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{{redirect|Lunar crater|the volcanic crater in Nevada|Lunar Crater volcanic field}}
[[File:Webb crater.png|thumb|The crater [[Webb (crater)|Webb]], as seen from [[Lunar Orbiter 1]]. Several smaller craters can be seen in and around Webb.]]
[[File:AS10-29-4324.jpg|thumb|Side view of the crater [[Moltke (crater)|Moltke]] taken from [[Apollo 10]].]]
'''Lunar craters''' are [[impact crater]]s on [[Earth]]'s [[Moon]]. The Moon's surface has many craters, all of which were formed by impacts. The [[International Astronomical Union]] currently recognizes 9,137 craters, of which 1,675 have been dated.<ref name = "yang">{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Chen |last2=Zhao |first2=Haishi |last3=Bruzzone |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Benediktsson |first4=Jon Atli |last5=Liang |first5=Yanchun |last6=Liu |first6=Bin |last7=Zeng |first7=Xingguo |last8=Guan |first8=Renchu |last9=Li |first9=Chunlai |last10=Ouyang |first10=Ziyuan |title=Lunar impact crater identification and age estimation with Chang'E data by deep and transfer learning |journal=Nature Communications |date=December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6358 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-20215-y |pmid=33353954 |pmc=7755906 |arxiv=1912.01240 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.6358Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==History==
The word ''crater'' was adopted from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "vessel" (Κρατήρ a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water). Galileo built his [[refracting telescope|first telescope]] in late 1609, and turned it to the Moon for the first time on November 30, 1609. He discovered that, contrary to general opinion at that time, the Moon was not a perfect sphere, but had both mountains and cup-like depressions. These were named craters by [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter]] (1791), extending its previous use with [[volcano]]es.
[[Robert Hooke]] in "[[Micrographia]]" (1665) proposed two hypotheses for lunar crater formation: one that the craters were caused by projectile bombardment from space, the other that they were
the products of subterranean lunar [[volcanism]].<ref>Robert Hooke. «Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses». London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1665. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491</ref>
[[Scientific opinion]] as to the origin of craters swung back and forth over the ensuing centuries. The competing theories were:
# [[volcanic eruption]]s blasting holes in the Moon
# [[meteoric impact]]
# a theory known as the [[Welteislehre]] developed in Germany between the two [[World Wars]] which suggested [[glacial motion]] creating the craters.
[[Grove Karl Gilbert]] suggested in 1893 that the Moon's craters were formed by large asteroid impacts. Ralph Baldwin in 1949 wrote that the Moon's craters were mostly of impact origin. Around 1960, [[Gene Shoemaker]] revived the idea. According to [[David H. Levy]], Gene "saw the craters on the Moon as logical impact sites that were formed not gradually, in [[geologic time scale|eons]], but explosively, in seconds."<ref name="Levy">{{cite book |last1=Levy |first1=David |title=Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691113258 |pages=59}}</ref>
[[File:Lunar Craters 20151103.jpg|alt=Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.|thumb|Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.]]
Evidence collected during the [[Apollo Project]] and from unmanned spacecraft of the same period proved conclusively that meteoric impact, or impact by [[asteroids]] for larger craters, was the origin of almost all lunar craters, and by implication, most craters on other bodies as well.
The formation of new craters is studied in the lunar impact monitoring program at [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | title=Lunar Impacts | publisher=Marshall Space Flight Center | access-date=2013-05-18 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517072309/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> The biggest recorded creation was caused by an impact recorded on March 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr. Tony Phillips|title=Bright Explosion on the Moon|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/|website=science.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA Science News|access-date=13 June 2014|date=17 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626031503/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's LRO Spacecraft Finds March 17, 2013 Impact Crater and More|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-lro-spacecraft-finds-march-17-2013-impact-crater-and-more|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=18 October 2021|date=17 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Visible to the [[naked eye]], the impact is believed to be from an approximately {{cvt|40|kg|lb}} meteoroid striking the surface at a speed of {{cvt|90,000|km/h|mph mi/s}}.
In March 2018, the discovery of around 7,000 formerly unidentified lunar craters via [[convolutional neural network]] developed at the [[University of Toronto Scarborough]] was announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html|title=New technique uses AI to locate and count craters on the moon|work=[[Phys.org]]|access-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214301/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html|archive-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Silburt |first=Ari |collaboration= Mohamad Ali-Dib, Chenchong Zhu, Alan Jackson, Diana Valencia, Yevgeni Kissin, Daniel Tamayo, Kristen Menou|title=Lunar Crater Identification via Deep Learning |journal=Icarus |year=2019 |volume=317 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.022 |arxiv=1803.02192|bibcode=2019Icar..317...27S |s2cid=73625527 }}</ref> A similar study in December 2020 identified around 109,000 new craters using a [[deep neural network]].<ref name = "yang"/>
==Characteristics==
Because of the Moon's lack of water, [[atmosphere]], and [[tectonic plates]], there is little erosion, and craters are found that exceed two billion years in age. The age of large craters is determined by the number of smaller craters contained within it, older craters generally accumulating more small, contained craters.
[[File:Eratosthenes crater seen with 8 inch Schmidt-Cassegrain.png|thumb|The lunar crater [[Eratosthenes (crater)|Eratosthenes]] (center left) as imaged from Earth by amateur astronomer Joel Frohlich using an 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope.]]
The smallest craters found have been microscopic in size, found in rocks returned to Earth from the Moon. The largest crater called such is about 290 kilometres (181 mi) across in diameter, located near the lunar South Pole. However, it is believed that many of the [[lunar mare|lunar maria]] were formed by giant impacts, with the resulting depression filled by upwelling [[lava]].
Craters typically will have some or all of the following features:
*a surrounding area with materials splashed out of the ground when the crater was formed; this is typically lighter in shade than older materials due to exposure to solar radiation for a lesser time
*raised rim, consisting of materials ejected but landing very close by
*crater wall, the downward-sloping portion of the crater
*crater floor, a more or less smooth, flat area, which as it ages accumulates small craters of its own
*central peak, found only in some craters with a diameter exceeding 26 kilometres (16 mi); this is generally a splash effect caused by the kinetic energy of the impacting object being turned to heat and melting some lunar material.
==Lunar crater categorization==
In 1978, [[Chuck Wood (astronomer)|Chuck Wood]] and [[Leif Erland Andersson|Leif Andersson]] of the Lunar & Planetary Lab devised a system of categorization of lunar impact craters.<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh/>
They used a sampling of craters that were relatively unmodified by subsequent impacts, then grouped the results into five broad categories. These successfully accounted for about 99% of all lunar impact craters.
The LPC Crater Types were as follows:
* ''ALC'' — small, cup-shaped craters with a diameter of about 10 km or less, and no central floor. The [[archetype]] for this category is [[Albategnius (crater)|Albategnius C]].
* ''BIO'' — similar to an ALC, but with small, flat floors. Typical diameter is about 15 km. The lunar crater archetype is [[Biot (crater)|Biot]].
* ''SOS'' — the interior floor is wide and flat, with no central peak. The inner walls are not [[wiktionary:terrace|terrace]]d. The diameter is normally in the range of 15–25 km. The archetype is [[Sosigenes (crater)|Sosigenes]].
* ''TRI'' — these complex craters are large enough so that their inner walls have slumped to the floor. They can range in size from 15–50 km in diameter. The archetype crater is [[Triesnecker (crater)|Triesnecker]].
* ''TYC'' — these are larger than 50 km, with [[wiktionary:terrace|terrace]]d inner walls and relatively flat floors. They frequently have large central peak formations. [[Tycho (crater)|Tycho]] is the archetype for this class.
Beyond a couple of hundred kilometers diameter, the central peak of the TYC class disappear and they are classed as [[impact crater|basins]]. Large craters, similar in size to [[lunar maria|maria]], but without (or with small amount of) dark [[lava]] filling, are sometimes called [[thalassoid]]s.{{efn-ua|This term was coined by Soviet explorers of the Moon after beginning of exploration of [[far side of the Moon|lunar farside]]. Later, in 1967, on XIII General Assembly of the [[International Astronomical Union]] this word was proposed to be included into the list of generic terms of [[planetary nomenclature|nomenclature]] of lunar surface features, but this proposal was declined. So, this term remains only a characterization of the features, but not a part of their names.<ref name=Proceedings_1967 />}}<ref name=glossary_2005/><ref name=Mosher_1970/>
Beginning in 2009 Dr. [[Nadine G. Barlow]] of Northern Arizona University began to convert the Wood and Andersson lunar impact-crater database into digital format.<ref>{{cite conference
|title = Development of a New GIS Database of Lunar Impact Craters
|author = David T. W. Buckingham
|author2 = Bitha Salimkumar
|author3 = Nadine G. Barlow
|name-list-style = amp
|conference = Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
|volume = 42
|pages = 1428
|year = 2011
|issue = 1608
|bibcode = 2011LPI....42.1428B
|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171952/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-06-29
}}</ref>
Dr. Barlow is also creating a new lunar impact crater database similar to Wood and Andersson's, except hers will include all impact craters greater than or equal to five kilometers in diameter and is based on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft's images of the lunar surface.
The ''moon zoo'' project within the [[Zooniverse (citizen science project)|Zooniverse]] program aimed to use [[citizen scientist]]s to map the size and shape of as many craters as possible using data from the NASA [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. However, it has since been retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moonzoo.org/|title=Moon Zoo: Archive|website=www.moonzoo.org|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017095820/https://www.moonzoo.org/|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
==Names==
Craters constitute 95% of all [[planetary nomenclature|named]] lunar features.<ref name=gazetteer/> Usually they are named after deceased scientists and other explorers.<ref name=gazetteer_categories/> This tradition comes from [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]], who started it in 1651.<ref name=Greeley_1990/><ref>[[:commons:File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg|Riccioli's map of the Moon (1651)]]</ref> Since 1919, assignment of these names is regulated by the [[International Astronomical Union]].<ref name=Greeley_1990/>
Small craters of special interest (for example, visited by lunar missions) receive human first names (Robert, José, Louise etc.). One of the biggest lunar craters, [[Apollo (crater)|Apollo]], is named after [[Apollo program|Apollo missions]]. Many smaller craters inside and near it bear the names of deceased American astronauts, and many craters inside and near [[Mare Moscoviense]] bear the names of deceased Soviet cosmonauts.<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=gazetteer_categories/> Besides this, in 1970 twelve craters were named after twelve living astronauts (6 Soviet and 6 American).<ref name=gazetteer/>
The majority of named lunar craters are ''satellite craters'': their names consist of the name of a nearby named crater and a capital letter (for example, {{nowrap|[[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]] A}}, {{nowrap|Copernicus B}}, {{nowrap|Copernicus C}} and so on).<ref name=gazetteer/>
Lunar [[crater chain]]s are usually named after a nearby crater. Their Latin names contain the word ''Catena'' ("chain"). For example, ''[[Catena Davy]]'' is situated near the crater [[Davy (crater)|Davy]].<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=gazetteer_terms/>
==Locations of major craters==
The red marker on these images illustrates the location of the named crater feature on the near side of the [[Moon]].
<gallery>
Image:Location of albategnius crater.jpg|<center>[[Albategnius (crater)|Albategnius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar aristarchus crater.jpg|<center>[[Aristarchus (crater)|Aristarchus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar aristoteles crater.jpg|<center>[[Aristoteles (crater)|Aristoteles]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar bailly crater.jpg|<center>[[Bailly (crater)|Bailly]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater clavius.jpg|<center>[[Clavius (crater)|Clavius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater copernicus.jpg|<center>[[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater fra mauro.jpg|<center>[[Fra Mauro (crater)|Fra Mauro]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater humboldt.jpg|<center>[[Humboldt (crater)|Humboldt]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater janssen.jpg|<center>[[Janssen (lunar crater)|Janssen]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater langrenus.jpg|<center>[[Langrenus (crater)|Langrenus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater longomontanus.jpg|<center>[[Longomontanus (crater)|Longomontanus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater maginus.jpg|<center>[[Maginus (crater)|Maginus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater metius.jpg|<center>[[Metius (crater)|Metius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater moretus.jpg|<center>[[Moretus (crater)|Moretus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater petavius.jpg|<center>[[Petavius (crater)|Petavius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater picard.jpg|<center>[[Picard (crater)|Picard]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater piccolomini.jpg|<center>[[Piccolomini (crater)|Piccolomini]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater pitatus.jpg|<center>[[Pitatus (crater)|Pitatus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater plinius.jpg|<center>[[Plinius (crater)|Plinius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater rheita.jpg|<center>[[Rheita (crater)|Rheita]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater russell.jpg|<center>[[Russell (lunar crater)|Russell]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater schickard.jpg|<center>[[Schickard (crater)|Schickard]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater seleucus.jpg|<center>[[Seleucus (crater)|Seleucus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater stadius.jpg|<center>[[Stadius (crater)|Stadius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater stofler.jpg|<center>[[Stöfler (crater)|Stöfler]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater thebit.jpg|<center>[[Thebit (crater)|Thebit]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater theophilus.jpg|<center>[[Theophilus (crater)|Theophilus]]</center>
Image:Lage des Mondkraters Tycho.jpg|<center>[[Tycho (crater)|Tycho]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater vendelinus.jpg|<center>[[Vendelinus (crater)|Vendelinus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater wargentin.jpg|<center>[[Wargentin (crater)|Wargentin]]</center>
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[List of craters on the Moon]]
==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}
==References==
{{Commons category|Craters on the Moon}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Proceedings_1967>{{cite web
|url=http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/IAU+Transactions+XIIIB
|title=Proceedings of the Thirteenth General Assembly (Prague, 1967) – excerpts
|publisher=The-Moon Wiki
|access-date=2014-09-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925170453/http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/IAU%2BTransactions%2BXIIIB
|archive-date=2013-09-25
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer>Data from [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331045425/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ |date=2016-03-31 }}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer_categories>{{cite web
|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
|title=Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites
|publisher=International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
|access-date=2014-08-24
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6RhuP6PrY?url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
|archive-date=2014-08-09
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer_terms>{{cite web
|url = http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms
|title = Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)
|publisher = International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
|work = Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
|access-date = 2014-08-24
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035813/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms
|archive-date = 2013-12-10
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
<ref name=glossary_2005>{{cite book
|title =Glossary of Geology
|editor =J. A. Jackson |editor2=J. P. Mehl |editor3=K. K. E. Neuendorf (American Geological Institute)
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SfnSesBc-RgC&q=thalassoid&pg=PA665
|edition =5th
|date =2005
|publisher =[[Springer Science & Business Media]]
|pages =665
|isbn =978-0-922-15276-6
}}</ref>
<ref name=Greeley_1990>{{cite book
|title =Planetary Mapping
|author =Greeley R.
|author2 =Batson R. M.
|chapter =4.2. Moon: 1640–1977
|pages =97–103
|publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]
|date =1990
|isbn =978-0-5210-3373-2
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztodv66A1VsC&pg=PA97
}}</ref>
<ref name=Mosher_1970>{{cite book
|title=Lunar Farside Cratering (submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science)
|author=Mosher J.
|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|date=1970
|pages=10
|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf
|url-status=bot: unknown
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905201756/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf
|archive-date=2014-09-05
}}</ref>
<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh>{{cite journal
|author =Wood C. A.
|author2 =Anderson L.
|title =New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters
|journal =Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13–17, 1978
|pages =3669–3689
|date =1978
|volume =9
|bibcode =1978LPSC....9.3669W
|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1978LPSC....9.3669W&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
}}</ref>
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Lunar Craters}}
[[Category:Impact craters on the Moon| ]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Craters on Earth's moon}}
{{redirect|Lunar crater|the volcanic crater in Nevada|Lunar Crater volcanic field}}
[[File:Webb crater.png|thumb|The crater [[Webb (crater)|Webb]], as seen from [[Lunar Orbiter 1]]. Several smaller craters can be seen in and around Webb.]]
[[File:AS10-29-4324.jpg|thumb|Side view of the crater [[Moltke (crater)|Moltke]] taken from [[Apollo 10]].]]
'''Lunar craters''' are [[impact crater]]s on [[Earth]]'s [[Moon]]. The Moon's surface has many craters, all of which were formed by impacts. The [[International Astronomical Union]] currently recognizes 9,137 craters, of which 1,675 have been dated.<ref name = "yang">{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Chen |last2=Zhao |first2=Haishi |last3=Bruzzone |first3=Lorenzo |last4=Benediktsson |first4=Jon Atli |last5=Liang |first5=Yanchun |last6=Liu |first6=Bin |last7=Zeng |first7=Xingguo |last8=Guan |first8=Renchu |last9=Li |first9=Chunlai |last10=Ouyang |first10=Ziyuan |title=Lunar impact crater identification and age estimation with Chang'E data by deep and transfer learning |journal=Nature Communications |date=December 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=6358 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-20215-y |pmid=33353954 |pmc=7755906 |arxiv=1912.01240 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.6358Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==History==
==Characteristics==
Because of the Moon's lack of water, [[atmosphere]], and [[tectonic plates]], there is little erosion, and craters are found that exceed two billion years in age. The age of large craters is determined by the number of smaller craters contained within it, older craters generally accumulating more small, contained craters.
[[File:Eratosthenes crater seen with 8 inch Schmidt-Cassegrain.png|thumb|The lunar crater [[Eratosthenes (crater)|Eratosthenes]] (center left) as imaged from Earth by amateur astronomer Joel Frohlich using an 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope.]]
The smallest craters found have been microscopic in size, found in rocks returned to Earth from the Moon. The largest crater called such is about 290 kilometres (181 mi) across in diameter, located near the lunar South Pole. However, it is believed that many of the [[lunar mare|lunar maria]] were formed by giant impacts, with the resulting depression filled by upwelling [[lava]].
Craters typically will have some or all of the following features:
*a surrounding area with materials splashed out of the ground when the crater was formed; this is typically lighter in shade than older materials due to exposure to solar radiation for a lesser time
*raised rim, consisting of materials ejected but landing very close by
*crater wall, the downward-sloping portion of the crater
*crater floor, a more or less smooth, flat area, which as it ages accumulates small craters of its own
*central peak, found only in some craters with a diameter exceeding 26 kilometres (16 mi); this is generally a splash effect caused by the kinetic energy of the impacting object being turned to heat and melting some lunar material.
==Lunar crater categorization==
In 1978, [[Chuck Wood (astronomer)|Chuck Wood]] and [[Leif Erland Andersson|Leif Andersson]] of the Lunar & Planetary Lab devised a system of categorization of lunar impact craters.<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh/>
They used a sampling of craters that were relatively unmodified by subsequent impacts, then grouped the results into five broad categories. These successfully accounted for about 99% of all lunar impact craters.
The LPC Crater Types were as follows:
* ''ALC'' — small, cup-shaped craters with a diameter of about 10 km or less, and no central floor. The [[archetype]] for this category is [[Albategnius (crater)|Albategnius C]].
* ''BIO'' — similar to an ALC, but with small, flat floors. Typical diameter is about 15 km. The lunar crater archetype is [[Biot (crater)|Biot]].
* ''SOS'' — the interior floor is wide and flat, with no central peak. The inner walls are not [[wiktionary:terrace|terrace]]d. The diameter is normally in the range of 15–25 km. The archetype is [[Sosigenes (crater)|Sosigenes]].
* ''TRI'' — these complex craters are large enough so that their inner walls have slumped to the floor. They can range in size from 15–50 km in diameter. The archetype crater is [[Triesnecker (crater)|Triesnecker]].
* ''TYC'' — these are larger than 50 km, with [[wiktionary:terrace|terrace]]d inner walls and relatively flat floors. They frequently have large central peak formations. [[Tycho (crater)|Tycho]] is the archetype for this class.
Beyond a couple of hundred kilometers diameter, the central peak of the TYC class disappear and they are classed as [[impact crater|basins]]. Large craters, similar in size to [[lunar maria|maria]], but without (or with small amount of) dark [[lava]] filling, are sometimes called [[thalassoid]]s.{{efn-ua|This term was coined by Soviet explorers of the Moon after beginning of exploration of [[far side of the Moon|lunar farside]]. Later, in 1967, on XIII General Assembly of the [[International Astronomical Union]] this word was proposed to be included into the list of generic terms of [[planetary nomenclature|nomenclature]] of lunar surface features, but this proposal was declined. So, this term remains only a characterization of the features, but not a part of their names.<ref name=Proceedings_1967 />}}<ref name=glossary_2005/><ref name=Mosher_1970/>
Beginning in 2009 Dr. [[Nadine G. Barlow]] of Northern Arizona University began to convert the Wood and Andersson lunar impact-crater database into digital format.<ref>{{cite conference
|title = Development of a New GIS Database of Lunar Impact Craters
|author = David T. W. Buckingham
|author2 = Bitha Salimkumar
|author3 = Nadine G. Barlow
|name-list-style = amp
|conference = Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
|volume = 42
|pages = 1428
|year = 2011
|issue = 1608
|bibcode = 2011LPI....42.1428B
|url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171952/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf
|archive-date = 2011-06-29
}}</ref>
Dr. Barlow is also creating a new lunar impact crater database similar to Wood and Andersson's, except hers will include all impact craters greater than or equal to five kilometers in diameter and is based on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft's images of the lunar surface.
The ''moon zoo'' project within the [[Zooniverse (citizen science project)|Zooniverse]] program aimed to use [[citizen scientist]]s to map the size and shape of as many craters as possible using data from the NASA [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]. However, it has since been retired.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moonzoo.org/|title=Moon Zoo: Archive|website=www.moonzoo.org|access-date=2 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017095820/https://www.moonzoo.org/|archive-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
==Names==
Craters constitute 95% of all [[planetary nomenclature|named]] lunar features.<ref name=gazetteer/> Usually they are named after deceased scientists and other explorers.<ref name=gazetteer_categories/> This tradition comes from [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]], who started it in 1651.<ref name=Greeley_1990/><ref>[[:commons:File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg|Riccioli's map of the Moon (1651)]]</ref> Since 1919, assignment of these names is regulated by the [[International Astronomical Union]].<ref name=Greeley_1990/>
Small craters of special interest (for example, visited by lunar missions) receive human first names (Robert, José, Louise etc.). One of the biggest lunar craters, [[Apollo (crater)|Apollo]], is named after [[Apollo program|Apollo missions]]. Many smaller craters inside and near it bear the names of deceased American astronauts, and many craters inside and near [[Mare Moscoviense]] bear the names of deceased Soviet cosmonauts.<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=gazetteer_categories/> Besides this, in 1970 twelve craters were named after twelve living astronauts (6 Soviet and 6 American).<ref name=gazetteer/>
The majority of named lunar craters are ''satellite craters'': their names consist of the name of a nearby named crater and a capital letter (for example, {{nowrap|[[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]] A}}, {{nowrap|Copernicus B}}, {{nowrap|Copernicus C}} and so on).<ref name=gazetteer/>
Lunar [[crater chain]]s are usually named after a nearby crater. Their Latin names contain the word ''Catena'' ("chain"). For example, ''[[Catena Davy]]'' is situated near the crater [[Davy (crater)|Davy]].<ref name=gazetteer/><ref name=gazetteer_terms/>
==Locations of major craters==
The red marker on these images illustrates the location of the named crater feature on the near side of the [[Moon]].
<gallery>
Image:Location of albategnius crater.jpg|<center>[[Albategnius (crater)|Albategnius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar aristarchus crater.jpg|<center>[[Aristarchus (crater)|Aristarchus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar aristoteles crater.jpg|<center>[[Aristoteles (crater)|Aristoteles]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar bailly crater.jpg|<center>[[Bailly (crater)|Bailly]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater clavius.jpg|<center>[[Clavius (crater)|Clavius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater copernicus.jpg|<center>[[Copernicus (lunar crater)|Copernicus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater fra mauro.jpg|<center>[[Fra Mauro (crater)|Fra Mauro]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater humboldt.jpg|<center>[[Humboldt (crater)|Humboldt]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater janssen.jpg|<center>[[Janssen (lunar crater)|Janssen]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater langrenus.jpg|<center>[[Langrenus (crater)|Langrenus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater longomontanus.jpg|<center>[[Longomontanus (crater)|Longomontanus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater maginus.jpg|<center>[[Maginus (crater)|Maginus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater metius.jpg|<center>[[Metius (crater)|Metius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater moretus.jpg|<center>[[Moretus (crater)|Moretus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater petavius.jpg|<center>[[Petavius (crater)|Petavius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater picard.jpg|<center>[[Picard (crater)|Picard]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater piccolomini.jpg|<center>[[Piccolomini (crater)|Piccolomini]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater pitatus.jpg|<center>[[Pitatus (crater)|Pitatus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater plinius.jpg|<center>[[Plinius (crater)|Plinius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater rheita.jpg|<center>[[Rheita (crater)|Rheita]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater russell.jpg|<center>[[Russell (lunar crater)|Russell]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater schickard.jpg|<center>[[Schickard (crater)|Schickard]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater seleucus.jpg|<center>[[Seleucus (crater)|Seleucus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater stadius.jpg|<center>[[Stadius (crater)|Stadius]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater stofler.jpg|<center>[[Stöfler (crater)|Stöfler]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater thebit.jpg|<center>[[Thebit (crater)|Thebit]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater theophilus.jpg|<center>[[Theophilus (crater)|Theophilus]]</center>
Image:Lage des Mondkraters Tycho.jpg|<center>[[Tycho (crater)|Tycho]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater vendelinus.jpg|<center>[[Vendelinus (crater)|Vendelinus]]</center>
Image:Location of lunar crater wargentin.jpg|<center>[[Wargentin (crater)|Wargentin]]</center>
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[List of craters on the Moon]]
==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}
==References==
{{Commons category|Craters on the Moon}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=Proceedings_1967>{{cite web
|url=http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/IAU+Transactions+XIIIB
|title=Proceedings of the Thirteenth General Assembly (Prague, 1967) – excerpts
|publisher=The-Moon Wiki
|access-date=2014-09-01
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925170453/http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/IAU%2BTransactions%2BXIIIB
|archive-date=2013-09-25
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer>Data from [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331045425/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/ |date=2016-03-31 }}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer_categories>{{cite web
|url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
|title=Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites
|publisher=International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
|work=Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
|access-date=2014-08-24
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6RhuP6PrY?url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories
|archive-date=2014-08-09
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
<ref name=gazetteer_terms>{{cite web
|url = http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms
|title = Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)
|publisher = International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
|work = Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
|access-date = 2014-08-24
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035813/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms
|archive-date = 2013-12-10
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
<ref name=glossary_2005>{{cite book
|title =Glossary of Geology
|editor =J. A. Jackson |editor2=J. P. Mehl |editor3=K. K. E. Neuendorf (American Geological Institute)
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=SfnSesBc-RgC&q=thalassoid&pg=PA665
|edition =5th
|date =2005
|publisher =[[Springer Science & Business Media]]
|pages =665
|isbn =978-0-922-15276-6
}}</ref>
<ref name=Greeley_1990>{{cite book
|title =Planetary Mapping
|author =Greeley R.
|author2 =Batson R. M.
|chapter =4.2. Moon: 1640–1977
|pages =97–103
|publisher =[[Cambridge University Press]]
|date =1990
|isbn =978-0-5210-3373-2
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztodv66A1VsC&pg=PA97
}}</ref>
<ref name=Mosher_1970>{{cite book
|title=Lunar Farside Cratering (submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science)
|author=Mosher J.
|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|date=1970
|pages=10
|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf
|url-status=bot: unknown
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905201756/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf
|archive-date=2014-09-05
}}</ref>
<ref name=Wood_1978_fresh>{{cite journal
|author =Wood C. A.
|author2 =Anderson L.
|title =New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters
|journal =Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13–17, 1978
|pages =3669–3689
|date =1978
|volume =9
|bibcode =1978LPSC....9.3669W
|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1978LPSC....9.3669W&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf
}}</ref>
}}
{{The Moon}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lunar Craters}}
[[Category:Impact craters on the Moon| ]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -6,21 +6,4 @@
==History==
-The word ''crater'' was adopted from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "vessel" (Κρατήρ a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water). Galileo built his [[refracting telescope|first telescope]] in late 1609, and turned it to the Moon for the first time on November 30, 1609. He discovered that, contrary to general opinion at that time, the Moon was not a perfect sphere, but had both mountains and cup-like depressions. These were named craters by [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter]] (1791), extending its previous use with [[volcano]]es.
-
-[[Robert Hooke]] in "[[Micrographia]]" (1665) proposed two hypotheses for lunar crater formation: one that the craters were caused by projectile bombardment from space, the other that they were
-the products of subterranean lunar [[volcanism]].<ref>Robert Hooke. «Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses». London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1665. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491</ref>
-
-[[Scientific opinion]] as to the origin of craters swung back and forth over the ensuing centuries. The competing theories were:
-# [[volcanic eruption]]s blasting holes in the Moon
-# [[meteoric impact]]
-# a theory known as the [[Welteislehre]] developed in Germany between the two [[World Wars]] which suggested [[glacial motion]] creating the craters.
-[[Grove Karl Gilbert]] suggested in 1893 that the Moon's craters were formed by large asteroid impacts. Ralph Baldwin in 1949 wrote that the Moon's craters were mostly of impact origin. Around 1960, [[Gene Shoemaker]] revived the idea. According to [[David H. Levy]], Gene "saw the craters on the Moon as logical impact sites that were formed not gradually, in [[geologic time scale|eons]], but explosively, in seconds."<ref name="Levy">{{cite book |last1=Levy |first1=David |title=Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691113258 |pages=59}}</ref>
-
-[[File:Lunar Craters 20151103.jpg|alt=Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.|thumb|Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.]]
-Evidence collected during the [[Apollo Project]] and from unmanned spacecraft of the same period proved conclusively that meteoric impact, or impact by [[asteroids]] for larger craters, was the origin of almost all lunar craters, and by implication, most craters on other bodies as well.
-
-The formation of new craters is studied in the lunar impact monitoring program at [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | title=Lunar Impacts | publisher=Marshall Space Flight Center | access-date=2013-05-18 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517072309/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> The biggest recorded creation was caused by an impact recorded on March 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr. Tony Phillips|title=Bright Explosion on the Moon|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/|website=science.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA Science News|access-date=13 June 2014|date=17 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626031503/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's LRO Spacecraft Finds March 17, 2013 Impact Crater and More|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-lro-spacecraft-finds-march-17-2013-impact-crater-and-more|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=18 October 2021|date=17 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Visible to the [[naked eye]], the impact is believed to be from an approximately {{cvt|40|kg|lb}} meteoroid striking the surface at a speed of {{cvt|90,000|km/h|mph mi/s}}.
-
-In March 2018, the discovery of around 7,000 formerly unidentified lunar craters via [[convolutional neural network]] developed at the [[University of Toronto Scarborough]] was announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html|title=New technique uses AI to locate and count craters on the moon|work=[[Phys.org]]|access-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214301/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html|archive-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Silburt |first=Ari |collaboration= Mohamad Ali-Dib, Chenchong Zhu, Alan Jackson, Diana Valencia, Yevgeni Kissin, Daniel Tamayo, Kristen Menou|title=Lunar Crater Identification via Deep Learning |journal=Icarus |year=2019 |volume=317 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.022 |arxiv=1803.02192|bibcode=2019Icar..317...27S |s2cid=73625527 }}</ref> A similar study in December 2020 identified around 109,000 new craters using a [[deep neural network]].<ref name = "yang"/>
==Characteristics==
' |
New page size (new_size) | 15507 |
Old page size (old_size) | 20559 |
Size change in edit (edit_delta) | -5052 |
Lines added in edit (added_lines) | [] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'The word ''crater'' was adopted from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for "vessel" (Κρατήρ a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water). Galileo built his [[refracting telescope|first telescope]] in late 1609, and turned it to the Moon for the first time on November 30, 1609. He discovered that, contrary to general opinion at that time, the Moon was not a perfect sphere, but had both mountains and cup-like depressions. These were named craters by [[Johann Hieronymus Schröter]] (1791), extending its previous use with [[volcano]]es.',
1 => '',
2 => '[[Robert Hooke]] in "[[Micrographia]]" (1665) proposed two hypotheses for lunar crater formation: one that the craters were caused by projectile bombardment from space, the other that they were ',
3 => 'the products of subterranean lunar [[volcanism]].<ref>Robert Hooke. «Micrographia: or, Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses». London: J. Martyn and J. Allestry, 1665. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491</ref> ',
4 => '',
5 => '[[Scientific opinion]] as to the origin of craters swung back and forth over the ensuing centuries. The competing theories were:',
6 => '# [[volcanic eruption]]s blasting holes in the Moon',
7 => '# [[meteoric impact]]',
8 => '# a theory known as the [[Welteislehre]] developed in Germany between the two [[World Wars]] which suggested [[glacial motion]] creating the craters.',
9 => '[[Grove Karl Gilbert]] suggested in 1893 that the Moon's craters were formed by large asteroid impacts. Ralph Baldwin in 1949 wrote that the Moon's craters were mostly of impact origin. Around 1960, [[Gene Shoemaker]] revived the idea. According to [[David H. Levy]], Gene "saw the craters on the Moon as logical impact sites that were formed not gradually, in [[geologic time scale|eons]], but explosively, in seconds."<ref name="Levy">{{cite book |last1=Levy |first1=David |title=Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780691113258 |pages=59}}</ref>',
10 => '',
11 => '[[File:Lunar Craters 20151103.jpg|alt=Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.|thumb|Lunar craters as captured through the backyard telescope of an amateur astronomer, partially illuminated by the sun on a waning crescent moon.]]',
12 => 'Evidence collected during the [[Apollo Project]] and from unmanned spacecraft of the same period proved conclusively that meteoric impact, or impact by [[asteroids]] for larger craters, was the origin of almost all lunar craters, and by implication, most craters on other bodies as well.',
13 => '',
14 => 'The formation of new craters is studied in the lunar impact monitoring program at [[NASA]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | title=Lunar Impacts | publisher=Marshall Space Flight Center | access-date=2013-05-18 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517072309/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/ | archive-date=2013-05-17 }}</ref> The biggest recorded creation was caused by an impact recorded on March 17, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Dr. Tony Phillips|title=Bright Explosion on the Moon|url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/|website=science.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA Science News|access-date=13 June 2014|date=17 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626031503/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/16may_lunarimpact/|archive-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NASA's LRO Spacecraft Finds March 17, 2013 Impact Crater and More|url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/nasas-lro-spacecraft-finds-march-17-2013-impact-crater-and-more|website=nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|access-date=18 October 2021|date=17 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Visible to the [[naked eye]], the impact is believed to be from an approximately {{cvt|40|kg|lb}} meteoroid striking the surface at a speed of {{cvt|90,000|km/h|mph mi/s}}.',
15 => '',
16 => 'In March 2018, the discovery of around 7,000 formerly unidentified lunar craters via [[convolutional neural network]] developed at the [[University of Toronto Scarborough]] was announced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html|title=New technique uses AI to locate and count craters on the moon|work=[[Phys.org]]|access-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214301/https://phys.org/news/2018-03-technique-ai-craters-moon.html|archive-date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Silburt |first=Ari |collaboration= Mohamad Ali-Dib, Chenchong Zhu, Alan Jackson, Diana Valencia, Yevgeni Kissin, Daniel Tamayo, Kristen Menou|title=Lunar Crater Identification via Deep Learning |journal=Icarus |year=2019 |volume=317 |pages=27–38 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2018.06.022 |arxiv=1803.02192|bibcode=2019Icar..317...27S |s2cid=73625527 }}</ref> A similar study in December 2020 identified around 109,000 new craters using a [[deep neural network]].<ref name = "yang"/>'
] |
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Craters on Earth's moon</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lunar crater" redirects here. For the volcanic crater in Nevada, see <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_Crater_volcanic_field" title="Lunar Crater volcanic field">Lunar Crater volcanic field</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Webb_crater.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Webb_crater.png/220px-Webb_crater.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Webb_crater.png/330px-Webb_crater.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Webb_crater.png/440px-Webb_crater.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="354" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Webb_crater.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The crater <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Webb_(crater)" title="Webb (crater)">Webb</a>, as seen from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a>. Several smaller craters can be seen in and around Webb.</div></div></div>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AS10-29-4324.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AS10-29-4324.jpg/220px-AS10-29-4324.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AS10-29-4324.jpg/330px-AS10-29-4324.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/AS10-29-4324.jpg/440px-AS10-29-4324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="2400" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:AS10-29-4324.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Side view of the crater <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moltke_(crater)" title="Moltke (crater)">Moltke</a> taken from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>.</div></div></div>
<p><b>Lunar craters</b> are <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</a> on <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. The Moon's surface has many craters, all of which were formed by impacts. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> currently recognizes 9,137 craters, of which 1,675 have been dated.<sup id="cite_ref-yang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Characteristics"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Characteristics</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Lunar_crater_categorization"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lunar crater categorization</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Names"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Names</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Locations_of_major_craters"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Locations of major craters</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Characteristics">Characteristics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Because of the Moon's lack of water, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>, there is little erosion, and craters are found that exceed two billion years in age. The age of large craters is determined by the number of smaller craters contained within it, older craters generally accumulating more small, contained craters.
</p>
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png/220px-Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="thumbimage" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png/330px-Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png/440px-Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="668" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Eratosthenes_crater_seen_with_8_inch_Schmidt-Cassegrain.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The lunar crater <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eratosthenes_(crater)" title="Eratosthenes (crater)">Eratosthenes</a> (center left) as imaged from Earth by amateur astronomer Joel Frohlich using an 8-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope.</div></div></div>
<p>The smallest craters found have been microscopic in size, found in rocks returned to Earth from the Moon. The largest crater called such is about 290 kilometres (181 mi) across in diameter, located near the lunar South Pole. However, it is believed that many of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">lunar maria</a> were formed by giant impacts, with the resulting depression filled by upwelling <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>.
</p><p>Craters typically will have some or all of the following features:
</p>
<ul><li>a surrounding area with materials splashed out of the ground when the crater was formed; this is typically lighter in shade than older materials due to exposure to solar radiation for a lesser time</li>
<li>raised rim, consisting of materials ejected but landing very close by</li>
<li>crater wall, the downward-sloping portion of the crater</li>
<li>crater floor, a more or less smooth, flat area, which as it ages accumulates small craters of its own</li>
<li>central peak, found only in some craters with a diameter exceeding 26 kilometres (16 mi); this is generally a splash effect caused by the kinetic energy of the impacting object being turned to heat and melting some lunar material.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Lunar_crater_categorization">Lunar crater categorization</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lunar crater categorization">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>In 1978, <a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Chuck_Wood_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chuck Wood (astronomer) (page does not exist)">Chuck Wood</a> and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Leif_Erland_Andersson" title="Leif Erland Andersson">Leif Andersson</a> of the Lunar & Planetary Lab devised a system of categorization of lunar impact craters.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_1978_fresh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood_1978_fresh-2">[2]</a></sup>
They used a sampling of craters that were relatively unmodified by subsequent impacts, then grouped the results into five broad categories. These successfully accounted for about 99% of all lunar impact craters.
</p><p>The LPC Crater Types were as follows:
</p>
<ul><li><i>ALC</i> — small, cup-shaped craters with a diameter of about 10 km or less, and no central floor. The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> for this category is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albategnius_(crater)" title="Albategnius (crater)">Albategnius C</a>.</li>
<li><i>BIO</i> — similar to an ALC, but with small, flat floors. Typical diameter is about 15 km. The lunar crater archetype is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Biot_(crater)" title="Biot (crater)">Biot</a>.</li>
<li><i>SOS</i> — the interior floor is wide and flat, with no central peak. The inner walls are not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:terrace">terraced</a>. The diameter is normally in the range of 15–25 km. The archetype is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sosigenes_(crater)" title="Sosigenes (crater)">Sosigenes</a>.</li>
<li><i>TRI</i> — these complex craters are large enough so that their inner walls have slumped to the floor. They can range in size from 15–50 km in diameter. The archetype crater is <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Triesnecker_(crater)" title="Triesnecker (crater)">Triesnecker</a>.</li>
<li><i>TYC</i> — these are larger than 50 km, with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:terrace">terraced</a> inner walls and relatively flat floors. They frequently have large central peak formations. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tycho_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycho (crater)">Tycho</a> is the archetype for this class.</li></ul>
<p>Beyond a couple of hundred kilometers diameter, the central peak of the TYC class disappear and they are classed as <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">basins</a>. Large craters, similar in size to <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar maria">maria</a>, but without (or with small amount of) dark <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> filling, are sometimes called <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thalassoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassoid">thalassoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[A]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glossary_2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glossary_2005-5">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mosher_1970_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mosher_1970-6">[5]</a></sup>
</p><p>Beginning in 2009 Dr. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nadine_G._Barlow" title="Nadine G. Barlow">Nadine G. Barlow</a> of Northern Arizona University began to convert the Wood and Andersson lunar impact-crater database into digital format.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup>
Dr. Barlow is also creating a new lunar impact crater database similar to Wood and Andersson's, except hers will include all impact craters greater than or equal to five kilometers in diameter and is based on the <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></i> spacecraft's images of the lunar surface.
</p><p>The <i>moon zoo</i> project within the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Zooniverse_(citizen_science_project)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooniverse (citizen science project)">Zooniverse</a> program aimed to use <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Citizen_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen scientist">citizen scientists</a> to map the size and shape of as many craters as possible using data from the NASA <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>. However, it has since been retired.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Names">Names</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Craters constitute 95% of all <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">named</a> lunar features.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-9">[8]</a></sup> Usually they are named after deceased scientists and other explorers.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_categories_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer_categories-10">[9]</a></sup> This tradition comes from <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Riccioli" title="Giovanni Battista Riccioli">Giovanni Battista Riccioli</a>, who started it in 1651.<sup id="cite_ref-Greeley_1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greeley_1990-11">[10]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> Since 1919, assignment of these names is regulated by the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greeley_1990_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greeley_1990-11">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Small craters of special interest (for example, visited by lunar missions) receive human first names (Robert, José, Louise etc.). One of the biggest lunar craters, <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_(crater)" title="Apollo (crater)">Apollo</a>, is named after <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo missions</a>. Many smaller craters inside and near it bear the names of deceased American astronauts, and many craters inside and near <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Mare_Moscoviense" title="Mare Moscoviense">Mare Moscoviense</a> bear the names of deceased Soviet cosmonauts.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_categories_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer_categories-10">[9]</a></sup> Besides this, in 1970 twelve craters were named after twelve living astronauts (6 Soviet and 6 American).<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>The majority of named lunar craters are <i>satellite craters</i>: their names consist of the name of a nearby named crater and a capital letter (for example, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus</a> A</span>, <span class="nowrap">Copernicus B</span>, <span class="nowrap">Copernicus C</span> and so on).<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-9">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>Lunar <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">crater chains</a> are usually named after a nearby crater. Their Latin names contain the word <i>Catena</i> ("chain"). For example, <i><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Catena_Davy" class="mw-redirect" title="Catena Davy">Catena Davy</a></i> is situated near the crater <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Davy_(crater)" title="Davy (crater)">Davy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer-9">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gazetteer_terms_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gazetteer_terms-13">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Locations_of_major_craters">Locations of major craters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locations of major craters">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The red marker on these images illustrates the location of the named crater feature on the near side of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.
</p>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_albategnius_crater.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Location_of_albategnius_crater.jpg/120px-Location_of_albategnius_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Location_of_albategnius_crater.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Albategnius_(crater)" title="Albategnius (crater)">Albategnius</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_aristarchus_crater.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Location_of_lunar_aristarchus_crater.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_aristarchus_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Location_of_lunar_aristarchus_crater.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristarchus_(crater)" title="Aristarchus (crater)">Aristarchus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_aristoteles_crater.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Location_of_lunar_aristoteles_crater.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_aristoteles_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Location_of_lunar_aristoteles_crater.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Aristoteles_(crater)" title="Aristoteles (crater)">Aristoteles</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_bailly_crater.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Location_of_lunar_bailly_crater.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_bailly_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Location_of_lunar_bailly_crater.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bailly_(crater)" title="Bailly (crater)">Bailly</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_clavius.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Location_of_lunar_crater_clavius.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_clavius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Location_of_lunar_crater_clavius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Clavius_(crater)" title="Clavius (crater)">Clavius</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_copernicus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Location_of_lunar_crater_copernicus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_copernicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Location_of_lunar_crater_copernicus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_fra_mauro.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Location_of_lunar_crater_fra_mauro.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_fra_mauro.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Location_of_lunar_crater_fra_mauro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fra_Mauro_(crater)" title="Fra Mauro (crater)">Fra Mauro</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_humboldt.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Location_of_lunar_crater_humboldt.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_humboldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Location_of_lunar_crater_humboldt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Humboldt_(crater)" title="Humboldt (crater)">Humboldt</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_janssen.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Location_of_lunar_crater_janssen.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_janssen.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Location_of_lunar_crater_janssen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Janssen_(lunar_crater)" title="Janssen (lunar crater)">Janssen</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_langrenus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Location_of_lunar_crater_langrenus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_langrenus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Location_of_lunar_crater_langrenus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Langrenus_(crater)" title="Langrenus (crater)">Langrenus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_longomontanus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Location_of_lunar_crater_longomontanus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_longomontanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Location_of_lunar_crater_longomontanus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Longomontanus_(crater)" title="Longomontanus (crater)">Longomontanus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_maginus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Location_of_lunar_crater_maginus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_maginus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Location_of_lunar_crater_maginus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Maginus_(crater)" title="Maginus (crater)">Maginus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_metius.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Location_of_lunar_crater_metius.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_metius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Location_of_lunar_crater_metius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Metius_(crater)" title="Metius (crater)">Metius</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_moretus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Location_of_lunar_crater_moretus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_moretus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Location_of_lunar_crater_moretus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moretus_(crater)" title="Moretus (crater)">Moretus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_petavius.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Location_of_lunar_crater_petavius.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_petavius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Location_of_lunar_crater_petavius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Petavius_(crater)" title="Petavius (crater)">Petavius</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_picard.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Location_of_lunar_crater_picard.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_picard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Location_of_lunar_crater_picard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Picard_(crater)" title="Picard (crater)">Picard</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_piccolomini.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Location_of_lunar_crater_piccolomini.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_piccolomini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Location_of_lunar_crater_piccolomini.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Piccolomini_(crater)" title="Piccolomini (crater)">Piccolomini</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_pitatus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Location_of_lunar_crater_pitatus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_pitatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Location_of_lunar_crater_pitatus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Pitatus_(crater)" title="Pitatus (crater)">Pitatus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_plinius.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Location_of_lunar_crater_plinius.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_plinius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Location_of_lunar_crater_plinius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Plinius_(crater)" title="Plinius (crater)">Plinius</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_rheita.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Location_of_lunar_crater_rheita.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_rheita.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Location_of_lunar_crater_rheita.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rheita_(crater)" title="Rheita (crater)">Rheita</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_russell.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Location_of_lunar_crater_russell.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Location_of_lunar_crater_russell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Russell_(lunar_crater)" title="Russell (lunar crater)">Russell</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_schickard.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Location_of_lunar_crater_schickard.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_schickard.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Location_of_lunar_crater_schickard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Schickard_(crater)" title="Schickard (crater)">Schickard</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_seleucus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Location_of_lunar_crater_seleucus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_seleucus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Location_of_lunar_crater_seleucus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Seleucus_(crater)" title="Seleucus (crater)">Seleucus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_stadius.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Location_of_lunar_crater_stadius.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_stadius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Location_of_lunar_crater_stadius.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Stadius_(crater)" title="Stadius (crater)">Stadius</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_stofler.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Location_of_lunar_crater_stofler.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_stofler.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Location_of_lunar_crater_stofler.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/St%C3%B6fler_(crater)" title="Stöfler (crater)">Stöfler</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_thebit.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Location_of_lunar_crater_thebit.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_thebit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Location_of_lunar_crater_thebit.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Thebit_(crater)" title="Thebit (crater)">Thebit</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"><div style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_theophilus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Location_of_lunar_crater_theophilus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_theophilus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Location_of_lunar_crater_theophilus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theophilus_(crater)" title="Theophilus (crater)">Theophilus</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Lage_des_Mondkraters_Tycho.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lage_des_Mondkraters_Tycho.jpg/120px-Lage_des_Mondkraters_Tycho.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Lage_des_Mondkraters_Tycho.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tycho_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycho (crater)">Tycho</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_vendelinus.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Location_of_lunar_crater_vendelinus.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_vendelinus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Location_of_lunar_crater_vendelinus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Vendelinus_(crater)" title="Vendelinus (crater)">Vendelinus</a></center>
</div>
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<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><div style="margin:15px auto;"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Location_of_lunar_crater_wargentin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Location_of_lunar_crater_wargentin.jpg/120px-Location_of_lunar_crater_wargentin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Location_of_lunar_crater_wargentin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></div></div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<center><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wargentin_(crater)" title="Wargentin (crater)">Wargentin</a></center>
</div>
</div></li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul><li><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List of craters on the Moon</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term was coined by Soviet explorers of the Moon after beginning of exploration of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">lunar farside</a>. Later, in 1967, on XIII General Assembly of the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> this word was proposed to be included into the list of generic terms of <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">nomenclature</a> of lunar surface features, but this proposal was declined. So, this term remains only a characterization of the features, but not a part of their names.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_1967_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_1967-3">[3]</a></sup></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Lunar_craters&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000">
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<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Craters_on_the_Moon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Craters on the Moon">Craters on the Moon</a></span>.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-yang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yang_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFYangZhaoBruzzoneBenediktsson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Chen; Zhao, Haishi; Bruzzone, Lorenzo; Benediktsson, Jon Atli; Liang, Yanchun; Liu, Bin; Zeng, Xingguo; Guan, Renchu; Li, Chunlai; Ouyang, Ziyuan (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755906">"Lunar impact crater identification and age estimation with Chang'E data by deep and transfer learning"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 6358. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//arxiv.org/abs/1912.01240">1912.01240</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.6358Y">2020NatCo..11.6358Y</a>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20215-y">10.1038/s41467-020-20215-y</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7755906">7755906</a></span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="/enwiki//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353954">33353954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Lunar+impact+crater+identification+and+age+estimation+with+Chang%27E+data+by+deep+and+transfer+learning&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6358&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7755906%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.6358Y&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1912.01240&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33353954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-20215-y&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Chen&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Haishi&rft.au=Bruzzone%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Benediktsson%2C+Jon+Atli&rft.au=Liang%2C+Yanchun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Bin&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Xingguo&rft.au=Guan%2C+Renchu&rft.au=Li%2C+Chunlai&rft.au=Ouyang%2C+Ziyuan&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7755906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Wood_1978_fresh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_1978_fresh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFWood_C._A.Anderson_L.1978" class="citation journal cs1">Wood C. A.; Anderson L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1978LPSC....9.3669W&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf">"New morphometric data for fresh lunar craters"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 9th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Texas, March 13–17, 1978</i>. <b>9</b>: 3669–3689. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978LPSC....9.3669W">1978LPSC....9.3669W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference%2C+Houston%2C+Texas%2C+March+13%E2%80%9317%2C+1978&rft.atitle=New+morphometric+data+for+fresh+lunar+craters&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=3669-3689&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978LPSC....9.3669W&rft.au=Wood+C.+A.&rft.au=Anderson+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-iarticle_query%3F1978LPSC....9.3669W%26amp%3Bdata_type%3DPDF_HIGH%26amp%3Bwhole_paper%3DYES%26amp%3Btype%3DPRINTER%26amp%3Bfiletype%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Proceedings_1967-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_1967_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925170453/http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/IAU%2BTransactions%2BXIIIB">"Proceedings of the Thirteenth General Assembly (Prague, 1967) – excerpts"</a>. The-Moon Wiki. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-moon.wikispaces.com/IAU+Transactions+XIIIB">the original</a> on 2013-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Thirteenth+General+Assembly+%28Prague%2C+1967%29+%E2%80%93+excerpts&rft.pub=The-Moon+Wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-moon.wikispaces.com%2FIAU%2BTransactions%2BXIIIB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-glossary_2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glossary_2005_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._JacksonJ._P._MehlK._K._E._Neuendorf_(American_Geological_Institute)2005" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Jackson; J. P. Mehl; K. K. E. Neuendorf (American Geological Institute), eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfnSesBc-RgC&q=thalassoid&pg=PA665"><i>Glossary of Geology</i></a> (5th ed.). <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 665. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-922-15276-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-922-15276-6"><bdi>978-0-922-15276-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Geology&rft.pages=665&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-922-15276-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfnSesBc-RgC%26q%3Dthalassoid%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mosher_1970-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mosher_1970_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFMosher_J.1970" class="citation book cs1">Mosher J. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140905201756/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/55296/29584348.pdf"><i>Lunar Farside Cratering (submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor of science)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. p. 10. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lunar+Farside+Cratering+%28submitted+in+partial+fulfilment+of+the+requirements+for+the+degree+of+bachelor+of+science%29&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Mosher+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mit.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1721.1%2F55296%2F29584348.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFDavid_T._W._BuckinghamBitha_SalimkumarNadine_G._Barlow2011" class="citation conference cs1">David T. W. Buckingham; Bitha Salimkumar & Nadine G. Barlow (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf"><i>Development of a New GIS Database of Lunar Impact Craters</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Vol. 42. p. 1428. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011LPI....42.1428B">2011LPI....42.1428B</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171952/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2011/pdf/1428.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Development+of+a+New+GIS+Database+of+Lunar+Impact+Craters&rft.pages=1428&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011LPI....42.1428B&rft.au=David+T.+W.+Buckingham&rft.au=Bitha+Salimkumar&rft.au=Nadine+G.+Barlow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2011%2Fpdf%2F1428.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moonzoo.org/">"Moon Zoo: Archive"</a>. <i>www.moonzoo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017095820/https://www.moonzoo.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moonzoo.org&rft.atitle=Moon+Zoo%3A+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moonzoo.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-gazetteer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov">Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331045425/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/">Archived</a> 2016-03-31 at the <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gazetteer_categories-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_categories_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_categories_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories">"Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6RhuP6PrY?url=http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Categories">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Categories+for+Naming+Features+on+Planets+and+Satellites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FPage%2FCategories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Greeley_1990-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greeley_1990_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greeley_1990_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGreeley_R.Batson_R._M.1990" class="citation book cs1">Greeley R.; Batson R. M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztodv66A1VsC&pg=PA97">"4.2. Moon: 1640–1977"</a>. <i>Planetary Mapping</i>. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 97–103. <a href="/enwiki/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-3373-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-3373-2"><bdi>978-0-5210-3373-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4.2.+Moon%3A+1640%E2%80%931977&rft.btitle=Planetary+Mapping&rft.pages=97-103&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-3373-2&rft.au=Greeley+R.&rft.au=Batson+R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dztodv66A1VsC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Riccioli1651MoonMap.jpg">Riccioli's map of the Moon (1651)</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-gazetteer_terms-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gazetteer_terms_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms">"Descriptor Terms (Feature Types)"</a>. <i>Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature</i>. International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210035813/http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/DescriptorTerms">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Descriptor+Terms+%28Feature+Types%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FDescriptorTerms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALunar+craters" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template:The_Moon" title="Template:The Moon"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moon" title="Template talk:The Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Template:The_Moon&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Outline"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Outline_of_the_Moon" title="Outline of the Moon">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical<br />properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">Internal structure</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topography_of_the_Moon" title="Topography of the Moon">Topography</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Gravitation_of_the_Moon" title="Gravitation of the Moon">Gravity field</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Magnetic_field_of_the_Moon" title="Magnetic field of the Moon">Magnetic field</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sodium_tail_of_the_Moon" title="Sodium tail of the Moon">Sodium tail</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthshine</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg" class="image" title="A full moon"><img alt="A full moon" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/90px-FullMoon2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="86" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/135px-FullMoon2010.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/FullMoon2010.jpg/180px-FullMoon2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2452" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orbit_of_the_Moon" title="Orbit of the Moon">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Lunar distance</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">Orbital elements</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">Distance</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee and apogee</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_node" title="Lunar node">Nodes</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_precession" title="Lunar precession">Precession</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New moon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full moon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Lunar eclipse</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Total_penumbral_lunar_eclipse" title="Total penumbral lunar eclipse">Total penumbral lunar eclipse</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_the_Moon" title="Solar eclipses on the Moon">Solar eclipses on the Moon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Eclipse_cycle" title="Eclipse cycle">Eclipse cycle</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Supermoon</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tide</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface and<br /><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lunar_features" title="List of lunar features">features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Topography_of_the_Moon" title="Topography of the Moon">Selenography</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_terminator" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar terminator">Terminator</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Hemispheres</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Near_side_of_the_Moon" title="Near side of the Moon">Near side</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">Far side</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Poles</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_north_pole" title="Lunar north pole">North pole</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">South pole</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Face_on_Moon_South_Pole" title="Face on Moon South Pole">Face</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">Maria</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">Mountains</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Peak_of_eternal_light" title="Peak of eternal light">Peak of eternal light</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">Valleys</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon#Features" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanic features</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">Domes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Caldera#The_Moon" title="Caldera">Calderas</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_lava_tube" title="Lunar lava tube">Lava tubes</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Craters</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_craters_on_the_Moon" title="List of craters on the Moon">List</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Ray_system#Lunar_rays" title="Ray system">Ray systems</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Permanently_shadowed_crater" title="Permanently shadowed crater">Permanently shadowed craters</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin" title="South Pole–Aitken basin">South Pole–Aitken basin</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_soil" title="Lunar soil">Soil</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_swirls" title="Lunar swirls">swirls</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">Rilles</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wrinkle_ridge" title="Wrinkle ridge">Wrinkle ridges</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Rocks</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">Space weathering</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Micrometeorite" title="Micrometeorite">Micrometeorite</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Sputtering" title="Sputtering">Sputtering</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Quake_(natural_phenomenon)#Moonquake" title="Quake (natural phenomenon)">Quakes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">Transient lunar phenomenon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Selenographic_coordinate_system" title="Selenographic coordinate system">Selenographic coordinate system</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_observation" title="Lunar observation">Observation</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Libration#Lunar_libration" title="Libration">Libration</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_theory" title="Lunar theory">Lunar theory</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Origin_of_the_Moon" title="Origin of the Moon">Origin</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_magma_ocean" title="Lunar magma ocean">Lunar magma ocean</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Geology</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_geologic_timescale" title="Lunar geologic timescale">Timescale</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">Lunar meteorites</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/KREEP" title="KREEP">KREEP</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Experiments</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar laser ranging</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">ALSEP</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Apollo 11</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Apollo 17</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_seismology" title="Lunar seismology">Lunar seismology</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Missions</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Explorers</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">Probes</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landing</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moonbase" title="Moonbase">Moonbase</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tourism_on_the_Moon" title="Tourism on the Moon">Tourism</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time-telling <br />and <a href="/enwiki/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar calendar</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_month" title="Lunar month">Lunar month</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Nodal_period" title="Nodal period">Nodal period</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Week" title="Week">Sennight</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_station" title="Lunar station">Lunar station</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Phases</a> and<br />names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">New</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">Full</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Full_moon#Full_moon_names" title="Full moon">Names</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">Crescent</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Supermoon" title="Supermoon">Super and micro</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_eclipse" title="Lunar eclipse">Blood</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Blue_moon" title="Blue moon">Blue</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Black_moon" title="Black moon">Black</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Dark_moon" title="Dark moon">Dark</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wet_moon" title="Wet moon">Wet</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Tetrad_(astronomy)" title="Tetrad (astronomy)">Tetrad</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonrise</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Meridian_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridian passage">Meridian passage</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moonrise_and_moonset" title="Moonrise and moonset">Moonset</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities" title="List of lunar deities">Lunar deities</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Lunar_pareidolia" title="Lunar pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_rabbit" title="Moon rabbit">Moon rabbit</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_people_with_craters_of_the_Moon_named_after_them" title="List of people with craters of the Moon named after them">Craters named after people</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">Artificial objects on the Moon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#The_Moon" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on the Moon</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_in_science_fiction" title="Moon in science fiction">Moon in science fiction</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/List_of_appearances_of_the_Moon_in_fiction" title="List of appearances of the Moon in fiction">list</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/enwiki/wiki/The_Moon_is_made_of_green_cheese" title="The Moon is made of green cheese">Moon is made of green cheese</a>"</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Natural satellite</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith (hypothetical second moon)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Category:Moon" title="Category:Moon">Category</a></b></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moon">Commons</a></b></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" title="WikiProject" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <b><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Moon" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Moon">WikiProject</a></b></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061077711">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:baseline;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:baseline;flex:0;margin:0 auto;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><div class="portal-bar-content"><div class="portal-bar-item"><span class="portal-bar-logo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span><span class="portal-bar-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></span></div><div class="portal-bar-item"><span class="portal-bar-logo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span><span class="portal-bar-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></span></div><div class="portal-bar-item"><span class="portal-bar-logo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:RocketSunIcon.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span><span class="portal-bar-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></span></div><div class="portal-bar-item"><span class="portal-bar-logo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Earth-moon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><span class="portal-bar-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></span></div><div class="portal-bar-item"><span class="portal-bar-logo"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/File:Solar_system.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></a></span><span class="portal-bar-link"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></span></div></div></div>
<div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348589#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control:_National_libraries_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348589#identifiers&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/enwiki/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control: National libraries</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348589#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="/upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, /upwiki/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119786288">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119786288">(data)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4170436-8">Germany</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85078853">United States</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | 1645017741 |
