snowball announces his plans to modernise the farm by building a [[windmill]]. Napoleon disputes this idea, and matters come to head, which culminate in Napoleon's dogs chasing Snowball away and Napoleon declaring himself supreme commander. Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm. Through a young porker named [[Squealer (Animal Farm)|Squealer]], Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea, claiming that Snowball was only trying to win animals to his side. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer persuade the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage their project, and begin to [[purge]] the farm of animals accused by Napoleon of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) gradually smears Snowball to the point of saying he is a collaborator of Mr. Jones, even dismissing the fact that Snowball was given an award of courage while falsely representing himself as the main hero of the battle. "Beasts of England" is replaced with "Animal Farm", while an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man ("Comrade Napoleon"), is composed and sung. Napoleon then conducts a second purge, during which many animals who are alleged to be helping Snowball in plots are executed by Napoleon's dogs, which troubles the rest of the animals. Despite their hardships, the animals are easily placated by Napoleon's retort that they are better off than they were under Mr. Jones, as well as by the sheep's continual bleating of “four legs good, two legs bad”. Mr. Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using [[Explosive material|blasting powder]] to blow up the restored windmill. Although the animals win the battle, they do so [[Pyrrhic victory|at great cost]], as many, including [[Boxer (Animal Farm)|Boxer the workhorse]], are wounded. Although he recovers from this, Boxer eventually collapses while working on the windmill (being almost 12 years old at that point). He is taken away in a [[knacker]]'s van, and a donkey called Benjamin alerts the animals of this, but Squealer quickly waves off their alarm by persuading the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital and that the previous owner's signboard had not been repainted. Squealer subsequently reports Boxer's death and honours him with a festival the following day. (However, Napoleon had in fact engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing him and his inner circle to acquire money to buy [[whisky]] for themselves.) {{anchor|moreEqual}} Years pass, the windmill is rebuilt, and another windmill is constructed, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals that Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating, and running water, are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. Snowball has been forgotten, alongside Boxer, with "the exception of the few who knew him". Many of the animals who participated in the rebellion are dead or old. Mr. Jones is also dead, saying he "died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country". The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk upright, carry whips, drink alcohol, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to just one phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." The maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad" is similarly changed to "Four legs good, two legs better." Other changes include the Hoof and Horn flag being replaced with a plain green banner and Old Major's skull, which was previously put on display, being reburied. Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance. He abolishes the practice of the revolutionary traditions and restores the name "The Manor Farm". The men and pigs start playing cards, flattering and praising each other while cheating at the game. Both Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington, one of the farmers, play the [[Ace of spades|Ace of Spades]] at the same time and both sides begin fighting loudly over who cheated first. When the animals outside look at the pigs and men, they can no longer distinguish between the two. ==Characters== ===Pigs=== * [[Old Major]] – An aged prize [[Middle White|Middle White boar]] provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is also called Willingdon Beauty when [[Show (animal)|showing]]. He is an allegorical combination of [[Karl Marx]], one of the creators of communism, and [[Vladimir Lenin]], the communist leader of the [[Russian Revolution]] and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being put on revered public display recalls Lenin, whose [[Lenin's Mausoleum|embalmed body was left in indefinite repose]].{{sfn|Rodden|1999|pp=5ff}} By the end of the book, the skull is reburied. * [[Napoleon (Animal Farm)|Napoleon]] – "A large, rather fierce-looking [[Berkshire pig|Berkshire]] boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way".{{sfn|Orwell|1979|loc=chapter II|p=15}} An allegory of [[Joseph Stalin]],{{sfn|Rodden|1999|pp=5ff}} Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm. * [[Snowball (Animal Farm)|Snowball]] – Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones' overthrow. His life parallels that of [[Leon Trotsky]],{{sfn|Rodden|1999|pp=5ff}} but may also combine elements from Lenin.{{sfn|Hitchens|2008|pp=186ff}}{{efn|According to [[Christopher Hitchens]], "the persons of Lenin and Trotsky are combined into one [i.e., Snowball], or, it might even be&nbsp;... to say, there is no Lenin at all."{{sfn|Hitchens|2008|pp=186ff}}}} * [[Squealer (Animal Farm)|Squealer]] – A small, white, fat porker who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, holding a position similar to that of [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].{{sfn|Rodden|1999|pp=5ff}} * Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned. Literary theorist John Rodden compares him to the poet [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]].{{sfn|Rodden|1999|p=11}} * The piglets – Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and are the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal inequality. * The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge. Probably based on the [[Great Purge]] of [[Grigory Zinoviev]], [[Lev Kamenev]], [[Nikolai Bukharin]], and [[Alexei Rykov]]. * Pinkeye – A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the taste tester that samples Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon. ===Humans=== * [[Jones (Animal Farm)|Mr. Jones]] – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job. He is an allegory of Russian [[Tsar Nicholas II]],{{sfn|Fall of Mister}} who abdicated following the [[February Revolution]] of 1917 and was murdered, along with the rest of his family, by the [[Bolsheviks]] on 17 July 1918. The animals revolt after Jones goes on a drinking binge, returns hungover the following day and neglects them completely. Jones is married, but his wife plays no active role in the book. She seems to live with her husband's drunkenness, going to bed while he stays up drinking till late into the night. In her only other appearance, she hastily throws a few things into a travel bag and flees when she sees that the animals are revolting. Towards the end of the book, one of the farm sows wears her old Sunday dress. * Mr. Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield Farm, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon.{{sfn|Sparknotes " Literature}}{{sfn|Scheming Frederick how}}{{sfn|Meyers|1975 |p=141}}{{sfn|Bloom|2009}} Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a "buffer zone" between the two bickering farmers. The animals of Animal Farm are terrified of Frederick, as rumours abound of him abusing his animals and entertaining himself with [[cockfighting]]. Napoleon enters into an alliance with Frederick in order to sell surplus timber that Pilkington also sought, but is enraged to learn Frederick paid him in counterfeit money. Shortly after the swindling, Frederick and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and destroying the windmill. The brief alliance and subsequent invasion may allude to the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] and [[Operation Barbarossa]].{{sfn|Meyers|1975|p=141}}{{sfn| Firchow |2008 |p=102}}{{sfn| Davison |1996|p= 161}} * Mr. Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood Farm, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds. Pilkington is wealthier than Frederick and owns more land, but his farm is in need of care as opposed to Frederick's smaller but more efficiently run farm. Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about the animal revolution that deposed Jones and worried that this could also happen to him. * Mr. Whymper – A man hired by Napoleon to act as the liaison between Animal Farm and human society. At first, he is used to acquire necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as dog biscuits and [[paraffin wax]], but later he procures luxuries like alcohol for the pigs. ===Equines=== * [[Boxer (Animal Farm)|Boxer]] – A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working, and respectable cart-horse, although quite naive and gullible.<ref name=":0" /> Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to hold the belief that "Napoleon is always right." At one point, he had challenged Squealer's statement that Snowball was always against the welfare of the farm, earning him an attack from Napoleon's dogs. But Boxer's immense strength repels the attack, worrying the pigs that their authority can be challenged. Boxer has been compared to [[Alexey Stakhanov]], a diligent and enthusiastic role model of the [[Stakhanovite movement]].{{sfn|Rodden|1999|p=12}} He has been described as "faithful and strong";{{sfn|Sutherland|2005|pp=17–19}} he believes any problem can be solved if he works harder.{{sfn|Roper|1977|pp=11–63}} When Boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local [[knacker]] to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a moving account, falsifying Boxer's death. * Mollie – A self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution, in a manner similar to those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/characters/|title=Animal Farm Characters|last=SparkNotes Editors.|date=2007|website=SparkNotes|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> She is only once mentioned again. * Clover – A gentle, caring mare, who shows concern especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard. Clover can read all the letters of the alphabet, but cannot "put words together". She seems to catch on to the sly tricks and schemes set up by Napoleon and Squealer. * [[Benjamin (Animal Farm)|Benjamin]] – A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly. He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, "Life will go on as it has always gone on – that is, badly." The academic Morris Dickstein has suggested there is "a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism"{{sfn|Dickstein |2007|p=141}} and indeed, friends called Orwell "Donkey George", "after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in ''Animal Farm''."{{sfn|Orwell|2006 |p=236}} ===Other animals=== * Muriel – A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. Similarly to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read. * The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, the puppies were taken away at birth by Napoleon and raised by him to serve as his powerful security force. * Moses – The Raven, "Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker."{{Sfn|Orwell|2009|p=35}} Initially following Mrs. Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role of talking but not working. He regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays [[Religion and politics|established religion]] as "the black raven of priestcraft – promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power." His preaching to the animals heartens them, and Napoleon allows Moses to reside at the farm "with an allowance of a gill of beer daily", akin to how Stalin brought back the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] during the Second World War.{{sfn|Dickstein|2007|p= 141}} * The sheep – They are not given individual names or personalities. They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm, yet nonetheless they are the voice of blind conformity{{sfn|Dickstein|2007|p=141}} as they bleat their support of Napoleon's ideals with jingles during his speeches and meetings with Snowball. Their constant bleating of "four legs good, two legs bad" was used as a device to drown out any opposition or alternative views from Snowball, much as Stalin used hysterical crowds to drown out Trotsky.{{sfn|Meyers|1975|p=122}} Towards the end of the book, Squealer (the propagandist) trains the sheep to alter their slogan to "four legs good, two legs better", which they dutifully do. * The hens – Also unnamed, the hens are promised at the start of the revolution that they will get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from them under Mr. Jones. However, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside Animal Farm. The hens are among the first to rebel, albeit unsuccessfully, against Napoleon. * The cows – Also unnamed, the cows are enticed into the revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen but can be used to raise their own calves. Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them. The milk is stirred into the pigs' mash every day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries. * The cat – Unnamed and never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she "purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions."{{sfn|Orwell|2009|p=52}} She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually "voted on both sides." {{sfn|Orwell|2009|p=25}} * The ducks – Also unnamed, the. * The roosters – One arranges to wake Boxer early, and a black one acts as a trumpeter for Napoleon. * The geese – Also unnamed. One gander commits suicide by eating nightshade berries. == Genre and style == George Orwell's ''Animal Farm'' is an example of a political satire that was intended to have a "wider application", according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Dwan|first=David|date=2012|title=Orwell's Paradox: Equality in ''Animal Farm''|journal=ELH|volume=79|issue=3|pages=655–83|doi=10.1353/elh.2012.0025|s2cid=143828269|issn=1080-6547}}</ref> Stylistically, the work shares many similarities with some of Orwell's other works, most notably ''1984'', as both have been considered works of Swiftian Satire.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal|last=Crick|first=Bernard|date=31 December 1983|title=The real message of '1984': Orwell's Classic Re-assessed |url=https://infoweb.newsbank.com/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1139870DADC7F880|journal=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> Furthermore, these two prominent works seem to suggest Orwell's bleak view of the future for humanity; he seems to stress the potential/current threat of dystopias similar to those in ''Animal Farm'' and ''1984''.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://rosariomariocapalbo.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/george-orwell-dystopian-novel-1984-animal-farm/|title=George Orwell: Dystopian Novel – 1984 – Animal Farm |last=rosariomario|date=10 April 2011|website=Spazio personale di mario aperto a tutti 24 ore su|language=en|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> In these kinds of works, Orwell distinctly references the disarray and traumatic conditions of Europe following the Second World War.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal|last=Orwell|first=George|title=Politics and the English Language|journal=Literary Cavalcade|volume=54|pages=20–26|id={{ProQuest|210475382}}}}</ref> Orwell's style and writing philosophy as a whole were very concerned with the pursuit of truth in writing.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=KnowledgeNotes|date=1996|title=Animal Farm|journal=Signet Classic|id={{ProQuest|2137893954}}}}</ref> Orwell was committed to communicating in a way that was straightforward, given the way that he felt words were commonly used in politics to deceive and confuse.<ref name=":02" /> For this reason, he is careful, in ''Animal Farm'', to make sure the narrator speaks in an unbiased and uncomplicated fashion.<ref name=":02" /> The difference is seen in the way that the animals speak and interact, as the generally moral animals seem to speak their minds clearly, while the wicked animals on the farm, such as Napoleon, twist language in such a way that it meets their own insidious desires.<ref name=":02" /> This style reflects Orwell's close proximation to the issues facing Europe at the time and his determination to comment critically on Stalin's Soviet Russia.<ref name=":02" /> == Background == === Origin and writing=== George Orwell wrote the manuscript between November 1943 and February 1944{{sfn|Orwell|2009}} after his experiences during the [[Spanish Civil War]], which he described in ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'' (1938). In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of ''Animal Farm'', he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Ian|date=February 2019|title=George Orwell's Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm {{!}} The Orwell Foundation|url=https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-foundation/orwell/books-by-orwell/animal-farm/preface-to-the-ukrainian-edition-of-animal-farm-by-george-orwell/|access-date=6 March 2021|website=www.orwellfoundation.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the [[Stalinist]] corruption of the original socialist ideals.{{sfn|Orwell|1947|p=}} ''Homage to Catalonia'' sold poorly; after seeing [[Arthur Koestler]]'s best-selling, ''[[Darkness at Noon]]'', about the [[Moscow Trials]], Orwell decided that fiction was the best way to describe totalitarianism.{{r|dalrymple20190824}} Immediately prior to writing the book, Orwell had quit the [[BBC]]. He was also upset about a booklet for propagandists the Ministry of Information had put out. The booklet included instructions on how to quell ideological fears of the Soviet Union, such as directions to claim that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imagination.{{sfn|Overy |1997 |p=297}} In the preface, Orwell described the source of the idea of setting the book on a farm:{{sfn|Orwell|1947|p=}} {{quote |I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat. }} In 1944, the manuscript was almost lost when a German [[V-1 flying bomb]] destroyed his London home. Orwell spent hours sifting through the rubble to find the pages intact.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Getzels |first1=Rachael |title=Plaque unveiled where George Orwell's Animal Farm almost went up in flames |url=https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/heritage/plaque-unveiled-where-george-orwell-s-animal-farm-almost-went-up-in-flames-1-1514101 |access-date=19 October 2020 |date=12 September 2012}}</ref> ==Publication== ===Publishing=== Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Four publishers refused to publish ''Animal Farm'', yet one had initially accepted the work, but declined it after consulting the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]].{{sfn|Freedom of the Press}}{{efn|[[#GOIT|Orwell 1976 p. 25 ''La libertà di stampa'']]}} Eventually, [[Secker and Warburg]] published the first edition in 1945. During the [[World War II|Second World War]], it became clear to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch – including his regular publisher [[Victor Gollancz Ltd|Gollancz]]. He also submitted the manuscript to [[Faber and Faber]], where the poet [[T. S. Eliot]] (who was a director of the firm) rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising the book's "good writing" and "fundamental integrity", but declared that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint "which I take to be generally [[Deformed workers' state|Trotskyite]]". Eliot said he found the view "not convincing", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue "what was needed&nbsp;... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs".{{sfn|Eliot|1969}} Orwell let [[André Deutsch]], who was working for Nicholson & Watson in 1944, read the typescript, and Deutsch was convinced that Nicholson & Watson would want to publish it; however, they did not, and "lectured Orwell on what they perceived to be errors in ''Animal Farm''."{{sfn|Orwell |2013|p= 231}} In his ''London Letter'' on 17 April 1944 for ''[[Partisan Review]]'', Orwell wrote that it was "now next door to impossible to get anything overtly anti-Russian printed. Anti-Russian books do appear, but mostly from Catholic publishing firms and always from a religious or frankly reactionary angle." The publisher [[Jonathan Cape]], who had initially accepted ''Animal Farm'', subsequently rejected the book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off{{sfn|Whitewashing of Stalin |2008}} – although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy.{{sfn|Taylor|2003|p=337}} Writing to [[Leonard Moore (literary agent)|Leonard Moore]], a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information. Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable, and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive. It may reasonably be assumed that the "important official" was a man named [[Peter Smollett]], who was later unmasked as a Soviet agent.{{sfn| Leab |2007 |p= 3}} Orwell was suspicious of Smollett/Smolka, and he would be one of the names Orwell [[Orwell's list|included in his list]] of Crypto-Communists and Fellow-Travellers sent to the [[Information Research Department]] in 1949. The publisher wrote to Orwell, saying:{{sfn|Whitewashing of Stalin |2008}} {{quote | If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators [Lenin and Stalin], that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships. Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are. }} [[Frederic Warburg]] also faced pressures against publication, even from people in his own office and from his wife Pamela, who felt that it was not the moment for ingratitude towards Stalin and the heroic [[Red Army]],{{sfn|Fyvel|1982 |p=139}} which had [[World War II casualties of the Soviet Union|played a major part]] in defeating [[Adolf Hitler]]. A Russian translation was printed in the paper ''Posev'', and in giving permission for a Russian translation of ''Animal Farm'', Orwell refused in advance all royalties. A translation in Ukrainian, which was produced in Germany, was confiscated in large part by the American wartime authorities and handed over to the Soviet repatriation commission.{{efn|[[Struve, Gleb]]. ''Telling the Russians'', written for the Russian journal ''New Russian Wind'', reprinted in Remembering Orwell |pp=260–61}} In October 1945, Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest in pursuing the possibility that the political cartoonist [[David Low (cartoonist)|David Low]] might illustrate ''Animal Farm''. Low had written a letter saying that he had had "a good time with ''Animal Farm'' – an excellent bit of satire – it would illustrate perfectly." Nothing came of this, and a trial issue produced by Secker & Warburg in 1956 illustrated by John Driver was abandoned, but the [[Folio Society]] published an edition in 1984 illustrated by [[Quentin Blake]] and an edition illustrated by the cartoonist [[Ralph Steadman]] was published by Secker & Warburg in 1995 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first edition of ''Animal Farm''.{{sfn|Orwell|2001|p= 123 }}{{sfn|Orwell|2015|pp= 313–14}} ===Preface=== Orwell originally wrote a preface complaining about British [[self-censorship]] and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally: {{quote|The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary.&nbsp;... Things are kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervenes but because of a general tacit agreement that "it wouldn't do" to mention that particular fact.}} Although the first edition allowed space for the preface, it was not included,{{sfn|Freedom of the Press}} and as of June 2009 most editions of the book have not included it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Ian|date=February 2019|title=george orwell – Does "Animal Farm" explicitly state anywhere in the text that it is in fact a political allegory?|url=https://literature.stackexchange.com/questions/3661/does-animal-farm-explicitly-state-anywhere-in-the-text-that-it-is-in-fact-a-po|access-date=6 March 2021|website=Literature Stack Exchange}}</ref> Secker and Warburg published the first edition of ''Animal Farm'' in 1945 without an introduction. However, the publisher had provided space for a preface in the author's proof composited from the manuscript. For reasons unknown, no preface was supplied, and the page numbers had to be renumbered at the last minute.{{sfn|Freedom of the Press}} In 1972, [[Ian Angus (librarian)|Ian Angus]] found the original typescript titled "The Freedom of the Press", and [[Bernard Crick]] published it, together with his own introduction, in ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'' on 15 September 1972 as "How the essay came to be written".{{sfn|Freedom of the Press}} Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government.{{sfn|Freedom of the Press}} The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 edition of ''Animal Farm'' with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface. Other publishers were still declining to publish it.{{Clarify|date=March 2010|reason=more details needed, were some actively refusing, unaware of the preface?}} ==Reception== Contemporary reviews of the work were not universally positive. Writing in the American ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'' magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it "puzzled and saddened me. It seemed on the whole dull. The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for saying in a clumsy way things that have been said better directly." Soule believed that the animals were not consistent enough with their real-world inspirations, and said, "It seems to me that the failure of this book (commercially it is already assured of tremendous success) arises from the fact that the satire deals not with something the author has experienced, but rather with stereotyped ideas about a country which he probably does not know very well".{{sfn|Soule|1946}} ''[[The Guardian]]'' on 24 August 1945 called ''Animal Farm'' "a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few".{{sfn|Books of day|1945}} [[Tosco Fyvel]], writing in ''[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]]'' on the same day, called the book "a gentle satire on a certain State and on the illusions of an age which may already be behind us." [[Julian Symons]] responded, on 7 September, "Should we not expect, in ''Tribune'' at least, acknowledgement of the fact that it is a satire not at all gentle upon a particular State – Soviet Russia? It seems to me that a reviewer should have the courage to identify Napoleon with Stalin, and Snowball with Trotsky, and express an opinion favourable or unfavourable to the author, upon a political ground. In a hundred years time perhaps, ''Animal Farm'' may be simply a fairy story; today it is a political satire with a good deal of point." ''Animal Farm'' has been subject to much comment in the decades since these early remarks.{{sfn|Orwell | 2015|p= 253}} The [[CIA]], from 1952 to 1957 in '''Operation Aedinosaur''', sent millions of balloons carrying copies of the novel into Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, whose air forces tried to shoot the balloons down.<ref name="dalrymple20190824">{{Cite magazine |last=Dalrymple |first=William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |title=Novel explosives of the Cold War |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/novel-explosives-of-the-cold-war/ |magazine=[[The Spectator]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826000000/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/08/novel-explosives-of-the-cold-war/ |archive-date=26 August 2019}} [https://outline.com/X9SnJv Alt URL]</ref> ''Time'' magazine chose ''Animal Farm'' as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);{{sfn|Grossman|Lacayo|2005|p=}} it also featured at number 31 on the [[Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels]].{{Sfn|Modern Library|1998}} It won a [[Retro-Hugo|Retrospective Hugo Award]] in 1996 and is included in the [[Great Books of the Western World]] selection.<ref name="Western books"/> Popular reading in schools, ''Animal Farm'' was ranked the UK's favourite book from school in a 2016 poll.<ref>{{cite news |title=George Orwell's Animal Farm tops list of the nation's favourite books from school |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/george-orwells-animal-farm-tops-list-of-the-nations-favourite-books-from-school-a6994351.html |access-date=15 December 2019 |work=The Independent}}</ref> ''Animal Farm'' has also faced an array of challenges in school settings around the US.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/classics|title=Banned & Challenged Classics|last=admin|date=26 March 2013|website=Advocacy, Legislation & Issues|language=en|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> The following are examples of this controversy that has existed around Orwell's work: * The [[John Birch Society]] in Wisconsin challenged the reading of ''Animal Farm'' in 1965 because of its reference to masses revolting.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bannedlibrary.com/podcast/2017/1/22/animal-farm-and-other-books-not-meant-for-children|title=Animal Farm by George Orwell|website=Banned Library|language=en-US|access-date=15 December 2019}}</ref> * New York State English Council's Committee on Defense Against Censorship found that in 1968, ''Animal Farm'' had been widely deemed a "problem book".<ref name=":1" /> * A censorship survey conducted in DeKalb County, Georgia, relating to the years 1979–1982, revealed that many schools had attempted to limit access to ''Animal Farm'' due to its "political theories".<ref name=":1" /> * In 1987, a superintendent in Bay County, Florida, banned ''Animal Farm'' at the middle school and high school levels in 1987.<ref name=":1" /> ** The Board quickly brought back the book, however, after receiving complaints of the ban as "unconstitutional".<ref name=":1" /> * ''Animal Farm'' was removed from the Stonington, Connecticut school district curriculum in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wojtas |first1=Joe |title='Animal Farm' not banned, school officials say; parents not satisfied |url=https://www.theday.com/article/20170202/NWS01/170209792 |access-date=21 February 2021 |work=The Day |date=2 February 2017}}</ref> ''Animal Farm'' has also faced similar forms of resistance in other countries.<ref name=":1"/> The ALA also mentions the way that the book was prevented from being featured at the International Book Fair in Moscow, Russia, in 1977 and banned from schools in the United Arab Emirates for references to practices or actions that defy Arab or Islamic beliefs, such as pigs or alcohol.<ref name=":1"/> In the same manner, ''Animal Farm'' has also faced relatively recent issues in China. In 2018, the government made the decision to censor all online posts about or referring to ''Animal Farm''.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Oppenheim|first=Maya|date=1 March 2018|title=China bans George Orwell's Animal Farm and letter 'N' from online posts as censors bolster Xi Jinping's plan to keep power|journal=The Independent|id={{ProQuest|2055087191}}}}</ref> However the book itself, as of 2019, remains sold in stores. Amy Hawkins and Jeffrey Wasserstrom of ''[[The Atlantic]]'' stated in 2019 that the book is widely available in Mainland China for several reasons: censors believe the general public is unlikely to read a highbrow book , because the elites who do read books feel connected to the ruling party anyway, and because the Communist Party sees being too aggressive in blocking cultural products as a liability. The authors stated "It was—and remains—as easy to buy ''1984'' and ''Animal Farm'' in [[Shenzhen]] or [[Shanghai]] as it is in London or Los Angeles."<ref name=HawkinsWasserstrom>{{cite web|last1=Hawkins|first1=Amy|last2=Wasserstrom|first2=Jeffrey|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/01/why-1984-and-animal-farm-arent-banned-china/580156/|title=Why ''1984'' Isn't Banned in China|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=13 January 2019|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> An enhanced version of the book, launched in India in 2017, was widely praised for capturing the author's intent, by republishing the proposed preface of the First Edition and the preface he wrote for the Ukrainian edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepolicytimes.com/book-review-george-orwells-animal-farm-received-mixed-reviews-from-across-the-world-enhanced-version-now-available-on-pirates/|title=Book Review: George Orwell's 'Animal Farm' Received Mixed Reviews from across the World, Enhanced Version now Available on Pirates|work=The Policy Times|date=23 September 2020|access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref> ==Analysis== ===Animalism=== {{Redirect|Seven Commandments|the Noahide code|Seven Laws of Noah}} The pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into "a complete system of thought", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to [[Communism]], not to be confused with [[Animalism (philosophy)|the philosophy Animalism]]. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading), which were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments. Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an [[allusion]] to the Soviet government's revising of history in order to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society.{{sfn|Rodden|1999|pages=48–49}} [[File:Animal Farm artwork.jpg|thumb|Squealer sprawls at the foot of the end wall of the big barn where the Seven Commandments were written (ch. viii) – preliminary artwork for a 1950 strip cartoon by [[Norman Pett]] and Donald Freeman]] The original commandments are: # Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. # Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. # No animal shall wear clothes. # No animal shall sleep in a bed. # No animal shall drink alcohol. # No animal shall kill any other animal. # All animals are equal. These commandments are also distilled into the maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism. Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear themselves of accusations of law-breaking. The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded: <ol start="4"> <li>No animal shall sleep in a bed '''with sheets'''.</li> <li>No animal shall drink alcohol '''to excess'''.</li> <li>No animal shall kill any other animal '''without cause'''.</li> </ol> Eventually, these are replaced with the maxims, "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others", and "Four legs good, two legs better" as the pigs become more human. This is an [[Irony|ironic]] twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political [[dogma]] can be turned into malleable [[propaganda]].{{sfn|Carr|2010|pp=78–79}} ===Significance and allegory=== [[File:Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg|thumb|left|The Horn and Hoof flag described in the book appears to be based on the [[hammer and sickle]], the Communist symbol. By the end of the book when Napoleon takes full control, the Hoof and Horn is removed from the flag.]] Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory."{{sfn|Meyers|1975|p=249}} Orwell himself wrote in 1946, "Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution&nbsp;... [and] ''that kind'' of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters [-] revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert."{{sfn|Orwell|2013|page=334}} In a preface for a 1947 Ukrainian edition, he stated, "for the past ten years I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if we wanted a revival of the socialist movement. On my return from Spain [in 1937] I thought of exposing the Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by almost anyone and which could be easily translated into other languages."{{sfn|Crick |2019 |p=450}} The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the [[October Revolution|October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution]]. The ''Battle of the Cowshed'' has been said to represent the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|allied invasion]] of [[Russian SFSR|Soviet Russia]] in 1918,{{sfn| Davison| 1996|p= 161}} and the defeat of the [[White movement|White Russians]] in the [[Russian Civil War]].{{sfn| Firchow |2008 |p=102}} The pigs' rise to preeminence mirrors the rise of a Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR, just as Napoleon's emergence as the farm's sole leader reflects Stalin's emergence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://fod.infobase.com/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=129225|title=Animal Farm|date=2014|website=Films on Demand}}</ref> The pigs' appropriation of milk and apples for their own use, "the turning point of the story" as Orwell termed it in a letter to [[Dwight Macdonald]],{{sfn|Orwell|2013|page=334}} stands as an analogy for the crushing of the left-wing 1921 [[Kronstadt rebellion|Kronstadt revolt]] against the Bolsheviks, {{sfn|Orwell|2013|page=334}} and the difficult efforts of the animals to build the windmill suggest the various [[Five-year plans of the Soviet Union|Five Year Plans]]. The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.{{sfn| Leab| 2007 |pp=6–7}} In chapter seven, when the animals confess their non-existent crimes and are killed, Orwell directly alludes to the purges, confessions and [[Moscow show trials|show trials]] of the late 1930s. These contributed to Orwell's conviction that the Bolshevik revolution had been corrupted and the Soviet system become rotten.{{sfn|Dickstein |2007|p= 135 }} [[Peter Edgerly Firchow]] and [[Peter Davison (professor)|Peter Davison]] contend that the ''Battle of the Windmill'', specifically referencing the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] and the [[Battle of Moscow]], represents [[World War II]].{{sfn|Firchow|2008|p=102}}{{sfn| Davison |1996|p= 161}} During the battle, Orwell first wrote, "All the animals, including Napoleon" took cover. Orwell had the publisher alter this to "All the animals except Napoleon" in recognition of Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.{{sfn|Meyers| 1975 |p=142}} Orwell requested the change after he met [[Józef Czapski]] in Paris in March 1945. Czapski, a survivor of the [[Katyn Massacre]] and an opponent of the Soviet regime, told Orwell, as Orwell wrote to [[Arthur Koestler]], that it had been "the character [and] greatness of Stalin" that saved Russia from the German invasion.{{efn|A Note on the Text, Peter Davison, ''Animal Farm'', Penguin edition 1989 |p=xx}} [[File:15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).jpg|thumb|Front row (left to right): [[Alexey Rykov|Rykov]], [[Mykola Skrypnyk|Skrypnyk]], and [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] – 'When Snowball comes to the crucial points in his speeches he is drowned out by the sheep (Ch. V), just as in the [[15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|party Congress in 1927]] [above], at Stalin's instigation 'pleas for the opposition were drowned in the continual, hysterically intolerant uproar from the floor'. ([[Isaac Deutscher]]{{sfn|Meyers| 1975|pp= 138, 311}})]] Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943{{sfn|Meyers |1975|p= 135}}{{efn| In the Preface to ''Animal Farm'' Orwell noted, however, "although various episodes are taken from the actual history of the Russian Revolution, they are dealt with schematically and their chronological order is changed."}} include the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions [[Hungarian Revolution of 1919|in Hungary]] and [[German Revolution of 1918–19|in Germany]] (Ch IV); the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball (Ch V), parallelling "the two rival and quasi-Messianic beliefs that seemed pitted against one another: [[Trotskyism]], with its faith in the [[Permanent revolution|revolutionary vocation]] of the proletariat of the West; and Stalinism with its glorification of [[socialism in one country|Russia's socialist destiny]]";{{sfn|Meyers |1975|p=138}} Napoleon's dealings with Whymper and the Willingdon markets (Ch VI), paralleling the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1922)|Treaty of Rapallo]]; and Frederick's forged bank notes, parallelling the [[Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union|Hitler-Stalin pact of August 1939]], after which Frederick attacks Animal Farm without warning and destroys the windmill.{{sfn|Meyers|1975 |p=141}} The book's close, with the pigs and men in a kind of [[rapprochement]], reflected Orwell's view of the 1943 [[Tehran Conference]]{{efn|Preface to the Ukrainian edition of ''Animal Farm'', reprinted in Orwell:Collected Works, ''It Is What I Think'' |p= 89}} that seemed to display the establishment of "the best possible relations between the USSR and the West" – but in reality were destined, as Orwell presciently predicted, to continue to unravel.{{sfn|Leab |2007|p= 7 }} The disagreement between the allies and the start of the [[Cold War]] is suggested when Napoleon and Pilkington, both suspicious, each "played an ace of spades simultaneously".{{sfn|Meyers|1975 |p=142}} Similarly, the music in the novel, starting with "Beasts of England" and the later anthems, parallels "[[The Internationale]]" and its adoption and repudiation by the Soviet authorities as the anthem of the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s.{{cn|date=July 2021}} ==Adaptations== ===Stage productions=== In 2021, the [[National Youth Theatre]] toured a stage version of ''Animal Farm''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bentley|first=Charlotte|title=National Youth Theatre heads to Shropshire stage 'sanctuary' for Animal Farm|url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/entertainment/theatre-and-comedy/2021/06/17/national-youth-theatre-brings-animal-farm-to-shropshire-countryside/|access-date=23 June 2021|website=www.shropshirestar.com|language=en}}</ref> A solo version, adapted and performed by [[Guy Masterson]], premièred at the [[Traverse Theatre]] Edinburgh in January 1995 and has toured worldwide since.{{sfn|One man ''Animal''|2013}}{{sfn|''Animal Farm''}} A theatrical version, with music by [[Richard Peaslee]] and lyrics by [[Adrian Mitchell]], was staged at the [[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]] London on 25 April 1984, directed by [[Peter Hall (director)|Peter Hall]]. It toured nine cities in 1985.{{sfn|Orwell|2013|page=341}} A new adaptation written and directed by [[Robert Icke]], designed by [[Bunny Christie]] with puppetry designed and directed by Toby Olié opened at the [[Birmingham Repertory Theatre]] in January 2022 before touring the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Animal Farm stage adaptation cast, tour dates and more revealed {{!}} WhatsOnStage|url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/birmingham-theatre/news/animal-farm-stage-adaptation-cast-tour-dates_54874.html|access-date=2022-01-29|website=www.whatsonstage.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> ===Films=== ''Animal Farm'' has been adapted to film twice. Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robertson|first=Ian|date=December 2019|title=author of animal farm|url=https://www.restoration-marketplace.com/7wvrsxpl/author-of-animal-farm-ab3583|access-date=5 March 2021|website=www.restoration-marketplace.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Animal Farm (1954 film)|''Animal Farm'']] (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution. In 1974, [[E. Howard Hunt]] revealed that he had been sent by the [[CIA]]'s [[Psychological Warfare]] department to obtain the film rights from Orwell's widow, and the resulting 1954 animation was funded by the agency.{{sfn|Chilton|2016}} * [[Animal Farm (1999 film)|''Animal Farm'']] (1999) is a live-action TV version that shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, reflecting the collapse of Soviet communism.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Institute|first=Charlotte Lozier|date=December 2019|title=Animal Farm (1954, 1999) {{!}} Charlotte Lozier Institute|url=https://lozierinstitute.org/movie-reviews/animal-farm-1954-1999/|access-date=5 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Andy Serkis]] is directing a film adaptation for [[Netflix]], with [[Matt Reeves]] producing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/andy-serkis-animal-farm-movie-netflix/|title=Netflix Picks Up Andy Serkis' Animal Farm Movie Adaptation|date=1 August 2018|website=ScreenRant}}</ref> Serkis began work on the film after finishing directing duties for ''[[Venom: Let There Be Carnage]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/andy-serkis-animal-farm-next-movie-director-details/|title=Andy Serkis Will Direct Animal Farm Next After Venom 2|date=28 September 2021|website=ScreenRant}}</ref> ===Radio dramatisations=== A BBC radio version, produced by [[Rayner Heppenstall]], was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with [[Hugh Gordon Porteus|Hugh Gordon Porteous]], amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, "who had not read the book, grasped what was happening after a few minutes."{{sfn|Orwell|2013|page=112}} A further radio production, again using Orwell's own dramatisation of the book, was broadcast in January 2013 on BBC [[Radio Four|Radio 4]]. [[Tamsin Greig]] narrated, and the cast included [[Nicky Henson]] as Napoleon, [[Toby Jones]] as the propagandist Squealer, and [[Ralph Ineson]] as Boxer.{{sfn|Real George Orwell}} ===Comic strip=== [[File:Animal Farm strip cartoon.jpg|thumb|300px|Foreign Office copy of the first instalment of Norman Pett's ''Animal Farm'' comic strip. This example was commissioned by the [[Information Research Department]], a secret wing of the Foreign Office which dealt with disinformation, pro-colonial, and anti-communist propaganda during the Cold War]] In 1950, [[Norman Pett]] and his writing partner [[Don Freeman]] were secretly hired by the [[Information Research Department|Information Research Department (IRD)]], a secret wing of the [[British Foreign Office]], to adapt ''Animal Farm'' into a comic strip. This comic was not published in the U.K. but ran in Brazilian and Burmese newspapers.{{sfn|Norman Pett}} ==See also== * [[Information Research Department]] * [[Authoritarian personality]] * [[History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)]] * [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)]] * [[Ideocracy]] * [[New class]] * [[Anthems in Animal Farm|Anthems in ''Animal Farm'']] * ''[[Animals (Pink Floyd album)|Animals]]'', an album based on ''Animal Farm'' ===Books=== * ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' was a favourite book of Orwell's. [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]] reverses the role of horses and human beings in the fourth book. Orwell brought to ''Animal Farm'' "a dose of Swiftian misanthropy, looking ahead to a time 'when the human race had finally been overthrown.'"{{sfn|Dickstein|2007 |p= 135}} * ''[[Revolt (book)|Bunt]]'' (''Revolt''), published in 1924, is a book by Polish [[Nobel laureate]] [[Władysław Reymont]] with a theme similar to ''Animal Farm''{{'}}s. * ''[[White Acre vs. Black Acre]]'', published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for [[slavery in the United States]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Burwell's White Acre vs. Black Acre |url=http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/proslav/burwellhp.html |website=Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> similar to ''Animal Farm''{{'}}s portrayal of Soviet history. * George Orwell's own ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'', a classic [[dystopian novel]] about [[totalitarianism]]. ==References== === Explanatory notes === {{notelist | 30em}} ===Citations=== {{Reflist | colwidth=30em}} === General sources === {{Refbegin|30em}} <!-- In alphabetical order by last name or organisation name. --> * {{cite news |title=12 Things You May Not Know About Animal Farm |date=17 August 2015 |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/08/17/12-things-you-may-not-know-about-animal-farm-for-17th-5317058/ |newspaper=Metro |access-date=16 August 2018|ref=CITEREF12 Things You2015}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1946-retro-hugo-awards/|title=1946 Retro-Hugo Awards|date=1996|website=The Hugo Awards|language=en-US|access-date=23 February 2019|ref={{harvid|The Hugo Awards|1996}}}} * {{cite web |title=''Animal Farm'': Sixty Years On |url=http://www.historytoday.com/robert-pearce/animal-farm-sixty-years |website=[[History Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108041135/http://www.historytoday.com/robert-pearce/animal-farm-sixty-years |archive-date=8 November 2017 |ref=CITEREF''Animal Farm'': Sixty}} * {{cite web |title=Animal Farm |website=Theatre Tours International |url=http://www.theatretoursinternational.com/PastShows/PSDomestic/PSAFgm.html |edition=Archived copy |access-date=2 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630061940/http://www.theatretoursinternational.com/PastShows/PSDomestic/PSAFgm.html |archive-date=30 June 2009 |ref=CITEREFAnimal Farm}} * {{cite book |last=Bloom |first=Harold |title=Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations: Animal Farm – New Edition |year=2009 |author-link=Harold Bloom |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7C4bXGsrc8C&q=Mr+Frederick+allegory+hitler&pg=PA70 |access-date=13 May 2013 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1604135824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122174908/https://books.google.com/books?id=V7C4bXGsrc8C&pg=PA70&dq=Mr+Frederick+allegory+hitler#v=onepage&q=Mr%20Frederick%20allegory%20hitler |archive-date=22 November 2016 }} * {{cite news |title=Books of the day – Animal Farm |date=24 August 1945 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1945/aug/24/georgeorwell.classics |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730154211/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1945/aug/24/georgeorwell.classics |archive-date=30 July 2016 |ref=CITEREFBooks of day1945}} * {{cite book|last=Bowker|first=Gordon|title=George Orwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=brRjuvvrbzgC|year=2013|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4055-2805-4}} * {{cite book |last=Bynum |first=Helen |title=Spitting Blood: The History of Tuberculosis |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199542055 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cVih-ivuiiwC&pg=PR13 |page=xiii}} * {{cite book |last=Carr |first=Craig L. |title=Orwell, Politics, and Power |year= 2010 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4411-5854-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GCAqNSlYwC&pg=PA78 |access-date=9 June 2012}} * {{cite news |first=Martin |last=Chilton |title=How the CIA brought Animal Farm to the screen |date=21 January 2016 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/how-cia-brought-animal-farm-to-the-screen/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |access-date=27 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174651/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/how-cia-brought-animal-farm-to-the-screen/ |archive-date=26 October 2016 }} * {{cite book|last=Crick|first=Bernard|title=George Orwell: A Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OVPvAEACAAJ|date=2019|publisher=Sutherland House Publishing|isbn=978-1-9994395-0-7}} * {{cite book|last=Davison|first=P.|title=George Orwell: A Literary Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkmEDAAAQBAJ|year=1996|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37140-8}} * {{cite web |last=Davison |first=Peter |title=George Orwell: Animal Farm: A Fairy Story: A Note on the Text |year=2000 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=England |url=http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/eint_pd |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212041856/http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/eint_pd |archive-date=12 December 2006 }} * {{cite book|last=Dickstein|first=Morris|chapter=Animal Farm: History as fable|pages=133–45|title=The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell|editor=John Rodden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8-fnamQuUkC|date= 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-67507-9}} * {{cite news |last=Eliot |first=Valery |title=T.S. Eliot and Animal Farm: Reasons for Rejection |date=6 January 1969 |url=http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09 |work=[[The Times]] |location=UK |access-date=8 April 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015180725/http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09 |archive-date=15 October 2009 }} * {{cite web |title=The Fall of Mister Jones and the Russian Revolution of 1917 |url=http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/fall-mister-jones-russian-revolution-1917-symbol.html |publisher=Shmoop University |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221910/http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/fall-mister-jones-russian-revolution-1917-symbol.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |ref=CITEREFFall of Mister}} * {{cite book|last=Firchow|first=Peter Edgerly|title=Modern Utopian Fictions from H.G. Wells to Iris Murdoch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzT3bY2a0hsC|year=2008|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=978-0-8132-1573-0}} * {{cite web |title=GCSE English Literature – ''Animal Farm'' – historical context (pt 1/3) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/george-orwells-animal-farm-historical-context-pt-1-3/8177.html |website=[[BBC]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103211528/http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/george-orwells-animal-farm-historical-context-pt-1-3/8177.html |archive-date=3 January 2012 |ref=CITEREFGcse English Literature}} * {{cite news |last=Giardina |first=Carolyn |title=Andy Serkis to Direct Adaptation of 'Animal Farm' |date=19 October 2012 |work=hollywoodreporter.com |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andy-serkis-animal-farm-381314 |access-date=26 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113074010/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andy-serkis-animal-farm-381314 |archive-date=13 November 2013 }} * {{cite book|last=Fyvel|first=Tosco R.|title=George Orwell, a personal memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellpers0000fyve|url-access=registration|date=1982|publisher=MacMillan|isbn=9780025420403}} * {{cite magazine |last1=Grossman |first1=Lev |last2=Lacayo |first2=Richard |title=All-Time 100 Novels |date=16 October 2005 |author-link1=Lev Grossman |author-link2=Richard Lacayo |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html |access-date=31 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913100321/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html |archive-date=13 September 2008 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=Why Orwell Matters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvc4DgAAQBAJ|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-7867-2589-2}} * {{cite book|last=Leab|first=Daniel J.|title=Orwell Subverted: The CIA and the Filming of Animal Farm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRpFAvD7vAsC|year=2007|publisher=Penn State Press|isbn=978-0-271-02978-8}} * {{cite web |last=Meija |first=Jay |title=Animal Farm: A Beast Fable for Our Beastly Times |date=26 August 2002 |url=https://www.litkicks.com/AnimalFarm |work=[[Literary Kicks]] |access-date=16 February 2019}} * {{cite book|last=Meyers|first=Jeffrey|title=A Reader's Guide to George Orwell|url=https://archive.org/details/readersguidetoge0000meye_f5a7|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=Thames and Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-15016-0}} * {{cite web |title=Norman Pett |url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/pett_norman.htm |website=lambiek.net |access-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014058/https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/pett_norman.htm |archive-date=17 December 2017 |ref=CITEREFNorman Pett}} * {{cite news |title=One man ''Animal Farm'' Show On the Way to Darwen |date=25 January 2013 |work=Lancashire Telegraph |url=http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/leisure/whats_on/10187002.One_man_Animal_Farm_show_on_the_way_to_Darwen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106181013/http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/leisure/whats_on/10187002.One_man_Animal_Farm_show_on_the_way_to_Darwen/ |archive-date=6 January 2014 |ref=CITEREFOne man Animal2013}} * {{cite web |last=Orwell |first=George |title=The Freedom of the Press: Orwell's Proposed Preface to 'Animal Farm' |url=http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go |access-date=22 February 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116052227/http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go |archive-date=16 January 2013 |year=1945 |ref=CITEREFFreedom_of_the_Press }} * {{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |title=Animal Farm |url=https://archive.org/details/animalfarmfairys00orwe |url-access=registration |year=1946 |author-link=George Orwell |publisher=The New American Library |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4193-6524-9}} * {{cite web |last=Orwell |first=George |title=Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm |date=March 1947 |author-link=George Orwell |url=http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/ukrainian-af-pref.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024074027/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/ukrainian-af-pref.htm |archive-date=24 October 2005 }} * {{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |title=Animal Farm |year=1979 |author-link=George Orwell |orig-year=First published by Martin Secker & Warburg 1945; published in Penguin Books 1951 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=England |isbn=978-0-14-000838-8 }} * {{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|title=Smothered Under Journalism 1946|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEmANgAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Secker & Warburg|isbn=978-0-436-20556-9}} * {{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George |editor=Peter Hobley Davison|title=The Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeGTkQEACAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Timewell |isbn=978-1-85725-214-9 }} * {{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|title=Animal Farm: A Fairy Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nkalO3OsoeMC|date=2009 |publisher=HMH Books |isbn=978-0-547-37022-4}} * {{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|title=George Orwell: A Life in Letters|editor=Peter Davison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WE4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|year=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-87140-462-6|pages=231–}} * {{cite web |title=The Real George Orwell, Animal Farm |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01q7fzf |website=BBC Radio 4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127033407/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01q7fzf |archive-date=27 January 2013 |ref={{sfnref|Real George Orwell}}}} * {{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|title=Why I Write|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teKmBAAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-14-198060-7}} * {{cite book|last=Orwell|first=George|title=I Belong to the Left: 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCwvrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Penguin Random House|isbn=978-1-84655-944-0}} * {{cite book|last=Overy|first=Richard|title=Why the Allies Won|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aA-lS2K4hJkC|year=1997|publisher=W.W. Norton|isbn=978-0-393-31619-3}} * {{cite book |last=Rodden |first=John |title=Understanding Animal Farm: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30201-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG-YpkczTjEC&pg=PA40 |access-date=9 June 2012}} * {{cite journal |last1=Roper |first1=D. |title=Viewpoint 2: The Boxer Mentality |year=1977 |pages=11–63 |jstor=40176954 |volume=9 |issue=11 |journal=Change |doi=10.1080/00091383.1977.10569271}} * {{cite web |title=The Scheming Frederick and how Hitler Broke the Non-Aggression Pact |url=http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/scheming-frederick-how-hitler-broke-non-aggression-pact-symbol.html |publisher=Shmoop University |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221757/http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/scheming-frederick-how-hitler-broke-non-aggression-pact-symbol.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |ref=CITEREFScheming Frederick how}} * {{cite magazine |first=George |last=Soule |title=1946 Review of George Orwell's 'Animal Farm' |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/114852/1946-review-george-orwells-animal-farm |magazine=The New Republic|year=1946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114001741/https://newrepublic.com/article/114852/1946-review-george-orwells-animal-farm |archive-date=14 January 2017 }} * {{cite web |title=SparkNotes 'Literature Study Guides' "Animal Farm" Chapter VIII |url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/section8.rhtml |publisher=SparkNotes LLC |access-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518124512/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/section8.rhtml |archive-date=18 May 2013 |ref=CITEREFSparknotes " Literature}} * {{cite journal |last1=Sutherland |first1=T. |title=Speaking My Mind: Orwell Farmed for Education |year=2005 |pages=17–19 |jstor=30047391 |volume=95 |issue=1 |journal=The English Journal|doi=10.2307/30047391 }} * {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=David John |title=Orwell: The Life |year=2003 |author-link=D. J. Taylor |publisher=H. Holt |isbn=978-0-8050-7473-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/orwelllife00tayl }} * {{cite news |title=The whitewashing of Stalin |date=11 November 2008 |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7719633.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112021024/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7719633.stm |archive-date=12 November 2008 |ref=CITEREFWhitewashing of Stalin2008}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-novels/|title=Top 100 Best Novels|date=1998|website=Modern Library|access-date=23 February 2019|ref={{harvid|Modern Library|1998}}}} {{Refend}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last=Bott |first=George |title=Selected Writings |year=1968 |orig-year=1958 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |location=London, Melbourne, Toronto, Singapore, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Nairobi, Auckland, Ibadan |isbn=978-0-435-13675-8}} * {{cite book |last=Menchhofer |first= Robert W. |title=Animal Farm |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhvjsczkdBIC&pg=PA1 |publisher=Lorenz Educational Press |isbn= 978-0787780616 }} * O'Neill, Terry, ''[https://archive.org/details/readingsonanimal00onei Readings on Animal Farm]'' (1998), Greenhaven Press. {{ISBN|1565106512}}. ==External links== {{sisterlinks|d=Q1396889|c=category:Animal Farm|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no|display=''Animal Farm''}} * {{FadedPage|id=201410E7|name=Animal Farm}} * {{Gutenberg Australia |id=plusfifty-n-z.html#orwell |name=Animal Farm}} * [http://literapedia.wikispaces.com/Animal+Farm ''Animal Farm'' Book Notes from Literapedia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051024060250/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/letters-agent-af.htm Excerpts from Orwell's letters to his agent concerning ''Animal Farm''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070108225314/http://www.antigonishreview.com/bi-111/111-pyle.html Literary Journal review] * [http://home.iprimus.com.au/korob/Orwell.html Orwell's original preface to the book] * [https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/molyneux/1989/xx/orwell.html ''Animal Farm Revisited''] by [[John Molyneux (academic)|John Molyneux]], ''International Socialism'', 44 (1989) * [http://www.bl.uk/works/animal-farm ''Animal Farm''] at the British Library * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5XZgmw-oJU Animal Farm (1954)] {{Animal Farm|state=expanded}} {{George Orwell}} {{Hugo Award Best Novella}} {{Portal bar|England|Books|Novels|Speculative fiction|Communism|Soviet Union}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Animal Farm| ]] [[Category:1945 British novels]] [[Category:Allegory]] [[Category:British novellas]] [[Category:British novels adapted into films]] [[Category:British novels adapted into plays]] [[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]] [[Category:British political novels]] [[Category:British satirical novels]] [[Category:Cats in literature]] [[Category:Cattle in literature]] [[Category:Censored books]] [[Category:Dogs in literature]] [[Category:Dystopian novels]] [[Category:English novels]] [[Category:Hugo Award for Best Novella winning works]] [[Category:Novels about animals]] [[Category:Novels about propaganda]] [[Category:Novels about revolutionaries]] [[Category:Novels about totalitarianism]] [[Category:Novels adapted into comics]] [[Category:Novels adapted into radio programs]] [[Category:Novels by George Orwell]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Political literature]] [[Category:Roman à clef novels]] [[Category:Satirical novels]] [[Category:Secker & Warburg books]]'